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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Material culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Material culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Material_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clovis_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clovis_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Clovis point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clovis_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Blades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bifaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bifaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Bifaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bifaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Other tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Caches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Caches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_ritual_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_ritual_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Art and ritual practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_ritual_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lifestyle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Megafauna_extinction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Megafauna_extinction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Megafauna extinction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Megafauna_extinction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Distribution and chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="Hindi" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klovis_m%C9%99d%C9%99niyy%C9%99ti" title="Klovis mədəniyyəti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klovis mədəniyyəti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кловіс (археалагічная культура) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кловіс (археалагічная культура)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кловис (култура) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кловис (култура)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Clovis" title="Cultura Clovis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cultura Clovis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Clovis" title="Kultura Clovis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kultura Clovis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diwylliant_Clovis" title="Diwylliant Clovis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Diwylliant Clovis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloviskulturen" title="Cloviskulturen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cloviskulturen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis-Kultur" title="Clovis-Kultur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clovis-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovise_kultuur" title="Clovise kultuur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Clovise kultuur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Clovis" title="Cultura Clovis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura Clovis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulturo_Clovis" title="Kulturo Clovis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kulturo Clovis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_kultura" title="Clovis kultura – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clovis kultura" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_Clovis" title="Culture Clovis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture Clovis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloviskultuer" title="Cloviskultuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Cloviskultuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Clovis" title="Cultura Clovis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cultura Clovis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A1%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="클로비스 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클로비스 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya_Clovis" title="Budaya Clovis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budaya Clovis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Clovis" title="Cultura Clovis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cultura Clovis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1" title="תרבות קלוביס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרבות קלוביס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloviso_kult%C5%ABra" title="Kloviso kultūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kloviso kultūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloviscultuur" title="Cloviscultuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cloviscultuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B9%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="クローヴィス文化 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クローヴィス文化" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloviskulturen" title="Cloviskulturen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cloviskulturen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Clov%C3%ADs" title="Cultura Clovís – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cultura Clovís" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultura_Clovis" title="Kultura Clovis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kultura Clovis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_Cl%C3%B3vis" title="Cultura Clóvis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura Clóvis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis-Kultur" title="Clovis-Kultur – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Clovis-Kultur" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кловис (культура) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кловис (культура)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clovis culture" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis-kulttuuri" title="Clovis-kulttuuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Clovis-kulttuuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloviskulturen" title="Cloviskulturen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cloviskulturen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BC" title="Clovis kültürü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Clovis kültürü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81_(%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)" title="Кловіс (культура) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кловіс (культура)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="克洛維斯文化 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克洛維斯文化" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prehistoric culture in the Americas c. 11,100–10,800 BCE</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Clovis culture</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map showing the extent of the Clovis culture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/220px-Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/330px-Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg/440px-Clovis_spearpoints_-_Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1162" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paleoindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoindian">Paleoindian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">13,050–12,750 BP (11,100–10,800 BC)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Draw" title="Blackwater Draw">Blackwater Draw</a>, New Mexico</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a> (among others)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Clovis culture</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Paleoindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleoindian">Paleoindian</a> period of North America, spanning around 13,050 to 12,750 years <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a> (BP).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">type site</a> is <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Draw" title="Blackwater Draw">Blackwater Draw locality No. 1</a> near <a href="/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico" title="Clovis, New Mexico">Clovis, New Mexico</a>, where stone tools were found alongside the remains of <a href="/wiki/Columbian_mammoths" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbian mammoths">Columbian mammoths</a> in 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis sites have been found across North America.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most distinctive part of the Clovis culture toolkit are <a href="/wiki/Clovis_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Clovis points">Clovis points</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are <a href="/wiki/Projectile_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Projectile points">projectile points</a> with a fluted, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lanceolate" class="extiw" title="wikt:lanceolate">lanceolate</a> shape.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis points are typically large, sometimes exceeding 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length. These points were multifunctional, also serving as cutting tools. Other stone tools used by the Clovis culture include knives, <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a>, and bifacial tools, with bone tools including beveled rods and shaft wrenches, with possible ivory points also being identified. Hides, wood, and natural fibers may also have been utilized, though no direct evidence of this has been preserved. Clovis artifacts are often found grouped together in <a href="/wiki/Cache_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cache (archaeology)">caches</a> where they had been stored for later retrieval, and over 20 Clovis caches have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clovis peoples are thought to have been highly mobile groups of <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherers" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunter-gatherers">hunter-gatherers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally agreed that these groups were reliant on hunting big game (<a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having a particularly strong association with mammoths, and to a lesser extent with <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelops" title="Camelops">camel</a>, and horse,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they also consumed smaller animals and plants.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clovis hunters may have contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_megafauna_extinctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions">Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions</a> in North America, though this idea has been subject to controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one human burial has been directly associated with tools from the Clovis culture: <a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a>, a young boy found buried in Montana,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-raff_article_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raff_article-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who has a close genetic relation to some modern Native American populations, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-raff_article_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-raff_article-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Raff2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raff2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clovis culture represents the earliest widely recognised archaeological culture in North America<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (though in western North America, it appears to have been contemporaneous with the <a href="/wiki/Western_Stemmed_Tradition" title="Western Stemmed Tradition">Western Stemmed Tradition</a>). While historically, many scholars held to a "Clovis first" model, where Clovis represented the earliest inhabitants in the Americas, today this is largely rejected, with several generally accepted sites across the Americas like <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde II</a> being dated to at least a thousand years earlier than the oldest Clovis sites.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Clovis culture may have been driven by the decline of the megafauna that the Clovis hunted as well as decreasing mobility, resulting in local differentiation of lithic and cultural traditions across North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes2002_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning around 12,750–12,600 years BP, the Clovis culture was succeeded by more regional cultures,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a> in central North America,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland point</a> in mid/southern North America,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_point" title="Suwannee point">Suwannee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simpson_point" title="Simpson point">Simpson</a> points in the southeast,<sup id="cite_ref-:21_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gainey points in the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>–<a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clovis and Folsom traditions may have overlapped, perhaps for around 80–400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of the Clovis culture is generally thought be the result of normal cultural change over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes2002_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South America, the widespread similar <a href="/wiki/Fishtail_projectile_point" title="Fishtail projectile point">Fishtail or Fell point</a> style was contemporaneous to the usage of Clovis points in North America<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly developed from Clovis points.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 29, 1927, the first evidence of <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> humans seen by multiple archaeologists in the Americas was discovered near <a href="/wiki/Folsom,_New_Mexico" title="Folsom, New Mexico">Folsom, New Mexico</a>. At this site, they found the first <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a> with the bones of the extinct bison species <i><a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">Bison antiquus</a></i>. This confirmation of a human presence in the Americas during the Pleistocene inspired many people to start looking for evidence of early humans.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, 19-year-old Ridgely Whiteman, who had been closely following the excavations in nearby Folsom in the newspapers, discovered the Clovis site near the <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Draw" title="Blackwater Draw">Blackwater Draw</a> in eastern New Mexico. Despite several earlier <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleoindian</a> discoveries, the best documented evidence of the Clovis complex was collected and excavated between 1932 and 1937 near <a href="/wiki/Clovis,_New_Mexico" title="Clovis, New Mexico">Clovis, New Mexico</a>, by a crew under the direction of Edgar Billings Howard until 1935 and later by <a href="/wiki/John_L._Cotter" title="John L. Cotter">John L. Cotter</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Natural_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Natural Sciences">Academy of Natural Sciences</a> at the University of Pennsylvania. Howard's crew left their excavation in <a href="/wiki/Burnet_Cave" title="Burnet Cave">Burnet Cave</a>, the first professionally excavated Clovis site, in August 1932, and visited Whiteman and his Blackwater Draw site. By November, Howard was back at Blackwater Draw to investigate additional finds from a construction project.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann20052_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann20052-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Archaeology" title="American Journal of Archaeology">American Journal of Archaeology</a></i>, in its January–March 1932 edition, mentions Howard's work in Burnet Cave, including the discovery of extinct fauna and a "Folsom type" point 4 ft below a <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker</a> burial. Reference is made to a slightly earlier article on Burnet Cave in <i>The University Museum Bulletin</i> from November 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dent_site" title="Dent site">Dent site</a> in Colorado was the first known association of Clovis points with mammoth bones, as noted by <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Marie_Wormington" title="Hannah Marie Wormington">Hannah Marie Wormington</a> in her book <i>Ancient Man in North America</i> (4th ed. 1957).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gary Haynes, in his book <i>The Early Settlement of North America</i>, suggested the type of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fluted" class="extiw" title="wikt:fluted">fluted</a> point thereafter associated with megafauna (especially mammoths) at over a dozen other archaeological sites in North America would have been more appropriately named "Dent" rather than Clovis, the town near Blackwater Draw that gave the type of point its name.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Material_culture">Material culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Material culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A feature considered to be distinctive of the Clovis tradition is overshot flaking, which is defined as <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakes</a> that "during the manufacture of a biface are struck from prepared edges of a piece and travel from one edge across the face", with limited removal of the opposite edge. Whether or not the overshot flaking was intentional on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">stoneknapper</a> has been contested,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with other authors suggesting that overface flaking (where flakes that travel past the midline but terminate before reaching the opposite end are removed) was the primary goal.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other elements considered distinctive of the Clovis culture tool complex include "raw material selectivity; distinctive patterns of flake and blade platform preparation, thinning and flaking; characteristic biface size and morphology, including the presence of end-thinning; and the size, curvature and reduction strategies of blades".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has long been recognised that the definition of the Clovis culture is to a degree ambiguous, the term being "used in a number of ways, referring to an era, to a culture, and most specifically, to a distinctive projectile point type", with disagreement between scholars about distinguishing between Clovis and various other Paleoindian archaeological cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clovis_point">Clovis point</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clovis point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clovis_Point.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Clovis_Point.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="178" data-file-height="261" /></a><figcaption>Example of a Clovis point</figcaption></figure> <p>A hallmark of the toolkit associated with the Clovis culture is the distinctively shaped lithic point known as the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a>. Clovis points are bifacial (having flakes removed from both faces) and typically fluted (having an elongate flake removed from the base of the point<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) on both sides, with the fluting typically running up a third<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a half of the length of the point, distinct from many later Paleoindian traditions where the flute runs up the entire point length.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis points are typically parallel-sided to slightly convex, with the base of the point being concave.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no direct evidence of what was attached to Clovis points has been found,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis points are commonly thought to have served as tips for <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spears</a>/darts likely used as handheld thrusting or throwing weapons, possibly in combination with a <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear thrower</a>, for hunting and possibly self-defense.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wear on Clovis points indicates that they were multifunctional objects that also served as cutting and slicing tools, with some authors suggesting that some Clovis-point types were primarily used as knives.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis points were at least sometimes resharpened, though the idea that they were continually resharpened "long-life" tools has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shape and size of Clovis points varies significantly over space and time;<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the largest points exceed 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The points required considerable effort to make and often broke during knapping,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly during fluting. The fluting may have served to make the finished points more durable during use by acting as a "shock absorber" to redistribute stress during impact, though others have suggested that it may have been purely stylistic or used to strengthen the <a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">hafting</a> to the spear handle.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The points were generally produced from <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a> or siliceous <a href="/wiki/Cryptocrystalline" title="Cryptocrystalline">cryptocrystalline</a> rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis points were thinned using end-thinning ("the removal of blade-like flakes parallel to the long-axis").<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were initially prepared using percussion flaking, with the point being finished using <a href="/wiki/Pressure_flaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure flaking">pressure flaking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blades">Blades</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Blades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clovis <a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">blades</a>—long flakes removed from specially prepared conical or wedge-shaped cores—are part of the global <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> blade tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis blades are twice as long as they are wide and were used and modified to create a variety of tools, including endscrapers (used to scrape hides), serrated tools, and gravers.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike bifaces, Clovis blade cores do not appear to have been regularly transported over long distances, with only the blades typically carried in the mobile toolkit.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bifaces">Bifaces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bifaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bifaces served a variety of roles for Clovis hunter-gatherers, such as cutting tools, preforms for formal tools such as points, and as portable sources of large flakes useful as preforms or tools.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_tools">Other tools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other tools associated with the Clovis culture are <a href="/wiki/Adzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Adzes">adzes</a> (likely used for woodworking),<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bone "shaft wrenches" (suggested to have been used to straighten wooden shafts),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as rods, some of which have <a href="/wiki/Bevel" title="Bevel">beveled</a> (diagonally shaped) ends. These rods are made of bone, antlers,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ivory.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of the rods is unknown and has been subject to numerous hypotheses. Rods that were beveled on both ends are most often interpreted as foreshafts to which stone points were hafted, with a pair of rods surrounding each side of the point (or alternatively, the point being surrounded by a single beveled rod and the end of the wooden shaft,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) while rods that are beveled on only one end, with the other being pointed, are most often interpreted as projectile points. The rods may have served other purposes, such as prybars.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis people are also known to have used ivory and bone to create projectile points.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Beveled rod and Clovis spear reconstructions</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Replica of a Clovis beveled bone rod from the East Wenatchee site"><img alt="Replica of a Clovis beveled bone rod from the East Wenatchee site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png/185px-Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png/278px-Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png/370px-Clovis_beveled_rod_replica.png 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="551" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Replica of a Clovis beveled bone rod from the East Wenatchee site</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of a hypothetical reconstruction of a Clovis spear, including a Clovis point (gray), a beveled rod (cream), and a wooden shaft (brown)"><img alt="Diagram of a hypothetical reconstruction of a Clovis spear, including a Clovis point (gray), a beveled rod (cream), and a wooden shaft (brown)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png/112px-Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png/168px-Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png/225px-Clovis_spear_shaft_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of a hypothetical reconstruction of a Clovis spear, including a Clovis point (gray), a beveled rod (cream), and a wooden shaft (brown)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 220px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Hypothetical reconstruction of a Clovis spear, including a Clovis point, a beveled rod, a wooden shaft, and lashings"><img alt="Hypothetical reconstruction of a Clovis spear, including a Clovis point, a beveled rod, a wooden shaft, and lashings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png/185px-Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png/278px-Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png/370px-Reconstructed_Clovis_spear.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="461" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hypothetical reconstruction of a Clovis spear, including a Clovis point, a beveled rod, a wooden shaft, and lashings</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caches">Caches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Caches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A distinctive feature of the Clovis culture generally not found in subsequent cultures is "caching", where a collection of artifacts (typically stone tools, such as Clovis points or bifaces) were deliberately left at a location, presumably with the intention to return to collect them later, though some authors have interpreted cache deposits as ritual behavior. Over twenty such "caches" have been identified across North America.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_ritual_practices">Art and ritual practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Art and ritual practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few Clovis culture artifacts are suspected to reflect creative expression, such as rock art, the use of red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a>, and engraved stones. The best-known examples of this were found at the Gault site in Texas and consist of limestone nodules incised with expressive geometric patterns, some of which mimic leaf patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis peoples, like other Paleoindian cultures, used red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ocher</a> for a variety of artistic and ritual purposes, including burials,<sup id="cite_ref-:17_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to cover objects in caches.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis peoples are known to have transported ocher 100 kilometres (62 mi) from its original outcrop.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also suggested to have produced beads out of animal bones.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clovis hunter-gatherers are characterized as "high-technology foragers" who utilized sophisticated technology to maintain access to resources under conditions of high mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many Clovis localities, the stone tools found at a site were hundreds of kilometers away from the source stone outcrop, in one case over 900 kilometres (560 mi) away.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people who produced the Clovis culture probably had a low population density but with geographically extensive cultural networks.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clovis culture is suggested to have heavily utilized hides, wood, and natural fibres, though no direct evidence of this has been preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clovis culture artifacts have often been found associated with big game, including <a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">proboscideans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Columbian_mammoth" title="Columbian mammoth">Columbian mammoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Gomphothere" title="Gomphothere">gomphothere</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cuvieronius" title="Cuvieronius">Cuvieronius</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i>) bison,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equines of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Equus_(genus)" title="Equus (genus)">Equus</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the extinct camel <i><a href="/wiki/Camelops" title="Camelops">Camelops</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-:13_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A handful of sites possibly suggest the hunting of <a href="/wiki/Caribou" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribou">caribou/reindeer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Platygonus" title="Platygonus">Platygonus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mylohyus" title="Mylohyus">Mylohyus</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloths" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground sloths">ground sloths</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Paramylodon" title="Paramylodon">Paramylodon</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Glyptodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyptodonts">glyptodonts</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Glyptotherium" title="Glyptotherium">Glyptotherium</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, and the llama <i><a href="/wiki/Hemiauchenia" title="Hemiauchenia">Hemiauchenia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:18_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:18-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proboscideans (especially mammoths) are the most common recorded species found in Clovis sites, followed by bison. However, the Clovis culture is not exclusively associated with large animals, with several sites showing the exploitation of small game like tortoises and <a href="/wiki/Jackrabbits" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackrabbits">jackrabbits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is generally agreed that the people who produced the Clovis culture were reliant on big game for a significant portion of their diet (while also consuming smaller animals and plants),<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though to what degree they were reliant on megafauna is disputed, with some authors arguing for a generalist hunter-gatherer lifestyle that also involved the occasional targeting of megafauna.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:15_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness of Clovis tools for hunting proboscideans has been contested by some authors, though others have asserted that Clovis points were likely capable of killing proboscideans, noting that replica Clovis points have been able to penetrate elephant hide in experimental tests, and that groups of hunter-gatherers in Africa have been <a href="/wiki/Elephant_meat#Hunting_of_elephants_by_African_hunter_gatherers" title="Elephant meat">observed killing elephants using spears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Southern Plains</a>, Clovis people created campsites of considerable size, which are often on the periphery of the region near sources of workable stone, from which they are suggested to have seasonally migrated into the plains to hunt megafauna. In the southeast, Clovis peoples created large camps that may have served as "staging areas", which may have been seasonally occupied, where a number of bands may have gathered for social occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-:16_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Jake Bluff in northern Oklahoma, Clovis points are associated with numerous butchered <i>Bison antiquus</i> bones, which represented a bison herd of at least 22 individuals. At the time of deposition, the site was a steep-sided <a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">arroyo</a> (dry watercourse) that formed a dead end, suggesting that hunters trapped the bison herd within the arroyo before killing them.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Megafauna_extinction">Megafauna extinction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Megafauna extinction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schultz_Martin" title="Paul Schultz Martin">Paul S. Martin</a> proposed the "overkill hypothesis", suggesting that the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_megafauna_extinctions" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions">Late Pleistocene megafauna extinctions</a> in North America were driven by human hunting, including by Clovis peoples, with the hunting and extinction of large herbivores having a knock-on effect causing the extinction of large carnivores. This suggestion has been the subject of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of megafauna extinction in North America also coincides with major climatic changes, making it difficult to disentangle the effects of various factors.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2012 survey of archaeologists in <i>The <a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">SAA</a> Archaeological Record</i>, 63% of respondents said that megafauna extinctions were likely the result of a "combination of factors".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only known Clovis burial is that of <a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a>, an infant boy who was found near <a href="/wiki/Wilsall,_Montana" title="Wilsall, Montana">Wilsall, Montana</a>, in 1968. The body was associated with over 100 stone and bone artifacts, all of which were stained with red ocher, and it dates to approximately 12,990–12,840 years BP.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sequencing of his genome demonstrates that he belonged to a population that is ancestral to many contemporary <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> particularly those from Central and South America, and less related to those from contemporary North America, including northern Mexico,<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2014_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though there is considerable variability in the genetic closeness of Central and South American indigenous peoples to Anzick-1, with older ancient South American remains generally being closer, suggesting that the Native American population had already diverged into multiple genetically distinct groups by the time of the Clovis culture, followed by subsequent migration of these populations later in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Native Americans, Anzick-1 is closely related to <a href="/wiki/Siberian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Siberian peoples">Siberian peoples</a>, confirming the Asian origin of the Clovis culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2014_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He belongs to Y chromosome <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_Q-L54" title="Haplogroup Q-L54">Haplogroup Q-L54</a>, which is common among contemporary Native Americans, and to mitochondrial haplogroup D4h3a, which is rare among contemporary Native Americans (occurring in only 1.4%, primarily along the Pacific coast) but more common in the very earliest Indigenous Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Rasmussen2014_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_chronology">Distribution and chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distribution and chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some authors have suggested that the Clovis culture lasted for a relatively short period of a few centuries, with a 2020 study suggesting a temporal range, based on ten securely <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon-dated</a> Clovis sites, of 13,050 to 12,750 <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_calibration" title="Radiocarbon calibration">calibrated</a> years BP, ending subsequent to the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consistent with the results obtained in a 2007 study by the same authors.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other authors have argued that some sites extend the range of the Clovis culture back to 13,500 years BP, though the dating for these earlier sites is not secure.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have supported a long chronology for Clovis of around 1,500 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, many authors argued for a "Clovis first" paradigm, where Clovis, which represents the earliest recognisable archaeological culture in North America,<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were suggested to represent the earliest inhabitants of the Americas south of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentide_Ice_Sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurentide Ice Sheet">Laurentide Ice Sheet</a>. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, this hypothesis has been abandoned by most researchers,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as several widely accepted sites, notably <a href="/wiki/Monte_Verde" title="Monte Verde">Monte Verde II</a> in Chile (c. 14,500 years BP)<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Paisley_Caves" title="Paisley Caves">Paisley Caves</a> in Oregon (c. 14,200 years BP)<sup id="cite_ref-:19_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_Ferry_site" title="Cooper's Ferry site">Cooper's Ferry</a> in Idaho (c. 15,800 years BP)<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are suggested to be considerably older than the oldest Clovis sites. Historically, it was suggested that the ancestors of the people who produced the Clovis culture migrated into North America along the "<a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_the_Americas#Interior_route" title="Peopling of the Americas">ice-free corridor</a>", but many later scholars have suggested that a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_migration_(Americas)" title="Coastal migration (Americas)">migration along the Pacific coast</a> is more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clovis culture is known from localities across North America, from southern Canada<sup id="cite_ref-:13_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to northern Mexico and across the east and west of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of its origin remains unclear, though the development of fluted Clovis points appears to have occurred in North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and not in <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a>. The Clovis culture may have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Dyuktai_Cave" title="Dyuktai Cave">Dyuktai</a> lithic style widespread in Beringia. While some authors have suggested that the Clovis culture resulted from diffusion of traditions through an already pre-existing Paleoindian population, others have asserted that the culture likely originated from the expansion of a single population.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Western North America, the Clovis culture was contemporaneous with and perhaps preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Stemmed_Tradition" title="Western Stemmed Tradition">Western Stemmed Tradition</a>, which produced unfluted projectile points,<sup id="cite_ref-:19_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Western Stemmed Tradition continuing in the region for several thousand years after the end of Clovis.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Clovis culture may have been driven by the decline of the megafauna that the Clovis hunted, as well as decreasing mobility, resulting in local differentiation of lithic and cultural traditions across North America.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes2002_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is generally considered to be the result of normal cultural change through time.<sup id="cite_ref-Haynes2002_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haynes2002-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence that the disappearance of the Clovis culture was the result of the onset of the Younger Dryas, or that there was a population decline of Paleoindians following the end of the Clovis culture.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Clovis culture was succeeded by various regional point styles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a> in central North America,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland point</a> in mid/southern North America,<sup id="cite_ref-:20_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_point" title="Suwannee point">Suwannee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simpson_point" title="Simpson point">Simpson</a> points in the southeast,<sup id="cite_ref-:21_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:21-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Gainey points in the northeast-Great Lakes region.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clovis and Folsom traditions may have overlapped, perhaps for around 80–400 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of authors have suggested that the Clovis culture is ancestral to other fluted point-producing cultures in Central and South America, like the widespread <a href="/wiki/Fishtail_projectile_point" title="Fishtail projectile point">Fishtail or Fell point</a> style.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fluted: Having a flake removed from the base, either on one or both sides.<br />Lanceolate: Tapering to a point at one end, like the head of a <a href="/wiki/Lance" title="Lance">lance</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatersStaffordCarlson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, Michael R.; Stafford, Thomas W.; Carlson, David L. (October 23, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577710">"The age of Clovis—13,050 to 12,750 cal yr B.P."</a> <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>6</b> (43): eaaz0455. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020SciA....6..455W">2020SciA....6..455W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaz0455">10.1126/sciadv.aaz0455</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577710">7577710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33087355">33087355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+age+of+Clovis%E2%80%9413%2C050+to+12%2C750+cal+yr+B.P.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=eaaz0455&rft.date=2020-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7577710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020SciA....6..455W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33087355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.aaz0455&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Michael+R.&rft.au=Stafford%2C+Thomas+W.&rft.au=Carlson%2C+David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7577710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldurian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Boldurian, Anthony T. 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(December 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9788777">"Dating of a large tool assemblage at the Cooper's Ferry site (Idaho, USA) to ~15,785 cal yr B.P. extends the age of stemmed points in the Americas"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>8</b> (51): eade1248. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022SciA....8E1248D">2022SciA....8E1248D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.ade1248">10.1126/sciadv.ade1248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9788777">9788777</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36563150">36563150</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=Dating+of+a+large+tool+assemblage+at+the+Cooper%27s+Ferry+site+%28Idaho%2C+USA%29+to+~15%2C785+cal+yr+B.P.+extends+the+age+of+stemmed+points+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=51&rft.pages=eade1248&rft.date=2022-12-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9788777%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022SciA....8E1248D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36563150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.ade1248&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Loren+G.&rft.au=Madsen%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Sisson%2C+David+A.&rft.au=Becerra-Valdivia%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Higham%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Stueber%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Bean%2C+Daniel+W.&rft.au=Nyers%2C+Alexander+J.&rft.au=Carroll%2C+Amanda&rft.au=Ryder%2C+Christina&rft.au=Sponheimer%2C+Matt&rft.au=Izuho%2C+Masami&rft.au=Iizuka%2C+Fumie&rft.au=Li%2C+Guoqiang&rft.au=Epps%2C+Clinton+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9788777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrajeErlandsonRickDavis2020" class="citation journal cs1">Braje, Todd J.; Erlandson, Jon M.; Rick, Torben C.; Davis, Loren; Dillehay, Tom; Fedje, Daryl W.; Froese, Duane; Gusick, Amy; Mackie, Quentin; McLaren, Duncan; Pitblado, Bonnie; Raff, Jennifer; Reeder-Myers, Leslie; Waters, Michael R. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0002731619000805/type/journal_article">"Fladmark + 40: What Have We Learned about a Potential Pacific Coast Peopling of the Americas?"</a>. <i>American Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (1): 1–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faaq.2019.80">10.1017/aaq.2019.80</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316">0002-7316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Fladmark+%2B+40%3A+What+Have+We+Learned+about+a+Potential+Pacific+Coast+Peopling+of+the+Americas%3F&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-21&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faaq.2019.80&rft.issn=0002-7316&rft.aulast=Braje&rft.aufirst=Todd+J.&rft.au=Erlandson%2C+Jon+M.&rft.au=Rick%2C+Torben+C.&rft.au=Davis%2C+Loren&rft.au=Dillehay%2C+Tom&rft.au=Fedje%2C+Daryl+W.&rft.au=Froese%2C+Duane&rft.au=Gusick%2C+Amy&rft.au=Mackie%2C+Quentin&rft.au=McLaren%2C+Duncan&rft.au=Pitblado%2C+Bonnie&rft.au=Raff%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Reeder-Myers%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Waters%2C+Michael+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0002731619000805%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosencrance, R. L., D. Duke, A. Hartman, and A. Hoskins. 2024. "Western Stemmed Tradition Projectile Point Chronology in the Intermountain West". In <i>Current Perspectives of Stemmed and Fluted Technologies in the American Far West</i>, edited by K. N. McDonough, R. L. Rosencrance, and J. E. Pratt, 21–58. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollidayDaultonBartleinBoslough2023" class="citation journal cs1">Holliday, Vance T.; Daulton, Tyrone L.; Bartlein, Patrick J.; Boslough, Mark B.; Breslawski, Ryan P.; Fisher, Abigail E.; Jorgeson, Ian A.; Scott, Andrew C.; Koeberl, Christian; Marlon, Jennifer R.; Severinghaus, Jeffrey; Petaev, Michail I.; Claeys, Philippe (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825223001915">"Comprehensive refutation of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis (YDIH)"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>247</b>: 104502. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ESRv..24704502H">2023ESRv..24704502H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104502">10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=Comprehensive+refutation+of+the+Younger+Dryas+Impact+Hypothesis+%28YDIH%29&rft.volume=247&rft.pages=104502&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104502&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ESRv..24704502H&rft.aulast=Holliday&rft.aufirst=Vance+T.&rft.au=Daulton%2C+Tyrone+L.&rft.au=Bartlein%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Boslough%2C+Mark+B.&rft.au=Breslawski%2C+Ryan+P.&rft.au=Fisher%2C+Abigail+E.&rft.au=Jorgeson%2C+Ian+A.&rft.au=Scott%2C+Andrew+C.&rft.au=Koeberl%2C+Christian&rft.au=Marlon%2C+Jennifer+R.&rft.au=Severinghaus%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Petaev%2C+Michail+I.&rft.au=Claeys%2C+Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0012825223001915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clovis_culture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson,_Roy_L.Luke,_Dalla_Bona1996" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Roy L.; Luke, Dalla Bona, eds. (1996). <i>Early Human Occupation in British Columbia</i>. Vancouver: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0536-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0536-0"><bdi>978-0-7748-0536-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Human+Occupation+in+British+Columbia&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0536-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon,_E._James1999" class="citation book cs1">Dixon, E. James (1999). <i>Bones, Boats and Bison: Archeology and the First Colonization of Western North America</i>. Albuquerque: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_Mexico_Press" title="University of New Mexico Press">University of New Mexico Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2057-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2057-5"><bdi>978-0-8263-2057-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42022335">42022335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bones%2C+Boats+and+Bison%3A+Archeology+and+the+First+Colonization+of+Western+North+America&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42022335&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2057-5&rft.au=Dixon%2C+E.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennettKennettWestMercer2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kennett, D. J.; Kennett, J. P.; West, A.; Mercer, C.; Que Hee, S. S.; Bement, L.; Bunch, T. E.; Sellers, M.; Wolbach, W. S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doc.rero.ch/record/16088/files/PAL_E3879.pdf">"Nanodiamonds in the Younger Dryas Boundary Sediment Layer"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>323</b> (5910): 94. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323...94K">2009Sci...323...94K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1162819">10.1126/science.1162819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19119227">19119227</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206514910">206514910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Nanodiamonds+in+the+Younger+Dryas+Boundary+Sediment+Layer&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5910&rft.pages=94&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1162819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206514910%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19119227&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323...94K&rft.aulast=Kennett&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft.au=Kennett%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=West%2C+A.&rft.au=Mercer%2C+C.&rft.au=Que+Hee%2C+S.+S.&rft.au=Bement%2C+L.&rft.au=Bunch%2C+T.+E.&rft.au=Sellers%2C+M.&rft.au=Wolbach%2C+W.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoc.rero.ch%2Frecord%2F16088%2Ffiles%2FPAL_E3879.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadsen,_David_B.2004" class="citation book cs1">Madsen, David B. (2004). <i>Entering America: northeast Asia and Beringia before the last glacial maximum</i>. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-786-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87480-786-8"><bdi>978-0-87480-786-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entering+America%3A+northeast+Asia+and+Beringia+before+the+last+glacial+maximum&rft.place=Salt+Lake+City&rft.pub=University+of+Utah+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-87480-786-8&rft.au=Madsen%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchurr2000" class="citation journal cs1">Schurr, Theodore G. (2000). "Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Scientist" title="American Scientist">American Scientist</a></i>. <b>88</b> (3): 246–253. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000AmSci..88..246S">2000AmSci..88..246S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2000.3.246">10.1511/2000.3.246</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0996">0003-0996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7527715">7527715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientist&rft.atitle=Mitochondrial+DNA+and+the+Peopling+of+the+New+World&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=246-253&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2000.3.246&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7527715%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0996&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000AmSci..88..246S&rft.aulast=Schurr&rft.aufirst=Theodore+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanford,_DennisBradley,_Bruce2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Stanford" title="Dennis Stanford">Stanford, Dennis</a>; Bradley, Bruce (2002). "Chapter 9 – Ocean Trails and Prairie Paths? Thoughts About Clovis Origins". In Nina G. Jablonski (ed.). <i>The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World</i>. Edited proceedings of The Fourth Wattis Symposium, October 2, 1999. San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/California_Academy_of_Sciences" title="California Academy of Sciences">California Academy of Sciences</a>. pp. 255–271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940228-49-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940228-49-8"><bdi>978-0-940228-49-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9+%E2%80%93+Ocean+Trails+and+Prairie+Paths%3F+Thoughts+About+Clovis+Origins&rft.btitle=The+First+Americans%3A+The+Pleistocene+Colonization+of+the+New+World&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=255-271&rft.pub=California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-940228-49-8&rft.au=Stanford%2C+Dennis&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanfordBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanford DJ, Bradley BA (2012). <i>Across Atlantic Ice: The Origin of America's Clovis Culture</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-22783-5"><bdi>978-0-520-22783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+Atlantic+Ice%3A+The+Origin+of+America%27s+Clovis+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-520-22783-5&rft.aulast=Stanford&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Bradley%2C+BA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClovis+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStraus,_Lawrence_G.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Straus, Lawrence G. (April 2000). "Solutrean Settlement of North America? A Review of Reality". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Antiquity" title="American Antiquity">American Antiquity</a></i>. <b>65</b> (2): 219–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2694056">10.2307/2694056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7316">0002-7316</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2694056">2694056</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162349551">162349551</a>.</cite><span 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peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the Ancients">Trail of the Ancients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Royal_(Florida)_second_copper_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/20px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/30px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/40px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>Periods</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Paleoindians" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Paleoindians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Archaic period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Post-Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Post-Archaic period</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_period" title="Mount Taylor period">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood_culture" title="Norwood culture">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_period" title="Orange period">Orange period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">McKeithen</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region" title="Weeden Island culture">North peninsular Gulf coast</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/110px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/165px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/220px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay#Underwater_archaeological_sites" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqui_Esta_Burial_Mound" title="Aqui Esta Burial Mound">Aqui Esta Burial Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Pines_Site" title="Bay Pines Site">Bay Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District">Bear Lake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Heart_West" title="Big Heart West">Big Heart West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_City" title="Big Mound City">Big Mound City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_Key-Boggess_Ridge_Archeological_District" title="Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District">Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Hammock" title="Bird Hammock">Bird Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Site" title="Blueberry Site">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowers_Bluff_Middens_Archeological_District" title="Bowers Bluff Middens Archeological District">Bowers Bluff Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Midden" title="Bubba Midden">Bubba Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake_Site" title="Burns Lake Site">Burns Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcherpen_Mound" title="Butcherpen Mound">Butcherpen Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Pelau_Archaeological_Site" title="Cayo Pelau Archaeological Site">Cayo Pelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson Mound and Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Ostl_Site" title="C. J. Ostl Site">C. J. Ostl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demere_Key" title="Demere Key">Demere Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den_Cave" title="Devil's Den Cave">Devil's Den Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Key" title="Dismal Key">Dismal Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_Beach_Site" title="Douglass Beach Site">Douglass Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galt_Island_Archeological_District" title="Galt Island Archeological District">Galt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Patch_Archeological_Site" title="Garden Patch Archeological Site">Garden Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mound" title="Green Mound">Green Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_Creek_Site" title="Halfway Creek Site">Halfway Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinson_Mounds" title="Hinson Mounds">Hinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fields" title="Indian Fields">Indian Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%26J_Hunt_Submerged_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="J&J Hunt Submerged Archaeological Site">J&J Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Island_Site" title="Josslyn Island Site">Josslyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Prada_Site" title="Jungle Prada Site">Jungle Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Island_Midden_Archeological_Site" title="Kimball Island Midden Archeological Site">Kimball Island Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pithlachocco_Canoe_Site" title="Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site">Lake Pithlachocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring" title="Little Salt Spring">Little Salt Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pardo_Shellworks_Site" title="Mark Pardo Shellworks Site">Mark Pardo Shellworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Circle" title="Miami Circle">Miami Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Cove_Complex" title="Mill Cove Complex">Mill Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Lake_Archeological_District" title="Monroe Lake Archeological District">Monroe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elizabeth_Archeological_Site" title="Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site">Mount Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(Florida)" title="Mount Royal (Florida)">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(Florida)" title="Mount Taylor (Florida)">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_Key" title="Mullet Key">Mullet Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakkahatchee_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Myakkahatchee Creek Archaeological Site">Myakkahatchee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocoroco" title="Nocoroco">Nocoroco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortona_Prehistoric_Village" title="Ortona Prehistoric Village">Ortona Prehistoric Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Hare_Archeological_Site" title="Otis Hare Archeological Site">Otis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page-Ladson_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Page-Ladson site">Page-Ladson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_Mound" title="Persimmon Mound">Persimmon Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineland_Archeological_District" title="Pineland Archeological District">Pineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Island" title="Platt Island">Platt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Site" title="Plaza Site">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Beach_Mound" title="Pompano Beach Mound">Pompano Beach Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portavant_Mound" title="Portavant Mound">Portavant Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_Bar_Site" title="Porter's Bar Site">Porter's Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mound" title="Princess Mound">Princess Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Rock Mound Archeological Site">Rock Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Mound" title="Rookery Mound">Rookery Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Hammock_Site" title="Ross Hammock Site">Ross Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_site" title="Safety Harbor site">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_River_Slough_Archeological_District" title="Shark River Slough Archeological District">Shark River Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Bluff_Landing" title="Shell Bluff Landing">Shell Bluff Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Creek_Mound_Complex" title="Spruce Creek Mound Complex">Spruce Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creek_Archeological_District" title="Thomas Creek Archeological District">Thomas Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_River_Site" title="Turner River Site">Turner River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mound" title="Turtle Mound">Turtle Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Twin Mounds Archeological District">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tampa_Bay_Park" title="Upper Tampa Bay Park">Upper Tampa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useppa_Island" title="Useppa Island">Useppa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon Mound and Village</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_Key_Offshore" title="Manasota Key Offshore">Manasota Key Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs_(spring)" title="Warm Mineral Springs (spring)">Warm Mineral Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_point" title="Beaver Lake point">Beaver Lake point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Everglades_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region">Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Native_American_sites_in_Florida" title="Protection of Native American sites in Florida">Protection of Native American sites in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_ring" title="Shell ring">Shell ring</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites#Florida" title="List of shell ring sites">List of shell ring sites#Florida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_works" title="Shell works">Shell works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_point" title="Simpson point">Simpson point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_point" title="Suwannee point">Suwannee point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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