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Norme masculine — Wikipédia

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class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata bandeau-article bandeau-niveau-ebauche"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span style="white-space:nowrap;word-spacing:5px"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Phonetik.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/45px-Phonetik.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/68px-Phonetik.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Phonetik.svg/90px-Phonetik.svg.png 2x" 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title="Féminisme">féminisme</a>.</strong> </p><p>Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (<b><a href="/wiki/Aide:Comment_modifier_une_page" title="Aide:Comment modifier une page">comment&#160;?</a></b>) selon les recommandations des <a href="/wiki/Projet:Accueil" title="Projet:Accueil">projets correspondants</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>Dans le domaine de la <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9orie_f%C3%A9ministe" title="Théorie féministe">théorie féministe</a>, le principe de <b>norme masculine</b> (en anglais, <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en">male as norm</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>) considère que les tournures linguistiques se référant aux <a href="/wiki/Genre_(sciences_sociales)" title="Genre (sciences sociales)">genres</a>, par exemple les marqueurs de <a href="/wiki/Genre_grammatical" title="Genre grammatical">genre grammatical</a>, les autres indications de genre comme le suffixe féminisant <i>-ess</i> en anglais, ainsi que l'emploi du terme «&#160;homme&#160;» comme synonyme d'«&#160;être humain&#160;», renforcent la perception que la catégorie masculine est la norme tandis que la catégorie féminine équivalente constitue une dérivation, une forme secondaire, ce qui minimise son importance. </p><p>Ce principe a été formulé au <abbr class="abbr" title="19ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle pour la première fois de la part d'intellectuels qui ont entrepris de déconstruire la langue anglaise afin de mettre en lumière les racines et les effets du <a href="/wiki/Patriarcat_(sociologie)" title="Patriarcat (sociologie)">patriarcat</a>.<sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr>&#160;souhaitée]</a></sup> Le principe de norme masculine dans le langage, ainsi que le thème des conséquences de la grammaire genrée sur la représentation du monde, ont fait l'objet d'études dans plusieurs domaines, comme la <a href="/wiki/Philosophie" title="Philosophie">philosophie</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Psychologie" title="Psychologie">psychologie</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Anthropologie" title="Anthropologie">anthropologie</a>&#160;; la norme masculine a également nourri des débats sur le <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9terminisme_linguistique" title="Déterminisme linguistique">déterminisme linguistique</a> et les <a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9galit%C3%A9s_de_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Inégalités de genre">inégalités de genre</a>. </p><p>Le concept sous-jacent dans la norme masculine est que les femmes voient leur légitimité remise en question par une langue dont le genre féminin est dérivé du genre masculin, qui est considéré comme la norme. Considérer que les termes au féminin présentent une carence par rapport à ceux au masculin revient à estimer que le discours féminin est fautif. Les recherches qui en découlent dans le domaine des <a href="/wiki/Sciences_sociales" title="Sciences sociales">sciences sociales</a>, notamment dans l'<a href="/wiki/Analyse_du_discours" title="Analyse du discours">analyse du discours</a>, ont confirmé et décrit un déséquilibre systématique en faveur du masculin<sup id="cite_ref-MacDougall_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDougall-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Dans la pratique, le genre grammatical démontre un déséquilibre systématique par lequel la forme masculine devient, par défaut, la variante générique et globale. D'après le principe de la norme masculine, le déséquilibre masculin dans la langue conduit à exclure les femmes et à les ignorer, à minimiser le rôle des femmes et à considérer que tout ce qui n'est pas masculin constitue une déviance qui ne saurait représenter de nombreuses catégories sociales<sup id="cite_ref-Motschenbacker_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motschenbacker-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norme_masculine&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norme_masculine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">«&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_as_norm?oldid=1030034739">Male as norm</a>&#160;» <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Male_as_norm?action=history">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li></ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199568758.001.0001/acref-9780199568758-e-1595"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Male norm (male-as-norm)</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">oxfordreference.com</span></span>&#160;; <span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100128638"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Overview. male norm</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique">oxfordreference.com</span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacDougall-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-MacDougall_2-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MacDougall2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="D._MacDougall2012">D. <span class="nom_auteur">MacDougall</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Gendered discourse and ASL-to-english interpreting: A poststructuralist approach to gendered discourse and the ASL-to-english interpretive process</cite>&#160;», <i>Journal of Interpretation</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;19, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;1,&#8206; <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?&amp;article=1026&amp;context=joi">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-04-13" data-sort-value="2015-04-13">13 avril 2015</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Gendered+discourse+and+ASL-to-english+interpreting%3A+A+poststructuralist+approach+to+gendered+discourse+and+the+ASL-to-english+interpretive+process&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interpretation&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.aulast=MacDougall&amp;rft.aufirst=D.&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=19&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3F%26article%3D1026%26context%3Djoi&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANorme+masculine"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motschenbacker-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Motschenbacker_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Motschenbacker2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="H_Motschenbacker2010">H <span class="nom_auteur">Motschenbacker</span>, <cite class="italique">Language, gender and sexual identity&#160;: Poststructuralist perspectives</cite>, Amersterdam, NLD, John Benjamins Publishing Company, <time>2010</time>, 89&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789027218681" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789027218681"><span class="nowrap">9789027218681</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Language%2C+gender+and+sexual+identity+%3A+Poststructuralist+perspectives&amp;rft.place=Amersterdam%2C+NLD&amp;rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&amp;rft.aulast=Motschenbacker&amp;rft.aufirst=H&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.tpages=89&amp;rft.isbn=9789027218681&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ANorme+masculine"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Article_connexe">Article connexe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norme_masculine&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Article connexe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norme_masculine&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Article connexe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androcentrisme" title="Androcentrisme">Androcentrisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privil%C3%A8ge_masculin" title="Privilège masculin">Privilège masculin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectification" title="Objectification">Objectification</a></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail de la linguistique"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/24px-Logo_language.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/36px-Logo_language.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Logo_language.svg/48px-Logo_language.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Linguistique" title="Portail:Linguistique">Portail de la linguistique</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Femmes" title="Portail des femmes et du féminisme"><img alt="icône décorative" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/24px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/36px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/48px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Femmes" title="Portail:Femmes">Portail des femmes et du féminisme</a></span> </span></li> </ul> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐78f4c97c5d‐cctnq Cached time: 20241129015420 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.169 seconds Real time usage: 0.263 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 717/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 14638/2097152 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