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<div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Eastern Catholic Churches</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Eastern_Catholic_Churches" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Eastern+Catholic+Churches" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Eastern Churches in full communion within the Catholic Church. For other Eastern Christian churches, see <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches,<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> are 23 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> autonomous (<a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>) <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> in <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a>. Although they are distinct theologically, liturgically, and historically from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, they are all in full communion with it and with each other. Eastern Catholics are a minority within the Catholic Church; of the 1.3 billion Catholics in communion with the pope, approximately 18 million are members of the eastern churches. The largest numbers of Eastern Catholics may be found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Africa">Eastern Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. As of 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> is the largest Eastern Catholic Church, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a> <table class="infobox" style="width: 24em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;">Eastern Catholic Churches</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:193px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG/258px-Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="258" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG/387px-Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG/516px-Lviv_-_Cathedral_of_Saint_George_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div style="border:1;;height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG/95px-DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG" decoding="async" width="95" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG/143px-DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG/190px-DPP_017_by_Joseph_Lazer.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="5177"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div style="border:1;;height:116px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church,_Damascus,_Syria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/159px-Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/239px-Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg/318px-Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church%2C_Damascus%2C_Syria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="821"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div style="border:1;;height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_(retuschiert).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/84px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/126px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg/168px-St._Marys_Cathedral_Trivandrum_Fassade_2_%28retuschiert%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="768"></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div style="border:1;;height:113px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church,_Asmara,_Eritrea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/170px-Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/255px-Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg/340px-Kidanemhret_Catholic_Church%2C_Asmara%2C_Eritrea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480"></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:172px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/258px-St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/387px-St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/516px-St_Elie_-_St_Gregory_Armenian_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024"></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Clockwise from top: <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Cathedral,_Lviv" title="St. George's Cathedral, Lviv">St. George's Ukrainian Greek Catholic Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Melkite Greek Catholic Patriarchal Cathedral of the Dormition of Our Lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Cathedral" title="Kidane Mehret Cathedral">Kidane Mehret Eritrean Catholic Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elias_and_Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator">Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary,_Pattom" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom">St. Mary's Syro-Malankara Catholic Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady_of_Dolours,_Thrissur" title="Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours, Thrissur">Syro-Malabar Catholic Basilica of Our Lady of Dolours</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Orientation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Scripture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a> (<a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Theology</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern theology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Structure</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Communion_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (religion)">Communion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Pontiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Pontiff">Supreme Pontiff</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez" title="Geʽez">Geʽez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coptic_language" title="Coptic language">Coptic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Armenian" title="Classical Armenian">Classical Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Arabic</a>, and vernaculars (<a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a>, etc.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Liturgy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Separated from</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Various <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous</a> churches of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> throughout the centuries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Members</th><td class="infobox-data">18 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, the Eastern Catholic Churches are groups that, at different points in the past, used to belong to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a> churches, or the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>; these churches underwent various <a href="/wiki/Schism_in_Christianity" title="Schism in Christianity">schisms</a> throughout history. Eastern Catholic Churches formerly part of other communions have been points of controversy in <a href="/wiki/Catholic%E2%80%93Eastern_Orthodox_relations" title="Catholic–Eastern Orthodox relations">ecumenical relations with the Eastern Orthodox</a> and other non-Catholic churches. The five historic <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> traditions of Eastern Christianity, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian Rite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian Rite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac Rite</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>, are all represented within <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Yurkus-4">[3]</a> On occasion, this leads to a conflation of the liturgical word "rite" and the institutional word "church".<a href="#cite_note-LaBanca-5">[4]</a> Some Eastern Catholic jurisdictions admit members of churches not in communion with Rome to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> and the other sacraments.<a href="#cite_note-7">[b]</a> Full communion with the bishop of Rome constitutes mutual sacramental sharing between the Eastern Catholic Churches and the Latin Church and the recognition of <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">papal supremacy</a>. Provisions within the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Latin canon law</a> and the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> govern the relationship between the Eastern and Latin Churches. Historically, pressure to conform to the norms of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> practiced by the majority Latin Church led to a degree of encroachment (<a href="/wiki/Liturgical_Latinization" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical Latinization">Latinization</a>) on some of the Eastern Catholic traditions. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> document, <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a>, built on previous reforms to reaffirm the right of Eastern Catholics to maintain their distinct practices.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> The 1990 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches was the first codified body of <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> governing the Eastern Catholic Churches collectively,<a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a> although each church also has its own internal <a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">canons</a> and laws on top of this. Members of Eastern Catholic churches are obliged to follow the norms of their particular church regarding celebration of church feasts, marriage, and other customs. Notable distinct norms include many Eastern Catholic Churches regularly allowing the <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> of married men to the <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">priesthood</a> (although not as bishops to the <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a>), in contrast to the stricter <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> of Latin Church. Both Latin and Eastern Catholics may freely attend a Catholic liturgy celebrated in any rite.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Rite_or_church">1.1 Rite or church</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Uniate">1.2 Uniate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Background">2.1 Background</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Council_of_Ephesus_(AD_431)">2.1.1 Council of Ephesus (AD 431)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Council_of_Chalcedon_(AD_451)">2.1.2 Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#East%E2%80%93West_Schism_(1054)">2.1.3 East–West Schism (1054)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Attempts_at_restoring_communion">2.1.4 Attempts at restoring communion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Emergence_of_the_churches">2.2 Emergence of the churches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Orientalium_dignitas">2.3 Orientalium dignitas</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Second_Vatican_Council">2.4 Second Vatican Council</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Orientalium_Ecclesiarum">2.4.1 Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lumen_gentium">2.4.2 Lumen gentium</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Unitatis_redintegratio">2.4.3 Unitatis redintegratio</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches">2.5 Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Joint_International_Commission">2.6 Joint International Commission</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Liturgical_prescriptions">2.7 Liturgical prescriptions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Organisation">3 Organisation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Papal_supreme_authority">3.1 Papal supreme authority</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Eastern_patriarchs_and_major_archbishops">3.2 Eastern patriarchs and major archbishops</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Variants_of_organizational_structure">3.3 Variants of organizational structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Juridical_status">3.4 Juridical status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Bi-ritual_faculties">3.5 Bi-ritual faculties</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Clerical_celibacy">3.6 Clerical celibacy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#List_of_Eastern_Catholic_churches">4 List of Eastern Catholic churches</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Persecution">5 Persecution</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Eastern_Europe">5.1 Eastern Europe</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Muslim_world">5.2 Muslim world</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#United_States">5.3 United States</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading">9 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">Catholic (term)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic (term)</a></div> Although Eastern Catholics are in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and members of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> they are not members of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, which uses the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>, among which the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a> is the most widespread.<a href="#cite_note-16">[e]</a> The Eastern Catholic churches are instead distinct <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular churches</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a>, although they maintain full and equal, mutual sacramental exchange with members of the Latin Church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rite_or_church">Rite or church</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rite or church" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are different meanings of the word <a href="/wiki/Rite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Rite (disambiguation)">rite</a>. Apart from its reference to the liturgical patrimony of a <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a>, the word has been and is still sometimes, even if rarely, officially used of the particular church itself. Thus the term Latin rite can refer either to the Latin Church or to one or more of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a>, which include the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman Rite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a>, and others. In the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> (CCEO),<a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> the terms autonomous Church and rite are thus defined:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A group of Christian faithful linked in accordance with the law by a hierarchy and expressly or tacitly recognized by the supreme authority of the Church as autonomous is in this Code called an autonomous Church (canon 27).<a href="#cite_note-CCEO-27-19">[14]</a> <ol><li>A rite is the liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary patrimony, culture and circumstances of history of a distinct people, by which its own manner of living the faith is manifested in each autonomous [sui iuris] Church.</li> <li>The rites treated in <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr>, unless otherwise stated, are those that arise from the Alexandrian, Antiochene, Armenian, Chaldean and Constantinopolitan traditions" (canon 28)<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a> (not just a liturgical heritage, but also a theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage characteristic of peoples' culture and the circumstances of their history).</li></ol></blockquote> When speaking of Eastern Catholic Churches, the Latin Church's <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a> (1983 CIC) uses the terms "ritual Church" or "ritual Church sui iuris" (canons 111 and 112), and also speaks of "a subject of an Eastern rite" (canon 1015 §2), "Ordinaries of another rite" (canon 450 §1), "the faithful of a specific rite" (canon 476), etc. The Second Vatican Council spoke of Eastern Catholic Churches as "particular Churches or rites".<a href="#cite_note-OE-21">[16]</a>: n. 2 In 1999, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Conference_of_Catholic_Bishops" title="United States Conference of Catholic Bishops">United States Conference of Catholic Bishops</a> stated: "We have been accustomed to speaking of the Latin (Roman or Western) Rite or the Eastern Rites to designate these different Churches. However, the Church's contemporary legislation as contained in the Code of Canon Law and the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches makes it clear that we ought to speak, not of rites, but of Churches. Canon 112 of the Code of Canon Law uses the phrase 'autonomous ritual Churches' to designate the various Churches."<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> And a writer in a periodical of January 2006 declared: "The Eastern Churches are still mistakenly called 'Eastern-Rite' Churches, a reference to their various liturgical histories. They are most properly called Eastern Churches, or Eastern Catholic Churches."<a href="#cite_note-Zagano2006-23">[18]</a> However, the term "rite" continues to be used. The <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 CIC</abbr> forbids a Latin bishop to ordain, without permission of the Holy See, a subject of his who is "of an Eastern <a href="/wiki/Particular_Church#Autonomous_particular_Churches_or_Rites" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular Church">rite</a>" (not "who uses an Eastern <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">rite</a>", the faculty for which is sometimes granted to Latin clergy).<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniate">Uniate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uniate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Uniate_Church" title="Ruthenian Uniate Church">Ruthenian Uniate Church</a></div> The term Uniat or Uniate has been applied to Eastern Catholic churches and individual members whose church hierarchies were previously part of Eastern Orthodox or Oriental Orthodox churches. The term is sometimes considered derogatory by such people,<a href="#cite_note-OCA_Uniate-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNEWA2011-26">[21]</a> though it was used by some Latin and Eastern Catholics prior to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> of 1962–1965.<a href="#cite_note-29">[f]</a> Official Catholic documents no longer use the term due to its perceived negative overtones.<a href="#cite_note-30">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Background" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Eastern Catholic Churches have their origins in the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_India" title="Christianity in India">South India</a>. However, since the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> has spread to <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> in part because of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">persecution</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">eparchies</a> have been established to serve adherents alongside those of Latin Church <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">dioceses</a>. <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church_in_the_Middle_East" title="Latin Church in the Middle East">Latin Catholics in the Middle East</a>, on the other hand, are traditionally cared for by the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a>. Communion between Christian churches has been broken over matters of faith, whereby each side accused the other of <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> or departure from the true faith (<a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodoxy</a>). Communion has been broken also because of disagreement about questions of authority or the legitimacy of the election of a particular bishop. In these latter cases each side accused the other of <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a>, but not of heresy. The following ecumenical councils are major breaches of communion: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Ephesus_(AD_431)">Council of Ephesus (AD 431)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Council of Ephesus (AD 431)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 431, the churches that accepted the teaching of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Council of Ephesus</a> (which condemned the views of <a href="/wiki/Nestorius" title="Nestorius">Nestorius</a>) classified as heretics those who rejected the council's statements. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a>, which was mainly under the <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid Empire">Sassanid Empire</a>, never accepted the council's views. It later experienced a period of great expansion in Asia before collapsing after the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquests" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol conquests">Mongol invasion of the Middle East</a> in the 14th century. Monuments of their presence still exist in China. Now they are relatively few in number and have divided into three churches: the Chaldean Catholic Church—an Eastern Catholic church in full communion with Rome—and two Assyrian churches which are not in communion with either Rome or each other. The <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> is the largest of the three. The groups of Assyrians who did not reunify with Rome remained and are known as the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, which experienced an internal schism in 1968 which led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a> churches are the two Eastern Catholic descendants of the Church of the East in the Indian subcontinent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Chalcedon_(AD_451)">Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Council of Chalcedon (AD 451)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 451, those who accepted the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> similarly classified those who rejected it as <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysite</a> heretics. The Churches that refused to accept the Council considered instead that it was they who were orthodox; they reject the description Monophysite (meaning only-nature) preferring instead <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysite</a> (meaning one-nature). The difference in terms may appear subtle, but it is theologically very important. "Monophysite" implies a single divine nature alone with no real human nature—a heretical belief according to <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Chalcedonian Christianity">Chalcedonian Christianity</a>—whereas "Miaphysite" can be understood to mean one nature as God, existing in the person of Jesus who is both human and divine—an idea more easily reconciled to Chalcedonian doctrine. They are often called, in English, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a>, to distinguish them from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>. This distinction, by which the words oriental and eastern that in themselves have exactly the same meaning but are used as labels to describe two different realities, is impossible to translate in most other languages, and is not universally accepted even in English. These churches are also referred to as pre-Chalcedonian or now more rarely as non-Chalcedonian or anti-Chalcedonian. In languages other than English other means are used to distinguish the two families of Churches. Some reserve the term "Orthodox" for those that are here called "Eastern Orthodox" Churches, but members of what are called "<a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a>" Churches consider this illicit. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East–West_Schism_(1054)">East–West Schism (1054)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: East–West Schism (1054)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a> came about in the context of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural differences</a> between the Greek-speaking East and Latin-speaking West, and of rivalry between the Churches in Rome—which claimed a primacy not merely of honour but also of authority—and in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, which claimed parity with Rome.<a href="#cite_note-31">[25]</a> The rivalry and lack of comprehension gave rise to controversies, some of which appear already in the acts of the <a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a> of 692. At the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> (1431–1445), these controversies about Western theological elaborations and usages were identified as, chiefly, the insertion of "<a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a>" into the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>, the use of <a href="/wiki/Flatbread" title="Flatbread">unleavened bread</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, and the authority of the pope.<a href="#cite_note-33">[g]</a> The schism is generally considered to have started in 1054, when the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Patriarch of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Cerularius" title="Michael I Cerularius">Michael I Cerularius</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Papal_legate" title="Papal legate">Papal Legate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humbert_of_Silva_Candida" title="Humbert of Silva Candida">Humbert of Silva Candida</a>, issued mutual <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunications</a>; in 1965, these excommunications were revoked by both Rome and Constantinople. In spite of that event, for many years both churches continued to maintain friendly relations and seemed to be unaware of any formal or final rupture.<a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a> However, estrangement continued. In 1190, Eastern Orthodox theologian <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Balsamon" title="Theodore Balsamon">Theodore Balsamon</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch">patriarch of Antioch</a>, wrote that "no <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> should be given Communion unless he first declares that he will abstain from the doctrines and customs that separate him from us".<a href="#cite_note-35">[28]</a> Later in 1204, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">Constantinople was sacked</a> by the Catholic armies of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>, whereas two decades previously the <a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Latins" title="Massacre of the Latins">Massacre of the Latins</a> (i.e., Catholics) had occurred in Constantinople in 1182. Thus, by the 12th–13th centuries, the two sides had become openly hostile, each considering that the other no longer belonged to the church that was orthodox and catholic. Over time, it became customary to refer to the Eastern side as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Church</a> and the Western as the Catholic Church, without either side thereby renouncing its claim of being the truly orthodox or the truly catholic church. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempts_at_restoring_communion">Attempts at restoring communion</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attempts at restoring communion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/170px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="937"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/170px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/255px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg/340px-Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Major Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Sviatoslav_Shevchuk" title="Sviatoslav Shevchuk">Sviatoslav Shevchuk</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a></figcaption></figure> Parties within many non-Latin churches repeatedly sought to organize efforts to restore communion. In 1438, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a> convened, which featured a strong dialogue focused on understanding the theological differences between the East and West, with the hope of reuniting the Catholic and Orthodox churches.<a href="#cite_note-36">[29]</a> Several eastern churches associated themselves with Rome, forming Eastern Catholic churches. The See of Rome accepted them without requiring that they adopt the customs of the Latin Church, so that they all have their own "liturgical, theological, spiritual and disciplinary heritage, differentiated by peoples' culture and historical circumstances, that finds expression in each sui iuris Church's own way of living the faith".<a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_the_churches">Emergence of the churches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Emergence of the churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qozhaya01072003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/220px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 122px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/220px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="122" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/330px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Qozhaya01072003.jpg/440px-Qozhaya01072003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Qozhaya" title="Monastery of Qozhaya">Monastery of Qozhaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kadisha_Valley" title="Kadisha Valley">Kadisha Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, the historical stronghold of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></figcaption></figure> Most Eastern Catholic churches arose when a group within an ancient church in disagreement with the See of Rome returned to full communion with that see. The following churches have been in communion with the Bishop of Rome for a large part of their history: <ul><li> The <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, which has no counterpart in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Byzantine</a>, nor <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental</a>, Orthodoxy. The Maronite Church has historical connections to the <a href="/wiki/Monothelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Monothelite">Monothelite</a> controversy in the 7th century. It re-affirmed unity with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1154 during <a href="/wiki/The_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crusades">the Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Attwater-38">[31]</a> <ul><li>The Maronite Church has historically been treated as never having fully schismed with the Holy See, despite a dispute over <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christological</a> doctrine that concluded in 1154; most of the other Eastern Catholic churches came into being from the 16th century onwards.<a href="#cite_note-Attwater-38">[31]</a>: 165–167 However, the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a> also claim perpetual communion.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a> and Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, which, unlike the Maronite Church, use the same liturgical rite as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>.</li> <li>The former <a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite Church</a> considered itself in dual communion with Rome and Constantinople until <a href="/wiki/Melkite#Orthodox_Melkites" title="Melkite">an exclusively Orthodox body</a> was formed in the 18th century, leaving a remainder unified exclusively with Rome as the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>.</li> <li>The Oriental Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> had included a long-standing minority that accepted Roman primacy until the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> was officially established in the 18th century.</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a> shared by all Eastern Catholic churches, <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr>, was codified in 1990. The <a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">dicastery</a> that works with the Eastern Catholic churches is the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Dicastery for the Eastern Churches">Dicastery for the Eastern Churches</a>, which by law includes as members all Eastern Catholic patriarchs and major archbishops. The largest six churches based on membership are, in order, the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> (East Syriac Rite), the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> (UGCC; Byzantine Rite), the Maronite Church (West Syriac Rite), the Melkite Greek Catholic Church (Byzantine Rite), the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> (East Syriac Rite), and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> (Armenian Rite).<a href="#cite_note-cnewa17-39">[32]</a> These six churches account for about 85% of the membership of the Eastern Catholic Churches.<a href="#cite_note-40">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orientalium_dignitas">Orientalium dignitas</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Orientalium dignitas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg/220px-Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="734"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg/220px-Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg/330px-Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg/440px-Papst_Leo_XIII_1898.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_dignitas" title="Orientalium dignitas">Orientalium dignitas</a>. Photogram of the 1896 film <a href="/wiki/Sua_Santit%C3%A0_papa_Leone_XIII" title="Sua Santità papa Leone XIII">Sua Santità papa Leone XIII</a>, the first time a pope appeared on film.</figcaption></figure> On 30 November 1894, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_constitution" title="Apostolic constitution">apostolic constitution</a> <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_dignitas" title="Orientalium dignitas">Orientalium dignitas</a>, in which he stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Churches of the East are worthy of the glory and reverence that they hold throughout the whole of Christendom in virtue of those extremely ancient, singular memorials that they have bequeathed to us. For it was in that part of the world that the first actions for the redemption of the human race began, in accord with the all-kind plan of God. They swiftly gave forth their yield: there flowered in first blush the glories of preaching the True Faith to the nations, of martyrdom, and of holiness. They gave us the first joys of the fruits of salvation. From them has come a wondrously grand and powerful flood of benefits upon the other peoples of the world, no matter how far-flung. When blessed Peter, the Prince of the Apostles, intended to cast down the manifold wickedness of error and vice, in accord with the will of Heaven, he brought the light of divine Truth, the Gospel of peace, freedom in Christ to the metropolis of the Gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-OrientaliumDignitas1894-41">[34]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Fortescue" title="Adrian Fortescue">Adrian Fortescue</a> wrote that Leo XIII "begins by explaining again that the ancient Eastern rites are a witness to the Apostolicity of the Catholic Church, that their diversity, consistent with unity of the faith, is itself a witness to the unity of the Church, that they add to her dignity and honour. He says that the Catholic Church does not possess one rite only, but that she embraces all the ancient rites of Christendom; her unity consists not in a mechanical uniformity of all her parts, but on the contrary, in their variety, according in one principle and vivified by it."<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> Leo XIII declared still in force <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a> <a href="/wiki/Demandatam" title="Demandatam">Demandatam</a>, addressed to the Patriarch and the Bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Catholic Church">Melkite Catholic Church</a>, in which Benedict XIV forbade Latin Church clergy to induce Melkite Catholics to transfer to the Roman Rite, and he broadened this prohibition to cover all Eastern Catholics, declaring: "Any Latin rite missionary, whether of the secular or religious clergy, who induces with his advice or assistance any Eastern rite faithful to transfer to the Latin rite, will be deposed and excluded from his benefice in addition to the ipso facto suspension a divinis and other punishments that he will incur as imposed in the aforesaid Constitution Demandatam."<a href="#cite_note-OrientaliumDignitas1894-41">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Vatican_Council">Second Vatican Council</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Second Vatican Council" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg/220px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1312"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg/220px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg/330px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg/440px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_001.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> presiding over the introductory ingress of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>, flanked by <a href="/wiki/Camerlengo" title="Camerlengo">Camerlengo</a> <a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Aloisi_Masella" title="Benedetto Aloisi Masella">Benedetto Aloisi Masella</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Papal_gentlemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal gentlemen">Papal gentlemen</a></figcaption></figure> There had been confusion on the part of Western clergy about the legitimate presence of Eastern Catholic Churches in countries seen as belonging to the West, despite firm and repeated papal confirmation of these Churches' universal character. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> brought the reform impulse to visible fruition. Several documents, from both during and after the Second Vatican Council, have led to significant reform and development within Eastern Catholic Churches.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Orientalium_Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Orientalium Ecclesiarum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg/220px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1328" data-file-height="1328"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg/220px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg/330px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg/440px-Second_Vatican_Council_by_Lothar_Wolleh_007.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Bishops, including Eastern Catholic ones as seen in their distinctive vestments, assisting at the Second Vatican Council</figcaption></figure> The Second Vatican Council directed, in <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_Ecclesiarum" title="Orientalium Ecclesiarum">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a>, that the traditions of Eastern Catholic Churches should be maintained. It declared that "it is the mind of the Catholic Church that each individual Church or Rite should retain its traditions whole and entire and likewise that it should adapt its way of life to the different needs of time and place" (n. 2), and that they should all "preserve their legitimate liturgical rite and their established way of life, and ... these may not be altered except to obtain for themselves an organic improvement" (n. 6; cf. n. 22).<a href="#cite_note-OE-21">[16]</a> It confirmed and approved the ancient discipline of the sacraments existing in the Eastern churches, and the ritual practices connected with their celebration and administration, and declared its ardent desire that this should be re-established, if circumstances warranted (n. 12). It applied this in particular to administration of sacrament of <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a> by priests (n. 13). It expressed the wish that, where the permanent <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">diaconate</a> (ordination as deacons of men who are not intended afterwards to become priests) had fallen into disuse, it should be restored (n. 17). Paragraphs 7–11 are devoted to the powers of the patriarchs and major archbishops of the Eastern Churches, whose rights and privileges, it says, should be re-established in accordance with the ancient tradition of each of the Churches and the decrees of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">ecumenical councils</a>, adapted somewhat to modern conditions. Where there is need, new patriarchates should be established either by an ecumenical council or by the Bishop of Rome. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lumen_gentium">Lumen gentium</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lumen gentium" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Second Vatican Council's Dogmatic Constitution on the Church, <a href="/wiki/Lumen_gentium" title="Lumen gentium">Lumen gentium</a>, deals with Eastern Catholic Churches in paragraph 23, stating: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">By <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">divine Providence</a> it has come about that various churches, established in various places by the apostles and their successors, have in the course of time coalesced into several groups, organically united, which, preserving the unity of faith and the unique divine constitution of the universal Church, enjoy their own discipline, their own liturgical usage, and their own theological and spiritual heritage. Some of these churches, notably the ancient patriarchal churches, as parent-stocks of the Faith, so to speak, have begotten others as daughter churches, with which they are connected down to our own time by a close bond of charity in their sacramental life and in their mutual respect for their rights and duties. This variety of local churches with one common aspiration is splendid evidence of the catholicity of the undivided Church. In like manner the Episcopal bodies of today are in a position to render a manifold and fruitful assistance, so that this collegiate feeling may be put into practical application.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unitatis_redintegratio">Unitatis redintegratio</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Unitatis redintegratio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The 1964 decree <a href="/wiki/Unitatis_redintegratio" title="Unitatis redintegratio">Unitatis redintegratio</a> deals with Eastern Catholic Churches in paragraphs 14–17.<a href="#cite_note-UR-46">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></div> The First Vatican Council discussed the need for a common code for the Eastern churches, but no concrete action was taken. Only after the benefits of the Latin Church's <a href="/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1917 Code of Canon Law">1917 Code of Canon Law</a> were appreciated was a serious effort made to codify the Eastern Catholic Churches' canon laws.<a href="#cite_note-Beal2000-47">[40]</a>: 27 This came to fruition with the promulgation of the 1990 <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>, which took effect in 1991. It is a framework document that contains canons that are a consequence of the common patrimony of the churches of the East: each individual sui iuris church also has its own canons, its own particular law, layered on top of this code. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joint_International_Commission">Joint International Commission</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Joint International Commission" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1993 the <a href="/wiki/Joint_International_Commission_for_Theological_Dialogue_Between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" title="Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church">Joint International Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church</a> submitted the document Uniatism, method of union of the past, and the present search for full communion, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Balamand_declaration" title="Balamand declaration">Balamand declaration</a>, "to the authorities of the Catholic and Orthodox Churches for approval and application,"<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a> which stated that initiatives that "led to the union of certain communities with the See of Rome and brought with them, as a consequence, the breaking of communion with their Mother Churches of the East ... took place not without the interference of extra-ecclesial interests".<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 8 Likewise the commission acknowledged that "certain civil authorities [who] made attempts" to force Eastern Catholics to return to the Orthodox Church used "unacceptable means".<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 11 The missionary outlook and <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> that accompanied the Unia<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 10 was judged incompatible with the rediscovery by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches of each other as Sister Churches.<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 12 Thus the commission concluded that the "missionary apostolate, ... which has been called 'uniatism', can no longer be accepted either as a method to be followed or as a model of the unity our Churches are seeking."<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 12 At the same time, the commission stated: <ul><li>that Eastern Catholic Churches, being part of the Catholic Communion, have the right to exist and to act in response to the spiritual needs of their faithful;<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 3 </li> <li>that Oriental Catholic Churches, which desired to re-establish full communion with the See of Rome and have remained faithful to it, have the rights and obligations connected with this communion.<a href="#cite_note-Balamand1993-48">[41]</a>: n. 16 </li></ul> These principles were repeated in the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Joint_Declaration_of_Pope_Francis_and_Patriarch_Kirill" title="Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill">Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill</a>, which stated that 'It is today clear that the past method of “uniatism”, understood as the union of one community to the other, separating it from its Church, is not the way to re–establish unity. Nonetheless, the ecclesial communities which emerged in these historical circumstances have the right to exist and to undertake all that is necessary to meet the spiritual needs of their faithful, while seeking to live in peace with their neighbours. Orthodox and Greek Catholics are in need of reconciliation and of mutually acceptable forms of co–existence.'<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liturgical_prescriptions">Liturgical prescriptions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Liturgical prescriptions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral,_Damascus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg/220px-Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3341" data-file-height="2368"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg/220px-Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg/330px-Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg/440px-Interiors_of_the_Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral%2C_Damascus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Inside a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a></div> The 1996 Instruction for Applying the Liturgical Prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches brought together, in one place, the developments that took place in previous texts,<a href="#cite_note-Instruction1996-50">[43]</a> and is "an expository expansion based upon the canons, with constant emphasis upon the preservation of Eastern liturgical traditions and a return to those usages whenever possible—certainly in preference to the usages of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>, however much some principles and norms of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrosanctum_Concilium" title="Sacrosanctum Concilium">conciliar constitution</a> on the Roman rite, "in the very nature of things, affect other <a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">rites</a> as well."<a href="#cite_note-Beal2000-47">[40]</a>: 998 The Instruction states: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The liturgical laws valid for all the Eastern Churches are important because they provide the general orientation. However, being distributed among various texts, they risk remaining ignored, poorly coordinated and poorly interpreted. It seemed opportune, therefore, to gather them in a systematic whole, completing them with further clarification: thus, the intent of the Instruction, presented to the Eastern Churches which are in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_See" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic See">Apostolic See</a>, is to help them fully realize their own identity. The authoritative general directive of this Instruction, formulated to be implemented in Eastern celebrations and liturgical life, articulates itself in propositions of a juridical-pastoral nature, constantly taking initiative from a theological perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Instruction1996-50">[43]</a>: n. 5 </blockquote> Past interventions by the Holy See, the Instruction said, were in some ways defective and needed revision, but often served also as a safeguard against aggressive initiatives. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">These interventions felt the effects of the mentality and convictions of the times, according to which a certain subordination of the non-Latin liturgies was perceived toward the Latin-Rite liturgy which was considered "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ritus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ritus">ritus </a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/praestantior#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:praestantior">praestantior</a>".<a href="#cite_note-51">[h]</a> This attitude may have led to interventions in the Eastern liturgical texts which today, in light of theological studies and progress, have need of revision, in the sense of a return to ancestral traditions. The work of the commissions, nevertheless, availing themselves of the best experts of the times, succeeded in safeguarding a major part of the Eastern heritage, often defending it against aggressive initiatives and publishing precious editions of liturgical texts for numerous Eastern Churches. Today, particularly after the solemn declarations of the Apostolic Letter <a href="/wiki/Orientalium_dignitas" title="Orientalium dignitas">Orientalium dignitas</a> by Leo XIII, after the creation of the still active special Commission for the liturgy within the Congregation for the Eastern Churches in 1931, and above all after the Second Vatican Council and the Apostolic Letter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_letters/documents/hf_jp-ii_apl_02051995_orientale-lumen_en.html">Orientale Lumen</a> by John Paul II, respect for the Eastern liturgies is an indisputable attitude and the Apostolic See can offer a more complete service to the Churches.<a href="#cite_note-Instruction1996-50">[43]</a>: n. 24 </blockquote> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Organisation">Organisation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Organisation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papal_supreme_authority">Papal supreme authority</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Papal supreme authority" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg/220px-Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="888" data-file-height="569"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg/220px-Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg/330px-Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg/440px-Pius_XI_with_Patriarch_of_the_Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> in an audience with <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Qadi" title="Demetrius I Qadi">Demetrius I Qadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarch of Antioch and All the East</a> and other bishops of the <a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> in 1923</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>, the pope has supreme, full, immediate and universal ordinary authority in the whole Catholic Church, which he can always freely exercise, including the Eastern Catholic churches.<a href="#cite_note-52">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[i]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_patriarchs_and_major_archbishops">Eastern patriarchs and major archbishops</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Eastern patriarchs and major archbishops" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg/220px-B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3219" data-file-height="4471"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 306px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg/220px-B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="306" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg/330px-B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg/440px-B%C3%A9chara-Ra%C3%AF.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_Antioch" title="Patriarch of Antioch">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a> is the head of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>, and also a <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">patriarchs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">major archbishops</a> derive their titles from the sees of <a href="/wiki/See_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Alexandria">Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a>), <a href="/wiki/See_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="See of Antioch">Antioch</a> (Syriac, Melkite, Maronite), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chaldean_Catholic_patriarchs_of_Baghdad" title="List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad">Baghdad</a> (Chaldean), <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Catholic Patriarchate of Cilicia">Cilicia</a> (Armenian), <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Kyiv%E2%80%93Galicia" title="Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia">Kyiv-Halych</a> (Ukrainian), <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Ernakulam-Angamaly" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam-Angamaly">Ernakulam-Angamaly</a> (Syro-Malabar), <a href="/wiki/Trivandrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivandrum">Trivandrum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C5%9F_and_Alba_Iulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Catholic Archdiocese of Făgăraş and Alba Iulia">Făgăraş-Alba Iulia</a> (Romanian). The Eastern Catholic churches are governed in accordance with Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches and their particular laws.<a href="#cite_note-canon_1-55">[46]</a> Within their proper sui iuris churches there is no difference between patriarchs and major archbishops. However, differences exist in the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">order of precedence</a> (i.e. patriarchs take precedence over major archbishops) and in the mode of accession: The election of a major archbishop has to be confirmed by the pope before he may take office.<a href="#cite_note-56">[47]</a> No papal confirmation is needed for newly elected patriarchs before they take office. They are just required to request as soon as possible that the pope grant them <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">full ecclesiastical communion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[j]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants_of_organizational_structure">Variants of organizational structure</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Variants of organizational structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are significant differences between various Eastern Catholic churches, regarding their present organizational structure. Major Eastern Catholic churches, that are headed by their patriarchs, major archbishops or metropolitans, have fully developed structure and functioning internal autonomy based on the existence of ecclesiastical provinces. On the other hand, minor Eastern Catholic churches often have only one or two hierarchs (in the form of eparchs, apostolic exarchs, or apostolic visitors) and only the most basic forms of internal organization if any, like the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[50]</a> Individual eparchies of some Eastern Catholic churches may be suffragan to Latin metropolitans. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Kri%C5%BEevci" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci</a> is suffragan to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Zagreb" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb">Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Zagreb</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[51]</a> Also, some minor Eastern Catholic churches have Latin prelates. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian Greek Catholic Church</a> is organized as a single <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_in_Strumica-Skopje" title="Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Strumica-Skopje">Eparchy of Strumica-Skopje</a>, whose present ordinary is the Roman Catholic bishop of Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-62">[52]</a> The organization of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a> is unique in that it consists of an "Apostolic Administration".<a href="#cite_note-63">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Juridical_status">Juridical status</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Juridical status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a></div> Although every diocese in the Catholic Church is considered a <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a>, the word is not applied in the same sense as to the 24 sui iuris particular churches: the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canonically</a>, each Eastern Catholic Church is <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> or autonomous with respect to other Catholic churches, whether Latin or Eastern, though all accept the spiritual and juridical <a href="/wiki/Papal_supremacy" title="Papal supremacy">supreme authority of the pope</a>. Thus a Maronite Catholic is normally directly subject only to a Maronite bishop. However, if members of a particular church are so few that no hierarchy of their own has been established, their spiritual care is entrusted to a bishop of another ritual church. For instance, members of the Latin Church in <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> are under the care of the Eastern rite <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a>, whereas the other way around may be the case in other parts of the world. Theologically, all the particular churches can be viewed as "sister churches".<a href="#cite_note-64">[54]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a> these Eastern Catholic churches, along with the larger Latin Church, share "equal dignity, so that none of them is superior to the others as regards rite, and they enjoy the same rights and are under the same obligations, also in respect of preaching the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> to the whole world (cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mark+16:15&version=rsvce">Mark 16:15</a>) under the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Rome">Roman Pontiff</a>."<a href="#cite_note-OE-21">[16]</a>: n. 3 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/220px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/220px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/330px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg/440px-Syro-Malankara_Holy_Mass_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic</a> Major Archbishop-Catholicos celebrating <a href="/wiki/Qurbono_Qadisho" class="mw-redirect" title="Qurbono Qadisho">Qurbono Qadisho</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a></figcaption></figure> The Eastern Catholic churches are in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the whole Catholic Church. While they accept the canonical authority of the Holy See of Rome, they retain their distinctive <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical rites</a>, laws, customs and traditional devotions, and have their own theological emphases. Terminology may vary: for instance, diocese and eparchy, vicar general and <a href="/wiki/Protosyncellus" title="Protosyncellus">protosyncellus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a> are respectively Western and Eastern terms for the same realities. The mysteries (sacraments) of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and chrismation are generally administered, according to the ancient tradition of the church, one immediately after the other. Infants who are baptized and chrismated are also given the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[55]</a> The Eastern Catholic churches are represented in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Dicastery_for_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Dicastery for the Eastern Churches">Dicastery for the Eastern Churches</a>, which is "made up of a Cardinal Prefect (who directs and represents it with the help of a Secretary) and 27 cardinals, one archbishop and 4 bishops, designated by the pope ad quinquennium (for a five-year period). Members by right are the Patriarchs and the Major Archbishops of the Oriental Churches and the President of the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity">Pontifical Council for the Promotion of Unity among Christians</a>."<a href="#cite_note-66">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bi-ritual_faculties">Bi-ritual faculties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bi-ritual faculties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg/220px-Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg/220px-Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg/330px-Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg/440px-Jan_Babjak_SJ.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> celebrating <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Catholic Church">Greek-Catholic</a> church in <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>. Another bishop stands to his immediate right (white <a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">omophorion</a> visible), and two married priests stand to the side (facing camera).</figcaption></figure> While "clerics and members of <a href="/wiki/Religious_order" title="Religious order">institutes of consecrated life</a> are bound to observe their own rite faithfully",<a href="#cite_note-67">[57]</a> priests are occasionally given permission to celebrate the liturgy of a rite other than the priest's own rite, by what is known as a grant of "biritual faculties". The reason for this permission is usually the service of Catholics who have no priest of their own rite. Thus priests of the <a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> working as missionaries in areas of India in which there are no structures of their own Church, are authorized to use the Roman Rite in those areas, and Latin priests are, after due preparation, given permission to use an Eastern rite for the service of members of an Eastern Catholic Church living in a country in which there are no priests of their own particular Church. Popes are permitted to celebrate a Mass or Divine Liturgy of any rite in testament to the Catholic Church's universal nature. John Paul II celebrated the Divine Liturgy in Ukraine during his pontificate. For a just cause, and with the permission of the local bishop, priests of different autonomous ritual Churches may concelebrate; however, the rite of the principal celebrant is used whilst each priest wears the vestments of his own rite.<a href="#cite_note-68">[58]</a> No indult of bi-ritualism is required for this. Biritual faculties may concern not only clergy but also <a href="/wiki/Religious_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious (Catholicism)">religious</a>, enabling them to become members of an institute of an autonomous Church other than their own.<a href="#cite_note-69">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clerical_celibacy">Clerical celibacy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Clerical celibacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">Clerical marriage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg/220px-Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 329px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg/220px-Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="329" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg/330px-Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg/440px-Catholic_priest_with_his_Family.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Church_United_with_Rome,_Greek-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Church United with Rome, Greek-Catholic">Romanian Eastern Catholic</a> priest from Romania with his family</figcaption></figure> Eastern and Western Christian churches have different traditions concerning <a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">clerical celibacy</a> and the resulting controversies have played a role in the relationship between the two groups in some <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western countries</a>. In general, Eastern Catholic Churches have always allowed ordination of married men as priests and deacons. Within the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a>, the second largest Eastern Catholic Church, where 90% of the <a href="/wiki/Diocesan_priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocesan priests">diocesan priests</a> in Ukraine are <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">married</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Galadza_2010_303-70">[60]</a> priests' children often became priests and married within their social group, establishing a <a href="/wiki/Western_Ukrainian_Clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Ukrainian Clergy">tightly knit hereditary caste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2009-71">[61]</a> Most Eastern Churches distinguish between "monastic" and "non-monastic" clergy. <a href="/wiki/Hieromonk" title="Hieromonk">Monastics</a> do not necessarily live in monasteries, but have spent at least part of their period of training in such a context. Their <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">monastic vows</a> include a vow of celibate chastity. Bishops are normally selected from the monastic clergy, and in most Eastern Catholic Churches a large percentage of priests and deacons also are celibate, while a large portion of the parish priests are married, having taken a wife when they were still laymen.<a href="#cite_note-Subtelny2009-71">[61]</a> If someone preparing for the diaconate or priesthood wishes to marry, this must happen before ordination. In territories where Eastern traditions prevail, married clergy caused little controversy, but aroused opposition inside traditionally Latin Church territories to which Eastern Catholics migrated; this was particularly so in the United States. In response to requests from the Latin bishops of those countries, the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith">Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith</a> set out rules in an 1890 letter to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie-Benjamin_Richard" title="François-Marie-Benjamin Richard">François-Marie-Benjamin Richard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Paris" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris">archbishop of Paris</a>,<a href="#cite_note-72">[62]</a> which the Congregation applied on 1 May 1897 to the United States,<a href="#cite_note-73">[63]</a> stating that only celibates or widowed priests coming without their children should be permitted in the United States. This celibacy mandate for Eastern Catholic priests in the United States was restated with special reference to <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenians</a> by the 1 March 1929 decree Cum data fuerit, which was renewed for a further ten years in 1939. Dissatisfaction by many Ruthenian Catholics in the United States gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[64]</a> The mandate, which applied in some other countries also, was removed by a decree of June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-75">[65]</a> While most Eastern Catholic Churches admit married men to ordination as priests (although not allowing priests <a href="/wiki/Clerical_marriage" title="Clerical marriage">to marry</a> after ordination), some have adopted mandatory clerical celibacy, as in the Latin Church. These include the India-based Syro-Malankara Catholic Church and Syro-Malabar Catholic Church,<a href="#cite_note-76">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[67]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Galadza_2010_303-70">[60]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> approved new norms for married clergy within Eastern Catholic Churches through <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> canon 758 § 3. The new norms abrogated previous norms and now allow those Eastern Catholic Churches with married clergy to ordain married men inside traditionally Latin territories and to grant <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty (instrument)">faculties</a> inside traditionally Latin territories to married Eastern Catholic clergy previously ordained elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-AAS_106-6-78">[68]</a> This latter change will allow married Eastern Catholic priests to follow their faithful to whatever country they may immigrate to, addressing an issue which has arisen with the exodus of so many Christians from Eastern Europe and the Middle East in recent decades.<a href="#cite_note-VaticanInsider_2014-11-15-79">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="List_of_Eastern_Catholic_churches">List of Eastern Catholic churches</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: List of Eastern Catholic churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg/500px-Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="254" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 500px;height: 254px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg/500px-Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg.png" data-width="500" data-height="254" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg/750px-Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg/1000px-Eastern_Catholic_countries.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Countries that are covered by circumscriptions of Eastern Catholic particular churches <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Legend</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Deep red: Countries that have the headquarters of Byzantine rite particular churches</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Green: Countries that have the headquarters of Alexandrian rite particular churches</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Yellow: Countries that have the headquarters of particular churches of other rites (West Syriac, East Syriac and Armenian)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Blue: All other countries that are wholly or partially covered by circumscriptions of Eastern Catholic particular churches</div> </div></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members#Catholicism_%E2%80%93_1.329_billion" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">List of Christian denominations by number of members § Catholicism – 1.329 billion</a></div> The Holy See's <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> gives the following list of Eastern Catholic churches with the principal <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">episcopal see</a> of each and the countries (or larger political areas) where they have <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_jurisdiction" title="Ecclesiastical jurisdiction">ecclesiastical jurisdiction</a>, to which are here added the date of union or foundation in parentheses and the membership in brackets. The total membership for all Eastern Catholic churches is at least 18,047,000 people. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1253789634">@media screen{.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:10}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable),.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable){background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>*,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>thead>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header:not(.wikitable)>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi:not(.wikitable)>thead,.mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.sticky-header-multi.static-row-numbers.wikitable>tbody>tr:not(.static-row-header)::before{border-bottom-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .content-table-scrollbar,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .overflowed .content-table{overflow:visible}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .scroll-right.overflowed .content-table-right{box-shadow:none;border-left:none}}@media screen and (min-width:1120px){body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.vector-sticky-header-visible .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.125rem}}@media screen and (min-width:851px){body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>thead>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption+tbody>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>tbody:first-child>tr:first-child,body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>thead{top:3.51em}}@media screen and (max-width:639px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-legacy .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header,body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header>caption,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi>caption{display:table-caption}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sticky-header-multi.wikitable{background-color:#101418}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable sticky-header"> <caption>Eastern Catholic Churches Jurisdiction and bishop numbers from GCatholic<a href="#cite_note-gcatholic-80">[70]</a> (current as of July 9, 2019) Membership numbers from Annuario Pontificio (2023)<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[note 1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="unsortable"> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Recognition </th> <th>Rite </th> <th>Seat </th> <th>Polity </th> <th>Jurisdictions </th> <th>Bishops </th> <th>Members </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Sertoth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/20px-Sertoth.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="388"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/20px-Sertoth.jpg" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/30px-Sertoth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Sertoth.jpg/40px-Sertoth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1741 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandrian Rite">Alexandrian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Egypt" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Egypt">Cathedral of Our Lady</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td> <td>8</td> <td>13</td> <td>253,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean Catholic Church</a><a href="#cite_note-Eritrean_Catholic_Church-82">[71]</a> </td> <td>2015 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kidane_Mehret_Cathedral" title="Kidane Mehret Cathedral">Kidane Mehret Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>173,251 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1342" data-file-height="1758"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 29px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="29" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_Berhaneyesus_Demerew_Souraphiel.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1846 </td> <td><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale_della_Nativit%C3%A0_della_Beata_Vergine_Maria_(Addis_Abeba)" class="extiw" title="it:Cattedrale della Natività della Beata Vergine Maria (Addis Abeba)">Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a></td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>80,568 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1582" data-file-height="1399"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg.png" data-width="27" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg/41px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg/54px-Emblem_of_the_Armenian_Catholic_Church.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1742 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elias_and_Saint_Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory the Illuminator">Cathedral of Saint Elias and Saint Gregory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td> <td>18</td> <td>16</td> <td>753,945 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1628 </td> <td rowspan="14"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pro-Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary_and_Saint_Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Louis">Pro-Cathedral of Saint Mary and Saint Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB" title="Vlorë">Vlorë</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_administrator#Apostolic_administrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic administrator">Apostolic administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administration_of_Southern_Albania" title="Apostolic Administration of Southern Albania">southern Albania</a>)</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">1596</a> </td> <td>none </td> <td>Apostolic Visitation<a href="#cite_note-83">[note 2]</a></td> <td>0</td> <td>0</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1861 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Dormition,_Sofia" title="Cathedral of the Dormition, Sofia">Cathedral of the Dormition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sofia" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Sofia">Sofia</a>)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>10,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1230"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C4%90ura_D%C5%BEud%C5%BEar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[72]</a>: 1140 </td> <td>1611 </td> <td>several<a href="#cite_note-kriz-85">[note 3]</a> </td> <td>no unified structure<a href="#cite_note-kriz-85">[note 3]</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>44,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1911 </td> <td>several<a href="#cite_note-greek-86">[note 4]</a> </td> <td>no unified structure<a href="#cite_note-greek-86">[note 4]</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>6,017 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1912 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" title="Cathedral of Hajdúdorog">Cathedral of Hajdúdorog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Debrecen" title="Debrecen">Debrecen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Hajd%C3%BAdorog" title="Hungarian Catholic Archeparchy of Hajdúdorog">Hajdúdorog</a>)</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>296,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1784 </td> <td>several<a href="#cite_note-italo-87">[note 5]</a> </td> <td>no unified structure<a href="#cite_note-italo-87">[note 5]</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>55,909 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>2001 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Assumption_of_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Strumica" title="Cathedral of the Assumption of Blessed Virgin Mary, Strumica">Cathedral of the Assumption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strumica" title="Strumica">Strumica</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eparchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_in_Strumica-Skopje" title="Macedonian Catholic Eparchy of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Strumica-Skopje">Strumica-Skopje</a>)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-88">[note 6]</a></td> <td>11,419 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1271"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/20px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/30px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Patriarch_Youssef_Absi_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1726 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Cathedral of the Dormition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td> <td>29</td> <td>35</td> <td>1,545,990 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1698 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Trinity,_Blaj" title="Cathedral of the Holy Trinity, Blaj">Cathedral of the Holy Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaj" title="Blaj">Blaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99_and_Alba_Iulia" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Major Archeparchy of Făgăraș and Alba Iulia">Făgăraș and Alba Iulia</a>)</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>473,710 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1905 </td> <td>none<a href="#cite_note-russ-89">[note 7]</a> </td> <td>none<a href="#cite_note-russ-89">[note 7]</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>0</td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">1646</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._John_the_Baptist_Byzantine_Catholic_Cathedral_(Pittsburgh)" title="St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cathedral (Pittsburgh)">Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[note 8]</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>8</td> <td>365,883 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg/20px-Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="327"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg/20px-Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg/30px-Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg/40px-Greek_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Uzhhorod" title="Union of Uzhhorod">1646</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist,_Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist, Prešov">Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolitanate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovak_Catholic_Metropolitan_Archeparchy_of_Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Slovak Catholic Metropolitan Archeparchy of Prešov">Prešov</a>)</td> <td>4</td> <td>6</td> <td>210,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1271"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Sviatoslav_Shevchuk.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">1595</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Resurrection_of_Christ,_Kyiv" title="Cathedral of the Resurrection of Christ, Kyiv">Cathedral of the Resurrection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Major_Archeparchy_of_Kyiv%E2%80%93Galicia" title="Ukrainian Catholic Major Archeparchy of Kyiv–Galicia">Kyiv–Galicia</a>)</td> <td>35</td> <td>50</td> <td>4,295,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/20px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1388" data-file-height="1710"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/20px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/30px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg/40px-Chaldean_Catholic_COA.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_1552" title="Schism of 1552">1552</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_Sorrows" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows">Cathedral of Our Lady of Sorrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td>646,581 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Church" title="Syro-Malabar Church">Syro-Malabar Church</a> </td> <td>1923 (present hierarchy)<a href="#cite_note-91">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[74]</a> </td> <td>Mount Saint Thomas, <a href="/wiki/Kochi" title="Kochi">Kochi</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a></td> <td>35</td> <td>63</td> <td>4,537,342 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/22px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/22px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/33px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/44px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Antiochene Syriac Maronite Church</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="0325">est. Seventh C. reentered communion 1154<a href="#cite_note-Attwater-38">[31]</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Church of Bkerké, Bkerké</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td> <td>29</td> <td>50</td> <td>3,543,796 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1781 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></td> <td>16</td> <td>20</td> <td>120,679 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1322" data-file-height="1615"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg/22px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg.png" data-width="22" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg/33px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg/44px-Coat_of_arms_of_Cardinal_Baselios_Cleemis.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara Catholic Church</a> </td> <td>1930 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Mary,_Pattom" title="Cathedral of Saint Mary, Pattom">Cathedral of Saint Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattom" title="Pattom">Pattom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_archiepiscopal_church" title="Major archiepiscopal church">Major archiepiscopate</a></td> <td>12</td> <td>14</td> <td>487,247 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Other </td> <td> </td> <td>various<a href="#cite_note-93">[note 9]</a> </td> <td>several<a href="#cite_note-94">[note 10]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholic_faithful" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful">Ordinariates</a></td> <td>6</td> <td>6<a href="#cite_note-95">[note 11]</a></td> <td>134,922 </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th>Total </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>250 </th> <th>320 </th> <th>18,047,131 </th></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Except as otherwise indicated for the Albanian, Belarusian, and Russian Churches. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The Belarusian Greek Catholic Church is unorganized and has been served by <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_visitor#Eastern_Catholic_Apostolic_Visitors" title="Apostolic visitor">Apostolic Visitors</a> since 1960. </li> <li id="cite_note-kriz-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kriz_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kriz_85-1">b</a> The Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia comprises two jurisdictions: <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Kri%C5%BEevci" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Križevci</a> covering <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Ruski_Krstur" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Ruski Krstur</a> covering <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>. The Eparchy of Križevci is in foreign province, and the Eparchy of Ruski Krstur is immediately subject to the Holy See. </li> <li id="cite_note-greek-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greek_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-greek_86-1">b</a> The Greek Byzantine Catholic Church comprises two independent <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic exarchate">apostolic exarchates</a> covering <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> respectively, each immediately subject to the Holy See. </li> <li id="cite_note-italo-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-italo_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-italo_87-1">b</a> The Italo-Albanian Greek Catholic Church comprises two independent eparchies (based in <a href="/wiki/Lungro" title="Lungro">Lungro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Piana_degli_Albanesi" title="Piana degli Albanesi">Piana degli Albanesi</a>) and one <a href="/wiki/Territorial_abbacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial abbacy">territorial abbacy</a> (based in <a href="/wiki/Grottaferrata" title="Grottaferrata">Grottaferrata</a>), each immediately subject to the Holy See. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kiro_Stojanov" title="Kiro Stojanov">Kiro Stojanov</a> serves as bishop of the Macedonian Eparchy of the Assumption in addition to his primary duties as the Latin Church bishop of Skopje, and so GCatholic only counts him as a Latin Church bishop. </li> <li id="cite_note-russ-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-russ_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-russ_89-1">b</a> The Russian Greek Catholic Church comprises two <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_exarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic exarchate">apostolic exarchates</a> (one for <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and one for <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>), each immediately subject to the Holy See and each vacant for decades. Bishop <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Werth" title="Joseph Werth">Joseph Werth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Transfiguration_at_Novosibirsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Transfiguration at Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a> has been appointed by the Holy See as ordinary to the Eastern Catholic faithful in Russia, although not as exarch of the dormant apostolic exarchate and without the creation of a formal ordinariate. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> The Ruthenian Catholic Church does not have a unified structure. It includes a Metropolia based in Pittsburgh, which covers the entire United States, but also an eparchy in Ukraine and an apostolic exarchate in the Czech Republic, both of which are directly subject to the Holy See. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Five of the ordinariates for Eastern Catholics are multi-ritual, encompassing the faithful of all Eastern Catholicism within their territory not otherwise subject to a local ordinary of their own rite. The <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Byzantine-Rite_Catholics_in_Austria" title="Ordinariate for Byzantine-Rite Catholics in Austria">sixth</a> is exclusively Byzantine, but covers all Byzantine Catholics in Austria, no matter which particular Byzantine Church they belong to. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The six ordinariates are based in <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_Argentina" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Argentina">Buenos Aires (Argentina)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Byzantine-rite_Catholics_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinariate for Byzantine-rite Catholics in Austria">Vienna (Austria)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_the_Faithful_of_Eastern_Rites_in_Brazil" title="Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rites in Brazil">Belo Horizonte (Brazil)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_France" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in France">Paris (France)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_Eastern_Catholics_in_Poland" title="Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics in Poland">Warsaw (Poland)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ordinariate_for_the_Faithful_of_Eastern_Rite_in_Spain" title="Ordinariate for the Faithful of Eastern Rite in Spain">Madrid (Spain)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Technically, each of these ordinariates has an ordinary who is a bishop, but all of the bishops are Latin bishops whose primary assignment is to a Latin see. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Persecution">Persecution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Persecution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Europe">Eastern Europe</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Eastern Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_victims_of_Soviet_persecutions" title="Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions">Eastern Catholic victims of Soviet persecutions</a></div> A study by Methodios Stadnik states: "The Georgian Byzantine Catholic Exarch, Fr. Shio Batmanishviii [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], and two Georgian Catholic priests of the Latin Church were executed by the Soviet authorities in 1937 after having been held in captivity in Solovki prison and the northern gulags from 1923."<a href="#cite_note-96">[75]</a> Christopher Zugger writes, in The Forgotten: "By 1936, the Byzantine Catholic <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Church of Georgia</a> had two communities, served by a bishop and four priests, with 8,000 believers", and he identifies the bishop as Shio Batmalashvili.<a href="#cite_note-97">[76]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vasyl_Ovsiyenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vasyl Ovsiyenko (page does not exist)">Vasyl Ovsiyenko</a> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%96%D1%94%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="uk:Овсієнко Василь Васильович">uk</a>] mentions, on the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Helsinki_Human_Rights_Union" title="Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union">Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union</a> website, that "the Catholic administrator for Georgia Shio Batmalashvili" was one of those executed as "anti-Soviet elements" in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-98">[77]</a> Zugger calls Batmalashvili a bishop; Stadnik is ambiguous, calling him an exarch but giving him the title of Father; Ovsiyenko merely refers to him as "the Catholic administrator" without specifying whether he was a bishop or a priest and whether he was in charge of a Latin or a Byzantine jurisdiction. If Batmalashvili was an exarch, and not instead a bishop connected with the Latin <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Tiraspol_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Tiraspol (Russia)">diocese of Tiraspol</a>, which had its seat at <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a>, to which Georgian Catholics even of Byzantine rite belonged <a href="#cite_note-99">[78]</a> this would mean that a Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholic Church existed, even if only as a local particular Church. However, since the establishment of a new hierarchical jurisdiction must be published in <a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a>, and no mention of the setting up of such a jurisdiction for Byzantine Georgian Catholics exists in that official gazette of the Holy See, the claim appears to be unfounded. The 1930s editions of Annuario Pontificio do not mention Batmalashvili. If indeed he was a bishop, he may then have been one of those secretly ordained for the service of the Church in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> by French Jesuit Bishop <a href="/wiki/Michel_d%27Herbigny" title="Michel d'Herbigny">Michel d'Herbigny</a>, who was president of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontifical_Commission_for_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontifical Commission for Russia (page does not exist)">Pontifical Commission for Russia</a> from 1925 to 1934. In the circumstances of that time, the Holy See would have been incapable of setting up a new Byzantine exarchate within the Soviet Union, since Greek Catholics in the Soviet Union were being forced to join the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. Batmalashvili's name is not among those given in as the four "underground" apostolic administrators (only one of whom appears to have been a bishop) for the four sections into which the diocese of Tiraspol was divided after the resignation in 1930 of its already exiled last bishop, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Alois_Kessler" title="Josef Alois Kessler">Josef Alois Kessler</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[79]</a> This source gives Father Stefan Demurow as <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Administrator">apostolic administrator</a> of "Tbilisi and Georgia" and says he was executed in 1938. Other sources associate Demurow with <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and say that, rather than being executed, he died in a <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[80]</a> Until 1994, the United States <a href="/wiki/Annual_publication" title="Annual publication">annual publication</a> Catholic Almanac listed "Georgian" among the Greek Catholic churches.<a href="#cite_note-102">[81]</a> Until corrected in 1995, it appears to have been also making a mistake about the Czech Greek Catholics. There was a short-lived Greek Catholic movement among the ethnic Estonians in the Orthodox Church in Estonia during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a> of the 20th century, consisting of two to three parishes, not raised to the level of a local particular church with its own head. This group was liquidated by the Soviet regime and is now extinct. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_world">Muslim world</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Muslim world" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_East" title="Christianity in the Middle East">Christianity in the Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution of Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Christians_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of Christians by ISIL">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a></div> Muslim persecution of Christians dates back to the founding of Islam, and continues to this day. Countries in which Christians have suffered acute discrimination, persecution and often death include: <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian Territories">Palestinian Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Special:EditPage/Eastern Catholic Churches">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Toth" title="Alexis Toth">Alexis Toth</a></div> While not subject to the kind of physical dangers or persecution from government authorities encountered in Eastern Europe or the Middle East, adherents of Eastern Catholic Churches in United States, most of whom were relatively new immigrants from Eastern Europe, encountered difficulties due to hostility from the Latin Church clergy who dominated the Catholic hierarchy in United States who found them alien. In particular, immigration of Eastern Catholic priests who were married, common in their churches but extremely rare in Latin churches, was forbidden or severely limited and some Latin Church bishops actively interfered with the pastoral work of those who did arrive. Some bishops sought to forbid all non-Latin Catholic priests from coming to United States at all. Many Eastern Catholic immigrants to United States were thus either assimilated into the Latin Church or joined the Eastern Orthodox Church. One former Eastern Catholic priest, Alexis Toth, left the Catholic Church following criticism and sanctions from Latin authorities including <a href="/wiki/John_Ireland_(bishop)" title="John Ireland (bishop)">John Ireland</a>, the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Saint_Paul_and_Minneapolis" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis">Saint Paul</a>, and joining the Orthodox Church. Toth has been canonized as an Eastern Orthodox saint for having led as many as 20,000 disaffected former Eastern Catholics to the Orthodox Church, particularly the <a href="/wiki/American_Carpatho-Russian_Orthodox_Diocese" title="American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese">American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" data-alt="icon" data-width="32" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/48px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/64px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Canons_of_the_Eastern_Churches" title="Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_canon_law" title="Eastern Catholic canon law">Eastern Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Catholic_seminaries" title="List of Eastern Catholic seminaries">List of Eastern Catholic seminaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Catholic Church and ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> In some historical cases, they are referred to as Uniates. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> "Catholic ministers licitly administer the sacraments of penance, Eucharist, and anointing of the sick to members of Eastern churches which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church if they seek such on their own accord and are properly disposed. This is also valid for members of other Churches which in the judgment of the Apostolic See have the same beliefs in regard to the sacraments as these Eastern Churches"<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> "The Catholic Church is also called the Roman Church to emphasize that the centre of unity, which is an essential for the Universal Church, is the Roman See"<a href="#cite_note-OBrien1901-11">[9]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Examples of the use of "<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_(term)" title="Roman Catholic (term)">Roman Catholic Church</a>" by popes, even when not addressing members of non-Catholic churches, are the encyclicals <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121929_divini-illius-magistri_en.html">Divini illius Magistri</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/pius_xii/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xii_enc_12081950_humani-generis_en.html">Humani generis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>'s address at the 26 June 1985 general audience, in which he treated "Roman Catholic Church" as synonymous with "Catholic Church".<a href="#cite_note-13">[10]</a> The term "Roman Catholic Church" is repeatedly used to refer to the whole Church in communion with the see of Rome, including Eastern Catholics, in official documents concerning dialogue between the Church as a whole (not just the Western part) and groups outside her fold. Examples of such documents can be found at the links on the Vatican website under the heading <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/index.htm">Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> presently does not use "Roman Catholic Church" to refer only to the Western or Latin Church. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Vatican_Council" title="First Vatican Council">First Vatican Council</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/COUNCILS/V1.HTM#4">Dogmatic Constitution de fide catholica</a>, the phrase the Holy, Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman Church (Sancta catholica apostolica Romana ecclesia) also refers to something other than the Latin or Western Church. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Some Eastern Catholics who use the Byzantine liturgical rite and call themselves "Byzantine Catholics" deny that they are "Roman Catholics", using this word to mean either Catholics who use the Roman Rite or perhaps the whole Latin Church, including those parts that use the <a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian Rite</a> or other non-Roman liturgical rites: "We're Byzantine rite, which is Catholic, but not Roman Catholic" <a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The term was used by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, for example, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_quo_primum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex quo primum (page does not exist)">Ex quo primum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a> consistently used the term Uniat to refer to Eastern Catholics, stating: "The 'Uniat Church' is therefore really synonymous with 'Eastern Churches united to Rome', and 'Uniats' is synonymous with 'Eastern Christians united with Rome'.<a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> "In the third sitting of the Council, Julian, after mutual congratulations, showed that the principal points of dispute between the Greeks and Latins were in the doctrine (a) on the procession of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">the Holy Ghost</a>, (b) on <a href="/wiki/Azymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Azymes">azymes</a> in the Eucharist, (c) on purgatory, and (d) on the Papal supremacy"<a href="#cite_note-32">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Ritus praestantior means "preeminent rite" or "more excelling rite". </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The full description is in <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> canons 42 to 54.<a href="#cite_note-53">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> An example of the petition and the granting of ecclesiastical communion.<a href="#cite_note-58">[49]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches/">"The beautiful witness of the Eastern Catholic Churches"</a>. Catholic Herald. 7 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190929010556/https://catholicherald.co.uk/magazine/the-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=The+beautiful+witness+of+the+Eastern+Catholic+Churches&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-beautiful-witness-of-the-eastern-catholic-churches%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/exarmal/docs/annuarioorientale_-_2023_pdf">"Annuario Orientale Cattolico - 2023 by Vartan Waldir Boghossian EXARMAL - Issuu"</a>. issuu.com. 2023-09-09. Retrieved 2024-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=issuu.com&rft.atitle=Annuario+Orientale+Cattolico+-+2023+by+Vartan+Waldir+Boghossian+EXARMAL+-+Issuu&rft.date=2023-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fexarmal%2Fdocs%2Fannuarioorientale_-_2023_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yurkus-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Yurkus_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurkus2005" class="citation web cs1">Yurkus, Kevin (August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190825193236/https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html">"The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholiceducation.org/en/culture/catholic-contributions/the-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html">the original</a> on 2019-08-25. Retrieved 2019-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Other+Catholics%3A+A+Short+Guide+to+the+Eastern+Catholic+Churches&rft.date=2005-08&rft.aulast=Yurkus&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholiceducation.org%2Fen%2Fculture%2Fcatholic-contributions%2Fthe-other-catholics-a-short-guide-to-the-eastern-catholic-churches.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaBanca-5"><a href="#cite_ref-LaBanca_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaBanca2019" class="citation web cs1">LaBanca, Nicholas (January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.ascensionpress.com/2019/01/21/the-other-23-catholic-churches-and-why-they-exist/">"The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches-The Other 23 Catholic Churches and Why They Exist"</a>. Ascension Press. Retrieved 2019-10-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ascension+Press&rft.atitle=The+Other+Catholics%3A+A+Short+Guide+to+the+Eastern+Catholic+Churches-The+Other+23+Catholic+Churches+and+Why+They+Exist&rft.date=2019-01&rft.aulast=LaBanca&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.ascensionpress.com%2F2019%2F01%2F21%2Fthe-other-23-catholic-churches-and-why-they-exist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-2_lt.html#TITULUS_XVI">canon 671 §3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121130144307/https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/apost_constitutions/documents/hf_jp-ii_apc_19901018_codex-can-eccl-orient-2_lt.html#TITULUS_XVI">Archived</a> November 30, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cf. <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 CIC</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2T.HTM">canon 844 §3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151221023647/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P2T.HTM">Archived</a> December 21, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryDavid_Melling1999" class="citation book cs1">Parry, Ken; David Melling, eds. (1999). The Blackwell Dictionary of Eastern Christianity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-23203-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-23203-6"><bdi>0-631-23203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Dictionary+of+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-631-23203-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canonlaw.info/masterpageEastern.htm">"Master Page on Eastern Canon Law (1990)"</a>. www.canonlaw.info. Retrieved 2022-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.canonlaw.info&rft.atitle=Master+Page+on+Eastern+Canon+Law+%281990%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canonlaw.info%2FmasterpageEastern.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaridi2018" class="citation web cs1">Caridi, Cathy (April 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canonlawmadeeasy.com/2018/04/05/becoming-an-eastern-catholic/">"Becoming (Or at Least Marrying) an Eastern Catholic"</a>. Canon Law Made Easy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canon+Law+Made+Easy&rft.atitle=Becoming+%28Or+at+Least+Marrying%29+an+Eastern+Catholic&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft.aulast=Caridi&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanonlawmadeeasy.com%2F2018%2F04%2F05%2Fbecoming-an-eastern-catholic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBrien1901-11"><a href="#cite_ref-OBrien1901_11-0">^</a> <noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien1901" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">O'Brien, Thomas J., ed. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JioPAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA70">"An Advanced Catechism of Catholic Faith and Practice: Based Upon the Third Plenary Council Catechism, for Use in the Higher Grades of Catholic Schools"</a>. An advanced catechism of Catholic faith and practice : based upon The Third Plenary Council Catechism. Akron, OH; Chicago, IL: D. H. McBride. n. 133. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/669694820">669694820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+Advanced+Catechism+of+Catholic+Faith+and+Practice%3A+Based+Upon+the+Third+Plenary+Council+Catechism%2C+for+Use+in+the+Higher+Grades+of+Catholic+Schools&rft.btitle=An+advanced+catechism+of+Catholic+faith+and+practice+%3A+based+upon+The+Third+Plenary+Council+Catechism&rft.place=Akron%2C+OH%3B+Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pages=n.+133&rft.pub=D.+H.+McBride&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F669694820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJioPAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_John_Paul_II1985" class="citation speech cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pope John Paul II (1985-06-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/john_paul_ii/audiences/1985/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_19850626_it.html">[catechesis]</a> (Speech). General audience (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5Bcatechesis%5D&rft.date=1985-06-26&rft.au=Pope+John+Paul+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fjohn_paul_ii%2Faudiences%2F1985%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_jp-ii_aud_19850626_it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southbendtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070104/News04/701040473">"Ukrainian church pastor honored"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ukrainian+church+pastor+honored&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southbendtribune.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20070104%2FNews04%2F701040473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/ENG1199.HTM">"Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches"</a>. Intratext.com. 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2011-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+of+Canons+of+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FX%2FENG1199.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/X/LAT0758.HTM">"Codex canonum Ecclesiarium orientalium"</a>. Intratext.com. 2007-05-04. Retrieved 2011-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Codex+canonum+Ecclesiarium+orientalium&rft.pub=Intratext.com&rft.date=2007-05-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FX%2FLAT0758.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCEO-27-19"><a href="#cite_ref-CCEO-27_19-0">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PR.HTM">canon 27</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/__PS.HTM">canon 28</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OE-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OE_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OE_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Second_Vatican_CouncilPope_Paul_VI1964" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. Second Vatican Council; Pope Paul VI (1964-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html">Orientalium Ecclesiarum</a>. Vatican City.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orientalium+Ecclesiarum&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.date=1964-11-21&rft.au=Catholic+Church.+Second+Vatican+Council&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decree_19641121_orientalium-ecclesiarum_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._National_Council_of_Catholic_Bishops._Committee_on_the_relationship_between_Eastern_and_Latin_Catholic_Churches1999" class="citation book cs1">Catholic Church. National Council of Catholic Bishops. Committee on the relationship between Eastern and Latin Catholic Churches (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DLE53cyeLzcC">Eastern Catholics in the United States of America</a>. Washington, DC: United States Catholic Conference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57455-287-4"><bdi>978-1-57455-287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Catholics+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=United+States+Catholic+Conference&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57455-287-4&rft.au=Catholic+Church.+National+Council+of+Catholic+Bishops.+Committee+on+the+relationship+between+Eastern+and+Latin+Catholic+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDLE53cyeLzcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zagano2006-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Zagano2006_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZagano2006" class="citation web cs1">Zagano, Phyllis (Jan 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517182136/http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0106.asp">"What all Catholics should know about Eastern Catholic Churches"</a>. americancatholic.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancatholic.org/Newsletters/CU/ac0106.asp">the original</a> on May 17, 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=americancatholic.org&rft.atitle=What+all+Catholics+should+know+about+Eastern+Catholic+Churches&rft.date=2006-01&rft.aulast=Zagano&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americancatholic.org%2FNewsletters%2FCU%2Fac0106.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 CIC</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">canon 1015 §2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070402021547/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__P3O.HTM">Archived</a> April 2, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; see <abbr title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 CIC</abbr> canons 450 §1, and 476. </li> <li id="cite_note-OCA_Uniate-25"><a href="#cite_ref-OCA_Uniate_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/the-word-uniate">"The Word 'Uniate' "</a>. oca.org. Syosset, NY: The Orthodox Church in America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617214648/http://oca.org/questions/romancatholicism/the-word-uniate">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. <q>The term commonly refers to those Orthodox Christians who left Orthodoxy and acknowledged the jurisdiction of the Pope of Rome while retaining the rites and practices observed by Orthodoxy. [...] The term 'uniate' is seen as negative by such individuals, who are more commonly referred to as Catholics of the Byzantine Rite, Greek Catholics, Eastern Rite Catholics, Melkite Catholics, or any number of other titles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=The+Word+%27Uniate%27%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3A+nowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foca.org%2Fquestions%2Fromancatholicism%2Fthe-word-uniate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNEWA2011-26"><a href="#cite_ref-CNEWA2011_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=54&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">"The Catholic Eastern Churches"</a>. cnewa.org. New York: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Near_East_Welfare_Association" title="Catholic Near East Welfare Association">Catholic Near East Welfare Association</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622004202/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=54&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2011. <q>It should be mentioned that in the past the Eastern Catholic churches were often referred to as 'Uniate' churches. Since the term is now considered derogatory, it is no longer used.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cnewa.org&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+Eastern+Churches&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnewa.org%2Fdefault.aspx%3FID%3D54%26pagetypeID%3D9%26sitecode%3DHQ%26pageno%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Benedict_XIV1756" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIV" title="Pope Benedict XIV">Pope Benedict XIV</a> (1756-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/ucm.5317972342?urlappend=%3Bseq=204">Ex quo primum</a> (in Latin). Rome: Luxemburgi. n. 1. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fucm.5317972342?urlappend=%3Bseq=204">2027/ucm.5317972342</a>. <q>sive, uti vocant, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unitos" class="extiw" title="wikt:unitos">Unitos</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ex+quo+primum&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=n.+1&rft.pub=Luxemburgi&rft.date=1756-03-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fucm.5317972342%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D204&rft.au=Pope+Benedict+XIV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fucm.5317972342%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> Translated in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/ENCYC/B14EXQUO.HTM">"On the Euchologion"</a>. ewtn.com. Irondale, AL: Eternal Word Television Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=On+the+Euchologion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FENCYC%2FB14EXQUO.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVailhé1909" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vailhé, Siméon (1909). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Greek_Church" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Greek Church">Greek Church</a>". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greek+Church&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Vailh%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Sim%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiecienski2019" class="citation book cs1">Siecienski, A. Edward (2019). Orthodox Christianity: A Very Short Introduction. <a href="/wiki/Very_Short_Introductions" title="Very Short Introductions">Very Short Introductions</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Christianity%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=Very+Short+Introductions&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Siecienski&rft.aufirst=A.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsall1996" class="citation web cs1">Halsall, Paul (Jan 1996). 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Patrick Barnes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=orthodoxinfo.com&rft.atitle=The+Orthodox+Response+to+the+Latin+Doctrine+of+Purgatory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodoxinfo.com%2Fdeath%2Fstmark_purg.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> <noscript><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="Public Domain" data-width="12" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstroumov1861" class="citation book cs1">Ostroumov, Ivan N. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z_IQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA40">"Opening of the council in Ferrara; private disputes on purgatory"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Mason_Neale" title="John Mason Neale">Neale, John M</a> (ed.). The history of the Council of Florence. Translated by Vasiliĭ Popov. London: J. 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New York: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-0502-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8091-0502-0"><bdi>0-8091-0502-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canon+Law&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=study&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8091-0502-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6YCpraE-7xcC%26pg%3DPA1024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balamand1993-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balamand1993_48-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_international_commission_for_the_theological_dialogue_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Orthodox_Church" class="citation conference cs1">Joint international commission for the theological dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031223144638/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930624_lebanon_en.html">Uniatism, method of union of the past, and the present search for full communion</a>. Seventh plenary session of the joint international commission for theological dialogue between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church. Balamand, Lebanon. June 17–24, 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/ch_orthodox_docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930624_lebanon_en.html">the original</a> on 2003-12-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Uniatism%2C+method+of+union+of+the+past%2C+and+the+present+search+for+full+communion&rft.au=Joint+international+commission+for+the+theological+dialogue+between+the+Catholic+Church+and+the+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fpontifical_councils%2Fchrstuni%2Fch_orthodox_docs%2Frc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19930624_lebanon_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2016/february/documents/papa-francesco_20160212_dichiarazione-comune-kirill.html">"Joint Declaration of Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill of Moscow and All Russia"</a>. 2016. Retrieved 5 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Declaration+of+Pope+Francis+and+Patriarch+Kirill+of+Moscow+and+All+Russia&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Ffrancesco%2Fen%2Fspeeches%2F2016%2Ffebruary%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco_20160212_dichiarazione-comune-kirill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Instruction1996-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Instruction1996_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instruction1996_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instruction1996_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Eastern_Churches1996" class="citation book cs1">Congregation for the Eastern Churches (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/Istruzione/pdf/istruzione_inglese.pdf">Instruction for applying the liturgical prescriptions of the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a> (PDF). Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-2232-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-2232-0"><bdi>978-88-209-2232-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Instruction+for+applying+the+liturgical+prescriptions+of+the+Code+of+Canons+of+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.pub=Libreria+Editrice+Vaticana&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-88-209-2232-0&rft.au=Congregation+for+the+Eastern+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Forientchurch%2FIstruzione%2Fpdf%2Fistruzione_inglese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P17.HTM">canon 43</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_INDEX.HTM">canons 42–54</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-canon_1-55"><a href="#cite_ref-canon_1_55-0">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P1.HTM">canon 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P49.HTM">canon 153</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P24.HTM">canon 76</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/letters/2006/documents/hf_ben-xvi_let_20060406_alessandria-copti_en.html">"Exchange of letters between Benedict XVI and His Beatitude Antonios Naguib"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a>. Retrieved 2013-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exchange+of+letters+between+Benedict+XVI+and+His+Beatitude+Antonios+Naguib&rft.pub=Holy+See+Press+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Fbenedict_xvi%2Fletters%2F2006%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_ben-xvi_let_20060406_alessandria-copti_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/druru.html">"Apostolic Exarchate of Russia"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 2018-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Exarchate+of+Russia&rft.pub=Catholic+Hierarchy&rft.au=David+M.+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdruru.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dkrby.html">"Diocese of Križevci"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 2018-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diocese+of+Kri%C5%BEevci&rft.pub=Catholic+Hierarchy&rft.au=David+M.+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdkrby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dssby.html">"Eparchy of Beata Maria Vergine Assunta in Strumica-Skopje"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy. Retrieved 2019-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eparchy+of+Beata+Maria+Vergine+Assunta+in+Strumica-Skopje&rft.pub=Catholic+Hierarchy&rft.au=David+M.+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdssby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Cheney" class="citation web cs1">David M. Cheney. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dalbm.html">"Apostolic Administration of Southern Albania"</a>. Catholic-hierarchy.org. Retrieved 2018-04-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apostolic+Administration+of+Southern+Albania&rft.pub=Catholic-hierarchy.org&rft.au=David+M.+Cheney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Fdiocese%2Fdalbm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_doctrine_of_the_faith2000" class="citation book cs1">Congregation for the doctrine of the faith (2000-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401153744/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000630_chiese-sorelle_en.html">Note on the expression 'sister Churches'</a>. n. 11. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20000630_chiese-sorelle_en.html">the original</a> on 2015-04-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Note+on+the+expression+%27sister+Churches%27&rft.pages=n.+11&rft.date=2000-06-30&rft.au=Congregation+for+the+doctrine+of+the+faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Fcfaith%2Fdocuments%2Frc_con_cfaith_doc_20000630_chiese-sorelle_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Catechism of the Catholic Church <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p2s2c1a1.htm">n. 1233</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCongregation_for_the_Oriental_Churches2003" class="citation web cs1">Congregation for the Oriental Churches (2003-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514004919/https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html">"Profile"</a>. Vatican.va. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/orientchurch/profilo/rc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html">the original</a> on 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2011-04-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile&rft.pub=Vatican.va&rft.date=2003-03-20&rft.au=Congregation+for+the+Oriental+Churches&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Froman_curia%2Fcongregations%2Forientchurch%2Fprofilo%2Frc_con_corient_pro_20030320_profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_P14.HTM">canon 40</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PJH.HTM#4">canon 701</a>. This English translation omits the word "optabiliter" of the original Latin text. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <abbr title="Codex Canonum Ecclesiarum Orientalium = Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches">CCEO</abbr> canons <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PCJ.HTM">451</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1199/_PED.HTM">517 §2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galadza_2010_303-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Galadza_2010_303_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Galadza_2010_303_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaladza2010" class="citation book cs1">Galadza, Peter (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA303">"Eastern Catholic Christianity"</a>. In Parry, Kenneth (ed.). The Blackwell companion to Eastern Christianity. Blackwell companions to religion. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3361-9"><bdi>978-1-4443-3361-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Eastern+Catholic+Christianity&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+companion+to+Eastern+Christianity&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.series=Blackwell+companions+to+religion&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9&rft.aulast=Galadza&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfWp9JA3aBvcC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Subtelny2009-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2009_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Subtelny2009_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubtelny2009" class="citation book cs1">Subtelny, Orest (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktyM07I9HXwC&pg=PT119">Ukraine: a history</a> (4th ed.). Toronto [u.a.]: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. pp. 214–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9728-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-9728-7"><bdi>978-1-4426-9728-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+a+history&rft.place=Toronto+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=214-219&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-9728-7&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktyM07I9HXwC%26pg%3DPT119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatholic_Church._Congregation_for_the_Propagation_of_the_Faith1890" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Catholic Church. Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith (1890-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ass/documents/ASS%2024%20%5b1891-92%5d%20-%20ocr.pdf">"Fragmentum epistolae S. C. de Propaganda Fide diei 12 Maii 1890 ad Archiep. Parisien, de auctoritate Patriarcharum orientalium extra proprias Dioeceses ..."</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 2004-06-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+Catholic+Regional+Hierarchy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fcapitolhill%2Frotunda%2F2209%2FCatholic_Russia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) This <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tertiary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Tertiary sources">tertiary source</a> reuses information from other sources but does not name them. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614055105/http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=5611&lan=eng">"Small Catholic community comes to life in former Communist country"</a>. fides.org. Vatican City: <a href="/wiki/Agenzia_Fides" title="Agenzia Fides">Agenzia Fides</a>. 2005-09-10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fides.org/aree/news/newsdet.php?idnews=5611&lan=eng">the original</a> on 2011-06-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fides.org&rft.atitle=Small+Catholic+community+comes+to+life+in+former+Communist+country&rft.date=2005-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fides.org%2Faree%2Fnews%2Fnewsdet.php%3Fidnews%3D5611%26lan%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Georgian". Catholic Almanac.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Almanac&rft.atitle=Georgian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Report-charting-persecution-of-Christians-worldwide-reveals-most-abuse-in-Muslim-countries-338682">"Report: Persecution of Christians reveals most abuse in Muslim countries"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a> - JPost.com. 19 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+-+JPost.com&rft.atitle=Report%3A+Persecution+of+Christians+reveals+most+abuse+in+Muslim+countries&rft.date=2014-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FInternational%2FReport-charting-persecution-of-Christians-worldwide-reveals-most-abuse-in-Muslim-countries-338682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedungatt2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Nedungatt" title="George Nedungatt">Nedungatt, George</a>, ed. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1fEkAQAAIAAJ">A Guide to the Eastern Code: A Commentary on the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches</a>. Rome: Oriental Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788872103364" title="Special:BookSources/9788872103364"><bdi>9788872103364</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Eastern+Code%3A+A+Commentary+on+the+Code+of+Canons+of+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.place=Rome&rft.pub=Oriental+Institute+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9788872103364&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1fEkAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEastern+Catholic+Churches" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Faris, John D., & Jobe Abbass, OFM Conv., eds. A Practical Commentary to the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches, 2 vols. Montréal: Librairie Wilson & Lafleur, 2019.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Catholic_Churches&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat15.pdf">Eastern Catholic Church statistics 2015</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170607210107/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat15.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-06-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/speeches/2006/november/documents/hf_ben-xvi_spe_20061130_dichiarazione-comune.html">Common Declaration of Pope Benedict XVI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew I, 2006</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://steliasmelkite.org/music/">Example of Eastern Catholic Chant in English</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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data-title="Oosters-Katolieke Kerke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الكنائس الكاثوليكية الشرقية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكنائس الكاثوليكية الشرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesia_Grecocatolica" title="Ilesia Grecocatolica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ilesia Grecocatolica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gll%C3%A9ses_catoliques_levantenches" title="Églléses catoliques levantenches – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Églléses catoliques levantenches" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilesies_cat%C3%B3liques_orientales" title="Ilesies católiques orientales – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ilesies católiques orientales" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C9%99rqi_Katolik_Kils%C9%99l%C9%99ri" title="Şərqi Katolik Kilsələri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şərqi Katolik Kilsələri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Усходнія каталіцкія цэрквы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Усходнія каталіцкія цэрквы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%86%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Усходнія каталіцкія цэрквы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Усходнія каталіцкія цэрквы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%86%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Източнокатолически църкви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Източнокатолически църкви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esgl%C3%A9sies_Cat%C3%B2liques_Orientals" title="Esglésies Catòliques Orientals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esglésies Catòliques Orientals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_katolick%C3%A9_c%C3%ADrkve" title="Východní katolické církve – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Východní katolické církve" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwysi_Catholig_y_Dwyrain" title="Eglwysi Catholig y Dwyrain – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwysi Catholig y Dwyrain" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_unerede_kirker" title="De unerede kirker – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De unerede kirker" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katholische_Ostkirchen" title="Katholische Ostkirchen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Katholische Ostkirchen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_katoliku_kirikud" title="Ida katoliku kirikud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ida katoliku kirikud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ανατολικές Καθολικές Εκκλησίες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανατολικές Καθολικές Εκκλησίες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesias_cat%C3%B3licas_orientales" title="Iglesias católicas orientales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Iglesias católicas orientales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientaj_katolikaj_eklezioj" title="Orientaj katolikaj eklezioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orientaj katolikaj eklezioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekialdeko_Eliza_katolikoak" title="Ekialdeko Eliza katolikoak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekialdeko Eliza katolikoak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="کلیسای کاتولیک شرقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای کاتولیک شرقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89glises_catholiques_orientales" title="Églises catholiques orientales – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Églises catholiques orientales" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastersk-katolisisme" title="Eastersk-katolisisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eastersk-katolisisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrexas_cat%C3%B3licas_orientais" title="Igrexas católicas orientais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Igrexas católicas orientais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%A9_%EA%B0%80%ED%86%A8%EB%A6%AD%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="동방 가톨릭교회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동방 가톨릭교회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Արևելյան կաթոլիկ եկեղեցիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևելյան կաթոլիկ եկեղեցիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dne_katoli%C4%8Dke_Crkve" title="Istočne katoličke Crkve – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Istočne katoličke Crkve" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja-Gereja_Katolik_Timur" title="Gereja-Gereja Katolik Timur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gereja-Gereja Katolik Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesias_catholic_oriental" title="Ecclesias catholic oriental – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ecclesias catholic oriental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiese_cattoliche_di_rito_orientale" title="Chiese cattoliche di rito orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chiese cattoliche di rito orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%99%D7%AA" title="נצרות קתולית מזרחית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נצרות קתולית מזרחית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritus_W%C3%A9tan" title="Ritus Wétan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ritus Wétan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="აღმოსავლეთის კათოლიკური ეკლესიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აღმოსავლეთის კათოლიკური ეკლესიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanisa_Katoliki_ya_Mashariki" title="Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Makanisa Katoliki ya Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiae_Catholicae_Orientales" title="Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesiae Catholicae Orientales" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrumu_Kato%C4%BCu_bazn%C4%ABcas" title="Austrumu Katoļu baznīcas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austrumu Katoļu baznīcas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keleti_katolikus_egyh%C3%A1zak" title="Keleti katolikus egyházak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Keleti katolikus egyházak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiangonana_kat%C3%B4lika_tatsinanana" title="Fiangonana katôlika tatsinanana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiangonana katôlika tatsinanana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="പൗരസ്ത്യ കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൗരസ്ത്യ കത്തോലിക്കാ സഭകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ليستة الكنايس الكاتوليكيه الشرقيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليستة الكنايس الكاتوليكيه الشرقيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gereja_Katolik_Timur" title="Gereja Katolik Timur – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gereja Katolik Timur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosters-katholieke_kerken" title="Oosters-katholieke kerken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oosters-katholieke kerken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%85%B8%E7%A4%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="東方典礼カトリック教会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東方典礼カトリック教会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientalske_katolske_kirker" title="Orientalske katolske kirker – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orientalske katolske kirker" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolickie_Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82y_wschodnie" title="Katolickie Kościoły wschodnie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katolickie Kościoły wschodnie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igrejas_cat%C3%B3licas_orientais" title="Igrejas católicas orientais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igrejas católicas orientais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biserici_catolice_de_rit_oriental" title="Biserici catolice de rit oriental – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biserici catolice de rit oriental" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Восточнокатолические церкви – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восточнокатолические церкви" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishat_katolike_lindore" title="Kishat katolike lindore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kishat katolike lindore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_churches" title="Eastern Catholic churches – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Eastern Catholic churches" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDchodn%C3%A1_katol%C3%ADcka_cirkev" title="Východná katolícka cirkev – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Východná katolícka cirkev" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katoli%C5%A1ke_cerkve_vzhodnega_obreda" title="Katoliške cerkve vzhodnega obreda – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Katoliške cerkve vzhodnega obreda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Источне католичке цркве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Источне католичке цркве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isto%C4%8Dne_katoli%C4%8Dke_crkve" title="Istočne katoličke crkve – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Istočne katoličke crkve" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gar%C3%A9ja-Gar%C3%A9ja_Katolik_W%C3%A9tan" title="Garéja-Garéja Katolik Wétan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Garéja-Garéja Katolik Wétan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C3%A4n_katoliset_kirkot" title="Idän katoliset kirkot – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Idän katoliset kirkot" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katolska_%C3%B6stkyrkor" title="Katolska östkyrkor – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katolska östkyrkor" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கத்தோலிக்க கீழைத்திருச்சபைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கத்தோலிக்க கீழைத்திருச்சபைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="คาทอลิกตะวันออก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาทอลิกตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C4%9Fu_Katolik_Kiliseleri" title="Doğu Katolik Kiliseleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doğu Katolik Kiliseleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Східні католицькі церкви – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Східні католицькі церкви" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مشرقی کاتھولک کلیسیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشرقی کاتھولک کلیسیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_gi%C3%A1o_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Công giáo Đông phương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công giáo Đông phương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BB%AA%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" title="东仪天主教会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" 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