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href="#Mantle_and_mantle_cavity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mantle and mantle cavity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mantle_and_mantle_cavity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Shell</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Foot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulatory_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulatory_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Circulatory system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulatory_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Respiration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eating,_digestion,_and_excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating,_digestion,_and_excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Eating, digestion, and excretion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating,_digestion,_and_excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Nervous system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Feeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Feeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Evolutionary history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_interaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_interaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Human interaction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_interaction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human interaction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_interaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uses_by_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_by_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Uses by humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_by_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bioindicators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bioindicators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Bioindicators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bioindicators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harm_to_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harm_to_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Harm to humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harm_to_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stings_and_bites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stings_and_bites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Stings and bites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stings_and_bites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disease_vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disease_vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.2</span> <span>Disease vectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disease_vectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.3</span> <span>Pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mollusca</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekdiere" title="Weekdiere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Weekdiere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weichtiere" title="Weichtiere – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Weichtiere" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9B%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%88%E1%89%A0%E1%88%B5" title="ዛጎል ለበስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዛጎል ለበስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رخويات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رخويات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Հաւախխունջներ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հաւախխունջներ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80" title="কোমলদেহী প্ৰাণী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কোমলদেহী প্ৰাণী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syrymbe" title="Syrymbe – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Syrymbe" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molyusklar" title="Molyusklar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molyusklar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="مولیوسکلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولیوسکلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="মলাস্কা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মলাস্কা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C5%84g-th%C3%A9_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Nńg-thé tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nńg-thé tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Моллюскылар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Моллюскылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Малюскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малюскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Малюскі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малюскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мекотели – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мекотели" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehku%C5%A1ci" title="Mehkušci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mehkušci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blotvil" title="Blotvil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Blotvil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Зөөлэн бэетэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зөөлэн бэетэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C2%B7luscs" title="Mol·luscs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mol·luscs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinhason" title="Kinhason – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinhason" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%9Bkk%C3%BD%C5%A1i" title="Měkkýši – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Měkkýši" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molwsg" title="Molwsg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Molwsg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B8ddyr" title="Bløddyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bløddyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weichtiere" title="Weichtiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weichtiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bij%C3%A1%C3%A1d_%C3%81daadin%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Bijáád Ádaadinígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Bijáád Ádaadinígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limused" title="Limused – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Limused" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Μαλάκια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαλάκια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluskoj" title="Moluskoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Moluskoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molusku" title="Molusku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Molusku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="نرم‌تنان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نرم‌تنان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc" title="Mollusc – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mollusc" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%BDr" title="Lindýr – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lindýr" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluscos" title="Moluscos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Moluscos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Моллюскаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Моллюскаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF" title="મૃદુકાય સમુદાય – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મૃદુકાય સમુદાય" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%B2%B4%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC" title="연체동물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연체동물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Փափկամարմիններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փափկամարմիններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="मोलस्का – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मोलस्का" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjechku%C5%A1e" title="Mjechkuše – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Mjechkuše" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meku%C5%A1ci" title="Mekušci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mekušci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molusko" title="Molusko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Molusko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Moluska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscos" title="Molluscos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Molluscos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusco" title="Mollusco – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Mollusco" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Моллюсктæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Моллюсктæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%BDr" title="Lindýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lindýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רכיכות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רכיכות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Moluska" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಮೃದ್ವಂಗಿಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೃದ್ವಂಗಿಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მოლუსკები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლუსკები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%9B%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Жұмсақденелілер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұмсақденелілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kregynnek" title="Kregynnek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kregynnek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikinyamushongo" title="Ikinyamushongo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikinyamushongo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Moluska" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Моллюск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Моллюск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliemji" title="Gliemji – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gliemji" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weechd%C3%A9ieren" title="Weechdéieren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Weechdéieren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moliuskai" title="Moliuskai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Moliuskai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weikdere" title="Weikdere – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Weikdere" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molusco" title="Molusco – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Molusco" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puhatest%C5%B1ek" title="Puhatestűek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Puhatestűek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Мекотели – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мекотели" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="മൊളസ്ക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മൊളസ്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رخويات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رخويات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Moluska" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯃꯣꯂꯨꯁꯀꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯃꯣꯂꯨꯁꯀꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%8Dng-t%C4%81%CC%A4_d%C3%B4ng-%C5%ADk" title="Niōng-tā̤ dông-ŭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Niōng-tā̤ dông-ŭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB" title="ကျိချွဲ သတ္တဝါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကျိချွဲ သတ္တဝါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekdieren" title="Weekdieren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Weekdieren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E4%BD%93%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="軟体動物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="軟体動物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wokdiarten" title="Wokdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wokdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B8tdyr" title="Bløtdyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bløtdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blautdyr" title="Blautdyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Blautdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6" title="ସନ୍ଧିପଦ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସନ୍ଧିପଦ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qolaalqabeeyyii" title="Qolaalqabeeyyii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qolaalqabeeyyii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollyuskalar" title="Mollyuskalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mollyuskalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਮੋਲਸਕਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੋਲਸਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مولسکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مولسکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weekdeerter" title="Weekdeerter – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Weekdeerter" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99czaki" title="Mięczaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mięczaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluscos" title="Moluscos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Moluscos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molusc%C4%83" title="Moluscă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moluscă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llamp%27uka" title="Llamp'uka – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Llamp'uka" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Моллюски – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Моллюски" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moluska" title="Moluska – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Moluska" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusc" title="Mollusc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mollusc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="مولسڪا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مولسڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4kk%C3%BD%C5%A1e" title="Mäkkýše – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mäkkýše" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mehku%C5%BEci" title="Mehkužci – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mehkužci" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Мекушци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мекушци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meku%C5%A1ci" title="Mekušci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mekušci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilvi%C3%A4iset" title="Nilviäiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nilviäiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B6tdjur" title="Blötdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Blötdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="மெல்லுடலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மெல்லுடலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imlwa%C9%A3en" title="Imlwaɣen – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Imlwaɣen" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Моллюсклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Моллюсклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE" title="మొలస్కా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మొలస్కా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molusku" title="Molusku – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Molusku" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="มอลลัสกา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มอลลัสกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Нармбаданҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нармбаданҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yumu%C5%9Fak%C3%A7alar" title="Yumuşakçalar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yumuşakçalar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Молюски – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молюски" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="مولسکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مولسکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%82usco" title="Mołusco – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mołusco" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moll%C3%BCskad" title="Mollüskad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Mollüskad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%99ng_v%E1%BA%ADt_th%C3%A2n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Động vật thân mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Động vật thân mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molusse" title="Molusse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Molusse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluuskn" title="Molluuskn – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Molluuskn" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mollusca" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="软体动物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="软体动物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9F" title="מאלוסקן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאלוסקן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%AB%94%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="軟體動物 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="軟體動物" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muoliosk%C4%81" title="Muolioskā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muolioskā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BD%93%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="软体动物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="软体动物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Мегучкаре – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Мегучкаре" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Руски</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mollusk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mollusk (disambiguation)">Mollusk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Mollusca<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Lower Cambrian </a>–<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene"> Present</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">535–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:31.138461538462px; width:188.86153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:38.923076923077px; width:181.07692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:39.923076923077px; width:179.07692307692px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollusca_Diversity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mollusca_Diversity.png/330px-Mollusca_Diversity.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mollusca_Diversity.png/500px-Mollusca_Diversity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Mollusca_Diversity.png/960px-Mollusca_Diversity.png 2x" data-file-width="5918" data-file-height="3459" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Diversity of molluscs. Clockwise from top left: <i><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_philippinarum" title="Ruditapes philippinarum">Ruditapes philippinarum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Littorina_littorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Littorina littorea">Littorina littorea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dentalium_(genus)" title="Dentalium (genus)">Dentalium</a></i> sp., <i><a href="/wiki/Tonicella_lineata" title="Tonicella lineata">Tonicella lineata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_pompilius" class="mw-redirect" title="Nautilus pompilius">Nautilus pompilius</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Amphioctopus_fangsiao" title="Amphioctopus fangsiao">Amphioctopus fangsiao</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Mollusca" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subkingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superphylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mollusca</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subphyla, unplaced genera, and classes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i>? <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiwaxia" title="Wiwaxia">Wiwaxia</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shishania" title="Shishania">Shishania</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontogriphus" title="Odontogriphus">Odontogriphus</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aculifera" title="Aculifera">Aculifera</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calvapilosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calvapilosa (page does not exist)">Calvapilosa</a></i>? <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halkieriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkieriidae">Halkieriidae</a>? <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qaleruaqia" title="Qaleruaqia">Qaleruaqia</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acaenoplax" title="Acaenoplax">Acaenoplax</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplacophora" title="Multiplacophora">Multiplacophora</a> <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">†</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">Polyplacophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solenogastres" title="Solenogastres">Solenogastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudofoveata" title="Caudofoveata">Caudofoveata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conchifera" title="Conchifera">Conchifera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a> (non-monophyletic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopoda">Cephalopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopoda">Scaphopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostroconchia" title="Rostroconchia">Rostroconchia</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helcionelloida" title="Helcionelloida">Helcionelloida</a> †</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="#Diversity">85,000 recognized living species</a>. </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/250px-Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/330px-Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg/500px-Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i> (formerly <i>Helix aspersa</i>)—a common <a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">land snail</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marisa_cornuarietis_,.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marisa_cornuarietis_%2C.jpg/250px-Marisa_cornuarietis_%2C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marisa_cornuarietis_%2C.jpg/330px-Marisa_cornuarietis_%2C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Marisa_cornuarietis_%2C.jpg/500px-Marisa_cornuarietis_%2C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Shell of <i><a href="/wiki/Marisa_cornuarietis" title="Marisa cornuarietis">Marisa cornuarietis</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">freshwater snail</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Mollusca</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">protostomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, whose members are known as <b>molluscs</b> or <b>mollusks</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>). Around 76,000 <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of molluscs are recognized, making it the second-largest <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animal</a> phylum after <a href="/wiki/Arthropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthropoda">Arthropoda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of additional <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> species is estimated between 60,000 and 100,000,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the proportion of undescribed species is very high. Many taxa remain poorly studied.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molluscs are the largest <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine</a> phylum, comprising about 23% of all the named <a href="/wiki/Marine_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine organism">marine organisms</a>. They are highly diverse, not just in size and <a href="/wiki/Anatomical" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomical">anatomical</a> structure, but also in behaviour and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, as numerous groups are <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_mollusc" title="Freshwater mollusc">freshwater</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial molluscs">terrestrial</a> species. The phylum is typically divided into 7 or 8 <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which two are entirely <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopod</a> molluscs, such as <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a>, are among the most <a href="/wiki/Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurologically advanced</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>—and either the <a href="/wiki/Giant_squid" title="Giant squid">giant squid</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squid</a> is the largest known extant invertebrate species. The <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>) are by far the most diverse class and account for 80% of the total classified molluscan species. </p><p>The four most universal features defining modern molluscs are a soft body composed almost entirely of <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> with a significant cavity used for breathing and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> (except for <a href="/wiki/Bivalves" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalves">bivalves</a>), and the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>. Other than these common elements, molluscs express great morphological diversity, so many textbooks base their descriptions on a "hypothetical ancestral mollusc" (see image below). This has a single, "<a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpet</a>-like" <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> on top, which is made of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> reinforced with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>, and is secreted by a mantle covering the whole upper surface. The underside of the animal consists of a single muscular "foot". Although molluscs are <a href="/wiki/Coelomate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelomate">coelomates</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a> tends to be small. The main body cavity is a <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">hemocoel</a> through which <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> circulates; as such, their <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory systems</a> are mainly <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open</a>. The "generalized" mollusc's feeding system consists of a rasping "tongue", the radula, and a complex digestive system in which exuded <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> and microscopic, muscle-powered "hairs" called <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> play various important roles. The generalized mollusc has two paired <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">nerve cords</a>, or three in <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a>, in species that have one, encircles the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a>. Most molluscs have <a href="/wiki/Eye" title="Eye">eyes</a>, and all have sensors to detect chemicals, vibrations, and <a href="/wiki/Somatosensory_system" title="Somatosensory system">touch</a>. The simplest type of molluscan <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system" title="Reproductive system">reproductive system</a> relies on <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>, but more complex variations occur. Nearly all produce <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>, from which may emerge <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a>, more complex <a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">veliger</a> larvae, or miniature adults. The coelomic cavity is reduced. They have an open circulatory system and kidney-like organs for excretion. </p><p>Good evidence exists for the appearance of gastropods, <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, and bivalves in the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period, 541–485.4 million years ago. However, the evolutionary history both of molluscs' emergence from the ancestral <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a> and of their diversification into the well-known living and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg/250px-Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg/330px-Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg/500px-Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3589" /></a><figcaption>Fossilized ammonite displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum of the Philippines</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Molluscs have been and still are an important food source for humans. Toxins that can accumulate in certain molluscs under specific conditions create a risk of food poisoning, and many jurisdictions have regulations to reduce this risk. Molluscs have, for centuries, also been the source of important luxury goods, notably <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> dye, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">sea silk</a>. Their shells have also been <a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">used</a> as <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> in some preindustrial societies. </p><p>A handful of mollusc species are sometimes considered hazards or pests for human activities. The bite of the <a href="/wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">blue-ringed octopus</a> is often fatal, and that of <i><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_dofleini" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus dofleini">Enteroctopus dofleini</a></i> causes <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> that can last over a month. Stings from a few species of large tropical <a href="/wiki/Cone_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone shell">cone shells</a> of the family Conidae can also kill, but their sophisticated, though easily produced, venoms have become important tools in <a href="/wiki/Neurological" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurological">neurological</a> research. <a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a> (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis, or snail fever) is transmitted to humans by water snail hosts, and affects about 200 million people. Snails and slugs can also be serious agricultural pests, and accidental or deliberate introduction of some snail species into new environments has seriously damaged some <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mollusc" class="extiw" title="wikt:mollusc">mollusc</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mollusk" class="extiw" title="wikt:mollusk">mollusk</a> are both derived from the French <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">mollusque</i></span>, which originated from the post-classical <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mollusca</i></span>, from <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mollis" class="extiw" title="wikt:mollis">mollis</a></i>, soft, first used by J. Jonston (Historiæ Naturalis, 1650) to describe a group comprising cephalopods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Molluscus</i></span> is used in classical Latin as an adjective only with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">nux</i></span> (<i>nut</i>) to describe a particular type of soft nut. The use of <i>mollusca</i> in biological taxonomy by Jonston and later <a href="/wiki/Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> may have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>'s <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τὰ μαλάκια</span></span> <i>ta malákia</i> (the soft ones; < <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαλακός</span></span> <i>malakós</i> "soft"), which he applied <i><a href="/wiki/Inter_alia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter alia">inter alia</a> </i>to <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scientific study of molluscs is accordingly called <a href="/wiki/Malacology" title="Malacology">malacology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name <b>Molluscoida</b> was formerly used to denote a division of the animal kingdom containing the <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a>, the members of the three groups having been supposed to somewhat resemble the molluscs. As now known, Brachipoda, Bryozoa and Mollusca are all part of the <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a> but have very little relation to the Tunicata, so the name Molluscoida has been abandoned.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most universal features of the body structure of molluscs are a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> with a significant body cavity used for <a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">breathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>, and the organization of the nervous system. Many have a <a href="/wiki/Calcareous" title="Calcareous">calcareous</a> shell.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molluscs have developed such a varied range of body structures, finding <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a> (defining characteristics) to apply to all modern groups is difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most general characteristic of molluscs is they are unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following are present in all modern molluscs:<sup id="cite_ref-BruscaBrusca2003P702_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruscaBrusca2003P702-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Dorsoventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsoventral">dorsal</a> part of the body wall is a mantle (or pallium) which <a href="/wiki/Secrete" class="mw-redirect" title="Secrete">secretes</a> calcareous <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spicule" class="extiw" title="wikt:spicule">spicules</a>, plates or shells. It overlaps the body with enough spare room to form a <a href="/wiki/Mantle_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mantle cavity">mantle cavity</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genital" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital">genitals</a> open into the mantle cavity.</li> <li>There are paired <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">nerve cords</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other characteristics that commonly appear in textbooks have significant exceptions: </p> <div style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"><b>Whether characteristic is found in these <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> of Molluscs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Supposed universal Molluscan characteristic<sup id="cite_ref-BruscaBrusca2003P702_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruscaBrusca2003P702-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Aplacophora" title="Aplacophora">Aplacophora</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 291–292">: 291–292 </span></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">Polyplacophora</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 292–298">: 292–298 </span></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 298–300">: 298–300 </span></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 300–343">: 300–343 </span></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cephalopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalopoda">Cephalopoda</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 343–367">: 343–367 </span></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 367–403">: 367–403 </span></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Scaphopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopoda">Scaphopoda</a><br /><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 403–407">: 403–407 </span></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">Radula</a>, a rasping "tongue" with <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> teeth </th> <td>Absent in 20% of <a href="/wiki/Neomeniomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Neomeniomorpha">Neomeniomorpha</a></td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No</td> <td>Internal, cannot extend beyond body </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Broad, muscular foot </th> <td>Reduced or absent</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Modified into arms</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Small, only at "front" end </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Dorsal concentration of internal organs (visceral mass) </th> <td>Not obvious</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Large digestive <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">ceca</a> </th> <td>No ceca in some Aplacophora</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Large complex <a href="/wiki/Metanephridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Metanephridia">metanephridia</a> ("kidneys") </th> <td>None</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Small, simple </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">One or more valves/ shells </th> <td>Primitive forms, yes; modern forms, no</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Snails, yes; slugs, mostly yes (internal vestigial)</td> <td>Octopuses, no; cuttlefish, nautilus, squid, yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Odontophore" title="Odontophore">Odontophore</a> </th> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>Yes</td> <td>No</td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity">Diversity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg/250px-Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg/330px-Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg/500px-Berlin_Naturkundemuseum_Muscheln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2864" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Diversity and variability of shells of molluscs on display</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg/250px-Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg/330px-Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg/500px-Cypraea_chinensis_with_partially_extended_mantle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1188" /></a><figcaption> About 80% of all known mollusc species are <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> (<a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>), including this <a href="/wiki/Cowry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowry">cowry</a> (a sea snail).<sup id="cite_ref-PonderWinstonLindberg_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PonderWinstonLindberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Estimates of accepted described living species of molluscs vary from 50,000 to a maximum of 120,000 species.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of described species is difficult to estimate because of unresolved <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)#Zoology" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymy</a>. In 1969, David Nicol estimated the probable total number of living mollusc species at 107,000 of which were about 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">fresh-water gastropods</a> and 35,000 <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial molluscs">terrestrial</a>. The Bivalvia would comprise about 14% of the total and the other five classes less than 2% of the living molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, Chapman estimated the number of described living mollusc species at 85,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haszprunar in 2001 estimated about 93,000 named species,<sup id="cite_ref-Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which include 23% of all named marine organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-HancockRecognisingResearch_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HancockRecognisingResearch-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molluscs are second only to <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a> in numbers of living animal species<sup id="cite_ref-PonderWinstonLindberg_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PonderWinstonLindberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—far behind the arthropods' 1,113,000 but well ahead of <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordates</a>' 52,000.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: Front endpaper">: Front endpaper </span></sup> About 200,000 living species in total are estimated,<sup id="cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chapman_2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PonderLindberg2004Phylogeny_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PonderLindberg2004Phylogeny-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 70,000 fossil species,<sup id="cite_ref-BruscaBrusca2003P702_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruscaBrusca2003P702-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the total number of mollusc species ever to have existed, whether or not preserved, must be many times greater than the number alive today.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molluscs have more varied forms than any other animal <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a>. They include <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>; <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>; and other lesser-known but similarly distinctive subgroups. The majority of species still live in the oceans, from the seashores to the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_zone" title="Abyssal zone">abyssal zone</a>, but some form a <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater molluscs">significant part of the freshwater fauna</a> and the terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Molluscs are extremely diverse in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions, but can be found at all <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 80% of all known mollusc species are gastropods.<sup id="cite_ref-PonderWinstonLindberg_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PonderWinstonLindberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a> are among the most neurologically advanced of all invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-BarnesCalowEtAl2001InvertebratesSynthesis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BarnesCalowEtAl2001InvertebratesSynthesis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Giant_squid" title="Giant squid">giant squid</a>, which until recently had not been observed alive in its adult form,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrates</a>, surpassed in weight but not in length by the <a href="/wiki/Colossal_squid" title="Colossal squid">colossal squid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_mollusc" title="Freshwater mollusc">Freshwater</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_molluscs" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial molluscs">terrestrial molluscs</a> appear exceptionally vulnerable to extinction. Estimates of the numbers of non-marine molluscs vary widely, partly because many regions have not been thoroughly surveyed. There is also a shortage of specialists who can identify all the animals in any one area to species. However, in 2004 the <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List</a> of Threatened Species included nearly 2,000 endangered non-marine molluscs. For comparison, the great majority of mollusc species are marine, but only 41 of these appeared on the 2004 Red List. About 42% of recorded extinctions since the year 1500 are of molluscs, consisting almost entirely of non-marine species.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">Mollusc shell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollicina" title="Pollicina">Pollicina</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archimollusc-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Archimollusc-en.svg/500px-Archimollusc-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Archimollusc-en.svg/750px-Archimollusc-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Archimollusc-en.svg/1000px-Archimollusc-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><div class="center">Anatomical diagram of a hypothetical ancestral mollusc</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of the great range of anatomical diversity among molluscs, many textbooks start the subject of molluscan anatomy by describing what is called an <i>archi-mollusc</i>, <i>hypothetical generalized mollusc</i>, or <i>hypothetical ancestral mollusc</i> (<i>HAM</i>) to illustrate the most common features found within the phylum. The depiction is visually rather similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">monoplacophorans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Healy2001MolluscaInvertebrateZoology_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy2001MolluscaInvertebrateZoology-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The generalized mollusc is an unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical animal and has a single, "<a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpet</a>-like" <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> on top. The shell is secreted by a mantle covering the upper surface. The underside consists of a single muscular "foot".<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The visceral mass, or visceropallium, is the soft, nonmuscular metabolic region of the mollusc. It contains the body organs.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mantle_and_mantle_cavity">Mantle and mantle cavity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mantle and mantle cavity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mantle cavity, a fold in the mantle, encloses a significant amount of space. It is lined with epidermis, and is exposed, according to <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a>, to sea, fresh water or air. The cavity was at the rear in the earliest molluscs, but its position now varies from group to group. The <a href="/wiki/Anus" title="Anus">anus</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">osphradia</a> (chemical sensors) in the incoming "lane", the hindmost pair of <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a> and the exit openings of the <a href="/wiki/Nephridia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephridia">nephridia</a> (kidneys) known as "Organs of bojanus" and <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> (reproductive organs) are in the mantle cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole soft body of bivalves lies within an enlarged mantle cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell">Shell<span class="anchor" id="Shell"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mollusc_shell" title="Mollusc shell">Mollusc shell</a></div> <p>The mantle edge secretes a shell (secondarily absent in a number of taxonomic groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a><sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that consists of mainly <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conchiolin" title="Conchiolin">conchiolin</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> hardened with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Porter2007_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except the outermost layer, which in almost all cases is all conchiolin (see <a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">periostracum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molluscs never use phosphate to construct their hard parts,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the questionable exception of <i><a href="/wiki/Cobcrephora" title="Cobcrephora">Cobcrephora</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cherns2004_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cherns2004-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While most mollusc shells are composed mainly of <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a>, those gastropods that lay eggs with a hard shell use <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> (sometimes with traces of aragonite) to construct the eggshells.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shell consists of three layers: the outer layer (the <a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">periostracum</a>) made of organic matter, a middle layer made of columnar <a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a>, and an inner layer consisting of laminated calcite, often <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacreous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some forms the shell contains openings. In <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a> there are holes in the shell used for respiration and the release of egg and sperm, in the <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautilus</a> a string of tissue called the <a href="/wiki/Siphuncle" title="Siphuncle">siphuncle</a> goes through all the chambers, and the eight plates that make up the shell of <a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a> are penetrated with living tissue with nerves and sensory structures.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest-derived living mollusca, the Polyplacophora (chitons) and shell-less vermiform Aplacophora, remains contentious despite many developmental and molecular studies of these organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both studies investigated molluscan phylogeny through synthesis of paleontological and neontological data,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other being large and small-subunit nuclear rRna sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another article describing the chitons, with their shells, this time, is one by D K Jacobs and others, where shell evolution of molluscs and chitons are examined to visualize the evolution of the chiton, from the Polyplacophora, to the Aplacophora, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foot">Foot</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Foot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SeaSnails.ogv/220px--SeaSnails.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="SeaSnails.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:SeaSnails.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/SeaSnails.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/SeaSnails.ogv/SeaSnails.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/SeaSnails.ogv/SeaSnails.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d7/SeaSnails.ogv/SeaSnails.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A 50-second video of snails (most likely <i><a href="/wiki/Natica_chemnitzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Natica chemnitzi">Natica chemnitzi</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cerithium" title="Cerithium">Cerithium</a> stercusmuscaram</i>) feeding on the sea floor in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Pe%C3%B1asco" title="Puerto Peñasco">Puerto Peñasco</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The body of a mollusc has a ventral muscular foot, which is adapted to different purposes (locomotion, grasping the substratum, burrowing or feeding) in different classes.<sup id="cite_ref-mollusca11_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mollusca11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The foot carries a pair of <a href="/wiki/Statocyst" title="Statocyst">statocysts</a>, which act as balance sensors. In gastropods, it secretes <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> as a lubricant to aid movement. In forms having only a top shell, such as <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, the foot acts as a sucker attaching the animal to a hard surface, and the vertical muscles clamp the shell down over it; in other molluscs, the vertical muscles pull the foot and other exposed soft parts into the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In bivalves, the foot is adapted for burrowing into the sediment;<sup id="cite_ref-mollusca11_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mollusca11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in cephalopods it is used for jet propulsion,<sup id="cite_ref-mollusca11_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mollusca11-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the tentacles and arms are derived from the foot.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circulatory_system">Circulatory system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Circulatory system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most molluscs' <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory systems</a> are mainly <a href="/wiki/Open_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open circulatory system">open</a>, except for <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a>, whose circulatory systems are <a href="/wiki/Closed_circulatory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed circulatory system">closed</a>. Although molluscs are <a href="/wiki/Coelomate" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelomate">coelomates</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coeloms</a> are reduced to fairly small spaces enclosing the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a> and gonads. The main body cavity is a <a href="/wiki/Hemocoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemocoel">hemocoel</a> through which <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coelom#Coelomic_fluid" title="Coelom">coelomic fluid</a> circulate and which encloses most of the other internal organs. These hemocoelic spaces act as an efficient <a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_skeleton" title="Hydrostatic skeleton">hydrostatic skeleton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood of these molluscs contains the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_pigment" title="Respiratory pigment">respiratory pigment</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemocyanin" title="Hemocyanin">hemocyanin</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>-carrier. The heart consists of one or more pairs of atria (<a href="/wiki/Atrium_(heart)" title="Atrium (heart)">auricles</a>), which receive oxygenated blood from the gills and pump it to the <a href="/wiki/Ventricle_(heart)" title="Ventricle (heart)">ventricle</a>, which pumps it into the <a href="/wiki/Aorta" title="Aorta">aorta</a> (main <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a>), which is fairly short and opens into the hemocoel.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The atria of the heart also function as part of the <a href="/wiki/Excretory_system" title="Excretory system">excretory system</a> by filtering waste products out of the blood and dumping it into the coelom as <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. A pair of metanephridia ("little kidneys") to the rear of and connected to the coelom extracts any re-usable materials from the urine and dumps additional waste products into it, and then ejects it via tubes that discharge into the mantle cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exceptions to the above are the molluscs <i><a href="/wiki/Planorbidae" title="Planorbidae">Planorbidae</a></i> or ram's horn snails, which are air-breathing snails that use iron-based <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> instead of the copper-based hemocyanin to carry oxygen through their blood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiration">Respiration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Respiration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most molluscs have only one pair of gills, or even only a singular gill. Generally, the gills are rather like feathers in shape, although some species have gills with filaments on only one side. They divide the mantle cavity so water enters near the bottom and exits near the top. Their filaments have three kinds of cilia, one of which drives the water current through the mantle cavity, while the other two help to keep the gills clean. If the osphradia detect noxious chemicals or possibly <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> entering the mantle cavity, the gills' cilia may stop beating until the unwelcome intrusions have ceased. Each gill has an incoming blood vessel connected to the hemocoel and an outgoing one to the heart.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating,_digestion,_and_excretion"><span id="Eating.2C_digestion.2C_and_excretion"></span>Eating, digestion, and excretion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Eating, digestion, and excretion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snail_radula_working.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Snail_radula_working.png/220px-Snail_radula_working.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Snail_radula_working.png/330px-Snail_radula_working.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Snail_radula_working.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Snail <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> at work<br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00a0c6; color:black;"> </span> = Food</span>     <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8d9899; color:black;"> </span> = <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">Radula</a></span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ce8059; color:black;"> </span> = Muscles</span><br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d2d268; color:black;"> </span> = <a href="/wiki/Odontophore" title="Odontophore">Odontophore</a> "belt"</span> </figcaption></figure> <p>Molluscs use <a href="/wiki/Intracellular_digestion" title="Intracellular digestion">intracellular digestion</a>. Most molluscs have muscular mouths with <a href="/wiki/Radulae" class="mw-redirect" title="Radulae">radulae</a>, "tongues", bearing many rows of chitinous teeth, which are replaced from the rear as they wear out. The radula primarily functions to scrape <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> off rocks, and is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Odontophore" title="Odontophore">odontophore</a>, a cartilaginous supporting organ.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The radula is unique to the molluscs and has no equivalent in any other animal. </p><p>Molluscs' mouths also contain <a href="/wiki/Gland" title="Gland">glands</a> that secrete slimy <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a>, to which the food sticks. Beating <a href="/wiki/Cilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilia">cilia</a> (tiny "hairs") drive the mucus towards the stomach, so the mucus forms a long string called a "food string".<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the tapered rear end of the stomach and projecting slightly into the hindgut is the prostyle, a backward-pointing cone of <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and mucus, which is rotated by further cilia so it acts as a bobbin, winding the mucus string onto itself. Before the mucus string reaches the prostyle, the acidity of the stomach makes the mucus less sticky and frees particles from it.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The particles are sorted by yet another group of cilia, which send the smaller particles, mainly minerals, to the prostyle so eventually they are excreted, while the larger ones, mainly food, are sent to the stomach's <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a> (a pouch with no other exit) to be digested. The sorting process is by no means perfect.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Periodically, circular muscles at the hindgut's entrance pinch off and excrete a piece of the prostyle, preventing the prostyle from growing too large. The anus, in the part of the mantle cavity, is swept by the outgoing "lane" of the current created by the gills. Carnivorous molluscs usually have simpler digestive systems.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the head has largely disappeared in bivalves, the mouth has been equipped with labial palps (two on each side of the mouth) to collect the <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a> from its mucus.<sup id="cite_ref-Handbook_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbook-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nervous_system">Nervous system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Nervous system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gastropod_nervous_system.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gastropod_nervous_system.gif/220px-Gastropod_nervous_system.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Gastropod_nervous_system.gif/330px-Gastropod_nervous_system.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Gastropod_nervous_system.gif 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Simplified diagram of the mollusc nervous system</figcaption></figure> <p>The cephalic molluscs have two pairs of main <a href="/wiki/Ventral_nerve_cord" title="Ventral nerve cord">nerve cords</a> organized around a number of paired ganglia, the <a href="/wiki/Viscera" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscera">visceral</a> cords serving the internal organs and the pedal ones serving the foot. Most pairs of corresponding ganglia on both sides of the body are linked by <a href="/wiki/Commissure" title="Commissure">commissures</a> (relatively large bundles of nerves). The ganglia above the gut are the cerebral, the pleural, and the visceral, which are located above the <a href="/wiki/Esophagus" title="Esophagus">esophagus</a> (gullet). The pedal ganglia, which control the foot, are below the esophagus and their commissure and connectives to the cerebral and pleural ganglia surround the esophagus in a <a href="/wiki/Circumesophageal_nerve_ring" title="Circumesophageal nerve ring">circumesophageal nerve ring</a> or <i>nerve collar</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 284–291">: 284–291 </span></sup> </p><p>The acephalic molluscs (i.e., bivalves) also have this ring but it is less obvious and less important. The bivalves have only three pairs of ganglia—cerebral, pedal, and visceral—with the visceral as the largest and most important of the three functioning as the principal center of "thinking".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some such as the <a href="/wiki/Scallops" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallops">scallops</a> have eyes around the edges of their shells which connect to a pair of looped nerves and which provide the ability to distinguish between light and shadow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_gastropods" title="Reproductive system of gastropods">Reproductive system of gastropods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reproductive_system_of_cephalopods" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive system of cephalopods">Reproductive system of cephalopods</a></div> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:262px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:65px; top:0px; width:200px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trochophore_larva_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Trochophore larva[44]"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trochophore_larva_01.png/200px-Trochophore_larva_01.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trochophore_larva_01.png/300px-Trochophore_larva_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Trochophore_larva_01.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_40x5" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:5px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Apical tuft (cilia)</span></div> <div id="annotation_5x45" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:45px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Prototroch (cilia)</span></div> <div id="annotation_145x62" style="position:absolute; left:145px; top:62px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Stomach</span></div> <div id="annotation_40x85" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:85px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Mouth</span></div> <div id="annotation_5x105" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:105px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Metatroch (cilia)</span></div> <div id="annotation_40x125" style="position:absolute; left:40px; top:125px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Mesoderm</span></div> <div id="annotation_220x147" style="position:absolute; left:220px; top:147px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;">Anus</span></div> <div id="annotation_5x155" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:155px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><span style="font-weight:900; color:#333333">///</span> = cilia</span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Trochophore_larva_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trochophore_larva_01.png/200px-Trochophore_larva_01.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Trochophore_larva_01.png/300px-Trochophore_larva_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Trochophore_larva_01.png 2x" data-file-width="309" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Trochophore_larva_01.png" title="File:Trochophore larva 01.png"> </a></div>Trochophore larva<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </div></div> <p>The simplest molluscan reproductive system relies on <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>, but with more complex variations. All produce eggs, from which may emerge <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> larvae, more complex <a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">veliger</a> larvae, or miniature adults. Two <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> sit next to the <a href="/wiki/Coelom" title="Coelom">coelom</a>, a small cavity that surrounds the heart, into which they shed <a href="/wiki/Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a>. The nephridia extract the gametes from the coelom and emit them into the mantle cavity. Molluscs that use such a system remain of one sex all their lives and rely on <a href="/wiki/External_fertilization" title="External fertilization">external fertilization</a>. Some molluscs use <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a> and/or are <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a>, functioning as both sexes; both of these methods require more complex reproductive systems.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen_20-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004MolluscaGen-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>C. obtusus</i> is an endemic <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snail</a> species of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a>. There is strong evidence for <a href="/wiki/Autogamy" title="Autogamy">self-fertilization</a> in the easternmost snail populations of this species.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most basic molluscan <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a>, which is <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> and feeds on floating food particles by using the two bands of cilia around its "equator" to sweep food into the mouth, which uses more cilia to drive them into the stomach, which uses further cilia to expel undigested remains through the anus. New tissue grows in the bands of <a href="/wiki/Mesoderm" title="Mesoderm">mesoderm</a> in the interior, so the apical tuft and anus are pushed further apart as the animal grows. The trochophore stage is often succeeded by a <a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">veliger</a> stage in which the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prototroch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prototroch (page does not exist)">prototroch</a>, the "equatorial" band of cilia nearest the apical tuft, develops into the velum ("veil"), a pair of cilia-bearing lobes with which the larva swims. Eventually, the larva sinks to the seafloor and <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphoses</a> into the adult form. While metamorphosis is the usual state in molluscs, the cephalopods differ in exhibiting direct development: the hatchling is a 'miniaturized' form of the adult.<sup id="cite_ref-Marin2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marin2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of molluscs is of particular interest in the field of <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a> as environmental stress is recognized to affect the settlement, metamorphosis, and survival of larvae.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feeding">Feeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Feeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most molluscs are herbivorous, grazing on algae or filter feeders. For those grazing, two feeding strategies are predominant. Some feed on microscopic, filamentous algae, often using their radula as a 'rake' to comb up filaments from the sea floor. Others feed on macroscopic 'plants' such as kelp, rasping the plant surface with its radula. To employ this strategy, the plant has to be large enough for the mollusc to 'sit' on, so smaller macroscopic plants are not as often eaten as their larger counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-Steneck1982_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steneck1982-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeders" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter feeders">Filter feeders</a> are molluscs that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over their gills. Most bivalves are filter feeders, which can be measured through clearance rates. Research has demonstrated that environmental stress can affect the feeding of bivalves by altering the energy budget of organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cephalopods are primarily predatory, and the radula takes a secondary role to the jaws and tentacles in food acquisition. The monoplacophoran <i><a href="/wiki/Neopilina" title="Neopilina">Neopilina</a></i> uses its radula in the usual fashion, but its diet includes <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Xenophyophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophyophore">xenophyophore</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stannophyllum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stannophyllum (page does not exist)">Stannophyllum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sacoglossa" title="Sacoglossa">Sacoglossan</a> sea-slugs suck the sap from algae, using their one-row radula to pierce the cell walls,<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen1993_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen1993-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas <a href="/wiki/Dorid" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorid">dorid</a> <a href="/wiki/Nudibranchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudibranchs">nudibranchs</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Vetigastropoda" title="Vetigastropoda">Vetigastropoda</a> feed on <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others feed on <a href="/wiki/Hydroid_(zoology)" title="Hydroid (zoology)">hydroids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (An extensive list of molluscs with unusual feeding habits is available in the appendix of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGRAHAM,_A.1955" class="citation journal cs1">GRAHAM, A. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mollus.oxfordjournals.org/content/31/3-4/144.short">"Molluscan diets"</a>. <i>Journal of Molluscan Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Molluscan+Studies&rft.atitle=Molluscan+diets&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1955&rft.au=GRAHAM%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmollus.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F31%2F3-4%2F144.short&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mollusc_orders" title="List of mollusc orders">List of mollusc orders</a></div> <p>Opinions vary about the number of <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">classes</a> of molluscs; for example, the table below shows seven living classes,<sup id="cite_ref-Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two extinct ones. Although they are unlikely to form a clade, some older works combine the <a href="/wiki/Caudofoveata" title="Caudofoveata">Caudofoveata</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solenogasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Solenogasters">Solenogasters</a> into one class, the <a href="/wiki/Aplacophora" title="Aplacophora">Aplacophora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Healy2001MolluscaInvertebrateZoology_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Healy2001MolluscaInvertebrateZoology-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 291–292">: 291–292 </span></sup> Two of the commonly recognized "classes" are known only from fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-PonderWinstonLindberg_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PonderWinstonLindberg-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:120px;">Class </th> <th style="width:340px;">Major organisms </th> <th style="width:110px;">Described living species<sup id="cite_ref-Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haszprunar2001MolluscsInEncOfLifeSci-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Distribution </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 300">: 300 </span></sup> </span></td> <td>all <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hare">sea hares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_butterfly" title="Sea butterfly">sea butterflies</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">70,000</td> <td>marine, freshwater, land </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 367">: 367 </span></sup> </span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">scallops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">geoducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudists" title="Rudists">rudists</a>†</td> <td style="text-align:center;">20,000</td> <td>marine, freshwater </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">Polyplacophora</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 292–8">: 292–8 </span></sup> </span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a></td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,000</td> <td>rocky tidal zone and seabed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 343">: 343 </span></sup> </span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">nautiluses</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirula" title="Spirula">Spirula</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Belemnitida" title="Belemnitida">belemnites</a>†, <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonites</a>†</td> <td style="text-align:center;">900</td> <td>marine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scaphopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopoda">Scaphopoda</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 403–7">: 403–7 </span></sup> </span></td> <td>tusk shells</td> <td style="text-align:center;">500</td> <td>marine 6–7,000 metres (20–22,966 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aplacophora" title="Aplacophora">Aplacophora</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 291–2">: 291–2 </span></sup> </span></td> <td>worm-like molluscs</td> <td style="text-align:center;">320</td> <td>seabed 200–3,000 metres (660–9,840 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a> <span class="nowrap"><sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 298–300">: 298–300 </span></sup> </span></td> <td>ancient lineage of molluscs with cap-like shells</td> <td style="text-align:center;">31</td> <td>seabed 1,800–7,000 metres (5,900–23,000 ft); one species 200 metres (660 ft) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostroconchia" title="Rostroconchia">Rostroconchia</a>†<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fossils; probable ancestors of bivalves</td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a></td> <td>marine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helcionelloida" title="Helcionelloida">Helcionelloida</a>†<sup id="cite_ref-RunnegarPojeta1974_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RunnegarPojeta1974-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>fossils; snail-like molluscs such as <i><a href="/wiki/Latouchella" title="Latouchella">Latouchella</a></i></td> <td style="text-align:center;">extinct</td> <td>marine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tentaculita" title="Tentaculita">Cricoconarida</a>†<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;">extinct </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:400px;"> <div style="text-align:left;"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopods</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Mollusca </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">Bivalves</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophorans</a><br />("limpet-like", "living fossils") </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scaphopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopod">Scaphopods</a> (tusk shells) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">Gastropods</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slug" title="Slug">slugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_hare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea hare">sea hares</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonites">ammonites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, etc.) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Aplacophora" title="Aplacophora">Aplacophorans</a><br />(spicule-covered, worm-like) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">Polyplacophorans</a> (chitons) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">† <a href="/wiki/Halwaxiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwaxiid">Halwaxiids</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Wiwaxia" title="Wiwaxia">Wiwaxia</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Halkieria" class="mw-redirect" title="Halkieria">Halkieria</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>† <i><a href="/wiki/Orthrozanclus" title="Orthrozanclus">Orthrozanclus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>† <i><a href="/wiki/Odontogriphus" title="Odontogriphus">Odontogriphus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">A possible "family tree" of molluscs (2007).<sup id="cite_ref-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Does not include <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelid</a> worms as the analysis concentrated on fossilizable "hard" features.<sup id="cite_ref-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> (evolutionary "family tree") of molluscs is a controversial subject. In addition to the debates about whether <i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i> and any of the "<a href="/wiki/Halwaxiid" class="mw-redirect" title="Halwaxiid">halwaxiids</a>" were molluscs or closely related to molluscs,<sup id="cite_ref-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2006_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CaronScheltemaSchanderRudkin2006_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaronScheltemaSchanderRudkin2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> debates arise about the relationships between the classes of living molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-Sigwart2007_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigwart2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, some groups traditionally classified as molluscs may have to be redefined as distinct but related.<sup id="cite_ref-GoloboffEtAl2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoloboffEtAl2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molluscs are generally regarded members of the <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a group defined by having <a href="/wiki/Trochophore" title="Trochophore">trochophore</a> larvae and, in the case of living <a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a>, a feeding structure called a <a href="/wiki/Lophophore" title="Lophophore">lophophore</a>. The other members of the Lophotrochozoa are the <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelid</a> worms and seven marine <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The diagram on the right summarizes a phylogeny presented in 2007 without the annelid worms. </p><p>Because the relationships between the members of the family tree are uncertain, it is difficult to identify the features inherited from the last common ancestor of all molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry2004_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, it is uncertain whether the ancestral mollusc was <a href="/wiki/Metamerism_(biology)" title="Metamerism (biology)">metameric</a> (composed of repeating units)—if it was, that would suggest an origin from an <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelid</a>-like worm.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2000_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2000-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientists disagree about this: Giribet and colleagues concluded, in 2006, the repetition of gills and of the foot's retractor muscles were later developments,<sup id="cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in 2007, Sigwart concluded the ancestral mollusc was metameric, and it had a foot used for creeping and a "shell" that was mineralized.<sup id="cite_ref-Sigwart2007_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigwart2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one particular branch of the family tree, the shell of <a href="/wiki/Conchifera" title="Conchifera">conchiferans</a> is thought to have evolved from the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spicule" class="extiw" title="wikt:spicule">spicules</a> (small spines) of <a href="/wiki/Aplacophora" title="Aplacophora">aplacophorans</a>; but this is difficult to reconcile with the <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryological</a> origins of spicules.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry2004_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry2004-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The molluscan shell appears to have originated from a mucus coating, which eventually stiffened into a <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a>. This would have been impermeable and thus forced the development of more sophisticated respiratory apparatus in the form of gills.<sup id="cite_ref-RunnegarPojeta1974_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RunnegarPojeta1974-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the cuticle would have become mineralized,<sup id="cite_ref-RunnegarPojeta1974_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RunnegarPojeta1974-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>using the same genetic machinery (<a href="/wiki/Engrailed_(gene)" title="Engrailed (gene)">engrailed</a>) as most other bilaterian <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeletons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs2000_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs2000-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first mollusc shell almost certainly was reinforced with the mineral <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter2007_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter2007-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Classification into higher taxa for molluscan classes has been and remains problematic. Numerous different clades have been proposed but few have received strong support. Traditionally, Mollusca is split into two subphyla, <a href="/wiki/Conchifera" title="Conchifera">Conchifera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aculifera" title="Aculifera">Aculifera</a>, based on the presence of a shell. The "Testaria" hypothesis is similar, but includes chitons with the rest of the conchiferans. Some studies completely reject the proposal, instead favoring a "Serialia" hypothesis which classifies chitons and monoplacophorans as closely related. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div style="text-align:left"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Mollusca</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Aculifera" title="Aculifera">Aculifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">Polyplacophora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiton_magnificus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chiton_magnificus.jpg/40px-Chiton_magnificus.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chiton_magnificus.jpg/60px-Chiton_magnificus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chiton_magnificus.jpg/120px-Chiton_magnificus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Aplacophora" title="Aplacophora">Aplacophora</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caudofoveata" title="Caudofoveata">Caudofoveata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcidens_crossotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Falcidens_crossotus.jpg/40px-Falcidens_crossotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Falcidens_crossotus.jpg/60px-Falcidens_crossotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Falcidens_crossotus.jpg/120px-Falcidens_crossotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="438" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Solenogastres" title="Solenogastres">Solenogastres</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg/40px-Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg/60px-Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg/120px-Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="904" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Conchifera" title="Conchifera">Conchifera</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first" style="border-left:none;border-right:none;border-bottom:1px dashed;"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg/40px-Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg/60px-Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="631" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel" style="border-right:none;border-left:1px solid;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg/40px-Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg/60px-Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg/80px-Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png/40px-Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png/60px-Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png/80px-Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="436" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/60px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/120px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scaphopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopoda">Scaphopoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png/20px-Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png/40px-Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Aculifera-Conchifera hypothesis<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> </td> <td class="col-break"> <div class="thumb tleft" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <div style="text-align:left"> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade" style="font-size:90%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Mollusca</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Dorsochoncha </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png/40px-Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png/60px-Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png/80px-Bivalve_Sea_Shell.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="436" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/60px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg/120px-Grapevinesnail_01a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="515" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Serialia </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg/40px-Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg/60px-Tryblidium_reticulatum_2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="631" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Polyplacophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyplacophora">Polyplacophora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiton_magnificus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chiton_magnificus.jpg/40px-Chiton_magnificus.jpg" decoding="async" width="35" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chiton_magnificus.jpg/60px-Chiton_magnificus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chiton_magnificus.jpg/120px-Chiton_magnificus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Variopoda </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Scaphopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopoda">Scaphopoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png/20px-Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png/40px-Natural_History_-_Mollusca_-_Dentalium_Tarentinum.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Caudofoveata" title="Caudofoveata">Caudofoveata</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Falcidens_crossotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Falcidens_crossotus.jpg/40px-Falcidens_crossotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Falcidens_crossotus.jpg/60px-Falcidens_crossotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Falcidens_crossotus.jpg/120px-Falcidens_crossotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="438" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg/40px-Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg/60px-Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg/80px-Octopus_vulgaris_Merculiano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Solenogastres" title="Solenogastres">Solenogastres</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg/40px-Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg/60px-Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg/120px-Epimenia_verrucosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="878" data-file-height="904" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></div><div class="thumbcaption">The "Serialia" hypothesis<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Morphological analyses tend to recover a conchiferan clade that receives less support from molecular analyses,<sup id="cite_ref-Winnepenninckx_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winnepenninckx-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although these results also lead to unexpected paraphylies, for instance scattering the bivalves throughout all other mollusc groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Passamaneck2004_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passamaneck2004-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, an analysis in 2009 using both <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular phylogenetics</a> comparisons concluded the molluscs are not <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>; in particular, <a href="/wiki/Scaphopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphopoda">Scaphopoda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a> are both separate, monophyletic lineages unrelated to the remaining molluscan classes; the traditional phylum Mollusca is <a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">polyphyletic</a>, and it can only be made monophyletic if scaphopods and bivalves are excluded.<sup id="cite_ref-GoloboffEtAl2009_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoloboffEtAl2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010 analysis recovered the traditional conchiferan and aculiferan groups, and showed molluscs were monophyletic, demonstrating that available data for solenogastres was contaminated.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Current molecular data are insufficient to constrain the molluscan phylogeny, and since the methods used to determine the confidence in clades are prone to overestimation, it is risky to place too much emphasis even on the areas of which different studies agree.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagele2009_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagele2009-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than eliminating unlikely relationships, the latest studies add new permutations of internal molluscan relationships, even bringing the conchiferan hypothesis into question.<sup id="cite_ref-Vinther2011_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vinther2011-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2025 analysis, using newly sequenced genomes, supports the Aculifera-Conchifera hypothesis. Scaphopoda was recovered sister to Bivalvia, and Cephalopoda as sister to the Bivalvia-Scaphopoda-Gastropoda clade.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Evolution of molluscs</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Evolution of cephalopods</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg/250px-Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg/330px-Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg/500px-Kimberella_quadrata_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>The enigmatic <i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella quadrata</a></i> (fossil pictured) from the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> has been described as being "mollusc-like" because of its features which are shared with modern day molluscs.</figcaption></figure> <p>Good evidence exists for the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Aldanella" title="Aldanella">Aldanella</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">cephalopods</a> (e.g., <i><a href="/wiki/Plectronoceras" title="Plectronoceras">Plectronoceras</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Nectocaris" title="Nectocaris">Nectocaris</a></i>?) and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Pojetaia" title="Pojetaia">Pojetaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fordilla" title="Fordilla">Fordilla</a></i>) towards the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> period, c. <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=500">500</a> million years ago</span>, though arguably each of these may belong only to the stem lineage of their respective classes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the evolutionary history both of the emergence of molluscs from the ancestral group <a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a>, and of their diversification into the well-known living and <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> forms, is still vigorously debated. </p><p>Debate occurs about whether some <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> and Early <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> fossils really are molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cabej_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cabej-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i>, from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=555">555</a> million years ago</span>, has been described by some paleontologists as "mollusc-like",<sup id="cite_ref-Fedonkin1997_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedonkin1997-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others are unwilling to go further than "probable <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilaterian</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2006_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sigwart2007_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigwart2007-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if that.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an even sharper debate about whether <i><a href="/wiki/Wiwaxia" title="Wiwaxia">Wiwaxia</a></i>, from about <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=505">505</a> million years ago</span>, was a mollusc, and much of this centers on whether its feeding apparatus was a type of <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> or more similar to that of some <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaete</a> worms.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2006_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2006-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CaronScheltemaSchanderRudkin2006_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaronScheltemaSchanderRudkin2006-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicholas Butterfield, who opposes the idea that <i>Wiwaxia</i> was a mollusc, has written that earlier <a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">microfossils</a> from <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=515–510">515 to 510</a> million years ago</span> are fragments of a genuinely mollusc-like radula.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appears to contradict the concept that the ancestral molluscan radula was mineralized.<sup id="cite_ref-Cruz1998_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruz1998-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:right;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg/120px-Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg/180px-Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg/240px-Yochelcionella_cyrano_svg_hariadhi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption> The tiny <a href="/wiki/Helcionellid" title="Helcionellid">helcionellid</a> fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Yochelcionella" title="Yochelcionella">Yochelcionella</a></i> is thought to be an early mollusc.<sup id="cite_ref-RunnegarPojeta1974_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RunnegarPojeta1974-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptunea_despecta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Neptunea_despecta.jpg/120px-Neptunea_despecta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Neptunea_despecta.jpg/180px-Neptunea_despecta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Neptunea_despecta.jpg/240px-Neptunea_despecta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption> Spirally coiled shells appear in many <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 300–343">: 300–343 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>However, the <a href="/wiki/Helcionellid" title="Helcionellid">helcionellids</a>, which first appear over <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=540">540</a> million years ago</span> in Early Cambrian rocks from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and China,<sup id="cite_ref-Parkhaev_2007_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parkhaev_2007-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steiner2007_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steiner2007-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are thought to be early molluscs with rather snail-like shells. Shelled molluscs therefore predate the earliest <a href="/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RunnegarPojeta1974_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RunnegarPojeta1974-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although most helcionellid fossils are only a few millimeters long, specimens a few centimeters long have also been found, most with more <a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">limpet</a>-like shapes. The tiny specimens have been suggested to be juveniles and the larger ones adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Mus2008_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mus2008-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some analyses of helcionellids concluded these were the earliest <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, other scientists are not convinced these Early Cambrian fossils show clear signs of the <a href="/wiki/Torsion_(gastropod)" title="Torsion (gastropod)">torsion</a> that identifies modern gastropods twists the internal organs so the anus lies above the head.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 300–343">: 300–343 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FrýdaNützelWagner2008_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FrýdaNützelWagner2008-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="noresize thumb tright" style=";"> <div class="thumbinner" style="overflow:hidden;width:217px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:152px; overflow:hidden; position:relative; background-color:white;"> <div style=";left:0px; top:0px; width:150px; position:absolute;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Septa and siphuncle in nautiloid shell"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png/150px-Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png/225px-Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png/300px-Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> <div style="text-align:left; background-color:transparent; line-height:110%;"> <div id="annotation_120x5" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:5px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px blue solid;background-color:blue; color:white;"> </span> = Septa</span></span></div> <div id="annotation_120x35" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:35px; line-height:110%;"><span style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px silver solid;background-color:yellow; color:black;"> </span> = <a href="/wiki/Siphuncle" title="Siphuncle">Siphuncle</a></span></span></div> </div> <div style="visibility:hidden"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png/150px-Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png/225px-Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png/300px-Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="598" /></a></span></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Nautiloid_septa_n_siphuncle_01.png" title="File:Nautiloid septa n siphuncle 01.png"> </a></div>Septa and <a href="/wiki/Siphuncle" title="Siphuncle">siphuncle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloid</a> shell</div> </div></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Volborthella" title="Volborthella">Volborthella</a></i>, some fossils of which predate <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=530">530</a> million years ago</span>, was long thought to be a cephalopod, but discoveries of more detailed fossils showed its shell was not secreted, but built from grains of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> (silica), and it was not divided into a series of compartments by <a href="/wiki/Septum_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Septum (marine biology)">septa</a> as those of fossil shelled cephalopods and the living <i><a href="/wiki/Nautilus" title="Nautilus">Nautilus</a></i> are. <i>Volborthella</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s classification is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Middle Cambrian fossil <a href="/wiki/Nectocaris" title="Nectocaris">Nectocaris</a> is often interpreted as a cephalopod with 2 arms and no shell, but the Late Cambrian fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Plectronoceras" title="Plectronoceras">Plectronoceras</a></i> is now thought to be the earliest undisputed cephalopod fossil, as its shell had septa and a <a href="/wiki/Siphuncle" title="Siphuncle">siphuncle</a>, a strand of tissue that <i>Nautilus</i> uses to remove water from compartments it has vacated as it grows, and which is also visible in fossil <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonite</a> shells. However, <i>Plectronoceras</i> and other early cephalopods crept along the seafloor instead of swimming, as their shells contained a "ballast" of stony deposits on what is thought to be the underside, and had stripes and blotches on what is thought to be the upper surface.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All cephalopods with external shells except the <a href="/wiki/Nautiloid" title="Nautiloid">nautiloids</a> became extinct by the end of the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=65">65</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-MarshallWard1996_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarshallWard1996-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the shell-less <a href="/wiki/Coleoidea" title="Coleoidea">Coleoidea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">cuttlefish</a>) are abundant today.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Early Cambrian fossils <i><a href="/wiki/Fordilla" title="Fordilla">Fordilla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pojetaia" title="Pojetaia">Pojetaia</a></i> are regarded as <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Modern-looking" bivalves appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> period, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=488–443">488 to 443</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One bivalve group, the <a href="/wiki/Rudist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudist">rudists</a>, became major <a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">reef</a>-builders in the Cretaceous, but became extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event" title="Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even so, bivalves remain abundant and diverse. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hyolitha" title="Hyolitha">Hyolitha</a> are a class of extinct animals with a shell and <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">operculum</a> that may be molluscs. Authors who suggest they deserve their own <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phylum</a> do not comment on the position of this phylum in the tree of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Sumrall2009_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sumrall2009-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_interaction">Human interaction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Human interaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Molluscs_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Molluscs in culture">Molluscs in culture</a></div> <p>For millennia, molluscs have been a source of food for humans, as well as important luxury goods, notably <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_of_pearl" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother of pearl">mother of pearl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> dye, <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">sea silk</a>, and chemical compounds. Their shells have also been used as a form of <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a> in some preindustrial societies. Some species of molluscs can bite or sting humans, and some have become agricultural pests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_by_humans">Uses by humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Uses by humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Seashell</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_edible_molluscs" title="List of edible molluscs">List of edible molluscs</a></div> <p>Molluscs, especially bivalves such as <a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">clams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, have been an important food source since at least the advent of <a href="/wiki/Anatomically_modern_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomically modern human">anatomically modern humans</a>, and this has often resulted in overfishing.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commonly eaten molluscs include <a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">octopuses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oysters" class="mw-redirect" title="Oysters">oysters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scallops" class="mw-redirect" title="Scallops">scallops</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, China accounted for 80% of the global mollusc catch, netting almost 11,000,000 tonnes (11,000,000 long tons; 12,000,000 short tons). Within Europe, France remained the industry leader.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries regulate importation and handling of molluscs and other <a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">seafood</a>, mainly to minimize the poison risk from <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a> that can sometimes accumulate in the animals.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearl_farm_(Seram,_Indonesia).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of three circular metal cages in shallows, with docks, boathouses and palm trees in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pearl_farm_%28Seram%2C_Indonesia%29.jpg/250px-Pearl_farm_%28Seram%2C_Indonesia%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pearl_farm_%28Seram%2C_Indonesia%29.jpg/330px-Pearl_farm_%28Seram%2C_Indonesia%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pearl_farm_%28Seram%2C_Indonesia%29.jpg/500px-Pearl_farm_%28Seram%2C_Indonesia%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Saltwater <a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oyster</a> farm in Seram, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most molluscs with shells can produce pearls, but only the pearls of <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalves</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropods</a>, whose shells are lined with <a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">nacre</a>, are valuable.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 300–343, 367–403">: 300–343, 367–403 </span></sup> The best natural pearls are produced by marine <a href="/wiki/Pearl_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl oyster">pearl oysters</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pinctada" title="Pinctada">Pinctada</a> margaritifera</i> and <i>Pinctada mertensi</i>, which live in the <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> waters of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. Natural pearls form when a small foreign object gets stuck between the <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(mollusc)" title="Mantle (mollusc)">mantle</a> and shell. </p><p>The two methods of culturing <a href="/wiki/Pearls" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearls">pearls</a> insert either "seeds" or beads into oysters. The "seed" method uses grains of ground shell from freshwater <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, and overharvesting for this purpose has <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> several freshwater mussel species in the southeastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 367–403">: 367–403 </span></sup> The pearl industry is so important in some areas, significant sums of money are spent on monitoring the health of farmed molluscs.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mosaic of mustachioed, curly-haired man wearing crown and surrounded by halo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/250px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/330px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg/500px-Meister_von_San_Vitale_in_Ravenna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1907" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> clad in <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a> and wearing numerous pearls</figcaption></figure> <p>Other luxury and high-<a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">status</a> products were made from molluscs. <a href="/wiki/Tyrian_purple" title="Tyrian purple">Tyrian purple</a>, made from the ink glands of <a href="/wiki/Murex" title="Murex">murex</a> shells, "fetched its weight in silver" in the fourth century <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of large numbers of <i>Murex</i> shells on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> suggests the <a href="/wiki/Minoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoans">Minoans</a> may have pioneered the extraction of "imperial purple" during the Middle Minoan period in the 20th–18th centuries BC, centuries before the <a href="/wiki/Tyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrians">Tyrians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sea_silk" title="Sea silk">Sea silk</a> is a fine, rare, and valuable <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">fabric</a> produced from the long silky threads (<a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">byssus</a>) secreted by several bivalve molluscs, particularly <i><a href="/wiki/Pinna_nobilis" title="Pinna nobilis">Pinna nobilis</a></i>, to attach themselves to the sea bed.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, writing on the Persian wars <i>circa</i> 550 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>, "stated that the five hereditary satraps (governors) of <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> who received their insignia from the Roman Emperor were given <a href="/wiki/Chlamys" title="Chlamys">chlamys</a> (or cloaks) made from <i>lana pinna</i>. Apparently, only the ruling classes were allowed to wear these chlamys."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mollusc shells, including those of <a href="/wiki/Cowrie" title="Cowrie">cowries</a>, were used as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">money</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shell_money" title="Shell money">shell money</a>) in several preindustrial societies. However, these "currencies" generally differed in important ways from the standardized government-backed and -controlled money familiar to industrial societies. Some shell "currencies" were not used for commercial transactions, but mainly as <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> displays at important occasions, such as weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When used for commercial transactions, they functioned as a means of exchange similar to money in ordinary <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">business transactions</a>, a tradable good whose value differed from place to place, often as a result of difficulties in transport, and which was vulnerable to incurable <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> if more efficient transport or "goldrush" behavior appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bioindicators">Bioindicators</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bioindicators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bivalve molluscs are used as <a href="/wiki/Bioindicators" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioindicators">bioindicators</a> to monitor the health of aquatic environments in both fresh water and the marine environments. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour or the level of contamination with elements or compounds can indicate the state of contamination status of the ecosystem. They are particularly useful since they are sessile so that they are representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed.<sup id="cite_ref-Molluscan_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molluscan-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Potamopyrgus_antipodarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Potamopyrgus antipodarum">Potamopyrgus antipodarum</a> is used by some water treatment plants to test for estrogen-mimicking pollutants from industrial agriculture. Several species of mollusca have been used as bioindicators of environmental stresses that can cause DNA damage. These species include the American oyster <i>Crassostrea virginica</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> zebra mussels (<i>Dreissena polymorpha</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the blue mussel <i>Mytilus edulis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harm_to_humans">Harm to humans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Harm to humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stings_and_bites">Stings and bites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Stings and bites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG/250px-Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG/330px-Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG/500px-Hapalochlaena_lunulata.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">blue-ringed octopus</a>'s rings are a warning signal; this octopus is alarmed, and its bite can kill.<sup id="cite_ref-AVRU_BlueRinged_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVRU_BlueRinged-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some molluscs sting or bite, but deaths from mollusc venoms total less than 10% of those from <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> stings.<sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All octopuses are venomous,<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1995GiantPacificOctopus_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1995GiantPacificOctopus-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but only a few species pose a significant threat to humans. <a href="/wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">Blue-ringed octopuses</a> in the genus <i>Hapalochlaena</i>, which live around Australia and New Guinea, bite humans only if severely provoked,<sup id="cite_ref-AVRU_BlueRinged_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AVRU_BlueRinged-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but their venom kills 25% of human victims. Another tropical species, <i><a href="/wiki/Octopus_apollyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopus apollyon">Octopus apollyon</a></i>, causes severe <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> that can last for over a month even if treated correctly,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the bite of <i><a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Red_Octopus" class="mw-redirect" title="East Pacific Red Octopus">Octopus rubescens</a></i> can cause <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> that lasts longer than one month if untreated, and headaches and weakness persisting for up to a week even if treated.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_1999_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson_1999-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Textile_cone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of cone on ocean bottom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/250px-Textile_cone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/330px-Textile_cone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/500px-Textile_cone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Live <a href="/wiki/Cone_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone shell">cone snails</a> can be dangerous to shell collectors, but are useful to <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a> researchers.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>All species of <a href="/wiki/Cone_snail" title="Cone snail">cone snails</a> are venomous and can sting painfully when handled, although many species are too small to pose much of a risk to humans, and only a few fatalities have been reliably reported. Their venom is a complex mixture of <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>, some fast-acting and others slower but deadlier.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of individual cone-shell toxins on victims' nervous systems are so precise as to be useful tools for research in <a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">neurology</a>, and the small size of their <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> makes it easy to synthesize them.<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist19October1996DoctorSnail-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disease_vectors">Disease vectors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Disease vectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg/220px-Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg/330px-Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg/440px-Schistosomiasis_itch.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1795" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (dermatology)">Skin vesicles</a> created by the penetration of <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Schistosoma</a></i> (Source: <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a> (also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or snail fever), a disease caused by the fluke worm <i><a href="/wiki/Schistosoma" title="Schistosoma">Schistosoma</a></i>, is "second only to malaria as the most devastating parasitic disease in tropical countries. An estimated 200 million people in 74 countries are infected with the disease—100 million in Africa alone."<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parasite has 13 known species, two of which infect humans. The parasite itself is not a mollusc, but all the species have freshwater snails as <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">intermediate hosts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pests">Pests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some species of molluscs, particularly certain snails and <a href="/wiki/Slugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Slugs">slugs</a>, can be serious crop pests,<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when introduced into new environments, can unbalance local <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. One such pest, the giant African snail <i><a href="/wiki/Achatina_fulica" class="mw-redirect" title="Achatina fulica">Achatina fulica</a></i>, has been introduced to many parts of Asia, as well as to many islands in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. In the 1990s, this species reached the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. Attempts to control it by introducing the predatory snail <i><a href="/wiki/Euglandina_rosea" title="Euglandina rosea">Euglandina rosea</a></i> proved disastrous, as the predator ignored <i><a href="/wiki/Achatina_fulica" class="mw-redirect" title="Achatina fulica">Achatina fulica</a></i> and went on to extirpate several native snail species instead.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">Land snail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_slug" title="Sea slug">Sea slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">Sea snail</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The formerly dominant British spelling <i>mollusk</i> is still used in the United States — see the reasons given by <a href="/wiki/Gary_Rosenberg" title="Gary Rosenberg">Gary Rosenberg</a> (1996).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the spelling <i>mollusc</i>, see the reasons given in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrusca_&_Brusca" class="citation book cs1">Brusca & Brusca. <i>Invertebrates</i> (2nd ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrates&rft.edition=2nd&rft.au=Brusca+%26+Brusca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGubanovPeel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gubanov, Alexander P.; Peel, John S. (2003). "The early Cambrian helcionelloid mollusc Anabarella Vostokova". <i>Palaeontology</i>. <b>46</b> (5): 1073. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Palgy..46.1073G">2003Palgy..46.1073G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1475-4983.00334">10.1111/1475-4983.00334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeontology&rft.atitle=The+early+Cambrian+helcionelloid+mollusc+Anabarella+Vostokova&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1073&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1475-4983.00334&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Palgy..46.1073G&rft.aulast=Gubanov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft.au=Peel%2C+John+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2024_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangParryVintherMa2024" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, G.; Parry, L. A.; Vinther, J.; Ma, X. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c3f74950-f817-4088-be27-3ff64c36b7c5">"A Cambrian spiny stem mollusk and the deep homology of lophotrochozoan scleritomes"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>385</b> (6708): <span class="nowrap">528–</span>532. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Sci...385..528Z">2024Sci...385..528Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.ado0059">10.1126/science.ado0059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39088612">39088612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Cambrian+spiny+stem+mollusk+and+the+deep+homology+of+lophotrochozoan+scleritomes&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=6708&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E528-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39088612&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.ado0059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Sci...385..528Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Parry%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Vinther%2C+J.&rft.au=Ma%2C+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fora.ox.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Fuuid%3Ac3f74950-f817-4088-be27-3ff64c36b7c5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapman_2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chapman_2009_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChapman,_A.D.2009" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, A.D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/publications/other/species-numbers/2009/04-02-groups-invertebrates.html#mollusca"><i>Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World</i></a> (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-642-56860-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-642-56860-1"><bdi>978-0-642-56860-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/457073196">457073196</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Numbers+of+Living+Species+in+Australia+and+the+World&rft.place=Canberra&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Australian+Biological+Resources+Study&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F457073196&rft.isbn=978-0-642-56860-1&rft.au=Chapman%2C+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.environment.gov.au%2Fbiodiversity%2Fabrs%2Fpublications%2Fother%2Fspecies-numbers%2F2009%2F04-02-groups-invertebrates.html%23mollusca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1996" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Gary (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303002304/http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1996/9609_rosenberg.asp">"Mollusckque — Mollusk vs. Mollusc"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.conchologistsofamerica.org/articles/y1996/9609_rosenberg.asp">the original</a> on 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mollusckque+%E2%80%94+Mollusk+vs.+Mollusc&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.conchologistsofamerica.org%2Farticles%2Fy1996%2F9609_rosenberg.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenberg, Gary (2014). "A new critical estimate of named species-level diversity of the recent mollusca". <i>American Malacological Bulletin</i>. <b>32</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">308–</span>322. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AMalB..32..308R">2014AMalB..32..308R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4003%2F006.032.0204">10.4003/006.032.0204</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86761029">86761029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Malacological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=A+new+critical+estimate+of+named+species-level+diversity+of+the+recent+mollusca&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E308-%3C%2Fspan%3E322&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86761029%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4003%2F006.032.0204&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AMalB..32..308R&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor,_P.D.Lewis,_D.N.2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, P.D.; Lewis, D.N. (2005). <i>Fossil Invertebrates</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01972-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01972-0"><bdi>978-0-674-01972-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/912402392">912402392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fossil+Invertebrates&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F912402392&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01972-0&rft.au=Taylor%2C+P.D.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+D.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedosov,_Alexander_E.Puillandre,_Nicolas2012" class="citation journal cs1">Fedosov, Alexander E.; Puillandre, Nicolas (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210910161017/http://www.sevin.ru/laboratories/Marine_Invertebrates/fedosov/Fedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf">"Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: A remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Systematics and Biodiversity</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">447–</span>477. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012SyBio..10..447F">2012SyBio..10..447F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772000.2012.753137">10.1080/14772000.2012.753137</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55028766">55028766</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sevin.ru/laboratories/Marine_Invertebrates/fedosov/Fedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Systematics+and+Biodiversity&rft.atitle=Phylogeny+and+taxonomy+of+the+Kermia%E2%80%93Pseudodaphnella+%28Mollusca%3A+Gastropoda%3A+Raphitomidae%29+genus+complex%3A+A+remarkable+radiation+via+diversification+of+larval+development&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E447-%3C%2Fspan%3E477&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55028766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772000.2012.753137&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012SyBio..10..447F&rft.au=Fedosov%2C+Alexander+E.&rft.au=Puillandre%2C+Nicolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sevin.ru%2Flaboratories%2FMarine_Invertebrates%2Ffedosov%2FFedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPonderLindberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Ponder, W. F.; Lindberg, David R., eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/152581003"><i>Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25092-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25092-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25092-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/152581003">152581003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phylogeny+and+evolution+of+the+Mollusca&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F152581003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25092-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F152581003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"mollusc". <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. Oxford University Press. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=mollusc&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=mala/kia2"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαλάκια</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=malako/s"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">μαλακός</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAristotle" class="citation book cs1">Aristotle. 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National Council for Science and the Environment.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Calcium&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth&rft.pub=National+Council+for+Science+and+the+Environment&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hogan%2C+C.+Michael.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eoearth.org%2Farticle%2FCalcium%3Ftopic%3D49557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiribetOkusuEtAlMolluscsWithSeriallyRepeatedStructures_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiribetOkusuLindgrenHuff2006" class="citation journal cs1">Giribet, G.; Okusu, A.; Lindgren, A.R.; Huff, S.W.; Schrödl, M.; Nishiguchi, M.K. 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/book/26914/chapter-abstract/196020302?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"10. Molluscs"</a>. <i>Handbook of the Marine Fauna of North-West Europe</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">455–</span>602. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199549443.003.0010">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199549443.003.0010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954944-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954944-3"><bdi>978-0-19-954944-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10.+Molluscs&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+Marine+Fauna+of+North-West+Europe&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E602&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199549443.003.0010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954944-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fbook%2F26914%2Fchapter-abstract%2F196020302%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BruscaBrusca2003P702-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BruscaBrusca2003P702_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BruscaBrusca2003P702_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BruscaBrusca2003P702_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrusca,_R.C.Brusca,_G.J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Brusca, R.C. & Brusca, G.J. (2003). <i>Invertebrates</i> (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. p. 702. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-097-5"><bdi>978-0-87893-097-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1154002552">1154002552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invertebrates&rft.pages=702&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1154002552&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-097-5&rft.au=Brusca%2C+R.C.&rft.au=Brusca%2C+G.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RuppertFoxBarnes2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RuppertFoxBarnes2004_19-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Ruppert" class="citation book cs1">Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. 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"Molluscan Phylogeny: the Paleontological Viewpoint". <i>Science</i>. <b>186</b> (4161): <span class="nowrap">311–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974Sci...186..311R">1974Sci...186..311R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.186.4161.311">10.1126/science.186.4161.311</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1739764">1739764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17839855">17839855</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46429653">46429653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Molluscan+Phylogeny%3A+the+Paleontological+Viewpoint&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=4161&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1974-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46429653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1974Sci...186..311R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17839855&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.186.4161.311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1739764%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Runnegar&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Pojeta%2C+J.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.molluscabase.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1298360">"Molluscabase — Cricoconarida †"</a>. <i>www.molluscabase.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.molluscabase.org&rft.atitle=Molluscabase+%E2%80%94+Cricoconarida+%26%238224%3B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.molluscabase.org%2Faphia.php%3Fp%3Dtaxdetails%26id%3D1298360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SigwartSutton2007DeepMolluscanPhylogeny_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSigwart,_J.D.Sutton,_M.D.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sigwart, J.D.; Sutton, M.D. (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2274978">"Deep molluscan phylogeny: synthesis of palaeontological and neontological data"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B</i>. <b>274</b> (1624): <span class="nowrap">2413–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0701">10.1098/rspb.2007.0701</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2274978">2274978</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652065">17652065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B&rft.atitle=Deep+molluscan+phylogeny%3A+synthesis+of+palaeontological+and+neontological+data&rft.volume=274&rft.issue=1624&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2413-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2007-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2274978%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17652065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2007.0701&rft.au=Sigwart%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Sutton%2C+M.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2274978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span> For a summary, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/mollusca.php">"The Mollusca"</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mollusca&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Ftaxa%2Finverts%2Fmollusca%2Fmollusca.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/taxa/inverts/mollusca/mollusca.php">"The Mollusca"</a>. University of California Museum of Paleontology<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mollusca&rft.pub=University+of+California+Museum+of+Paleontology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucmp.berkeley.edu%2Ftaxa%2Finverts%2Fmollusca%2Fmollusca.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FedonkinEtAl2007NewDataOnKimberella_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFedonkin,_M.A.Simonetta,_A.Ivantsov,_A.Y.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A.; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122063627/http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/prato04/abstracts/fedonkin2.pdf">"New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White Sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geological Society, London, Special Publications</i>. <b>286</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">157–</span>179. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GSLSP.286..157F">2007GSLSP.286..157F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.12">10.1144/SP286.12</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:331187">331187</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/prato04/abstracts/fedonkin2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geological+Society%2C+London%2C+Special+Publications&rft.atitle=New+data+on+Kimberella%2C+the+Vendian+mollusc-like+organism+%28White+Sea+region%2C+Russia%29%3A+palaeoecological+and+evolutionary+implications&rft.volume=286&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A331187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP286.12&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007GSLSP.286..157F&rft.au=Fedonkin%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Simonetta%2C+A.&rft.au=Ivantsov%2C+A.Y.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geosci.monash.edu.au%2Fprecsite%2Fdocs%2Fworkshop%2Fprato04%2Fabstracts%2Ffedonkin2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterfield2006-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield2006_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield2006_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield2006_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButterfield,_N.J.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Butterfield, N.J. 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"A soft-bodied mollusc with radula from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale". <i>Nature</i>. <b>442</b> (7099): <span class="nowrap">159–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Natur.442..159C">2006Natur.442..159C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04894">10.1038/nature04894</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1912%2F1404">1912/1404</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16838013">16838013</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4431853">4431853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+soft-bodied+mollusc+with+radula+from+the+Middle+Cambrian+Burgess+Shale&rft.volume=442&rft.issue=7099&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2006-07-13&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1912%2F1404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4431853%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Natur.442..159C&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16838013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04894&rft.au=Caron%2C+J.B.&rft.au=Scheltema%2C+A.&rft.au=Schander%2C+C.&rft.au=Rudkin%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Butterfield2008EarlyCambrianRadula_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButterfield,_N.J.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Butterfield, N.J. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/imports/want_to_import/fisheryproducts/">the original</a> on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Importing+fishery+products+or+bivalve+molluscs&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Food+Standards+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.food.gov.uk%2Ffoodindustry%2Fimports%2Fwant_to_import%2Ffisheryproducts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones,_J.B.Creeper,_J.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, J.B.; Creeper, J. (April 2006). 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"The Family Pinnidae in the Western Atlantic". <i>Johnsonia</i>. <b>3</b> (38): 294. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0075-3920">0075-3920</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1419933002">1419933002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Johnsonia&rft.atitle=The+Family+Pinnidae+in+the+Western+Atlantic&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=294&rft.date=1958-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1419933002&rft.issn=0075-3920&rft.au=Turner%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Rosewater%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaurer,_B.2006" class="citation journal cs1">Maurer, B. (October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070816070943/http://www.anthro.uci.edu/faculty_bios/maurer/Maurer-AR.pdf">"The Anthropology of Money"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">15–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.35.081705.123127">10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123127</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51797573">51797573</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthro.uci.edu/faculty_bios/maurer/Maurer-AR.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Anthropology+of+Money&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2006-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.anthro.35.081705.123127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51797573%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Maurer%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthro.uci.edu%2Ffaculty_bios%2Fmaurer%2FMaurer-AR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHogendorn,_J.Johnson,_M.2003" class="citation book cs1">Hogendorn, J. & Johnson, M. (2003). <i>The Shell Money of the Slave Trade</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521541107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521541107"><bdi>978-0521541107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shell+Money+of+the+Slave+Trade&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0521541107&rft.au=Hogendorn%2C+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span> Particularly chapters "Boom and slump for the cowrie trade" (pages 64–79) and "The cowrie as money: transport costs, values and inflation" (pages 125–147)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molluscan-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molluscan_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUniversité_Bordeaux" class="citation web cs1">Université Bordeaux; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113173444/http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en">"MolluSCAN <i>eye</i> project"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en">the original</a> on 13 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MolluSCAN+eye+project&rft.au=Universit%C3%A9+Bordeaux&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmolluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr%2Findex.php%3Frubrique%3Daccueil%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRahmanBillahKlineRahman2023" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman MF, Billah MM, Kline RJ, Rahman MS (December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9798191">"Effects of elevated temperature on 8-OHdG expression in the American oyster (<i>Crassostrea virginica</i>): Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular apoptosis, DNA damage and γH2AX signaling pathways"</a>. <i>Fish Shellfish Immunol Rep</i>. <b>4</b>: 100079. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023FSIR....400079R">2023FSIR....400079R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.fsirep.2022.100079">10.1016/j.fsirep.2022.100079</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9798191">9798191</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36589260">36589260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fish+Shellfish+Immunol+Rep&rft.atitle=Effects+of+elevated+temperature+on+8-OHdG+expression+in+the+American+oyster+%28Crassostrea+virginica%29%3A+Induction+of+oxidative+stress+biomarkers%2C+cellular+apoptosis%2C+DNA+damage+and+%CE%B3H2AX+signaling+pathways&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=100079&rft.date=2023-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9798191%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36589260&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.fsirep.2022.100079&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023FSIR....400079R&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Billah%2C+MM&rft.au=Kline%2C+RJ&rft.au=Rahman%2C+MS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9798191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichelVincent-Hubert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F (January 2012). "Detection of 8-oxodG in <i>Dreissena polymorpha</i> gill cells exposed to model contaminants". <i>Mutat Res</i>. <b>741</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MRGTE.741....1M">2012MRGTE.741....1M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.mrgentox.2011.10.001">10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22009068">22009068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.atitle=Detection+of+8-oxodG+in+Dreissena+polymorpha+gill+cells+exposed+to+model+contaminants&rft.volume=741&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22009068&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mrgentox.2011.10.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012MRGTE.741....1M&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Vincent-Hubert%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMichelVincent-Hubert2015" class="citation journal cs1">Michel C, Vincent-Hubert F (November 2015). "DNA oxidation and DNA repair in gills of zebra mussels exposed to cadmium and benzo(a)pyrene". <i>Ecotoxicology</i>. <b>24</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">2009–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Ecotx..24.2009M">2015Ecotx..24.2009M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10646-015-1536-3">10.1007/s10646-015-1536-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26438356">26438356</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecotoxicology&rft.atitle=DNA+oxidation+and+DNA+repair+in+gills+of+zebra+mussels+exposed+to+cadmium+and+benzo%28a%29pyrene&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2009-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2015-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26438356&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10646-015-1536-3&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Ecotx..24.2009M&rft.aulast=Michel&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Vincent-Hubert%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEmmanouilSheehanChipman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Emmanouil C, Sheehan TM, Chipman JK (April 2007). "Macromolecule oxidation and DNA repair in mussel (<i>Mytilus edulis</i> L.) gill following exposure to Cd and Cr(VI)". <i>Aquat Toxicol</i>. <b>82</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">27–</span>35. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AqTox..82...27E">2007AqTox..82...27E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2007.01.009">10.1016/j.aquatox.2007.01.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17331596">17331596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquat+Toxicol&rft.atitle=Macromolecule+oxidation+and+DNA+repair+in+mussel+%28Mytilus+edulis+L.%29+gill+following+exposure+to+Cd+and+Cr%28VI%29&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17331596&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquatox.2007.01.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AqTox..82...27E&rft.aulast=Emmanouil&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+TM&rft.au=Chipman%2C+JK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AVRU_BlueRinged-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AVRU_BlueRinged_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AVRU_BlueRinged_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlafaci,_A.2018" class="citation web cs1">Alafaci, A. (5 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.avru.org/compendium/biogs/A000060b.htm">"Blue ringed octopus"</a>. Australian Venom Research Unit<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blue+ringed+octopus&rft.pub=Australian+Venom+Research+Unit&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft.au=Alafaci%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.avru.org%2Fcompendium%2Fbiogs%2FA000060b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WilliamsonFennerEtAl1996VenomousMarine_Animals_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliamson,_J.A.Fenner,_P.J.Burnett,_J.W.Rifkin,_J.1996" class="citation book cs1">Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YsZ3GryFIzEC&pg=PA75"><i>Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook</i></a>. UNSW Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">65–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-279-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86840-279-6"><bdi>978-0-86840-279-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Venomous+and+Poisonous+Marine+Animals%3A+A+Medical+and+Biological+Handbook&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-86840-279-6&rft.au=Williamson%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Fenner%2C+P.J.&rft.au=Burnett%2C+J.W.&rft.au=Rifkin%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYsZ3GryFIzEC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson1995GiantPacificOctopus-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson1995GiantPacificOctopus_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, R.C. 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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grimwade.biochem.unimelb.edu.au/cone/deathby.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cone+Shell+Mollusc+Poisoning%2C+with+Report+of+a+Fatal+Case&rft.pub=Department+of+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology%2C+University+of+Melbourne&rft.au=Livett%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrimwade.biochem.unimelb.edu.au%2Fcone%2Fdeathby.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaddad_JuniorPaula_NetoCobo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Haddad Junior, V.; Paula Neto, J.O.B.D.; Cobo, V.L.J. (September–October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0037-86822006000500015">"Venomous mollusks: The risks of human accidents by conus snails (gastropoda: Conidae) in Brazil"</a>. <i>Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical</i>. <b>39</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">498–</span>500. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0037-86822006000500015">10.1590/S0037-86822006000500015</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11449%2F30709">11449/30709</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17160331">17160331</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+da+Sociedade+Brasileira+de+Medicina+Tropical&rft.atitle=Venomous+mollusks%3A+The+risks+of+human+accidents+by+conus+snails+%28gastropoda%3A+Conidae%29+in+Brazil&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E498-%3C%2Fspan%3E500&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11449%2F30709&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17160331&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2FS0037-86822006000500015&rft.aulast=Haddad+Junior&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Paula+Neto%2C+J.O.B.D.&rft.au=Cobo%2C+V.L.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1590%252FS0037-86822006000500015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html">"The Carter Center Schistosomiasis Control Program"</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carter_Center" title="Carter Center">Carter Center</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Carter+Center+Schistosomiasis+Control+Program&rft.pub=The+Carter+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cartercenter.org%2Fhealth%2Fschistosomiasis%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_D.S.1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, D.S. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/mono/10.1201/9781482295184-13/snails-schistosomes-david-brown">"Snails and schistosomes"</a>. In Barker, G. M. (ed.). <i>Freshwater Snails of Africa and Their Medical Importance</i>. CRC Press. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851993201.0000">10.1079/9780851993201.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0026-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0026-3"><bdi>978-0-7484-0026-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52761130">52761130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Snails+and+schistosomes&rft.btitle=Freshwater+Snails+of+Africa+and+Their+Medical+Importance&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52761130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2F9780851993201.0000&rft.isbn=978-0-7484-0026-3&rft.au=Brown%2C+D.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fmono%2F10.1201%2F9781482295184-13%2Fsnails-schistosomes-david-brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarker,_G.M.2002" class="citation book cs1">Barker, G.M. (2002). Barker, G. M. (ed.). <i>Molluscs As Crop Pests</i>. CABI Publications. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1079%2F9780851993201.0000">10.1079/9780851993201.0000</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85199-320-1"><bdi>978-0-85199-320-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52761130">52761130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molluscs+As+Crop+Pests&rft.pub=CABI+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52761130&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1079%2F9780851993201.0000&rft.isbn=978-0-85199-320-1&rft.au=Barker%2C+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCiveyrel,_L.Simberloff,_D.1996" class="citation journal cs1">Civeyrel, L.; Simberloff, D. (October 1996). "A tale of two snails: is the cure worse than the disease?". <i>Biodiversity and Conservation</i>. <b>5</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1231–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BiCon...5.1231C">1996BiCon...5.1231C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00051574">10.1007/BF00051574</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43071631">43071631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biodiversity+and+Conservation&rft.atitle=A+tale+of+two+snails%3A+is+the+cure+worse+than+the+disease%3F&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1231-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=1996-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43071631%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00051574&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996BiCon...5.1231C&rft.au=Civeyrel%2C+L.&rft.au=Simberloff%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mollusca&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSturmPearceValdes2006" class="citation book cs1">Sturm, C.; Pearce, T.A.; Valdes, A. (2006). <i>The Mollusks: A Guide to Their Study, Collection, and Preservation</i>. Universal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58112-930-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58112-930-0"><bdi>1-58112-930-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/69028066">69028066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mollusks%3A+A+Guide+to+Their+Study%2C+Collection%2C+and+Preservation&rft.pub=Universal&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F69028066&rft.isbn=1-58112-930-0&rft.aulast=Sturm&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Pearce%2C+T.A.&rft.au=Valdes%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrigoDíaz_AgrasGarcía-ÁlvarezGuerra2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Trigo, J.E.; Díaz Agras, G.J.; García-Álvarez, O.L.; Guerra, A.; Moreira, J.; Pérez, J.; Rolán, E.; Troncoso, J.S.; Urgorri, V. (2018). Troncoso, J.S.; Trigo, J.E.; Rolán, E. (eds.). <i>Guía de los Moluscos Marinos de Galicia</i> (in Spanish). Vigo: Servicio de Publicacións da Universidade de Vigo. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8158-787-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8158-787-6"><bdi>978-84-8158-787-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107124658">1107124658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+de+los+Moluscos+Marinos+de+Galicia&rft.place=Vigo&rft.pub=Servicio+de+Publicaci%C3%B3ns+da+Universidade+de+Vigo&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107124658&rft.isbn=978-84-8158-787-6&rft.aulast=Trigo&rft.aufirst=J.E.&rft.au=D%C3%ADaz+Agras%2C+G.J.&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-%C3%81lvarez%2C+O.L.&rft.au=Guerra%2C+A.&rft.au=Moreira%2C+J.&rft.au=P%C3%A9rez%2C+J.&rft.au=Rol%C3%A1n%2C+E.&rft.au=Troncoso%2C+J.S.&rft.au=Urgorri%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBellKirkpatrickSmith1901" class="citation book cs1">Bell, F. J.; Kirkpatrick, Randolph; Smith, E. A. (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73609"><i>A Guide to the Shell and Starfish Galleries: (Mollusca, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Tunicata, Echinoderma, and Worms)</i></a>. Department of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.46558">10.5962/bhl.title.46558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+the+Shell+and+Starfish+Galleries%3A+%28Mollusca%2C+Polyzoa%2C+Brachiopoda%2C+Tunicata%2C+Echinoderma%2C+and+Worms%29&rft.pub=Department+of+Zoology%2C+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29&rft.date=1901&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.46558&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=F.+J.&rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+Randolph&rft.au=Smith%2C+E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F73609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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/><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230000000000/http://www.eol.org/pages/2195">"<i>Mollusca</i>"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">Encyclopedia of Life</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft.atitle=%3Ci%3EMollusca%3C%2Fi%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20230000000000%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.eol.org%2Fpages%2F2195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMollusca" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25326#P830" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2011-10-mollusk-evolutionary-tree.html">Researchers complete mollusk evolutionary tree</a>, by Brown University, <a href="/wiki/Phys.org" title="Phys.org">Phys.org</a>, 26 October 2011</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conchology.be/?t=261">Hardy's Internet Guide to Marine Gastropods</a> by Eddie Hardy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmr-pics.nl/">Rotterdam Natural History Museum</a> Shell Image Gallery</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907012135/http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/about/coast/nsandt/musselwatch.aspx">Mussel Watch Programme (archived 2015)</a></li> <li>Online biomonitoring of bivalve activity, 24/7: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161113173444/http://molluscan-eye.epoc.u-bordeaux1.fr/index.php?rubrique=accueil&lang=en">MolluSCAN <i>eye</i> (archived 2016)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria_classification" title="Template:Bacteria classification">Bacteria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Eukaryota" title="Template:Eukaryota">Eukaryota</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">(major groups</span></dt> <dd>"<a href="/wiki/Template:Excavata" title="Template:Excavata">Excavata</a>"</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Diaphoretickes" title="Diaphoretickes">Diaphoretickes</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Hacrobia" title="Template:Hacrobia">Hacrobia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptista" title="Template:Cryptista">Cryptista</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhizaria" title="Template:Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Alveolata" title="Template:Alveolata">Alveolata</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Stramenopile" title="Template:Stramenopile">Stramenopiles</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plants</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amorphea" title="Amorphea">Amorphea</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Amoebozoa" title="Template:Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Opisthokont_protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Opisthokont protists">Opisthokonta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Animalia" title="Template:Animalia">Animals</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Fungi_classification" title="Template:Fungi classification">Fungi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mesomycetozoea" title="Template:Mesomycetozoea">Mesomycetozoea</a>)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Animalia436" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -25px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge"><b>Porifera (sponges)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora (comb jellies)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/ParaHoxozoa" title="ParaHoxozoa">ParaHoxozoa</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Planulozoa" title="Planulozoa">Planulozoa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa (<i>Trichoplax</i> and relatives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria"><b>Cnidaria (jellyfish and relatives)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a> (Triploblasts)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below↓)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of the animal root <a href="/wiki/Animal#Internal_phylogeny" title="Animal">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eumetazoa" title="Eumetazoa">Eumetazoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benthozoa" title="Benthozoa">Benthozoa</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div id="Bilateria1042" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bilateria485" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:rgb(245,245,232);width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -24px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">Bilateria</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha (acoels and relatives)</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata (chordates)</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm"><b>Echinodermata (starfish and relatives)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordata (acorn worms and relatives)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Protostomia240" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -35px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Protostome" title="Protostome">Protostomia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -30px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ecdysozoa" title="Ecdysozoa">Ecdysozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Scalidophora16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Scalidophora" title="Scalidophora">Scalidophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha (mud dragons)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida (penis worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">N+L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nematoida13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Nematoida" title="Nematoida">Nematoida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode"><b>Nematoda (roundworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha (horsehair worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="L+P3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">L+P</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera (corset animals)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Panarthropoda" title="Panarthropoda">Panarthropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora (velvet worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod"><b>Arthropoda (arthropods)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade"><b>Tardigrada (waterbears)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -20px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spiralia" title="Spiralia">Spiralia</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gnathifera36" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Gnathifera_(Spiralia)" title="Gnathifera (Spiralia)">Gnathifera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha (arrow worms)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulid" title="Gnathostomulid">Gnathostomulida (jaw worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+S</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limnognathia" title="Limnognathia">Micrognathozoa <i>(Limnognathia)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndermata" title="Syndermata">Syndermata</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">Rotifera (wheel animals)</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala (thorny-headed worms)</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -41px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Platytrochozoa" title="Platytrochozoa">Platytrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="R+M3" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">R+M</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Rouphozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rouphozoa">Rouphozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm"><b>Platyhelminthes (flatworms)</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotrich" title="Gastrotrich">Gastrotricha (hairybacks)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoa" title="Mesozoa">Mesozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida or Rhombozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinella" title="Salinella">Monoblastozoa (<i>Salinella</i>)</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><span style="margin: -44px; display: inline-block; -webkit-transform: rotate(270deg); -moz-transform: rotate(270deg); -ms-transform: rotate(270deg); -o-transform: rotate(270deg); transform: rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Lophotrochozoa" title="Lophotrochozoa">Lophotrochozoa</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbion" title="Symbion">Cycliophora (<i>Symbion</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid"><b>Annelida (segmented worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)">M+K</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><b>Mollusca (molluscs)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Kryptotrochozoa" title="Kryptotrochozoa">Kryptotrochozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea"><b>Nemertea (ribbon worms)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Lophophorata" title="Lophophorata">Lophophorata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa s.l.</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta or Kamptozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa"><b>Ectoprocta (moss animals)</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Brachiozoa" title="Brachiozoa">Brachiozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">Brachiopoda (lamp shells)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronida (horseshoe worms)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(245,245,232)"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">The <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogeny</a> of Bilateria <a href="/wiki/Bilateria#Phylogeny" title="Bilateria">is disputed</a>; see also</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nephrozoa" title="Nephrozoa">Nephrozoa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Deuterostome" title="Deuterostome">Deuterostomia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xenambulacraria" title="Xenambulacraria">Xenambulacraria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Centroneuralia" title="Centroneuralia">Centroneuralia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Major_groupswithin_phyla29" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #f0f0f0;">Major groups<br />within phyla</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demosponge" title="Demosponge">Demosponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexactinellid" title="Hexactinellid">Glass sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_sponge" title="Calcareous sponge">Calcareous sponges</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidarians</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthozoa" title="Anthozoa">Anthozoans inc. corals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusozoa" title="Medusozoa">Medusozoans inc. jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxozoa" title="Myxozoa">Myxozoans</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cephalochordate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalochordate">Lancelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">Tunicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderms</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crinozoa" title="Crinozoa">Sea lilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterozoa" title="Asterozoa">Asterozoans inc. starfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinozoa" title="Echinozoa">Echinozoans inc. sea urchins</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordates</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acorn_worm" title="Acorn worm">Acorn worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterobranchia" title="Pterobranchia">Pterobranchs</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematodes</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromadorea" title="Chromadorea">Chromadorea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoplea" title="Enoplea">Enoplea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secernentea" title="Secernentea">Secernentea</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelicerata" title="Chelicerata">Chelicerates inc. arachnids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapoda" title="Myriapoda">Myriapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">Crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexapoda" title="Hexapoda">Hexapods inc. insects</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminths</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbellaria" title="Turbellaria">Turbellaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Trematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cestoda" title="Cestoda">Cestoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Ectoproctans</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylactolaemata" title="Phylactolaemata">Phylactolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenolaemata" title="Stenolaemata">Stenolaemata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnolaemata" title="Gymnolaemata">Gymnolaemata</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelids</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">Polychaetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clitellata" title="Clitellata">Clitellata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipuncula" title="Sipuncula">Sipuncula</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Molluscs</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Tusk shells</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:rgb(235,235,210)"><div> <dl><dd>Phyla with ≥1000 extant species <b>bolded</b></dd> <dd>Potentially <a href="/wiki/Dubious_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Dubious species">dubious phyla</a> †</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classes_of_Molluscs52" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mollusc" title="Template:Mollusc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mollusc" title="Template talk:Mollusc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mollusc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mollusc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classes_of_Molluscs52" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classes of <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">Molluscs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caudofoveata" title="Caudofoveata">Caudofoveata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solenogastres" title="Solenogastres">Solenogastres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Polyplacophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoplacophora" title="Monoplacophora">Monoplacophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod" title="Cephalopod">Cephalopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusk_shell" title="Tusk shell">Scaphopoda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extinct classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Rostroconchia" title="Rostroconchia">Rostroconchia</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Helcionelloida" title="Helcionelloida">Helcionelloida</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Archinacelloidea" title="Archinacelloidea">Archinacelloidea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_on_Earth" title="Template talk:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_on_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life on Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_life_phyla/divisions_by_domain41" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a> phyla/divisions by domain</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bacteria12" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteriota" title="Acidobacteriota">Acidobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquificota" title="Aquificota">Aquificota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armatimonadota" title="Armatimonadota">Armatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atribacterota" title="Atribacterota">Atribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteroidota" title="Bacteroidota">Bacteroidota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneolota" class="mw-redirect" title="Balneolota">Balneolota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bdellovibrionota" title="Bdellovibrionota">Bdellovibrionota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caldisericota" class="mw-redirect" title="Caldisericota">Caldisericota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calditrichota" class="mw-redirect" title="Calditrichota">Calditrichota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">Campylobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiota" title="Chlamydiota">Chlamydiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Chlorobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroflexota" title="Chloroflexota">Chloroflexota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysiogenota" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysiogenota">Chrysiogenota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprothermobacterota" title="Coprothermobacterota">Coprothermobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacteriota">Cyanobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deferribacteraceae" title="Deferribacteraceae">Deferribacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinococcota" title="Deinococcota">Deinococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictyoglomus_thermophilum" title="Dictyoglomus thermophilum">Dictyoglomota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elusimicrobiota" title="Elusimicrobiota">Elusimicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrobacterota" title="Fibrobacterota">Fibrobacterota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusobacteriota" title="Fusobacteriota">Fusobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemmatimonadota" title="Gemmatimonadota">Gemmatimonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignavibacteriota" class="mw-redirect" title="Ignavibacteriota">Ignavibacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritimatiellota" title="Kiritimatiellota">Kiritimatiellota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentisphaerota" title="Lentisphaerota">Lentisphaerota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmatota" title="Mycoplasmatota">Mycoplasmatota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxococcota" title="Myxococcota">Myxococcota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospinota" title="Nitrospinota">Nitrospinota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrospirota" title="Nitrospirota">Nitrospirota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planctomycetota" title="Planctomycetota">Planctomycetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodothermota" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodothermota">Rhodothermota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirochaetota" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochaetota">Spirochaetota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergistota" title="Synergistota">Synergistota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermodesulfobacteriota" title="Thermodesulfobacteriota">Thermodesulfobacteriota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermomicrobiota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermomicrobiota">Thermomicrobiota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermotogota" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermotogota">Thermotogota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobiota" title="Verrucomicrobiota">Verrucomicrobiota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Archaea11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Korarchaeota" title="Korarchaeota">Korarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanobacteriota" title="Methanobacteriota">Methanobacteriota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Nanobdellati" title="Nanobdellati"><i>Candidatus</i> Micrarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanoarchaeota" title="Nanoarchaeota">Nanobdellati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrososphaerota" title="Nitrososphaerota">Nitrososphaerota</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Parvarchaeota" title="Parvarchaeota"><i>Candidatus</i> Parvarchaeota</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoproteota" title="Thermoproteota">Thermoproteota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryote</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">Protist</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolata" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolata">Alveolata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebozoa" title="Amoebozoa">Amoebozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apusomonadida" class="mw-redirect" title="Apusomonadida">Apusomonadida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breviatea" title="Breviatea">Breviatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CRuMs" title="CRuMs">CRuMs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptista" title="Cryptista">Cryptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciliate" title="Ciliate">Ciliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercozoa" title="Cercozoa">Cercozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoba">Discoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euglenozoa" title="Euglenozoa">Euglenozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakobea" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakobea">Jakobea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptista" title="Haptista">Haptista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemimastigophora" title="Hemimastigophora">Hemimastigophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawimonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Malawimonada">Malawimonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamonada">Metamonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planomonada" class="mw-redirect" title="Planomonada">Planomonada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provora" title="Provora">Provora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizaria" title="Rhizaria">Rhizaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stramenopiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stramenopiles">Stramenopiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telonemia" title="Telonemia">Telonemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chytridiomycota" title="Chytridiomycota">Chytridiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastocladiomycota" title="Blastocladiomycota">Blastocladiomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocallimastigomycota" title="Neocallimastigomycota">Neocallimastigomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomeromycota" title="Glomeromycota">Glomeromycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiomycota" title="Basidiomycota">Basidiomycota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaucophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucophyta">Glaucophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodophyta">Rhodophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">Chlorophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charophyta" title="Charophyta">Charophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchantiophyta" title="Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthocerotophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthocerotophyta">Anthocerotophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycopodiophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lycopodiophyta">Lycopodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridophyta">Pteridophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycadophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycadophyta">Cycadophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ginkgophyta">Ginkgophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">Pinophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnetophyta" title="Gnetophyta">Gnetophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Flowering plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemichordate" title="Hemichordate">Hemichordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">Echinoderm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinorhyncha" title="Kinorhyncha">Kinorhyncha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loricifera" title="Loricifera">Loricifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">Priapulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">Nematoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematomorpha" title="Nematomorpha">Nematomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onychophora" title="Onychophora">Onychophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tardigrade" title="Tardigrade">Tardigrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Flatworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrotricha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrotricha">Gastrotricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonectida" title="Orthonectida">Orthonectida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyemida" title="Dicyemida">Dicyemida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotifera">Rotifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthocephala" title="Acanthocephala">Acanthocephala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnathostomulida" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnathostomulida">Gnathostomulida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrognathozoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrognathozoa">Micrognathozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycliophora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycliophora">Cycliophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemertea" title="Nemertea">Nemertea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoronid" title="Phoronid">Phoronid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">Bryozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entoprocta" title="Entoprocta">Entoprocta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brachiopoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiopoda">Brachiopoda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Parakaryon" title="Parakaryon">Parakaryon</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/40px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg/60px-Wapiti_from_Wagon_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="1413" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Animals" title="Portal:Animals">Animals</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Mollusca</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25326" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25326">Q25326</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mollusca" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Mollusca">Mollusca</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Mollusca/">Mollusca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Mollusca">Mollusca</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=23">23</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/M2L">M2L</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2195">2195</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1MOLLP">1MOLLP</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11368">11368</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/064ca66d-38c4-4454-8d16-64c5e8fa0292">064ca66d-38c4-4454-8d16-64c5e8fa0292</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/52">52</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47115">47115</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=175">175</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=69458">69458</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=6447">6447</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/2238c7b7-0848-4046-90a6-49c686652bff">2238c7b7-0848-4046-90a6-49c686652bff</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=802117">802117</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=7805">7805</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=51">51</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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