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searchaux" style="display:none">Regional similarity of Mississippian cultures</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg/310px-Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg/465px-Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg/620px-Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Southeastern Ceremonial Complex and some of its associated sites</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</b> (formerly <b>Southern Cult</b>, <b>Southern Death Cult</b> or <b>Buzzard Cult</b><sup id="cite_ref-hrnrkmp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hrnrkmp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), abbreviated <b>S.E.C.C.</b>, is the name given by modern scholars to the regional stylistic similarity of <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceremony" title="Ceremony">ceremonies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a>. It coincided with their adoption of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a>-level complex social organization from 1200 to 1650 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to some similarities between S.E.C.C. and contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> cultures (i.e., artwork with similar aesthetics or motifs; maize-based agriculture; and the development of sophisticated cities with large pyramidal structures), scholars from the late 1800s to mid-1900s suspected there was a connection between the two locations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One hypothesis was that Meso-Americans enslaved by conquistador <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a> (1510-1573) may have spread artistic and religious elements to North America.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, later research indicates the two cultures have no direct links and that their civilizations developed independently.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>S.E.C.C.</i> was first defined in 1945 by the archaeologists <a href="/wiki/Antonio_J._Waring,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio J. Waring, Jr.">Antonio Waring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preston_Holder" title="Preston Holder">Preston Holder</a> as a series of four lists of traits, which they categorized as the <i>Southeastern (centered) Ceremonial Complex</i>. Their concept was of a complex of a specific cult manifestation that originated with <a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean-speaking</a> peoples in the southern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then scholars have expanded the original definition, while using its trait lists as a foundation for critical analysis of the entire concept. </p><p>In 1989 scholars proposed a more archaeologically-based definition for the Mississippian artistic tradition. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Muller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Muller (page does not exist)">Jon Muller</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Illinois_University" title="Southern Illinois University">Southern Illinois University</a> proposes the classification of the complex into five <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_horizon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological horizon">horizons</a>, with each as a discrete tradition defined by the origin of specific motifs and ritual objects, and the specific developments in long-distance exchange and political structures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_of_S.E.C.C.">Description of S.E.C.C.</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description of S.E.C.C."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the seemingly rapid spread of S.E.C.C. traits, early scholarship described the S.E.C.C. as "a kind of religious revival in the lower Mississippi Valley" and nearby regions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2004, theories suggest that the complex developed from pre-existing beliefs spread over the midwest and southeast by the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell Interaction Sphere</a> from 100 BCE to 500 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other research shows the complex operated as an exchange network. This kind of network may be illustrated by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">shell gorgets</a> whose representation is so similar as to suggest that they were made by the same artist. One was found in southeast <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and the other found hundreds of miles away in <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, suggesting the items were used as gifts or exchange across a wide region. Numerous other pairs of extremely similar gorgets serve to link sites across the entire Southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The social organization of the Mississippian culture was based on <a href="/wiki/Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Warfare">warfare</a>, which was represented by an array of motifs and symbols in articles made from costly raw materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conches</a> from <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> area and Appalachian Mountains, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> from northern <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, pottery from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, and stone tools sourced from <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_chert" title="Mill Creek chert">southern Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such objects occur in <a href="/wiki/Birdman_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdman burial">elite burials</a>, together with war <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mace_(bludgeon)" title="Mace (bludgeon)">maces</a>, and other weapons. These warrior symbols occur alongside other artifacts, which bear cosmic imagery depicting <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">legendary creatures</a>. This symbolic imagery bound together warfare, <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, and nobility into a coherent whole. Some of these categories of artifacts were used as markers of chiefly office, which varied from one location to another. The term Southeast Ceremonial Complex refers to a complex, highly variable set of religious mechanisms that supported the authority of local <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chiefs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mississippian_Ideological_Interaction_Sphere_horizons"><i>Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere</i> horizons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere horizons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i>Horizons</i></th> <th><i>Dates</i></th> <th><i>Markers</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Developmental Cult Period </td> <td>900 - 1150 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">Long-nosed god shell and copper masks</a>, and "square cross" symbol appears </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Southern Cult Period </td> <td>1250 - 1350 </td> <td>Apogee of the horizon, bi-lobed arrows, striped pole, baton or mace, fringed apron, <a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">chunkey</a> player, and <a href="/wiki/Ogee" title="Ogee">ogee</a> appear </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Attenuated Cult Period </td> <td>1350 - 1450 </td> <td>Trade networks break down; motifs previously on exotic materials begin to appear on pottery and other local products </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Post Southern Cult Period </td> <td>1450 - 1550 </td> <td>Rise of a large number of regional artistic traditions that manifest distinct stylistic differences </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Historic Period </td> <td>1550 onward </td> <td>Termination of the ideological traditions, as well as the complex; rise of tribal societies of the European contact period </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> With the redefinition of the complex, some scholars have suggested choosing a new name to exemplify the new understanding of the large body of art symbols classified as the S.E.C.C. Participants of a decade-long series of conferences held at <a href="/wiki/Texas_State_University" title="Texas State University">Texas State University</a> have proposed the terms <i>"Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere"</i> or <i>"M.I.I.S."</i> and <i>"Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex"</i> or <i>"M.A.C.C."</i> The major expression of the complex developed at the <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> site and is known as the Braden Style; it corresponds with the Southern Cult Period horizon defined by Muller. Other regional styles developed as a result of the fusion of ideas borrowed from the Braden Style and pre-existing local expressions of post-Hopewellian traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Projected_development">Projected development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Projected development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Projected development of Mississippian Art and Ceremonial Complex (M.A.C.C.) styles </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:553px;max-width:553px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:106px;max-width:106px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Birger_figurine_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Birger_figurine_%281%29.jpg/104px-Birger_figurine_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="104" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Birger_figurine_%281%29.jpg/156px-Birger_figurine_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Birger_figurine_%281%29.jpg/208px-Birger_figurine_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3178" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Braden style</i> <a href="/wiki/Birger_figurine" class="mw-redirect" title="Birger figurine">Birger figurine</a> from Cahokia</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg/142px-Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg/213px-Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg/284px-Craig_style_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Craig style</i> <a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">shell gorget</a> from Spiro</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg/142px-Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg/213px-Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg/284px-Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Hightower style</i> gorget from Etowah</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:151px;max-width:151px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG/149px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG" decoding="async" width="149" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG/224px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG/298px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_65.JPG 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="723" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i>Hemphill style</i> stone palette from Moundville</div></div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="6"><b>Classic Braden</b> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b>Late Braden</b> <br /> Cahokia </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="2">Late Braden </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/Hemphill_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemphill style">Hemphill</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><b>Craig A</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a> </td> <td><b>Craig B</b><br />Spiro </td> <td><b>Craig C</b><br />Spiro </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><b>Hightower</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As the major centers, such as Cahokia, collapsed and the trade networks broke down, the regional styles diverged more from the <i>Braden Style</i> and from each other. During the ensuing centuries, the local traditions diverged into the religious beliefs and cosmologies of the different historic tribes known to exist at the time of European contact. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cosmology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg/150px-S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg/225px-S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg/300px-S.E.C.C._world_tree_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Cedar Tree Axis Mundi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg/150px-S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg/225px-S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg/300px-S.E.C.C._striped_pole_and_Hero_Twins_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The Striped Pole Axis Mundi</figcaption></figure> <p>Most S.E.C.C. imagery focuses on <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and the supernatural beings who inhabit the cosmos. The cosmological map encompassed real, knowable locations, whether in this world or the supernatural reality of the Otherworld. S.E.C.C. iconography portrayed the cosmos in three levels. The Above World or Overworld, was the home of the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderers</a>, the Sun, Moon, and Morning Star or <a href="/wiki/Red_Horn_(legend)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Horn (legend)">Red Horn</a> / <i>"He Who Wears Human Heads For Earrings"</i> and represented Order and Stability. The Middle World was the Earth that humans live in. The Beneath World or Under World was a cold, dark place of Chaos that was home to the <a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater Panther</a> and Corn Mother or "Old Woman Who Never Dies". </p><p>These three worlds were connected by an <i><a href="/wiki/Axis_mundi" title="Axis mundi">axis mundi</a></i>, usually portrayed as a <a href="/wiki/Eastern_red_cedar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern red cedar">cedar</a> tree or a striped pole reaching from the Under World to the Over World. Each of the three levels also was believed to have its own sub-levels. Deeply ingrained in the world view was the concept of <a href="/wiki/Dualistic_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dualistic cosmology">duality</a> and opposition. The beings of the Upper and Under realms were in constant opposition to each other. Ritual and ceremony were the means by which these powerful forces could be accessed and harnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motifs">Motifs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Motifs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many common motifs in S.E.C.C. artwork are locative symbols that help determine where the action takes place and where the beings originated:<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="25%"><b>Motif</b> </th> <th width="5%"><b>Image</b> </th> <th width="70%"><b>Description</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Petaloid Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petalloid Motif"><img alt="Petalloid Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._petalloid_motif_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="139" /></a></span> </td> <td>This motif derives its name from its resemblance to flower petals, but it most likely represents feathers. A Petalloid Motif placed around individuals, objects, or supernatural beings denotes its location as "celestial". </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Quincunx" title="Quincunx">Quincunx</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">Cross in Circle</a> Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross in Circle Motif"><img alt="Cross in Circle Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._crossincircle_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="118" data-file-height="116" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Cross in Circle Motif is prevalent in most Native American religions. It has <a href="/wiki/Sun_cross" title="Sun cross">solar connotations</a> and usually symbolizes the sacred fire that exists in the Middle World. A Cross in Circle Motif combined with a Petaloid Motif symbolized the Above World. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a> in Circle Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Swastika in Circle Motif"><img alt="Swastika in Circle Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._swastika_in_circle_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="190" /></a></span> </td> <td>A Swastika is a variation of the Cross in Circle Motif, symbolizing the creative, generative power of the Underworld. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Forked Eye Surround Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Forked Eye Surround Motif"><img alt="Forked Eye Surround Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._forked_eye_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="152" /></a></span> </td> <td>Beings wearing the Forked Eye Surround Motif are understood to reside in the Above World. It is derived from the eye markings of the <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">peregrine falcon</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Eye Surround Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eye Surround Motif"><img alt="Eye Surround Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_surround_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="133" /></a></span> </td> <td>Beings wearing the Eye Surround Motif resided in the Under World. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ogee Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ogee Motif"><img alt="Ogee Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg/50px-S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg/75px-S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg/100px-S.E.C.C._Ogee_Motif_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Ogee Motif symbolized portals into the Underworld. It appears frequently on Under World Deities. It may symbolize caves, may be derived from representations of female genitalia, or may represent the dorsal markings of the copperhead (<a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Agkistrodon contortrix">Agkistrodon contortrix</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Striped-Center-Pole Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striped center Pole Motif"><img alt="Striped center Pole Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._stripped_pole_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="253" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Cedar Tree and Striped Pole Motif represent the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Mundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Mundi">Axis Mundi</a> or "world tree", a central axis on which all the worlds rotated and were connected. It would have had alternating bands of red and white. It is often augmented with raccoon skin bundles, Ogee Motifs, and anthropomorphic heads. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trilobed Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Trilobed Motif"><img alt="Trilobed Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow2_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Tri-lobed Motif functioned as a serpent marking and may have symbolized a supernatural's ability to travel from the Lower World to the Upper World. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif"><img alt="Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._trilobed_arrow_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="140" data-file-height="151" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif is often seen in the headdresses of the warriors/birdmen/chunkey players. A complex symbol, it is a graphic representation of a bow and arrow, an <i><a href="/wiki/Atlatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlatl">atlatl</a></i>, or possibly a <i><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">ceremonial pipe</a></i>. In the <a href="/wiki/Red_Horn_(man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Horn (man)">Red Horn</a> Cycle, Red Horn is also called "He who gets hit with deer lungs", which may be a euphemism or an allusion to the fact that deer lungs with the trachea attached, resemble the graphic depiction of the Bi-Lobed Arrow. It may symbolize kinship and adoption rituals related to social hierarchies. Examples in the form of <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Mississippian copper plates</a> have been found in many Mississippian culture sites. </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Hamsa" title="Hamsa">Hand and Eye</a> Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand in Eye Motif"><img alt="Hand in Eye Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._eye_in_hand_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Hand and Eye Motif is a human hand with an eye gazing out from the palm, yet another symbol of deity. It was one of the most common motifs in Mississippian symbolism and may be related to the Ogee Motif, suggesting it represents a portal to the Otherworld. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mace Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mace Motif"><img alt="Mace Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._mace_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Mace Motif usually is associated with the warrior image and may be combined with other motifs, especially the Cross in Circle Motif. It is a graphic representation of a war club or <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_mace" title="Ceremonial mace">ceremonial mace</a>, such as the chipped flint and ground stone versions found throughout the southeast. The mace is also closely linked to the Spirit Birds and may even represent the pars pro toto feather of one of these powerful figures.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Columnella Pendant Motif </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Columnella Pendant Motif"><img alt="Columnella Pendant Motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg/50px-Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg/75px-Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg/100px-Motif_S.E.C.C._columnella_pendant_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></a></span> </td> <td>The Columnella Pendant is a graphic representation of the longitudinal center columnella of a <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelk</a> shell. Because of the association of whelk shells with the <a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">black drink ceremony</a>, it is theorized that this symbol is associated with it as well.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birdman">Birdman</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Birdman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromesun_mississippian_priest_digital_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chromesun_mississippian_priest_digital_painting.jpg/220px-Chromesun_mississippian_priest_digital_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Chromesun_mississippian_priest_digital_painting.jpg/330px-Chromesun_mississippian_priest_digital_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Chromesun_mississippian_priest_digital_painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a warrior holding a ceremonial flint mace or war club and a severed head</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_falcon" title="Peregrine falcon">falcon</a> is one of the most conspicuous symbols of the S.E.C.C. It was simultaneously an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">avatar</a> of warriors and an object of supplication for a lengthy life, healthy family, and a long line of descendants. Its supernatural origin is placed in the Upper World with a pantheon including the Sun, Moon, and Four Stars. He is most often represented on precious materials, sometimes shell, most often on beaten copper. He dances, costumed with great ground-sweeping wings and a raptor-beaked mask. In his raised right hand he holds a club, prepared to strike. In his left he holds rattles fashioned from human skulls. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a>, the falcon imagery was elaborated in figural expression. It is associated with warfare, high-stakes gaming, and possibly family dynastic ambitions, symbolized by arrow flights and the rising of the pre-dawn <a href="/wiki/Venus#Venus_in_human_culture" title="Venus">morning star</a> as metaphors for the succession of descendants into the future. Raptor imagery gained prominence during the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell period</a>, but attained its peak in the Braden Style of the early Mississippian period. It survived afterward in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Horn_(man)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Horn (man)">Red Horn</a> mythological cycle and native religion of the <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a> (Winnebagos), <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ioway" class="mw-redirect" title="Ioway">Ioway</a>, and other plains <a href="/wiki/Siouan" class="mw-redirect" title="Siouan">Siouan</a> peoples. In the Braden Style, the Birdman is divided into four categories. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Braden style Falcon dancer with wings-Mound C, Etowah"><img alt="Late Braden style Falcon dancer with wings-Mound C, Etowah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg/90px-Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg/135px-Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg/180px-Etowah_Dancing_Warrior_plate_HRoe_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Late Braden style Falcon dancer with wings-Mound C, Etowah</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Classic Braden style warrior with wings-Mound C, Etowah"><img alt="Classic Braden style warrior with wings-Mound C, Etowah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg/91px-Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg/137px-Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg/183px-Rogan_plate_1_birdman_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Classic Braden style warrior with wings-<a href="/wiki/Rogan_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan plate">Mound C, Etowah</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Club-wielding wingless warrior-Castalian Springs shell engraving"><img alt="Club-wielding wingless warrior-Castalian Springs shell engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg/120px-Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg/180px-Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg/240px-Castalian_Springs_Braden_style_Warrior_gorget_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Club-wielding wingless warrior-<a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs</a> shell engraving</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chunkey player"><img alt="Chunkey player" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg/120px-Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg/180px-Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg/240px-Braden_Style_Chunkey_player_St_Marys_Mound_Site_HRoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chunkey player</div> </li> </ul> <ul><li>Falcon Dancers with wings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a> players / warriors with wings.</li> <li>Club-wielding wingless warriors.</li> <li>Dancing wingless warriors / chunkey players</li></ul> <p>Various motifs are associated with the Birdman, including the forked eye motif, columnella pendants, mace or club weapons, severed heads,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">chunkey</a> play (including chunkey stones, striped and broken chunkey sticks), bellows-shaped aprons, and bi-lobed arrow motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Horn_and_his_sons">Red Horn and his sons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Red Horn and his sons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Red_Horn_(legend)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Horn (legend)">Red Horn</a> Mythic Cycle is from the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ho Chunk">Ho Chunk</a>, or Winnebago people. The mythic cycle of Red Horn and his sons has certain analogies with the <a href="/wiki/Maya_Hero_Twins" title="Maya Hero Twins">Hero Twins</a> mythic cycle of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Redhorn was known by many names, including "<a href="/wiki/Venus#Venus_in_human_culture" title="Venus">Morning Star</a>", a reference to his celestial origin, and <i>"He who is Struck with Deer Lungs,"</i> a possible reference to the Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif. In the episode associated with this name, Red Horn turns into an arrow to win a race. After winning the race, Redhorn creates heads on his earlobes and makes his hair into a long red braid. Thus he becomes known as <i>"Redhorn"</i> and as <i>"He who has Human Heads as Earlobes"</i>. </p><p>In another episode, Redhorn and his friends are challenged by the Giants to play <a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">ball</a> (or possibly chunkey)<sup id="cite_ref-Pauketat_2004_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauketat_2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their lives staked on the outcome. The best Giant player was a woman with long red hair identical to Redhorn's. The little heads on Redhorn's ears caused her to laugh so much that it interfered with her game and the Giants lost.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Giants lost all the other contests as well. Then they challenged Redhorn and his friends to a wrestling match in which they threw all but Red Horn's friend Turtle. Since Redhorn and his fellow spirits lost two out of the three matches, they were all slain. The two wives of Redhorn were pregnant at the time of his death. The sons born to each have red hair, with the older one having heads where his earlobes should be, and the younger one having heads in place of his nipples. The older brother discovers where the Giants keep the heads of Redhorn and his friends. The two boys use their powers to steal the heads from the Giants, whom they wipe out almost completely. The boys bring back to life Redhorn, Storms as He Walks, and Turtle. In honor of this feat, Turtle and "Storms as He Walks" promise the boys special weapons. </p><p>In another episode, the sons of Redhorn decide to go on the warpath. The older brother asks "Storms as He Walks" for the Thunderbird <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">war bundle</a>. After some effort, it is produced, but the Thunderbirds demand that it have a case. A friend of the sons of Redhorn offers his own body as its case. The boys take the Thunderbird war bundle and with their followers go on a raid to the other side of the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Red_Horn_Cycle_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Red_Horn_Cycle-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many S.E.C.C. images seem to be of Red Horn, his companions, and his sons. The characters in the myth seem to be tied integrally to the <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">pipe</a> ceremony, and its association with kinship and adoption.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Bi-Lobed Arrow Motif may be a graphic depiction of the calumet.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Red_Horn_Cycle_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Red_Horn_Cycle-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other images found in S.E.C.C. art show figures with <a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">long-nosed god maskettes</a> on their ears and in place of their nipples.<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pauketat_2004_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauketat_2004-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg/107px-Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg/161px-Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg/214px-Spiro_red_horn_statue_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="570" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg/120px-S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg/180px-S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg/240px-S.E.C.C._red_horn_and_friends_HRoe_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg/120px-S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg/180px-S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg/240px-S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_5_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg/120px-S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg/180px-S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg/240px-S.E.C.C._Hero_Twins_4_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="457" data-file-height="405" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Serpent">Great Serpent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Great Serpent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Great Serpent</a> (or Horned Serpent) is the most well-known mythological figure from the S.E.C.C. Its roots go back to Hopewell times, if not earlier. It usually is described as horned and winged, although the wings are more an indicator of its celestial origin than an essential form of the creature. In some versions of <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> myths, the serpent is described as a multi-headed monster with one green and one red horn, horns being a manifestation or marker of its power. In other myths, it is described as a one-eyed buffalo with one green and one red horn. The <a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a> figure of the <a href="/wiki/Miami_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami tribe">Miami</a> was painted on a bluff near present-day <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>. It was described as having the body of a panther, four legs, a human head, an impossibly long tail and horns. </p><p><i>Mishibizhiw</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwa</a> <a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">underwater panther</a>, was a combination of <a href="/wiki/Rattlesnake" title="Rattlesnake">rattlesnake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawk</a>. Other native peoples also gave descriptions of the being, sometimes now referred to as the <i>Spirit Otter</i>, with the majority seeming to belong to one of two extremes, and a multitude in between.<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distribution_of_belief">Distribution of belief</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Distribution of belief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg/220px-Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg/330px-Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg/440px-Chromesun_4_uktenas_design.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Spiro shell design</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg/220px-Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg/330px-Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg/440px-Winged_serpent_HRoe_2008_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Winged serpent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg/220px-Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg/330px-Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg/440px-Mississippians_underwater_panther_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="619" /></a><figcaption>Underwater panther</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg/220px-Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg/330px-Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg/440px-Serpent_Mound1_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater Panther</a></i></th> <th><i>Both or in between versions</i></th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></i> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Winnebago</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Micmac</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ojibwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ojibwa">Ojibwa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandan" title="Mandan">Mandan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Passamaquoddy" title="Passamaquoddy">Passamaquoddy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Arikara" title="Arikara">Arikara</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidatsa" title="Hidatsa">Hidatsa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Penobscot_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Penobscot people">Penobscot</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malecite" class="mw-redirect" title="Malecite">Malecite</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Omaha_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha (tribe)">Omaha</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Delaware</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan=""><a href="/wiki/Ponca" title="Ponca">Ponca</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Menomini" class="mw-redirect" title="Menomini">Menomini</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Muskogee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koasati" class="mw-redirect" title="Koasati">Koasati</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan=""><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tunica-Biloxi" title="Tunica-Biloxi">Tunica</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabama_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama (people)">Alabama</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Illiniwek" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiniwek">Illinois</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /> The Great Serpents, the great denizens of the Underworld, were described as powerful beings who were in constant antagonism with the forces of the Upper World, usually represented by the <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderers</a> (Birdmen or Falcon beings).<sup id="cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although men were to be careful of these beings, they could also be the source of great power. A Shawnee myth tells of the capture and dismemberment of <i>Msi Kinepikwa</i>. The pieces were distributed to the five <i><a href="/wiki/Sept" title="Sept">septs</a></i> of the tribe, who kept them in their sacred "medicine bundles".<sup id="cite_ref-University_of_Texas_Press_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-University_of_Texas_Press-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg/220px-Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg/330px-Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg/440px-Piasa-Bird-Alton-IL.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Modern rendition of a <a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a> painted on a cliff in <a href="/wiki/Alton,_Illinois" title="Alton, Illinois">Alton, Illinois</a>, based partly on 19th century sketches</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>S.E.C.C. motifs have been found on a variety of non-perishable materials, including <a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">marine shell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">ceramics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duck_River_cache" title="Duck River cache">Duck River cache</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">carved stone</a>, and copper (<a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etowah_plates" title="Etowah plates">Etowah plates</a>). Undoubtedly many other materials also were used, but haven't survived the intervening centuries. It may be judged by looking at the remaining artifacts that S.E.C.C. practitioners worked with feathers and designs woven into cloth, practiced body painting, and possibly <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooing</a>, as well as having pierced ears. One surviving painting found on a baked clay floor at the <a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a> site suggests they also painted designs in and on their dwellings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paintings displaying S.E.C.C. imagery also have been found in caves, most notably <a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Mud Glyph Cave</a> in Tennessee. Animal images, serpents, and warrior figures occur, as well as winged warriors, horned snakes, stylized birds, maces, and arrows. Their location underneath the Earth probably reflect aspects of Mississippian myth and cosmology concerning the (perhaps sacred) precincts beneath the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="width:98%"> <tbody><tr> <th width="15%"><b>Motif</b> </th> <th width="17%"><b>Image 1</b> </th> <th width="17%"><b>Image 2</b> </th> <th width="17%"><b>Image 3</b> </th> <th width="17%"><b>Image 4</b> </th> <th width="17%"><b>Image 5</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Engraved Shell </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An engraved shell gorget from the Spiro site"><img alt="An engraved shell gorget from the Spiro site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Craig_C_style_shell_gorget_Spiro_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="575" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hightower style Birdman gorget, Etowah"><img alt="Hightower style Birdman gorget, Etowah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg/150px-Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg/225px-Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg/300px-Hightower_style_Birdman_gorget2_Etowah_HRoe_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="410" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A shell gorget from the Nodena site"><img alt="A shell gorget from the Nodena site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg/150px-Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg/225px-Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg/300px-Buffalo_style_mask_gorget_Nodena_site_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="554" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An engraved shell from the Spiro Site, with a tattooed figure"><img alt="An engraved shell from the Spiro Site, with a tattooed figure" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Spiro_s.e.c.c._tattooed_figure_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="460" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A long-nosed god maskette from the Yokem Mound Group in Pike County, Illinois"><img alt="A long-nosed god maskette from the Yokem Mound Group in Pike County, Illinois" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg/150px-Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg/225px-Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg/300px-Il_maskette_pike_co_nmai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="469" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ceramics </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Effigy head pot from the Nodena site"><img alt="Effigy head pot from the Nodena site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg/150px-Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg/225px-Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg/300px-Hampson_effigypot_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="714" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Human effigy pot from the Nodena site"><img alt="Human effigy pot from the Nodena site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg/150px-Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg/225px-Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg/300px-Wilson_AR_Hampson_Museum_State_Park_15_human_effigy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pottery from the Fatherland site"><img alt="Pottery from the Fatherland site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg/150px-Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg/225px-Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg/300px-Natchez_pottery_HRoe_2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A pot from the Nodena site with Horned Serpents in the shape of an ogee motif"><img alt="A pot from the Nodena site with Horned Serpents in the shape of an ogee motif" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg/150px-Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg/225px-Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg/300px-Nodena_S.E.C.C._ogee_pot_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="494" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A piece of mortuary pottery from the Parkin site"><img alt="A piece of mortuary pottery from the Parkin site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg/150px-Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg/225px-Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg/300px-Parkin_Site_pottery_HRoe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="565" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stone </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carved stone statues from Etowah"><img alt="Carved stone statues from Etowah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg/150px-Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg/225px-Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg/300px-Etowah_statues_HRoe_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An stone effigy pipe from the Spiro site"><img alt="An stone effigy pipe from the Spiro site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Spiro_Lucifer_Pipe_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A stone palette from the Moundville site, the back is concave and was used as a bowl for mixing paint"><img alt="A stone palette from the Moundville site, the back is concave and was used as a bowl for mixing paint" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg/150px-Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg/225px-Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg/300px-Moundville_stone_pallette_HRoe_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="613" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A ceremonial mace from the Spiro site"><img alt="A ceremonial mace from the Spiro site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Spiro_ceremonial_mace_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="529" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="A stone bowl from the Moundville site, depicting a crested wood duck"><img alt="A stone bowl from the Moundville site, depicting a crested wood duck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG/150px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG/225px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG/300px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_63.JPG 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="857" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Copper </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Copper ear spools from the Spiro Site"><img alt="Copper ear spools from the Spiro Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Spiro_copper_ear_spools_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="646" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilobed arrows-Repousse copper designs from Etowah Mounds Georgia"><img alt="Bilobed arrows-Repousse copper designs from Etowah Mounds Georgia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg/150px-Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg/225px-Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg/300px-Etowah_copper_pieces_HRoe_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="340" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Replicas of copper pieces found at the Spiro site"><img alt="Replicas of copper pieces found at the Spiro site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Spiro_copper_replicas_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="510" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ogee motif-repousse copper plate from the Etowah Site"><img alt="Ogee motif-repousse copper plate from the Etowah Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg/150px-Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg/225px-Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg/300px-Etowah_copper_ogee_HRoe_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="569" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="two replica repousse copper plates from Spiro"><img alt="two replica repousse copper plates from Spiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg/150px-Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg/225px-Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg/300px-Spiro_copper_replicas2_HRoe_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="366" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG/220px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG/330px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG/440px-Moundville_Archaeological_Park_51.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>Two Caddo-style pots with engraved Winged (left) and Horned (right) Serpents, <a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangum_Mound_Site" title="Mangum Mound Site">Mangum Mound Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville Archaeological Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville site</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hrnrkmp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hrnrkmp_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHornerkamp" class="citation book cs1">Hornerkamp, Nicholas. "Native American Religions Pre-Contact Period". In Hill, Samuel S.; Lippy, Charles H.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion in the South</i>. pp. 542–545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Native+American+Religions+Pre-Contact+Period&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+in+the+South&rft.pages=542-545&rft.aulast=Hornerkamp&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Griffin, John Wallace. “Historic Artifacts and the ‘Buzzard Cult’ in Florida.” The Florida Historical Quarterly, vol. 24, no. 4, 1946, pp. 295–301. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30138608">http://www.jstor.org/stable/30138608</a>. Accessed 3 Mar. 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmuller" class="citation web cs1">muller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914003946/http://www.siu.edu/~anthro/muller/SECC/sld008.htm">"Connections"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siu.edu/~anthro/muller/SECC/sld008.htm">the original</a> on 2006-09-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connections&rft.au=muller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siu.edu%2F~anthro%2Fmuller%2FSECC%2Fsld008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Townsend_2004-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Townsend_2004_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTownsend2004" class="citation book cs1">Townsend, Richard F., and Robert V. Sharp, eds. (2004). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hero,_Hawk,_and_Open_Hand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand (page does not exist)"><i>Hero, Hawk, and Open Hand</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Art_Institute_of_Chicago" class="mw-redirect" title="The Art Institute of Chicago">The Art Institute of Chicago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10601-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10601-5"><bdi>978-0-300-10601-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hero%2C+Hawk%2C+and+Open+Hand&rft.pub=The+Art+Institute+of+Chicago+and+Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10601-5&rft.aulast=Townsend&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.%2C+and+Robert+V.+Sharp%2C+eds.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krieger, A.D. (1945) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1525/aa.1945.47.4.02a00020">"An Inquiry into Supposed Mexican Influences on a Prehistoric 'Cult' In the Southern United States"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a>,</i> 47: 483-515. doi:10.1525/aa.1945.47.4.02a00020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott Weidensaul (2012). <i>The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America.</i> Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, p. 55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_Waring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio Waring (page does not exist)">Waring, A</a>. (1945). The De Luna Expedition and Southeastern Ceremonial. American Antiquity, 11(1), 57-58. doi:10.2307/275531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._Kent_ReillyJames_Garber2007" class="citation book cs1">F. Kent Reilly; James Garber, eds. (2007). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Objects_and_Sacred_Realms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms (page does not exist)"><i>Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71347-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71347-5"><bdi>978-0-292-71347-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Objects+and+Sacred+Realms&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-292-71347-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaring,_A.J._Jr.1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_J._Waring,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio J. Waring, Jr.">Waring, A.J. Jr.</a> (1968). "The Southeastern Cult and Muskogean Ceremonial". In Williams, S. (ed.). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waringpaperscoll0058wari"><i>The Waring Papers: The Collected Work of Antonio J. Waring</i></a></span>. Harvard University. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/waringpaperscoll0058wari/page/30">30</a>–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Southeastern+Cult+and+Muskogean+Ceremonial&rft.btitle=The+Waring+Papers%3A+The+Collected+Work+of+Antonio+J.+Waring&rft.pages=30-69&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1968&rft.au=Waring%2C+A.J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwaringpaperscoll0058wari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaring,_A.J._Jr.1945" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonio_J._Waring,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio J. Waring, Jr.">Waring, A.J. Jr.</a> (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1945.47.1.02a00020">"A prehistoric ceremonial complex in the Southeastern United States"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 1–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1945.47.1.02a00020">10.1525/aa.1945.47.1.02a00020</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=A+prehistoric+ceremonial+complex+in+the+Southeastern+United+States&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1945.47.1.02a00020&rft.au=Waring%2C+A.J.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1945.47.1.02a00020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller,_Jon1989" class="citation book cs1">Muller, Jon (1989). "The Southern Cult". In Galloway, Patricia (ed.). <i>The Southeastern Ceremonial Complex, Artifacts and Analysis:The Cottonlandia Conference</i>. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 11–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Cult&rft.btitle=The+Southeastern+Ceremonial+Complex%2C+Artifacts+and+Analysis%3AThe+Cottonlandia+Conference&rft.pages=11-26&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Muller%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nero, Robert W. "Prehistoric Indian Petroglyph." 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Springer US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48300-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-48300-9"><bdi>978-0-387-48300-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taking+and+Displaying+of+Human+Body+Parts+as+Trophies+by+Amerindians&rft.pub=Springer+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-387-48300-9&rft.au=James+A.+Brown+and+David+H.+Dye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftakingdisplaying0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tallahassee.com/story/life/home-garden/2017/06/01/lake-jackson-mounds-reveal-remnants-thriving-culture/362526001/">Lake Jackson Mounds reveal remnants of thriving culture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPower2004" class="citation book cs1">Power, Susan (2004). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Early_Art_of_the_Southeastern_Indians-Feathered_Serpents_and_Winged_Beings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Early Art of the Southeastern Indians-Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings (page does not exist)"><i>Early Art of the Southeastern Indians-Feathered Serpents and Winged Beings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyartofsouthe0000powe/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2501-9"><bdi>978-0-8203-2501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Art+of+the+Southeastern+Indians-Feathered+Serpents+and+Winged+Beings&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2501-9&rft.aulast=Power&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pauketat_2004-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pauketat_2004_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pauketat_2004_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauketat2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pauketat" title="Timothy Pauketat">Pauketat, Timothy R.</a> (2004). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Cahokia_and_the_Mississippians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians (page does not exist)"><i>Ancient Cahokia and the Mississippians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52066-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cahokia+and+the+Mississippians&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52066-9&rft.aulast=Pauketat&rft.aufirst=Timothy+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Red_Horn_Cycle-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Red_Horn_Cycle_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Red_Horn_Cycle_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hotcakencyclopedia.com/ho.RedhornCycle.html">"The Red Horn Cycle"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archaeology%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Oral+Tradition-Chapter+6&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Staeck&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fortunecity.com%2Fmarina%2Fcaribbean%2F244%2Foraltrad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027090132/http://www.geocities.com/southbeach/cove/8286/myth1.html">"Shawnee Mythology"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wickliffe+Mounds+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.stlcc.edu%2Fmfuller%2FWickliffe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3904/is_200110/ai_n8962063/pg_7">"Issues in the study of southeastern prehistoric cave art"</a>. <i>Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology</i>. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Midcontinental+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Issues+in+the+study+of+southeastern+prehistoric+cave+art&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qa3904%2Fis_200110%2Fai_n8962063%2Fpg_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoutheastern+Ceremonial+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Template:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Template:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Template talk:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippian_and_related_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mississippian and related cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Mississippian_and_related_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Icon_mound_platform_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian and related cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)#Culture,_phase,_and_chronological_table_for_the_Mississippi_Valley" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Timeline of Mississippi valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle<br />Mississippian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_Bottom" title="American Bottom">American Bottom</a><br />and Upper Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztalan_State_Park" title="Aztalan State Park">Aztalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Eddy_Site" title="Big Eddy Site">Big Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monks_Mound" title="Monks Mound">Monks Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_34" title="Mound 34">Mound 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_72" title="Mound 72">Mound 72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramey_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramey state">Ramey state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Woodhenge" title="Cahokia Woodhenge">Woodhenge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloverdale_archaeological_site" title="Cloverdale archaeological site">Cloverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickson_Mounds" title="Dickson Mounds">Dickson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Emerald Mound and Village Site">Emerald Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_Cemetery_Site" title="Emmons Cemetery Site">Emmons Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_Lake_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Horseshoe Lake Mound and Village Site">Horseshoe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chapman_Village_Site" title="John Chapman Village Site">John Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhn_Station_Site" title="Kuhn Station Site">Kuhn Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larson_Site" title="Larson Site">Larson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunsford-Pulcher_Archeological_Site" title="Lunsford-Pulcher Archeological Site">Lunsford-Pulcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCune_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="McCune Mound and Village Site">McCune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Archaeological_Site_(Mitchell,_Illinois)" title="Mitchell Archaeological Site (Mitchell, Illinois)">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orendorf_Site" title="Orendorf Site">Orendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeth_Site" title="Sleeth Site">Sleeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starr_Village_and_Mound_Group" title="Starr Village and Mound Group">Starr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarloaf_Mound" title="Sugarloaf Mound">Sugarloaf Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Lower Ohio River and<br /> Confluence area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_site" title="Adams site">Adams site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogtooth_Bend_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Dogtooth Bend Mounds and Village Site">Dogtooth Bend Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Site" title="Marshall Site">Marshall Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millstone_Bluff" title="Millstone Bluff">Millstone Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orr-Herl_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Orr-Herl Mound and Village Site">Orr-Herl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlandton_Mound_Site" title="Rowlandton Mound Site">Rowlandton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towosahgy_State_Historic_Site" title="Towosahgy State Historic Site">Towosahgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turk_Site" title="Turk Site">Turk Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Site" title="Twin Mounds Site">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ware_Mounds_and_Village_Site" title="Ware Mounds and Village Site">Ware Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickliffe_Mounds" title="Wickliffe Mounds">Wickliffe Mounds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Middle Ohio River</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_phase" title="Angel phase">Angel phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annis_Mound_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Annis Mound and Village Site">Annis Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bone_Bank_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bone Bank site (page does not exist)">Bone Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellerbusch_site" title="Ellerbusch site">Ellerbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake-Klein_Archeological_Site" title="Hovey Lake-Klein Archeological Site">Hovey Lake-Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovey_Lake_Archaeological_District" title="Hovey Lake Archaeological District">Hovey Lake District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy_Archaeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy Archaeological Site (page does not exist)">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prather_Site" title="Prather Site">Prather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_Farm" title="Slack Farm">Slack Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu_Site" title="Tolu Site">Tolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welborn_Village_Archeological_Site" title="Welborn Village Archeological Site">Welborn Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankeetown_site" title="Yankeetown site">Yankeetown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Tennessee and<br />Cumberland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backusburg_Mounds" title="Backusburg Mounds">Backusburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beasley_Mounds_Site" title="Beasley Mounds Site">Beasley Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brentwood_Library_Site" title="Brentwood Library Site">Brentwood Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brick_Church_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Brick Church Mound and Village Site">Brick Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castalian_Springs_Mound_Site" title="Castalian Springs Mound Site">Castalian Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunbar_Cave_State_Park" title="Dunbar Cave State Park">Dunbar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fewkes_Group_Archaeological_Site" title="Fewkes Group Archaeological Site">Fewkes Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwassee_Island" title="Hiwassee Island">Hiwassee Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_Farm_State_Archaeological_Area" title="Link Farm State Archaeological Area">Link Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Bottom" title="Mound Bottom">Mound Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverview_Mounds_Archaeological_Site" title="Riverview Mounds Archaeological Site">Riverview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sellars_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellars Farm Site">Sellars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obion_Mounds" title="Obion Mounds">Obion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Town Archaeological Site">Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swallow_Bluff_Island_Mounds" title="Swallow Bluff Island Mounds">Swallow Bluff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Central and Lower<br /> Mississippi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belle_Meade_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belle Meade phase (page does not exist)">Belle Meade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boone%27s_Mounds" title="Boone's Mounds">Boone's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Mounds_Site" title="Boyd Mounds Site">Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_Archeological_Site" title="Campbell Archeological Site">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carson_Mounds" title="Carson Mounds">Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chucalissa" title="Chucalissa">Chucalissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Mound_Group" title="Denmark Mound Group">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet%27s_Mound" title="Janet's Mound">Janet's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menard%E2%80%93Hodges_site" title="Menard–Hodges site">Menard-Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Murphy Mound Archeological Site">Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_phase" title="Nodena phase">Nodena phase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl_Creek_Mounds" title="Owl Creek Mounds">Owl Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkin phase">Parkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quigualtam" title="Quigualtam">Quigualtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipton_phase" title="Tipton phase">Tipton phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_people" title="Tunica people">Tunica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koroa" title="Koroa">Koroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazoo_people" title="Yazoo people">Yazoo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_phase" title="Walls phase">Walls phase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">South Appalachian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/South_Appalachian_Mississippian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="South Appalachian Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamson_Mounds_Site" title="Adamson Mounds Site">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avery_site" title="Avery site">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaverdam_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Beaverdam Creek Archaeological Site">Beaverdam Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Field_Mound_Site" title="Bell Field Mound Site">Bell Field Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessemer_Site" title="Bessemer Site">Bessemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Mound" title="Biltmore Mound">Biltmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Mound" title="Blair Mound">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bussell_Island" title="Bussell Island">Bussell Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauga_Mound" title="Chauga Mound">Chauga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiaha" title="Chiaha">Chiaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chota_(Cherokee_town)" title="Chota (Cherokee town)">Chota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citico_(Cherokee_town)" title="Citico (Cherokee town)">Citico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coosa_chiefdom" title="Coosa chiefdom">Coosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_phase" title="Dallas phase">Dallas phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyar_site" title="Dyar site">Dyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Creek_site" title="Garden Creek site">Garden Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoojah_Branch_Site" title="Hoojah Branch Site">Hoojah Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Mound_site" title="Irene Mound site">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jere_Shine_site" title="Jere Shine site">Jere Shine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joara" title="Joara">Joara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bell_site" title="Joe Bell site">Joe Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Archaeological_Site" title="King Archaeological Site">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_Mounds_and_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar Mounds and Village Site">Lamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamar_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamar phase">Lamar phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liddell_Archeological_Site" title="Liddell Archeological Site">Liddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Egypt_(archaeological_site)" title="Little Egypt (archaeological site)">Little Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Swamp_Site" title="Long Swamp Site">Long Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mabila" title="Mabila">Mabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeville_site" title="Mandeville site">Mandeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMahan_Mound_Site" title="McMahan Mound Site">McMahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bend" title="Moccasin Bend">Moccasin Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouse_Creek_phase" title="Mouse Creek phase">Mouse Creek phase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mulberry_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mulberry site (page does not exist)">Mulberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacoochee_Mound" title="Nacoochee Mound">Nacoochee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikwasi" title="Nikwasi">Nikwasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocmulgee National Monument">Ocmulgee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Mound" title="Park Mound">Park Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisgah_phase" title="Pisgah phase">Pisgah phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_Rock_Shelter" title="Punk Rock Shelter">Punk Rock Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Mounds" title="Rembert Mounds">Rembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roods_Landing_site" title="Roods Landing site">Roods Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker%27s_Bottom_site" title="Rucker's Bottom site">Rucker's Bottom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Archaeological_Site" title="Savannah Archaeological Site">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiloh_Indian_Mounds_Site" title="Shiloh Indian Mounds Site">Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixtoe_Mound" title="Sixtoe Mound">Sixtoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summerour_Mound_site" title="Summerour Mound site">Summerour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taskigi_Mound" title="Taskigi Mound">Taskigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomotley" title="Tomotley">Tomotley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toqua_(Tennessee)" title="Toqua (Tennessee)">Toqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbanks_Site" title="Wilbanks Site">Wilbanks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhaica" title="Anhaica">Anhaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Province" title="Apalachee Province">Apalachee Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corbin%E2%80%93Tucker_site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corbin–Tucker site (page does not exist)">Corbin–Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_Creek_Indian_Mounds" title="Bottle Creek Indian Mounds">Bottle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Mound_Park_(Dauphin_Island,_Alabama)" title="Indian Mound Park (Dauphin Island, Alabama)">Dauphin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_site" title="Anna site">Anna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atchafalaya_Basin_Mounds" title="Atchafalaya Basin Mounds">Atchafalaya Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Mound_site" title="Emerald Mound site">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Mounds" title="Fitzhugh Mounds">Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowery_Mound" title="Flowery Mound">Flowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster%27s_Mound" title="Foster's Mound">Fosters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Site_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghost Site Mounds">Ghost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_site" title="Glass site">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Natchez" title="Grand Village of the Natchez">Grand Village of the Natchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaketown_Site" title="Jaketown Site">Jaketown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Mounds" title="Jordan Mounds">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julice_Mound" title="Julice Mound">Julice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangum_Mound_Site" title="Mangum Mound Site">Mangum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazique_Archeological_Site" title="Mazique Archeological Site">Mazique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medora_site" title="Medora site">Medora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mott_Archaeological_Preserve" title="Mott Archaeological Preserve">Mott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_people" title="Natchez people">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa" title="Taensa">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas_Mounds" title="Pocahontas Mounds">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routh_Mounds" title="Routh Mounds">Routh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Place_Mounds" title="Scott Place Mounds">Scott Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sims_site" title="Sims site">Sims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_Mounds" title="Transylvania Mounds">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venable_Mound" title="Venable Mound">Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_Mississippian_culture" title="Caddoan Mississippian culture">Caddoan<br />Mississippian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Mound_Site" title="Battle Mound Site">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belcher_Mound_Site" title="Belcher Mound Site">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluffton_Mound_site" title="Bluffton Mound site">Bluffton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Caddo Mounds State Historic Site">Caddoan Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gahagan_Mounds_Site" title="Gahagan Mounds Site">Gahagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Mound_Site" title="Hughes Mound Site">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka-Do-Ha_Indian_Village" title="Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village">Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keller_Site_(Calion,_Arkansas)" title="Keller Site (Calion, Arkansas)">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mississippian_culture" title="Upper Mississippian culture">Upper Mississippian<br />cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anker_Site" title="Anker Site">Anker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_Run_Site" title="Blood Run Site">Blood Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcajou_Point_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcajou Point Site">Carcajou Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifield_Site" title="Fifield Site">Fifield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Mound_Group" title="Fisher Mound Group">Fisher Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentleman_Farm_site" title="Gentleman Farm site">Gentleman Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Village_of_the_Illinois" title="Grand Village of the Illinois">Grand Village of the Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griesmer_site" title="Griesmer site">Griesmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartley_Fort_State_Preserve" title="Hartley Fort State Preserve">Hartley Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starved_Rock_State_Park#Hotel_Plaza" title="Starved Rock State Park">Hotel Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxie_Farm_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoxie Farm Site">Hoxie Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huber_Site" title="Huber Site">Huber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntunen_site" title="Juntunen site">Juntunen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_Spring_site" title="Knoll Spring site">Knoll Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mero_site" title="Mero site">Mero site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Bluff_site" title="Moccasin Bluff site">Moccasin Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Forest_Site" title="Oak Forest Site">Oak Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palos_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Palos Site">Palos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Island_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Plum Island Site">Plum Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche-a-Cri_Petroglyphs" title="Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs">Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerdt_site" title="Schwerdt site">Schwerdt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Island_site" title="Summer Island site">Summer Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_Effigy_Mound" title="Alligator Effigy Mound">Alligator Effigy Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clover_site" title="Clover site">Clover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodge_Site" title="Dodge Site">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Petroglyph" title="Leo Petroglyph">Leo Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch Indian Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Agriculture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phaseolus" title="Phaseolus">Beans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium" title="Chenopodium">Chenopodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_barley" class="mw-redirect" title="Little barley">Little barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iva_annua" title="Iva annua">Marshelder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">Pumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbita" title="Cucurbita">Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helianthus_annuus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helianthus annuus">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmons_mask" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmons mask">Emmons mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_copper_plates" title="Mississippian copper plates">Copper plates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rogan_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogan plates">Rogan plates</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiro_plates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiro plates (page does not exist)">Spiro plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wulfing_cache" title="Wulfing cache">Wulfing cache</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_River_cache" title="Duck River cache">Duck River cache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-nosed_god_maskette" title="Long-nosed god maskette">Long-nosed god maskette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Creek_chert" title="Mill Creek chert">Mill Creek chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture_pottery" title="Mississippian culture pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_gorget" title="Shell gorget">Shell gorget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_stone_statuary" title="Mississippian stone statuary">Stone statuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobilian_Jargon" title="Mobilian Jargon">Mobilian Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natchez_language" title="Natchez language">Natchez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taensa_language" title="Taensa language">Taensa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunica_language" title="Tunica language">Tunican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#F0F58E;;width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Ballgame (Southeastern)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_lacrosse" title="History of lacrosse">Northern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus#United_States" title="Tumulus">Burial mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth/fertility_cult" title="Earth/fertility cult">Earth/fertility cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">Platform mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Horn" title="Red Horn">Red Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">Sacred bundle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_village_bundle" title="Caddoan village bundle">Village bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F0F58E;"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chevron_bead" title="Chevron bead">Chevron bead</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clarksdale_bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clarksdale bell (page does not exist)">Clarksdale bell</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">de Soto Expedition</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Birdman">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#ffffcc"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visual_arts_by_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffffcc;width:1%">Surveys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Native_American_art_history" title="Timeline of Native American art history">Art history timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_artists_of_the_Americas" title="List of Indigenous artists of the Americas">Individual artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_art" title="Pre-Columbian art">Pre-Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_women_in_the_arts" title="Native American women in the arts">Women in the arts</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg/60px-Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg/90px-Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg/120px-Hand_Hopewell_mica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffffcc;width:1%">By media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceramics_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Ceramics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_fashion" title="Native American fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_jewelry" title="Native American jewelry">Jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_by_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Photography by Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting_in_the_Americas_before_European_colonization" title="Painting in the Americas before European colonization">Precolonial painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_hide_painting" title="Plains hide painting">Plains hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Textile arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Textiles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffffcc;width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Salish_art" title="Coast Salish art">Coast Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol_art" title="Huichol art">Huichol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_art" title="Inuit art">Inuit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_clothing" title="Inuit clothing">clothing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_art" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw art">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art" title="Ancient Maya art">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_art" title="Muisca art">Muisca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ffffcc;width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_art" title="Alaska Native art">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_artists" title="List of Native American artists">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Coast_art" title="Northwest Coast art">Northwest Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Indigenous_art" title="Paraguayan Indigenous art">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&oldid=1251453999">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex&oldid=1251453999</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mississippian_culture" title="Category:Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></li><li><a 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