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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classical_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classical vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_Pashto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_Pashto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Literary Pashto</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_Pashto-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary Pashto subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_Pashto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetry_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Poetry example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proverbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proverbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Proverbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proverbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Phrases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phrases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phrases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greeting_phrases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greeting_phrases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Greeting phrases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greeting_phrases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Colors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Times_of_the_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Times_of_the_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Times of the day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Times_of_the_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Months" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Months</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pashto</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 130 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-130" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">130 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Пуштубзэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Пуштубзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjtoe" title="Pasjtoe – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pasjtoe" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%88%BD%E1%89%B6" title="ፐሽቶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፐሽቶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B" title="पश्तो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पश्तो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%84%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Афган бызшәа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Афган бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البشتوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البشتوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পশতু ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পশতু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_paxtu" title="Idioma paxtu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma paxtu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%9Ftu_dili" title="Puştu dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Puştu dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پشتو دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پشتو دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="পশতু ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশতু ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto-g%C3%AD" title="Pashto-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pashto-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Пушту теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Пушту теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%89%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Пущунски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пущунски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschtunische_Sproch" title="Paschtunische Sproch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Paschtunische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tunski_jezik" title="Paštunski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Paštunski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachtoueg" title="Pachtoueg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pachtoueg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paixtu" title="Paixtu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Paixtu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1t%C5%A1tina" title="Paštština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paštština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pashto" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pashto" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschtunische_Sprache" title="Paschtunische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paschtunische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1tu_keel" title="Puštu keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puštu keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%8D" title="Παστού – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παστού" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_past%C3%BAn" title="Idioma pastún – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma pastún" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Dtuna_lingvo" title="Paŝtuna lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paŝtuna lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paxtunera" title="Paxtunera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Paxtunera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtgbe" title="Pashtgbe – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pashtgbe" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="زبان پشتو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان پشتو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Pashto" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachto" title="Pachto – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pachto" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phaistis" title="An Phaistis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phaistis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_paxta" title="Lingua paxta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua paxta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="પશ્તો ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પશ્તો ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto-ng%C3%AE" title="Pashto-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pashto-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%88%ED%86%A0%EC%96%B4" title="파슈토어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파슈토어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%A9%D5%B8" title="Փաշթո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փաշթո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्तो भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्तो भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tunski_jezici" title="Paštunski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Paštunski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto-linguo" title="Pashto-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pashto-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Pashto" title="Pagsasao a Pashto – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Pashto" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Pashtun" title="Bahasa Pashtun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pastun" title="Lingua pastun – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua pastun" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past%C3%BA" title="Pastú – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pastú" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_pashtu" title="Lingua pashtu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua pashtu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%95" title="פשטו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פשטו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="პუშტუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პუშტუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%97" title="پستوٗ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پستوٗ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Пушту тілі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пушту тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_pe%C5%9Fto" title="Zimanê peşto – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê peşto" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengaz_pashtu" title="Lengaz pashtu – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lengaz pashtu" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Pathanensis" title="Lingua Pathanensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Pathanensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1tu" title="Puštu – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Puštu" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1t%C5%ABn%C5%B3_kalba" title="Puštūnų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puštūnų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_Pashtu" title="Lengua Pashtu – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua Pashtu" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_pashtu" title="Lengua pashtu – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua pashtu" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastu_nyelv" title="Pastu nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pastu nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्तो भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पश्तो भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Паштунски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Паштунски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_past%C3%B4" title="Fiteny pastô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny pastô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81" title="പഷ്തു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഷ്തു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Pahit%C5%AB" title="Reo Pahitū – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Pahitū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्तो भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्तो भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3" title="პუშტუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პუშტუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="لغة البشتو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغة البشتو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="پشتو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="پشتو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Pashto" title="Bahasa Pashto – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Pashto" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ပက်ရှ်တွန်းဘာသာစကား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပက်ရှ်တွန်းဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjtoe" title="Pasjtoe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pasjtoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पस्तो भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पस्तो भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्तो भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पश्तो भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" title="パシュトー語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パシュトー語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paschtu" title="Paschtu – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Paschtu" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjto_(spr%C3%A5k)" title="Pasjto (språk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pasjto (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasjto" title="Pasjto – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pasjto" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pashto" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtu_tili" title="Pushtu tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pushtu tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B" title="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਸ਼ਤੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88" title="پشتو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پشتو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%9A%D8%AA%D9%88" title="پښتو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پښتو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%BC" title="ភាសាប៉ាស្តូ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាប៉ាស្តូ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_paszto" title="Język paszto – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język paszto" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_past%C3%B3" title="Língua pastó – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua pastó" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%9Fto_tili" title="Paşto tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Paşto tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_pa%C8%99tun%C4%83" title="Limba paștună – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba paștună" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashtu_simi" title="Pashtu simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pashtu simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱥᱛᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پشتو زبان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پشتو زبان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto_leid" title="Pashto leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pashto leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_pashto" title="Gjuha pashto – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha pashto" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pashto" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="پشتو ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پشتو ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1t%C4%8Dina" title="Paštčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Paštčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tun%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Paštunščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Paštunščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Fdka_paszt%C5%8F" title="Gŏdka pasztŏ – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gŏdka pasztŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%86" title="زمانی پەشتۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی پەشتۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Паштунски језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Паштунски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tunski_jezik" title="Paštunski jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Paštunski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Pastun" title="Basa Pastun – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Pastun" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%A1tun_kieli" title="Paštun kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paštun kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pashto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Pastun" title="Wikang Pastun – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Pastun" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B7%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பஷ்தூ மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஷ்தூ மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Пашто теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пашто теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาปาทาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาปาทาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%89%8B_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%BD%E1%89%B6" title="ቋንቋ ፓሽቶ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቋንቋ ፓሽቶ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пашту – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пашту" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%C5%9Ftuca" title="Peştuca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peştuca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%9Ftu_dili" title="Puştu dili – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Puştu dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D1%83" title="Пушту – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пушту" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پشتو زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پشتو زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%86%DB%95" title="پاشتوچە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="پاشتوچە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Pashtun" title="Vah Pashtun – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C5%A1tu" title="Puštu – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Puštu" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Pashtun" title="Tiếng Pashtun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Pashtun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%9B%BE%E8%AF%AD" title="普什图语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="普什图语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Pasht%C3%B3" title="Èdè Pashtó – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Pashtó" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E4%BB%80%E5%9C%96%E6%96%87" title="普什圖文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Iranian language of Afghanistan and Pakistan</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pashto_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pashto (disambiguation)">Pashto (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Pashto</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پښتو</span></span><br /><span title="Pashto-language romanization"><i lang="ps-Latn">Pax̌tó</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pashto.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/110px-Pashto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/165px-Pashto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/220px-Pashto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="376" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;">The word <span title="Pashto-language text"><i lang="ps-Latn">Pax̌tó</i></span> written in the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ps-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">[pəʂˈto],<span class="wrap"> </span>[pʊxˈto],<span class="wrap"> </span>[pəçˈto],<span class="wrap"> </span>[pəʃˈto]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Speakers</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 44 million (2017–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 4.9 million (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-e27_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e27-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Pashto</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">Pashto dialects</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><br /><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg/45px-Flag_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="793" data-file-height="528" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Balochistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Balochistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="756" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_Academy" title="Pashto Academy">Pashto Academy of Pakistan</a></li></ul></div> Pashto Academy Quetta</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ps">ps</a></span></code> – Pashto, Pushto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=366">pus</a></span></code> – Pushto, Pashto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pus" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pus">pus</a></code> – inclusive code – Pashto, Pushto<br />Individual codes:<br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pst" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pst">pst</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central Pashto</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pbu" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pbu">pbu</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern Pashto</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/pbt" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:pbt">pbt</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern Pashto</a><br /><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/wne" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:wne">wne</a></code> – <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/pash1269">pash1269</a></code>  Pashto</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=58-ABD-a">58-ABD-a</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of Pashto-speaking areas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg/320px-Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg/480px-Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg/640px-Map_of_Pashto-speaking_areas_in_Afghanistan_and_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="1025" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Areas in Afghanistan and Pakistan where Pashto is: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ca52eb; color:black;"> </span> the predominant language</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8beff; color:black;"> </span> spoken alongside other languages</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/40px-Pashto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/60px-Pashto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/80px-Pashto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto script</a>.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Pashto</b><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ʌ/: 'u' in 'cut'">ʌ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PUH</span>-shto</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ahd_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEDuk_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDuk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PASH</span>-toe</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پښتو</span></span>, <span title="Pashto-language romanization"><i lang="ps-Latn">Pəx̌tó</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ps-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">[pəʂˈto,<span class="wrap"> </span>pʊxˈto,<span class="wrap"> </span>pəʃˈto,<span class="wrap"> </span>pəçˈto]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a>, natively spoken in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. It has official status in Afghanistan and the Pakistani province of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a>. It is known in historical <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a> as <b>Afghani</b> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">افغانی</span></span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">Afghāni</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Leyden_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spoken as a native language mostly by ethnic <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtuns</a>, it is one of the two official <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">languages of Afghanistan</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-AO_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AO-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AC_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AC-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is the second-largest provincial <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">language of Pakistan</a>, spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and the northern districts of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, it is the primary language of the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">Pashtun diaspora</a> around the world. The total number of Pashto-speakers is at least 40 million,<sup id="cite_ref-ELL2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELL2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some estimates place it as high as 60 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Penzl_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penzl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pashto is "one of the primary markers of ethnic identity" amongst Pashtuns.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Languages of Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div> <p>A national language of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pashto-language_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pashto-language-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pashto is primarily spoken in the east, south, and southwest, but also in some northern and western parts of the country. The exact number of speakers is unavailable, but different estimates show that Pashto is the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> of 45–60%<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UCLA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCLA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica-languages_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-languages-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the total <a href="/wiki/Demography_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of Afghanistan">population of Afghanistan</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, Pashto is spoken by 15% of its population,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly in the northwestern province of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and northern districts of <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a> province. It is also spoken in parts of <a href="/wiki/Mianwali_District" title="Mianwali District">Mianwali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attock_District" title="Attock District">Attock</a> districts of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab province</a>, areas of <a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. Pashto speakers are found in other major cities of Pakistan, most notably <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, Sindh,<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_National_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_National-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tribune.com.pk_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribune.com.pk-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thefridaytimes.com_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thefridaytimes.com-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may have the largest Pashtun population of any city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other communities of Pashto speakers are found in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue-2000_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-2000-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and northeastern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> (primarily in <a href="/wiki/South_Khorasan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="South Khorasan Province">South Khorasan Province</a> to the east of <a href="/wiki/Qaen" title="Qaen">Qaen</a>, near the Afghan border).<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue-Iran_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-Iran-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In India most ethnic Pashtun (Pathan) peoples speak the geographically native <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindi-Urdu language</a> rather than Pashto, but there are small numbers of Pashto speakers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Sheen_Khalai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheen Khalai">Sheen Khalai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Pathan community in the city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, often nicknamed the <i>Kabuliwala</i> ("people of <a href="/wiki/Kabul" title="Kabul">Kabul</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pashtun diaspora communities in other countries around the world speak Pashto, especially the sizable communities in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue-UAE_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-UAE-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3></div> <p>Pashto is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan, along with <a href="/wiki/Dari_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari Persian">Dari Persian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-socioling_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-socioling-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the early 18th century, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Afghanistan" title="List of heads of state of Afghanistan">the monarchs of Afghanistan</a> have been ethnic Pashtuns (except for <a href="/wiki/Habibull%C4%81h_Kalak%C4%81ni" title="Habibullāh Kalakāni">Habibullāh Kalakāni</a> in 1929).<sup id="cite_ref-rahman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian, the literary language of the royal court,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was more widely used in government institutions, while the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a> spoke Pashto as their <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">native tongue</a>. King <a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a> began promoting Pashto during his reign (1926–1929) as a marker of ethnic identity and as a symbol of "official nationalism"<sup id="cite_ref-rahman_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading Afghanistan to independence after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Third Anglo-Afghan War</a> in 1919. In the 1930s, a movement began to take hold to promote Pashto as a language of government, administration, and art with the establishment of a Pashto Society <i>Pashto Anjuman</i> in 1931<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_University" title="Kabul University">Kabul University</a> in 1932 as well as the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_Academy" title="Pashto Academy">Pashto Academy</a> (Pashto <i>Tolana)</i> in 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad Na'im Khan, the minister of education between 1938 and 1946, inaugurated the formal policy of promoting Pashto as Afghanistan's national language, leading to the commission and publication of Pashto textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Pashto Tolana was later incorporated into the Academy of Sciences Afghanistan in line with Soviet model following the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a> in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although officially supporting the use of Pashto, the Afghan elite regarded Persian as a "sophisticated language and a symbol of cultured upbringing".<sup id="cite_ref-rahman_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rahman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a> (reigning 1933–1973) thus followed suit after his father <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Nadir Khan</a> had decreed in 1933 that officials were to study and utilize both Persian and Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936 a <a href="/wiki/Royal_decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal decree">royal decree</a> of Zahir Shah <a href="/wiki/Formality" title="Formality">formally</a> granted Pashto the status of an official language,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with full rights to use in all aspects of government and education – despite the fact that the ethnically Pashtun royal family and bureaucrats mostly spoke Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-hussain_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hussain-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Pashto became a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, a symbol for <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1964_Constitution_of_Afghanistan" title="1964 Constitution of Afghanistan">constitutional assembly</a> reaffirmed the status of Pashto as an official language in 1964 when Afghan Persian was officially renamed to <a href="/wiki/Dari_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dari language">Dari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lyrics of the <a href="/wiki/Afghan_National_Anthem" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan National Anthem">national anthem of Afghanistan</a> are in Pashto. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-speaking_universities" title="List of Pashto-speaking universities">List of Pashto-speaking universities</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>, prior to the creation of Pakistan by the British government, the 1920s saw the blossoming of Pashto language in the then <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_Province" title="North-West Frontier Province">NWFP</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Abdul Ghafar Khan</a> in 1921 established the <i>Anjuman-e- Islah al-Afaghina</i> (Society for the Reformation of Afghans) to promote Pashto as an extension of Pashtun culture; around 80,000 people attended the Society's annual meeting in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1955, Pashtun intellectuals including <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_(academician)" title="Abdul Qadir (academician)">Abdul Qadir</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_Academy" title="Pashto Academy">Pashto Academy Peshawar</a> on the model of Pashto Tolana formed in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974, the Department of Pashto was established in the University of Balochistan for the promotion of Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Pakistan, Pashto is the first language around of 15% of its population (per the 1998 census).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> are the two official languages of Pakistan. Pashto has no official status at the federal level. On a provincial level, Pashto is the regional language of <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a> and north <a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, the primary medium of education in government schools in Pakistan is Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lack of importance given to Pashto and its neglect has caused growing resentment amongst Pashtuns.<sup id="cite_ref-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is noted that Pashto is taught poorly in schools in Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, in government schools material is not provided for in the Pashto dialect of that locality, Pashto being a dialectically rich language.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, researchers have observed that Pashtun students are unable to fully comprehend educational material in Urdu.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Professor <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Tariq Rahman</a> states:<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The government of Pakistan, faced with irredentist claims from Afghanistan on its territory, also discouraged the Pashto Movement and eventually allowed its use in peripheral domains only after the Pakhtun elite had been co-opted by the ruling elite...Thus, even though there is still an active desire among some Pakhtun activists to use Pashto in the domains of power, it is more of a symbol of Pakhtun identity than one of nationalism."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tariq Rahman, The Pashto language and identity-formation in Pakistan</cite></div></blockquote><p>Robert Nicols states:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In the end, national language policy, especially in the field of education in the NWFP, had constructed a type of three tiered language hierarchy. Pashto lagged far behind Urdu and English in prestige or development in almost every domain of political or economic power..."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors, Pashto Language Policy and Practice in the North West Frontier Province</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Although Pashto used as a medium of instruction in schools for Pashtun students results in better understanding and comprehension for students when compared to using Urdu, still the government of Pakistan has only introduced Pashto at the primary levels in state-run schools.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taimur Khan remarks: "the dominant Urdu language squeezes and denies any space for Pashto language in the official and formal capacity. In this contact zone, Pashto language exists but in a subordinate and unofficial capacity".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <p>Some linguists have argued that Pashto is descended from <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a> or a variety very similar to it, while others have attempted to place it closer to <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Darmesteter_1890_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darmesteter_1890-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, neither position is universally agreed upon. What scholars do agree on is the fact that Pashto is an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian language</a> sharing characteristics with Eastern Middle Iranian languages such as Bactrian, <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iranica-Pashto_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-Pashto-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compare with other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian Languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Old Avestan</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th><i>"I am seeing you"</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Pashto </th> <th><b><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">زۀ تا وينم</span></span></b> <p><b>Zə tā winə́m</b> </p> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Avestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Avestan">Old Avestan</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span title="Avestan-language text"><span lang="ae">Azə̄m θβā vaēnamī</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> </th> <td><span title="Ossetian-language text"><span lang="os">ӕз дӕ уынын</span></span> <p>/ɐz dɐ wənən/ </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span title="Ormuri-language text"><span lang="oru" dir="rtl">از بو تو ځُنِم</span></span> <p>Az bū tū dzunim </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span title="Yidgha-language text"><i lang="ydg">Zo vtō vīnəm əstə (tə)</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span title="Munji-language text"><i lang="mnj">Zə ftō wīnəm</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span title="Shughni-language text"><i lang="sgh">Uz tu winum</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-youtube.com_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td><span title="Wakhi-language text"><i lang="wbl">Wuz tau winəm</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, who lived between 64 BC and 24 CE, explains that the tribes inhabiting the lands west of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_River" title="Indus River">Indus River</a> were part of <a href="/wiki/Ariana" title="Ariana">Ariana</a>. This was around the time when the area inhabited by the Pashtuns was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>. From the 3rd century CE onward, they are mostly referred to by the name <i>Afghan</i> (<i>Abgan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Habibi_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Habibi-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Britannica-Abgan_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Abgan-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abgan_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abgan-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Leyden_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leyden-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hai_Habibi" title="Abdul Hai Habibi">Abdul Hai Habibi</a> believed that the earliest modern Pashto work dates back to <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a> of the early <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> period in the 8th century, and they use the writings found in <a href="/wiki/Pata_Khazana" title="Pata Khazana">Pata Khazana</a>. <a href="/wiki/P%C9%99%CC%81%E1%B9%ADa_Xaz%C4%81n%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Pə́ṭa Xazāná">Pə́ṭa Xazāná</a> (<span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پټه خزانه</span></span>) is a Pashto <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscript</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed to be written by Mohammad Hotak under the patronage of the Pashtun emperor <a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>; containing an anthology of Pashto poets. However, its authenticity is disputed by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/David_Neil_MacKenzie" title="David Neil MacKenzie">David Neil MacKenzie</a> and Lucia Serena Loi.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucia_Serena_Loi_1987,_p._33_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucia_Serena_Loi_1987,_p._33-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Nile Green</a> comments in this regard:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In 1944, Habibi claimed to have discovered an eighteenth-century manuscript anthology containing much older biographies and verses of Pashto poets that stretched back as far as the eighth century. It was an extraordinary claim, implying as it did that the history of Pashto literature reached back further in time than Persian, thus supplanting the hold of Persian over the medieval Afghan past. Although it was later convincingly discredited through formal linguistic analysis, Habibi's publication of the text under the title Pata Khazana ('Hidden Treasure') would (in Afghanistan at least) establish his reputation as a promoter of the wealth and antiquity of Afghanistan's Pashto culture."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Afghan History Through Afghan Eyes</cite></div></blockquote> <p>From the 16th century, Pashto poetry become very popular among the Pashtuns. Some of those who wrote in Pashto are <a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Bayazid Pir Roshan</a> (a major inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a>), <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, founder of the modern state of Afghanistan or the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>. The Pashtun literary tradition grew in the backdrop to weakening Pashtun power following Mughal rule: <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a> used Pashto poetry to rally for Pashtun unity and <a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Bayazid</a> as an expedient means to spread his message to the Pashtun masses.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a> laments in :<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The Afghans (Pashtuns) are far superior to the Mughals at the sword, </p><p>Were but the Afghans, in intellect, a little discreet. If the different tribes would but support each other, </p><p> Kings would have to bow down in prostration before them"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Khushal Khan Khattak, Selections from the Poetry of the Afghans</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto grammar</a></div> <p>Pashto is a <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> (SOV) language with <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split ergativity</a>. In Pashto, this means that the verb agrees with the subject in transitive and intransitive sentences in non-past, non-completed clauses, but when a completed action is reported in any of the past tenses, the verb agrees with the subject if it is intransitive, but with the object if it is transitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Pashto-language_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pashto-language-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> are inflected for present, simple past, past progressive, present perfect, and past perfect tenses. There is also an inflection for the <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive mood</a>. </p><p>Nouns and adjectives are <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> for two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> (masculine and feminine),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a> (singular and plural), and four <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">cases</a> (direct, oblique, ablative, and vocative). The possessor precedes the possessed in the genitive construction, and <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> come before the <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a> they modify. </p><p>Unlike most other Indo-Iranian languages, Pashto uses all three types of <a href="/wiki/Adpositional_phrase" title="Adpositional phrase">adpositions</a>—prepositions, postpositions, and circumpositions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_phonology" title="Pashto phonology">Pashto phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Consonant phonemes of Pashto<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETegeyRobson199615_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETegeyRobson199615-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2" style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="border-right: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span>* </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td> <td style="border-right: none;"> </td> <td style="border-left: none;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><small>*The retroflex rhotic or lateral, tends to be a <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">lateral flap</a> [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span></small>] <small>at the beginning of a syllable or other prosodic unit, and a regular <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">flap</a> [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span></small>] <small>or <a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">approximant</a> [<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span>] elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-pashto1_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashto1-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pashto2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pashto2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects#Lexemes" title="Pashto dialects">Pashto_dialects § Lexemes</a></div> <p>In Pashto, most of the native elements of the lexicon are related to other <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern Iranian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Iranica-Pashto_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iranica-Pashto-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As noted by Josef Elfenbein, "Loanwords have been traced in Pashto as far back as the third century B.C., and include words from Greek and probably Old Persian".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">Georg Morgenstierne</a> notes the Pashto word <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">مېچن</span></span> <span title="Pashto-language romanization"><i lang="ps-Latn">mečә́n</i></span> i.e. <i>a hand-mill</i> as being derived from the Ancient Greek word <span title="Koinē Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">μηχανή</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">mēkhanḗ</i></span>, i.e. a device).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Post-7th century borrowings came primarily from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</a>, with Arabic words being borrowed through Persian,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but sometimes directly.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern speech borrows words from English, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penzl2_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penzl2-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, a remarkably large number of words are unique to Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-BensonKosonen20132_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BensonKosonen20132-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here is an exemplary list of Pure Pashto and borrowings:<sup id="cite_ref-A_dictionary_of_the_Puk'hto,_Pus'hto,_or_language_of_the_Afghans_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_dictionary_of_the_Puk'hto,_Pus'hto,_or_language_of_the_Afghans-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pashto</th> <th>Persian Loan</th> <th>Arabic Loan</th> <th>Meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">چوپړ</span></span></span><br /><span title="Pashto-language romanization"><i lang="ps-Latn">čopáṛ</i></span></b></td> <td><i><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خدمت</span></span><br /> <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">khidmat</i></span></i></td> <td><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خدمة</span></span><br /><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khidmah</i></span></td> <td>service </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">هڅه</span></span></span><br />hátsa</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">کوشش</span></span><br /> kušeš</td> <td></td> <td>effort/try </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ملګری</span></span></span>, <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ملګرې</span></span></span><br />malgə́ray, malgə́re</b></td> <td><span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دوست</span></span><br />dost</td> <td></td> <td>friend </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">نړۍ</span></span></span></b> <p><b>naṛә́i</b> </p> </td> <td>جهان <p>jahān </p> </td> <td>دنيا <p>dunyā </p> </td> <td>world </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">تود/توده</span></span></span></b> <p><b>tod/táwda</b> </p> </td> <td>گرم <p>garm </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>hot </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">اړتيا</span></span></span></b> <p><b>aṛtyā́</b> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>ضرورة <p>ḍarurah </p> </td> <td>need </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">هيله</span></span></span></b> <p><b>híla</b> </p> </td> <td>اميد <p>umid </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>hope </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">د ... په اړه</span></span></span></b> <p><b>də...pə aṛá</b> </p> </td> <td>باره <p>bāra </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>about </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">بوللـه</span></span></span></b> <p><b>bolә́la</b> </p> </td> <td> </td> <td>قصيدة <p>qasidah </p> </td> <td>an ode </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Due to the incursion of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Persianized-Arabic</a> in modern speech, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism" title="Linguistic purism">linguistic purism</a> of Pashto is advocated to prevent its own vocabulary from dying out.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-BensonKosonen2013_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BensonKosonen2013-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_vocabulary">Classical vocabulary</h3></div> <p>There is a lot of old vocabulary that has been replaced by borrowings e.g. <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پلاز</span></span> <span title="Pashto-language text"><i lang="ps-Latn">plâz</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'throne' with <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تخت</span></span> <span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">takht</i></span>, from Persian.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or the word <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">يګانګي</span></span> <span title="Pashto-language text"><i lang="ps-Latn">yagānagí</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning 'uniqueness' used by <a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan Bayazid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such classical vocabulary is being reintroduced to modern Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some words also survive in dialects like <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ناوې پلاز</span></span> 'the bride-room'.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Example from <a href="/wiki/Khayr_al-Bay%C4%81n" title="Khayr al-Bayān">Khayr al-Bayān</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">... بې يګانګئ بې قرارئ وي او په بدخوئ کښې وي په ګناهان</span></span></span></dd> <dd><b>Transliteration:</b> <span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps-Latn" style="font-style: normal;">... <b>be-yagānagə́i</b>, be-kararə́i wi aw pə badxwə́i kx̌e wi pə gunāhā́n</span></span></dd> <dd><b>Translation:</b> "... without <b>singularity/uniqueness</b>, without calmness and by bad-attitude are on sin ."</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a></div> <p>Pashto employs the <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto alphabet</a>, a modified form of the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic alphabet">Perso-Arabic alphabet</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Bayazid Pir Roshan</a> introduced 13 new letters to the Pashto alphabet. The alphabet was further modified over the years. </p><p>The Pashto alphabet consists of 45 to 46 letters<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 4 diacritic marks. Latin Pashto is also used.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Latin transliteration, stress is represented by the following markers over vowels: <b>ә́</b>, <b>á</b>, <b>ā́</b>, <b>ú</b>, <b>ó</b>, <b>í</b> and <b>é</b>. The following table (read from left to right) gives the letters' isolated forms, along with possible Latin equivalents and typical IPA values: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ا</span></span></span><br />ā<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ب</span></span></span><br />b<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پ</span></span></span><br />p<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ت</span></span></span><br />t<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ټ</span></span></span><br />ṭ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʈ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ث</span></span></span><br />(s)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ج</span></span></span><br />ǧ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡ʒ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ځ</span></span></span><br />g, dz<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d͡z/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">چ</span></span></span><br />č<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡ʃ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">څ</span></span></span><br />c, ts<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͡s/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ح</span></span></span><br />(h)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خ</span></span></span><br />x<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">د</span></span></span><br />d<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ډ</span></span></span><br />ḍ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɖ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ﺫ</span></span></span><br />(z)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ﺭ</span></span></span><br />r<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ړ</span></span></span><br />ṛ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɺ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɻ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɽ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ﺯ</span></span></span><br />z<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ژ</span></span></span><br />ž<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʒ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ږ</span></span></span><br />ǵ (<i>or</i> ẓ̌)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʐ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʝ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʒ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">س</span></span></span><br />s<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ش</span></span></span><br />š<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ښ</span></span></span><br />x̌ (<i>or</i> ṣ̌)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ç,<span class="wrap"> </span>x,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃ/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ص</span></span></span><br />(s)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/s/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ض</span></span></span><br />(z)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ط</span></span></span><br />(t)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ظ</span></span></span><br />(z)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ع</span></span></span><br />(ā)<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɑ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">غ</span></span></span><br />ğ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ف</span></span></span><br />f<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/f/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ق</span></span></span><br />q<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ک</span></span></span><br />k<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ګ</span></span></span><br />ģ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ل</span></span></span><br />l<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">م</span></span></span><br />m<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ن</span></span></span><br />n<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ڼ</span></span></span><br />ṇ<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɳ/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ں</span></span></span><br /> ̃ , ń<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/◌̃/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">و</span></span></span><br />w, u, o<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w,<span class="wrap"> </span>u,<span class="wrap"> </span>o/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ه</span></span></span><br />h, a<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h,<span class="wrap"> </span>a/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ۀ</span></span></span><br />ə<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ə/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ي</span></span></span><br />y, i<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j,<span class="wrap"> </span>i/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ې</span></span></span><br />e<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ی</span></span></span><br />ay, y<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ai,<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ۍ</span></span></span><br />əi<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əi/</span> </td> <td><span style="font-size:150%;line-height:28pt"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ئ</span></span></span><br />əi, y<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/əi,<span class="wrap"> </span>j/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">Pashto dialects</a></div><p> Pashto dialects are divided into two categories, the "soft" southern grouping of <i>Paṣ̌tō</i>, and the "hard" northern grouping of <i>Pax̌tō</i> (Pakhtu).<sup id="cite_ref-T&F_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T&F-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each group is further divided into a number of dialects. The Southern dialect of <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Tareeno</a> is the most distinctive Pashto dialect.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style></p><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/50px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/75px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Audio-input-microphone.svg/100px-Audio-input-microphone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="listen-header"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">اوږد</span></span> <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">long</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span> - in different dialects</div> <div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF.ogg" title="File:اوږد.ogg">South Western (Kandahar)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="اوږد.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF.ogg/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uʐd/</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%AB.ogg" title="File:اوږد-ګ.ogg">North Western (Jalalabad)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="اوږد-ګ.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%AB.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a1/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%AB.ogg/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%AB.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uɡd/</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA.ogg" title="File:اوږد-خوست.ogg">Northern (Khost)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="4" data-mwtitle="اوږد-خوست.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA.ogg/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wuɡd/</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2.ogg" title="File:اوږد-کندز.ogg">Southern (Kunduz)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_3" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="اوږد-کندز.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2.ogg/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B2.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/wuʐd/</span></div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C.ogg" title="File:اوږد-يسپزی-يوسفزی.ogg">North Eastern (Yusapzai)</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="1" data-mwtitle="اوږد-يسپزی-يوسفزی.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/11/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C.ogg/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%96%D8%AF-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C-%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">IPA: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u.ɡəˈd/</span></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><p>1. <b><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern variety</a></b> </p><dl><dd><ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Durrani" title="Durrani">Abdaili</a></i> or Kandahar dialect (or <i><b>South Western</b></i> dialect)</li> <li><i>Kakar</i> dialect (or <i><b>South Eastern</b></i> dialect)</li> <li><i>Shirani</i> dialect</li> <li><i>Mandokhel</i> dialect</li> <li><i>Marwat-Bettani</i> dialect</li> <li><b><u><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Southern Karlani group</a></u></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Khattak</i> dialect</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazirwola" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazirwola">Wazirwola</a></i> dialect</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Dawarwola</i> dialect</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masidwola" class="mw-redirect" title="Masidwola">Masidwola</a></i> dialect</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li><i>Banisi (Banu)</i> dialect</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>2. <b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern variety</a></b> </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Central Ghilji</i> dialect (or <i><b>North Western</b></i> dialect)</li> <li>Yusapzai and Momand dialect (or <i><b>North Eastern</b></i> dialect)</li> <li><b><u><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Northern Karlani group</a></u></b></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><i>Wardak</i> dialect</li> <li><i>Taniwola</i> dialect</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mangal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangal tribe">Mangal tribe</a></i> dialect</li> <li><i>Khosti</i> dialect</li> <li><i>Zadran</i> dialect</li> <li><i>Bangash-Orakzai-Turi-Zazi</i> dialect</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Afridi_Pashto" title="Afridi Pashto">Afridi</a></i> dialect</li> <li><i>Khogyani</i> dialect</li></ul></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>3.<b> <a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Tareeno</a> Dialect</b> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_Pashto">Literary Pashto</h2></div> <p>Literary Pashto is the artificial variety of Pashto that is used at times as <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary register</a> of Pashto. It is said to be based on the North Western dialect, spoken in the central <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> region. Literary Pashto's vocabulary, also derives from other dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-Coyle_2014_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coyle_2014-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3></div> <p>There is no actual Pashto that can be identified as "Standard" Pashto, as Colye remarks:<sup id="cite_ref-Coyle_2014_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coyle_2014-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Standard Pashto is actually fairly complex with multiple varieties or forms. Native speakers or researchers often refer to Standard Pashto without specifying which variety of Standard Pashto they mean...people sometimes refer to Standard Pashto when they mean the most respected or favorite Pashto variety among a majority of Pashtun speakers."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Placing Wardak among Pashto Varieties, page 4</cite></div></blockquote> <p>As David MacKenzie notes there is no real need to develop a "Standard" Pashto:<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The morphological differences between the most extreme north-eastern and south-western dialects are comparatively few and unimportant. The criteria of dialect differentiation in Pashto are primarily phonological. With the use of an alphabet which disguises these phonological differences the language has, therefore, been a literary vehicle, widely understood, for at least four centuries. This literary language has long been referred to in the West as 'common' or 'standard' Pashto without, seemingly, any real attempt to define it."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>A Standard Pashto, page 231</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto literature and poetry</a></div> <p>Pashto-speakers have long had a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Oral_literature" title="Oral literature">oral literature</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Afghan_proverbs" title="Afghan proverbs">proverbs</a>, stories, and poems. Written Pashto literature saw a rise in development in the 17th century mostly due to poets like <a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a> (1613–1689), who, along with <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a> (1650–1715), is widely regarded as among the greatest Pashto poets. From the time of <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> (1722–1772), Pashto has been the language of the court. The first Pashto teaching text was written during the period of Ahmad Shah Durrani by Pir Mohammad Kakar with the title of <i>Maʿrifat al-Afghānī</i> ("The Knowledge of Afghani [Pashto]"). After that, the first grammar book of Pashto <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a> was written in 1805 under the title of <i>Riyāż al-Maḥabbah</i> ("Training in Affection") through the patronage of Nawab Mahabat Khan, son of <a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Rahmat_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hafiz Rahmat Khan">Hafiz Rahmat Khan</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Barech" title="Barech">Barech</a>. Nawabullah Yar Khan, another son of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, in 1808 wrote a book of Pashto words entitled <i>ʿAjāyib al-Lughāt</i> ("Wonders of Languages"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry_example">Poetry example</h3></div> <p>An excerpt from the <i>Kalām</i> of <a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a>: </p><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps">زۀ رحمٰن پۀ خپله ګرم يم چې مين يم<br /> چې دا نور ټوپن مې بولي ګرم په څۀ</span></span></span> </p><p><b>Pronunciation</b>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[zə<span class="wrap"> </span>raˈmɑn<span class="wrap"> </span>pə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈxpəl.a<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡram<span class="wrap"> </span>jəm<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃe<span class="wrap"> </span>maˈjan<span class="wrap"> </span>jəm<br /><span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃe<span class="wrap"> </span>dɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>nor<span class="wrap"> </span>ʈoˈpən<span class="wrap"> </span>me<span class="wrap"> </span>boˈli<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡram<span class="wrap"> </span>pə<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡sə]</span> </p><p><b>Transliteration:</b> <span title="Pashto-language romanization"><i lang="ps-Latn">Zə Rahmā́n pə xpə́la gram yəm če mayán yəm<br /> Če dā nor ṭopə́n me bolí gram pə tsə</i></span> </p><p><b>Translation:</b> "I Rahman, myself am guilty that I am a lover,<br /> On what does this other universe call me guilty." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proverbs">Proverbs</h3></div> <p><i>See:</i> <a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry#Proverbs" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto literature and poetry § Proverbs</a> </p><p>Pashto also has a rich heritage of proverbs (Pashto <i>matalúna</i>, sg. <i>matál</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of a proverb: </p><p><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">اوبه په ډانګ نه بېلېږي</span></span></span> </p><p><b>Transliteration:</b> O<i>bә́ pə ḍāng nə beléẓ̌i</i> </p><p><b>Translation:</b> "One cannot divide water by [hitting it with] a pole." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phrases">Phrases</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greeting_phrases">Greeting phrases</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Greeting </th> <th>Pashto </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Literal meaning </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Hello </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps">ستړی مه شې<br />ستړې مه شې</span></span></span> </td> <td>stә́ṛay mә́ še <p>stә́ṛe mә́ še </p> </td> <td>May you not be tired </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ستړي مه شئ</span></span></span> </td> <td>stә́ṛi mә́ šəi </td> <td>May you not be tired [said to people] </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">په خير راغلې</span></span></span> </td> <td>pə xair rā́ğle </td> <td>With goodness (you) came </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">مننه</span></span></span> </td> <td>manә́na </td> <td>Acceptance [from the verb <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">منل</span></span></span>] </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Goodbye </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">په مخه دې ښه</span></span></span> </td> <td>pə mә́kha de x̌á </td> <td>On your front be good </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خدای پامان</span></span></span> </td> <td>xwdā́i pāmā́n </td> <td>From: <span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خدای په امان</span></span></span> [With/On God's security] </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colors">Colors</h3></div> <p><b>List of colors:</b> </p> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (0° 100% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 0 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FF0000" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,0,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">سور/ سره</span></span></span> sur/sra [red]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (120° 100% 50%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (0 128 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #008000" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(0,128,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;">šin / šna [green]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (288° 100% 77%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (159 0 197)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #9F00C5" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(159,0,197); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">کینخي</span></span></span> kinaxí [purple]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (— 0% 0%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (0 0 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #000000" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(0,0,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">تور/ توره</span></span></span> tor/tóra [black]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (240° 100% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (0 0 255)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #0000FF" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(0,0,255); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;">šin / šna [blue]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (— 0% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 255 255)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FFFFFF" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,255,255); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">سپین</span></span></span> spin/spína [white]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (30° 100% 59%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (150 75 0)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #964B00" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(150,75,0); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">نسواري</span></span></span> naswārí [brown]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (53° 99% 100%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (255 227 2)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #FFE302" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(255,227,2); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ژېړ/ ژېړه</span></span></span> žeṛ/žéṛa [yellow]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (300° 45% 93%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (238 130 238)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #EE82EE" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(238,130,238); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">چوڼيا</span></span></span> čuṇyā́ [violet]</p> </div> <div style="float:left;display:inline;font-size:90%;margin:1px 5px 1px 5px;width:11em; height:6em;text-align:center;padding:auto;"> <p title="𝗛𝗦𝗩 (0° 0% 75%)
𝗥𝗚𝗕 (190 190 190)
𝗛𝗘𝗫 #BEBEBE" style="width:10em;height:1em; padding:5px;margin:auto; background-color:rgb(190,190,190); border:solid 1px #ccc;text-align:right;cursor:help;"> <span title="Web-safe" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; color:#f00;"></span> </p> <p style="width:9em;padding:5px;margin:auto;"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">خړ / خړه</span></span></span> xәṛ/xə́ṛa [grey]</p> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><b>List of colors borrowed from neighbouring languages:</b> </p> <ul><li><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">نارنجي</span></span></span></b> <i>nārәnjí</i> - orange <small>[from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>]</small></li> <li><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ګلابي</span></span></span></b> <i>gulābí</i> - pink <small>[from <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, originally Persian]</small></li> <li><b><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">نيلي</span></span></span></b> <i>nilí</i> - indigo <small>[from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, ultimately <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>]</small>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Times_of_the_day">Times of the day</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ps-times.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ps-times.jpg/220px-Ps-times.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ps-times.jpg/330px-Ps-times.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Ps-times.jpg/440px-Ps-times.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1457" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Parts of the day in Pashto</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Time </th> <th>Pashto </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>IPA </th></tr> <tr> <td>Morning </td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ګهيځ</span></span></span> </td> <td>gahí<span style="line-height:20pt">ź</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡaˈhid͡z/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Noon </td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">غرمه</span></span></span> </td> <td>ğarmá </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɣarˈma/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Afternoon </td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ماسپښين</span></span></span> </td> <td>māspasx̌ín </td> <td>Kandahar: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑs.paˈʂin/</span><br />Yusapzai: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑs.paˈxin/</span><br />Bannuchi: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/məʃ.poˈʃin/</span><br />Marwat: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑʃˈpin/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Later afternoon </td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps">مازديګر<br />مازيګر</span></span></span> </td> <td>māzdigár<br />māzigár </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑz.di.ˈɡar/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑ.zi.ˈɡar/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Evening </td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ماښام</span></span></span> </td> <td>māx̌ā́m </td> <td>Kandahari: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑˈʂɑm/</span><br />Wardak: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑˈçɑm/</span><br />Yusapzai: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑˈxɑm/</span><br />Wazirwola: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/lmɑˈʃɔm/</span><br />Marwat: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑˈʃɑm/</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Late evening </td> <td style="direction:rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ماسختن</span></span></span> </td> <td>māsxután </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑs.xwəˈtan/</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mɑs.xʊˈtan/</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Months">Months</h3></div> <p>Pashtuns use the <a href="/wiki/Vikrami_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikrami calendar">Vikrami calendar</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th style="background: #ffad66;"><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat#Months" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikrami month</a><sup id="cite_ref-fuller292_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fuller292-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Pashto </th> <th>Pashto <p>[Karlāṇí dialects] </p> </th> <th>Gregorian <p>months </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">چېتر</span></span></span> <p>četә́r </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">چېتر</span></span></span> <p>četә́r </p> </td> <td align="center">March–April </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Vaisakha" title="Vaisakha">Vaisākha</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ساک</span></span></span> <p>sāk </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">وسيوک</span></span></span> <p>wasyók </p> </td> <td align="center">April–May </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Jyeshta" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyeshta">Jyeshta</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">جېټ</span></span></span> <p>jeṭ </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ژېټ</span></span></span> <p>žeṭ </p> </td> <td align="center">May–June </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Aashaadha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aashaadha">Āshāda</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">هاړ</span></span></span> <p>hāṛ </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">اووړ</span></span></span> <p>awóṛ </p> </td> <td align="center">June–July </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Shraavana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shraavana">Shraavana</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">ساوڼ یا پشکال</span></span></span> <p>sāwә́ṇ </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">واسه</span></span></span> <p>wā́sa </p> </td> <td align="center">July–August </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Bhadrapada" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrapada">Bhādra</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">بدرو</span></span></span> <p>badrú </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">بادري</span></span></span> <p>bā́dri </p> </td> <td align="center">August–September </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ashvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashvin">Ashwina</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">آسو</span></span></span> <p>āsú </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">اسي</span></span></span> <p>ássi </p> </td> <td align="center">September–October </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartika (month)">Kartika</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">کاتۍ / کاتک</span></span></span> <p>kātә́i / kāták </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">کاتيې</span></span></span> <p>kā́tye </p> </td> <td align="center">October–November </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td align="center">Mārgasirsa <p>(<a href="/wiki/Agrahayana" title="Agrahayana">Agrahayana</a>) </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">منګر</span></span></span> <p>mangә́r </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">مانګر</span></span></span> <p>mā́ngər </p> </td> <td align="center">November–December </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pausha" title="Pausha">Pausha</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">چيله</span></span></span> <p>čilá </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پو</span></span></span> <p>po </p> </td> <td align="center">December–January </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Maagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maagha">Māgha</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">بله چيله</span></span></span> <p>bә́la čilá </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">کونزله</span></span></span> <p>kunzә́la </p> </td> <td align="center">January–February </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Phalguna" title="Phalguna">Phālguna</a> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پاګڼ</span></span></span> <p>pāgáṇ </p> </td> <td><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><span title="Pashto-language text"><span lang="ps" dir="rtl">اربشه</span></span></span> <p>arbә́ša </p> </td> <td align="center">February–March </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official provincial status<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes spelled "Pushtu" or "Pushto"<sup id="cite_ref-ahd_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ahd-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEDuk_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDuk-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only American pronunciation listed by <i>Oxford Online Dictionaries</i> is <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e27-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e27_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pus">Pashto</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pst">Central Pashto</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pbu">Northern Pashto</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pbt">Southern Pashto</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wne">Wanetsi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (27th ed., 2024) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.app.com.pk/domestic/private-schools-asked-to-introduce-regional-languages-as-compulsory-subject/">"Private schools asked to introduce regional languages as compulsory subject"</a>. <i>app.com.pk</i>. 28 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=app.com.pk&rft.atitle=Private+schools+asked+to+introduce+regional+languages+as+compulsory+subject&rft.date=2023-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.app.com.pk%2Fdomestic%2Fprivate-schools-asked-to-introduce-regional-languages-as-compulsory-subject%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a>. Elsevier. 6 April 2010. pp. 845–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087775-4"><bdi>978-0-08-087775-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pages=845-&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087775-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ahd-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ahd_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Pashto">"Pashto (also Pushtu)"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pashto+%28also+Pushtu%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DPashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDuk-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDuk_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDuk_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151201094147/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/pashto">"Pashto (also Pushtu)"</a>. <i>Oxford Online Dictionaries, UK English</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/english/pashto">the original</a> on 1 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Online+Dictionaries%2C+UK+English&rft.atitle=Pashto+%28also+Pushtu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fpashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pashto">"Pashto (less commonly Pushtu)"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Dictionary</i>. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Pashto+%28less+commonly+Pushtu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fpashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920011656/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/Pashto">"Pashto (also Pushto or Pushtu)"</a>. <i>Oxford Online Dictionaries, US English</i>. Oxford University Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/pashto">the original</a> on 20 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Online+Dictionaries%2C+US+English&rft.atitle=Pashto+%28also+Pushto+or+Pushtu%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fus%2Fdefinition%2Famerican_english%2Fpashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leyden-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leyden_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leyden_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Leyden,_Esq._M.D.William_Erskine,_Esq.1921" class="citation web cs1">John Leyden, Esq. M.D.; William Erskine, Esq., eds. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114042010/http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92">"Events Of The Year 910 (1525)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Baburnama" title="Baburnama">Memoirs of Babur</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Packard_Humanities_Institute" title="Packard Humanities Institute">Packard Humanities Institute</a>. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92">the original</a> on 14 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2012</span>. <q>To the south is Afghanistān. There are ten or eleven different languages spoken in Kābul: Arabic, Persian, Tūrki, Moghuli, <b>Afghani</b>, Pashāi, Parāchi, Geberi, Bereki, Dari and Lamghāni.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+Babur&rft.atitle=Events+Of+The+Year+910+%281525%29&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1921&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersian.packhum.org%2Fpersian%2F%2Fpf%3Ffile%3D03501051%26ct%3D92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AO-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AO_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble">"Article Sixteen of the 2004 Constitution of Afghanistan"</a>. 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble">the original</a> on 28 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, <b>Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.</b></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+Sixteen+of+the+2004+Constitution+of+Afghanistan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afghan-web.com%2Fpolitics%2Fcurrent_constitution.html%23preamble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AC-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AC_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Afghanistan">Constitution of Afghanistan</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/af00000_.html"><i>Chapter 1 The State, Article 16 (Languages) and Article 20 (Anthem)</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanting2003" class="citation book cs1">Banting, Erinn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRt0HfYFZGsC&q=place%20of%20Afghans&pg=PA4"><i>Afghanistan: The land</i></a>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7787-9335-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7787-9335-4"><bdi>0-7787-9335-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+The+land&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7787-9335-4&rft.aulast=Banting&rft.aufirst=Erinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRt0HfYFZGsC%26q%3Dplace%2520of%2520Afghans%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf">Population by Mother Tongue</a>, Population Census – <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELL2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ELL2_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashto2005" class="citation book cs1">Pashto (2005). <a href="/wiki/Keith_Brown_(linguist)" title="Keith Brown (linguist)">Keith Brown</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Language_and_Linguistics" title="Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics">Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics</a></i> (2 ed.). Elsevier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-044299-4"><bdi>0-08-044299-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-08-044299-4&rft.au=Pashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span> (40 million)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penzl-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penzl_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenzlIsmail_Sloan2009" class="citation book cs1">Penzl, Herbert; Ismail Sloan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zvRePgAACAAJ"><i>A Grammar of Pashto a Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan</i></a>. Ishi Press International. p. 210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-72-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-72-5"><bdi>978-0-923891-72-5</bdi></a>. <q>Estimates of the number of Pashto speakers range from 40 million to 60 million...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Pashto+a+Descriptive+Study+of+the+Dialect+of+Kandahar%2C+Afghanistan&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=Ishi+Press+International&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-923891-72-5&rft.aulast=Penzl&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Ismail+Sloan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzvRePgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakala2011" class="citation book cs1">Hakala, Walter (9 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/17296"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. Brill. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21765-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21765-2</bdi></a>. <q>As is well known, the Pashtun people place a great deal of pride upon their language as an identifier of their distinct ethnic and historical identity. While it is clear that not all those who self-identify as ethnically Pashtun themselves use Pashto as their primary language, language does seem to be one of the primary markers of ethnic identity in contemporary Afghanistan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21765-2&rft.aulast=Hakala&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F17296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pashto-language-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pashto-language_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pashto-language_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/445534/Pashto-language">"Pashto language"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pashto+language&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F445534%2FPashto-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/">"Languages: Afghanistan"</a>. <i>Central Intelligence Agency</i>. The World Factbook<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.atitle=Languages%3A+Afghanistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fafghanistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span> (48% L1 + L2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownSarah_Ogilvie2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Sarah Ogilvie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845"><i>Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world</i></a>. Elsevie. p. 845. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2012</span>. <q><i>Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+encyclopedia+of+languages+of+the+world&rft.pages=845&rft.pub=Elsevie&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft.au=Sarah+Ogilvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UCLA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UCLA_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090103185916/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=64&menu=004">"Pashto"</a>. <i>UCLA International Institute: Center for World Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=64&menu=004">the original</a> on 3 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+International+Institute%3A+Center+for+World+Languages&rft.atitle=Pashto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmp.ucla.edu%2FProfile.aspx%3FLangID%3D64%26menu%3D004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span> (50%)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-languages-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-languages_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieffer1982" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kieffer, Ch. M. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-v-languages">"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2020</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Paṧtō (1) is the native tongue of 50 to 55 percent of Afghans".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AFGHANISTAN+v.+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kieffer&rft.aufirst=Ch.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-v-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217220529/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf">"Government of Pakistan: Population by Mother Tongue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statpak.gov.pk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statpak.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Government+of+Pakistan%3A+Population+by+Mother+Tongue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Fstatistics%2Fother_tables%2Fpop_by_mother_tongue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pbs.gov.pk-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pbs.gov.pk_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010134307/http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/tables/POPULATION%20BY%20MOTHER%20TONGUE.pdf">"Population by mother tongue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.pbs.gov.pk</i>. 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Hurst. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-204-8"><bdi>978-1-84904-204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+in+Ink%3A+Literature+Between+Diaspora+and+Nation&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-204-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rft.au=Arbabzadah%2C+Nushin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SbtugAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGanguly2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael Edward; Ganguly, Sumit (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingwordslan00brow"><i>Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia</i></a></span>. MIT Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingwordslan00brow/page/n83">71</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262523332" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262523332"><bdi>978-0262523332</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+Language+Policy+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Asia&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0262523332&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffightingwordslan00brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.uob.edu.pk/uob/departments/Pashto/index.php">"Department of Pashto"</a>. <i>web.uob.edu.pk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.uob.edu.pk&rft.atitle=Department+of+Pashto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.uob.edu.pk%2Fuob%2Fdepartments%2FPashto%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060217220529/http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf">"Government of Pakistan: Population by Mother Tongue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>statpak.gov.pk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Pakistan Bureau of Statistics</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/other_tables/pop_by_mother_tongue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=statpak.gov.pk&rft.atitle=Government+of+Pakistan%3A+Population+by+Mother+Tongue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statpak.gov.pk%2Fdepts%2Fpco%2Fstatistics%2Fother_tables%2Fpop_by_mother_tongue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Septfonds, D. 2006. Pashto. In: Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world. 845 – 848. Keith Brown / Sarah Ogilvie (eds.). Elsevier, Oxford: 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Rahman" title="Tariq Rahman">Rahman, Tariq</a> (2004), <a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Craig Baxter</a> (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CFNtVqYqAwEC&q=medium+of+instruction+in+pakistan&pg=PA172"><i>Education in Pakistan a Survey</i></a>, Pakistan on the Brink: Politics, Economics and Society, Lexington Books, p. 172, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195978056" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195978056"><bdi>978-0195978056</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+in+Pakistan+a+Survey&rft.series=Pakistan+on+the+Brink%3A+Politics%2C+Economics+and+Society&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195978056&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCFNtVqYqAwEC%26q%3Dmedium%2Bof%2Binstruction%2Bin%2Bpakistan%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahim2014" class="citation web cs1">Rahim, Bushra (28 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/1134809/">"Will change in medium of instruction improve education in KP?"</a>. <i>dawn.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dawn.com&rft.atitle=Will+change+in+medium+of+instruction+improve+education+in+KP%3F&rft.date=2014-09-28&rft.aulast=Rahim&rft.aufirst=Bushra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1134809%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sociolinguistic_Survey_of_Northern_Pakistan_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Hallberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Daniel Hallberg (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712204446/http://www-01.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/32847_SSNP04.pdf"><i>Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 4. Quaid-i-Azam University & Summer Institute of Linguistics. p. 36 to 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8023-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/969-8023-14-3"><bdi>969-8023-14-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/sociolx/pubs/32847_SSNP04.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan&rft.pages=36+to+37&rft.pub=Quaid-i-Azam+University+%26+Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=969-8023-14-3&rft.au=Daniel+Hallberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fsociolx%2Fpubs%2F32847_SSNP04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mashaalradio.org/content/article/25466375.html">"د کرښې پرغاړه (په پاکستان کې د مورنیو ژبو حیثیت)"</a>. <i>mashaalradio.org</i>. 22 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mashaalradio.org&rft.atitle=%D8%AF+%DA%A9%D8%B1%DA%9A%DB%90+%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%BA%D8%A7%DA%93%D9%87+%28%D9%BE%D9%87+%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86+%DA%A9%DB%90+%D8%AF+%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88+%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AB%DB%8C%D8%AA%29&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mashaalradio.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F25466375.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHywel_Coleman2010" class="citation report cs1">Hywel Coleman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101104060039/http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm">Teaching and learning in Pakistan: the role of language in education</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, Pakistan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Teaching+and+learning+in+Pakistan%3A+the+role+of+language+in+education&rft.pub=British+Council%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Hywel+Coleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Fpakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohmand2014" class="citation news cs1">Mohmand, Mureeb (27 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/story/700836/the-decline-of-pashto">"The decline of Pashto"</a>. <i>The Express Tribune</i>. <q>...because of the state's patronage, Urdu is now the most widely-spoken language in Pakistan. But the preponderance of one language over all others eats upon the sphere of influence of other, smaller languages, which alienates the respective nationalities and fuels aversion towards the central leadership...If we look to our state policies regarding the promotion of Pashto and the interests of the Pakhtun political elite, it is clear that the future of the Pashto language is dark. And when the future of a language is dark, the future of the people is dark.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+decline+of+Pashto&rft.date=2014-04-27&rft.aulast=Mohmand&rft.aufirst=Mureeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F700836%2Fthe-decline-of-pashto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter" class="citation journal cs1">Carter, Lynn. "Socio-Economic Profile of Kurram Agency". <i>Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, NWFP</i>. <b>1991</b>: 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+and+Development+Department%2C+Peshawar%2C+NWFP&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Profile+of+Kurram+Agency&rft.volume=1991&rft.pages=82&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter_and_Raza" class="citation journal cs1">Carter and Raza. "Socio-Economic Profile of South Waziristan Agency". <i>Planning and Development Department, Peshawar, NWFP</i>. <b>1990</b>: 69. <q>Sources say that this is mainly because the Pushto text books in use in the settled areas of N.W.F.P. are written in the Yusufzai dialect, which is not the dialect in use in the Agency</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Planning+and+Development+Department%2C+Peshawar%2C+NWFP&rft.atitle=Socio-Economic+Profile+of+South+Waziristan+Agency&rft.volume=1990&rft.pages=69&rft.au=Carter+and+Raza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallberg" class="citation journal cs1">Hallberg, Daniel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/10/21/84/102184639558058261191157258320075530940/32847_SSNP04.pdf">"Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguisitics</i>. <b>4</b>: 36. <q>A brief interview with the principal of the high school in Madyan, along with a number of his teachers, helps to underscore the importance of Pashto in the school domain within Pashtoon territory. He reported that Pashto is used by teachers to explain things to students all the way up through tenth class. The idea he was conveying was that students do not really have enough ability in Urdu to operate totally in that language. He also expressed the thought that Pashto-speaking students in the area really do not learn Urdu very well in public school and that they are thus somewhat ill prepared to meet the expectation that they will know how to use Urdu and English when they reach the college level. He likened the education system to a wall that has weak bricks at the bottom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Pakistan+Studies+Quaid-i-Azam+University+and+Summer+Institute+of+Linguisitics&rft.atitle=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=36&rft.aulast=Hallberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Freapdata%2F10%2F21%2F84%2F102184639558058261191157258320075530940%2F32847_SSNP04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Rahman, Tariq (July 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233372024">"The Pashto language and identity-formation in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Contemporary South Asia</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 151–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09584939508719759">10.1080/09584939508719759</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0958-4935">0958-4935</a> – via Research Gate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+South+Asia&rft.atitle=The+Pashto+language+and+identity-formation+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=151-20&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09584939508719759&rft.issn=0958-4935&rft.aulast=Rahman&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F233372024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/17296"><i>Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors: The Changing Politics of Language Choice</i></a>. Brill. 9 December 2011. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21765-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21765-2"><bdi>978-90-04-21765-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy+and+Language+Conflict+in+Afghanistan+and+Its+Neighbors%3A+The+Changing+Politics+of+Language+Choice&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21765-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F17296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2016" class="citation book cs1">Khan, M. Taimur S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42225525"><i>Pakistanizing Pashtun: The linguistic and cultural disruption and re-invention of Pashtun</i></a>. American University. p. 72. <q>Urdu which is the native language of only 7.57 per cent of Pakistanis (though widely spoken as the national language and lingua franca in Pakistan) dominates all other local languages; and Pashto which is the native language of 15.42 per cent of the total population has no official recognition beyond primary school...Despite its limited scope, the Pashto-medium schools were a success as the "achievement tests showed an improvement in Pashto medium schools as compared to Urdu medium schools". Nonetheless, the better results have so far not motivated the government to introduce Pashto-medium schools at a larger scale in Pashtun populated areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistanizing+Pashtun%3A+The+linguistic+and+cultural+disruption+and+re-invention+of+Pashtun&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=American+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=M.+Taimur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42225525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2016" class="citation book cs1">Khan, M. Taimur S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/42225525"><i>Pakistanizing Pashtun: The linguistic and cultural disruption and re-invention of Pashtun</i></a>. American University. pp. 96–97.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistanizing+Pashtun%3A+The+linguistic+and+cultural+disruption+and+re-invention+of+Pashtun&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=American+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=M.+Taimur+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F42225525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darmesteter_1890-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Darmesteter_1890_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarmesteter1890" class="citation book cs1">Darmesteter, James (1890). <i>Chants populaires des Afghans</i>. Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chants+populaires+des+Afghans&rft.place=Paris&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Darmesteter&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henning (1960), p. 47. "Bactrian thus 'occupies an intermediary position between Pashto and Yidgha-Munji on the one hand, Sogdian, Choresmian, and Parthian on the other: it is thus in its natural and rightful place in Bactria'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHotakHabibi1997" class="citation book cs1">Hotak, Muhammad; Habibi, Abd al-Hayy (1997). <i>The Hidden Treasure: A Biography of Pas̲htoon Poets</i>. p. 21. <q>With regard to Morgenstierne's statement that the language is affiliated with eastern Iranian languages there is ample evidence to consider it a Bactrian language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Treasure%3A+A+Biography+of+Pas%CC%B2htoon+Poets&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hotak&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft.au=Habibi%2C+Abd+al-Hayy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie2009" class="citation book cs1">Comrie, Bernard (2009). <i>The world's major languages</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+major+languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranica-Pashto-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-Pashto_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranica-Pashto_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120122024645/http://www.iranica.com/articles/afghanistan-vi-pasto">"AFGHANISTAN vi. Paṧto"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">G. Morgenstierne</a></i>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2010</span>. <q>Paṧtō undoubtedly belongs to the Northeastern Iranic branch.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G.+Morgenstierne&rft.atitle=AFGHANISTAN+vi.+Pa%E1%B9%A7to&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranica.com%2Farticles%2Fafghanistan-vi-pasto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes1988" class="citation book cs1">Beekes, Robert Stephen Paul (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=10Yhw7zQGjYC"><i>A Grammar of Gatha-Avestan</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08332-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08332-5"><bdi>978-90-04-08332-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Gatha-Avestan&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08332-5&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+Stephen+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D10Yhw7zQGjYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.stackexchange.com/questions/40438/avestan-grammar-help-az%c9%99%cc%84m-%ce%b8%ce%b2%c4%85m-va%c4%93nami">"Avestan grammar help: Azə̄m θβąm vaēnami?"</a>. <i>Linguistics Stack Exchange</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. II. Iranian Pamir Languages (yidgha-munji, Sanglechi-ishkashmi and Wakhi)</i></a>. W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Afghanistan&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F7798%2FAfghanistan%2F129450%2FHistory%3Fanchor%3Dref261360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abgan-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abgan_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoelle-KarimiConrad_J._SchetterReinhard_Schlagintweit2002" class="citation book cs1">Noelle-Karimi, Christine; Conrad J. Schetter; Reinhard Schlagintweit (2002). <i>Afghanistan – a country without a state?</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>, United States: IKO. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88939-628-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-88939-628-3"><bdi>3-88939-628-3</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest mention of the name 'Afghan' (Abgan) is to be found in a Sasanid inscription from the third century AD and their language as <i>"Afghani"</i>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+%E2%80%93+a+country+without+a+state%3F&rft.place=University+of+Michigan%2C+United+States&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=IKO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-88939-628-3&rft.aulast=Noelle-Karimi&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Conrad+J.+Schetter&rft.au=Reinhard+Schlagintweit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723045855/http://patakhazana.home.comcast.net/~patakhazana/Khazana.pdf">"Pata Khazana"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patakhazana.home.comcast.net/~patakhazana/Khazana.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pata+Khazana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpatakhazana.home.comcast.net%2F~patakhazana%2FKhazana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Neil MacKenzie: David N. Mackenzie: <i>The Development of the Pashto Script</i>. In: Shirin Akiner (Editor): <i>Languages and Scripts of Central Asia</i>. School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ. of London, London 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0272-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7286-0272-4">978-0-7286-0272-4</a>.p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lucia_Serena_Loi_1987,_p._33-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lucia_Serena_Loi_1987,_p._33_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucia Serena Loi: <i>Il tesoro nascosto degli Afghani</i>. Il Cavaliere azzurro, Bologna 1987, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2016" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nile, ed. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190247782.001.0001/acprof-9780190247782"><i>Afghan History Through Afghan Eyes</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190247782.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190247782.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-049223-6"><bdi>978-0-19-049223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghan+History+Through+Afghan+Eyes&rft.pages=37-38&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190247782.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-049223-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780190247782.001.0001%2Facprof-9780190247782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenArbabzadah2013" class="citation book cs1">Green, Nile; Arbabzadah, Nushin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SbtugAACAAJ"><i>Afghanistan in Ink: Literature Between Diaspora and Nation</i></a>. Hurst. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84904-204-8"><bdi>978-1-84904-204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+in+Ink%3A+Literature+Between+Diaspora+and+Nation&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84904-204-8&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Nile&rft.au=Arbabzadah%2C+Nushin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SbtugAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaverty2015" class="citation book cs1">Raverty, Henry G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bAXCtwEACAAJ"><i>Selections from the Poetry of the Afghans: From the Sixteenth to the Nineteenth Century, Literally Translated from the Original Pushto, with Notices of the Different Authors, and Remarks on the Mystic Doctrine and Poetry of the Sūfis</i></a>. Cosmo Publications. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-307-1858-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-307-1858-3"><bdi>978-81-307-1858-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selections+from+the+Poetry+of+the+Afghans%3A+From+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Nineteenth+Century%2C+Literally+Translated+from+the+Original+Pushto%2C+with+Notices+of+the+Different+Authors%2C+and+Remarks+on+the+Mystic+Doctrine+and+Poetry+of+the+S%C5%ABfis&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Cosmo+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-81-307-1858-3&rft.aulast=Raverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbAXCtwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emeneau, M. B. (1962) "Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing" <i>Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society</i> 106(5): pp. 430–442, p. 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETegeyRobson199615-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETegeyRobson199615_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTegeyRobson1996">Tegey & Robson (1996)</a>, p. 15.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfnp error: no target: CITEREFTegeyRobson1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashto1-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pashto1_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D.N. MacKenzie, 1990, "Pashto", in Bernard Comrie, ed, <i>The major languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa</i>, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pashto2-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pashto2_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Penzl, 1965, <i>A reader of Pashto</i>, p 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaye1997" class="citation book cs1">Kaye, Alan S. (30 June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T6jmziooEk0C"><i>Phonologies of Asia and Africa: (including the Caucasus)</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. p. 736. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-019-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-019-4"><bdi>978-1-57506-019-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonologies+of+Asia+and+Africa%3A+%28including+the+Caucasus%29&rft.pages=736&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1997-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-019-4&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=Alan+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT6jmziooEk0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstierne2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgenstierne, Georg (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXEMAQAAMAAJ"><i>A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto</i></a>. Reichert. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-364-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89500-364-6"><bdi>978-3-89500-364-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Etymological+Vocabulary+of+Pashto&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Reichert&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-89500-364-6&rft.aulast=Morgenstierne&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXEMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, <i>Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic</i>, Routledge, 2005. p. 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVladimir_Kushev1997" class="citation journal cs1">Vladimir Kushev (1997). "Areal Lexical Contacts of the Afghan (Pashto) Language (Based on the Texts of the XVI-XVIII Centuries)". <i>Iran and the Caucasus</i>. <b>1</b>: 159–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157338497x00085">10.1163/157338497x00085</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030748">4030748</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+and+the+Caucasus&rft.atitle=Areal+Lexical+Contacts+of+the+Afghan+%28Pashto%29+Language+%28Based+on+the+Texts+of+the+XVI-XVIII+Centuries%29&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=159-166&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157338497x00085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4030748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Vladimir+Kushev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Commissioner1937" class="citation journal cs1">Census Commissioner, India (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qUJAAAAIAAJ&q=pashto+vocabulary+hindustani&pg=PA75">"Census of India, 1931, Volume 17, Part 2"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of India">Times of India</a></i>: 292<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2009</span>. <q>At the same time Pashto has borrowed largely from Persian and Hindustani, and through those languages from Arabic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Census+of+India%2C+1931%2C+Volume+17%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=292&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Census+Commissioner&rft.aufirst=India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qUJAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dpashto%2Bvocabulary%2Bhindustani%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penzl2-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penzl2_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Penzl1961" class="citation journal cs1">Herbert Penzl (January–March 1961). "Western Loanwords in Modern Pashto". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>. <b>81</b> (1): 43–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F594900">10.2307/594900</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/594900">594900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Western+Loanwords+in+Modern+Pashto&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-52&rft.date=1961-01%2F1961-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F594900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F594900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Herbert+Penzl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BensonKosonen20132-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BensonKosonen20132_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_BensonKimmo_Kosonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Carol Benson; Kimmo Kosonen (13 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdREAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-218-1"><bdi>978-94-6209-218-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Issues+in+Comparative+Education%3A+Inclusive+Teaching+and+Learning+in+Non-Dominant+Languages+and+Cultures&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=978-94-6209-218-1&rft.au=Carol+Benson&rft.au=Kimmo+Kosonen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdREAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehsan_M_Entezar_2008_89_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhsan_M_Entezar2008" class="citation book cs1">Ehsan M Entezar (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fdTJgCSPsGwC&q=pashto+purification&pg=PA89"><i>Afghanistan 101: Understanding Afghan Culture</i></a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-9302-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4257-9302-9"><bdi>978-1-4257-9302-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+101%3A+Understanding+Afghan+Culture&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4257-9302-9&rft.au=Ehsan+M+Entezar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfdTJgCSPsGwC%26q%3Dpashto%2Bpurification%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_dictionary_of_the_Puk'hto,_Pus'hto,_or_language_of_the_Afghans-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_dictionary_of_the_Puk'hto,_Pus'hto,_or_language_of_the_Afghans_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaverty1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Raverty" title="Henry George Raverty">Raverty, Henry George Rahman</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/raverty/"><i>A dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or language of the Afghans</i></a> (2 ed.). London: Williams and Norgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+dictionary+of+the+Puk%27hto%2C+Pus%27hto%2C+or+language+of+the+Afghans&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Raverty&rft.aufirst=Henry+George+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fraverty%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qamosona.com/G/index.php">"Qamosona.com"</a>. <i>qamosona.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qamosona.com&rft.atitle=Qamosona.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqamosona.com%2FG%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BensonKosonen2013-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BensonKosonen2013_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarol_BensonKimmo_Kosonen2013" class="citation book cs1">Carol Benson; Kimmo Kosonen (13 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tdREAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA64"><i>Language Issues in Comparative Education: Inclusive Teaching and Learning in Non-Dominant Languages and Cultures</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 64–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-6209-218-1"><bdi>978-94-6209-218-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Issues+in+Comparative+Education%3A+Inclusive+Teaching+and+Learning+in+Non-Dominant+Languages+and+Cultures&rft.pages=64-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.isbn=978-94-6209-218-1&rft.au=Carol+Benson&rft.au=Kimmo+Kosonen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtdREAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hewad.com/mohammadgul/">Muhammad Gul Khan Momand</a>, Hewād Afghanistan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5acae615c.xhtml">https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5acae615c.xhtml</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pata Khanaza by M. Hotak (1762–1763), translated by K. Habibi page 21, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alamahabibi.net/English_Articles/E_Pata_Khazana__Pashto-Eng.pdf">Alama Habibi Portal.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHabibi1997" class="citation book cs1">Habibi, Khushal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsP9T48RnUEC&q=pata+khazana&pg=PA188"><i>The Hidden Treasure: A Biography of Pas̲htoon Poets</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-0265-5"><bdi>978-0-7618-0265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Treasure%3A+A+Biography+of+Pas%CC%B2htoon+Poets&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-0265-5&rft.aulast=Habibi&rft.aufirst=Khushal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsP9T48RnUEC%26q%3Dpata%2Bkhazana%26pg%3DPA188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5aeac5d53a6.xhtml">https://qamosona.com/G3/index.php/term/,6f57b19b61545da79b9ea5aeac5d53a6.xhtml</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation is required to prevent link rot. (August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaqir2014" class="citation journal cs1">Faqir, Faqir Muhammad (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014062439/http://khyber.org/pacademy/journal/pdf/2014-Pasht-43-Faqir-TheNeologi.pdf">"The Neologism of Bayazid Ansari"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pashto</i>. <b>43</b> (647–648): 147–165. Archived from the original on 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pashto&rft.atitle=The+Neologism+of+Bayazid+Ansari&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=647%E2%80%93648&rft.pages=147-165&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Faqir&rft.aufirst=Faqir+Muhammad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhyber.org%2Fpacademy%2Fjournal%2Fpdf%2F2014-Pasht-43-Faqir-TheNeologi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPashtoon2009" class="citation book cs1">Pashtoon, Zeeya A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YKACSQAACAAJ&q=zeeya+a+pashto+dictionary"><i>Pashto–English Dictionary</i></a>. Dunwoody Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931546-70-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931546-70-6"><bdi>978-1-931546-70-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pashto%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Dunwoody+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-931546-70-6&rft.aulast=Pashtoon&rft.aufirst=Zeeya+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYKACSQAACAAJ%26q%3Dzeeya%2Ba%2Bpashto%2Bdictionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomand" class="citation web cs1">Momand, Qalandar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qamosona.com/G/index.php/term/,63b05a9daea7a56f69b05aae5cada65c.xhtml">"Daryab Pashto Glossary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daryab+Pashto+Glossary&rft.aulast=Momand&rft.aufirst=Qalandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqamosona.com%2FG%2Findex.php%2Fterm%2F%2C63b05a9daea7a56f69b05aae5cada65c.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHladczuk1992" class="citation book cs1">Hladczuk, John (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internationalhan0000unse_l7a6/page/148"><i>International Handbook of Reading Education</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313262531" title="Special:BookSources/9780313262531"><bdi>9780313262531</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Reading+Education&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780313262531&rft.aulast=Hladczuk&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternationalhan0000unse_l7a6%2Fpage%2F148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUllah2011" class="citation book cs1">Ullah, Noor (2011). <i>Pashto Grammar</i>. AuthorHouse. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-8007-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4567-8007-4"><bdi>978-1-4567-8007-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pashto+Grammar&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4567-8007-4&rft.aulast=Ullah&rft.aufirst=Noor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/BGN/PCGN_romanization" title="BGN/PCGN romanization">BGN/PCGN romanization</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619102945/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization_Pashto.pdf">"Romanization system for Pashto"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/Romanization_Pashto.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Romanization+system+for+Pashto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth-info.nga.mil%2Fgns%2Fhtml%2FRomanization_Pashto.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130213212545/http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">"NGA: Standardization Policies"</a>. <i>nga.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/romanization.html">the original</a> on 13 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nga.mil&rft.atitle=NGA%3A+Standardization+Policies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearth-info.nga.mil%2Fgns%2Fhtml%2Fromanization.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-T&F-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-T&F_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClausDiamondAnn_Mills2003" class="citation book cs1">Claus, Peter J.; Diamond, Sarah; Ann Mills, Margaret (2003). <i>South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 447. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415939195" title="Special:BookSources/9780415939195"><bdi>9780415939195</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Folklore%3A+An+Encyclopedia+%3A+Afghanistan%2C+India%2C+Nepal%2C+Pakistan%2C+Sri+Lanka&rft.pages=447&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415939195&rft.aulast=Claus&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Diamond%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Ann+Mills%2C+Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coyle_2014-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coyle_2014_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coyle_2014_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyle2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Coyle, Dennis Walter (1 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commons.und.edu/theses/1635"><i>Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties</i></a> (Master's thesis). University of North Dakota.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Placing+Wardak+Among+Pashto+Varieties&rft.inst=University+of+North+Dakota&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=Dennis+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.und.edu%2Ftheses%2F1635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1959" class="citation journal cs1">MacKenzie, D. N. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609426">"A Standard Pashto"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>22</b> (1/3): 231–235. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/609426">609426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=A+Standard+Pashto&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=231-235&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F609426%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=D.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F609426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZellem2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Zellem" title="Edward Zellem">Zellem, Edward</a> (2014). <i>Mataluna: 151 Afghan Pashto Proverbs</i>. Cultures Direct Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692215180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692215180"><bdi>978-0692215180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mataluna%3A+151+Afghan+Pashto+Proverbs&rft.pub=Cultures+Direct+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0692215180&rft.aulast=Zellem&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bartlotti, Leonard and Raj Wali Shah Khattak, eds. (2006). <i>Rohi Mataluna: Pashto Proverbs</i>, (revised and expanded edition). First edition by Mohammad Nawaz Tair and Thomas C. Edwards, eds. Peshawar, Pakistan: Interlit and Pashto Academy, Peshawar University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJazab" class="citation book cs1">Jazab, Yousaf Khan. <i>An Ethno-Linguistic Study of the Karlanri Varieties of Pashto</i>. Pashto Academy, University of Peshawar. pp. 342–343.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ethno-Linguistic+Study+of+the+Karlanri+Varieties+of+Pashto&rft.pages=342-343&rft.pub=Pashto+Academy%2C+University+of+Peshawar&rft.aulast=Jazab&rft.aufirst=Yousaf+Khan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fuller292-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fuller292_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_John_Fuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Christopher John Fuller (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC"><i>The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 291–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-69112-04-85"><bdi>978-0-69112-04-85</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Camphor+Flame%3A+Popular+Hinduism+and+Society+in+India&rft.pages=291-293&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-69112-04-85&rft.au=Christopher+John+Fuller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTo6XSeBUW3oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallberg1992" class="citation book cs1">Hallberg, Daniel G. (1992). <i>Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri</i>. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan. Vol. 4. National Institute of Pakistani Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8023-14-3" title="Special:BookSources/969-8023-14-3"><bdi>969-8023-14-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1034637486">1034637486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pashto%2C+Waneci%2C+Ormuri&rft.series=Sociolinguistic+Survey+of+Northern+Pakistan&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Pakistani+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1034637486&rft.isbn=969-8023-14-3&rft.aulast=Hallberg&rft.aufirst=Daniel+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstierne2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Morgenstierne" title="Georg Morgenstierne">Morgenstierne, Georg</a> (2007) [1926, pub. by Aschehoug, Oslo]. <i>Report on a Linguistic Mission to Afghanistan</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Comparative_Research_in_Human_Culture" title="Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture">Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning</a> Serie C I-2. New York: Ishi Press International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-09-1"><bdi>978-0-923891-09-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+a+Linguistic+Mission+to+Afghanistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Instituttet+for+Sammenlignende+Kulturforskning+Serie+C+I-2&rft.pub=Ishi+Press+International&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-923891-09-1&rft.aulast=Morgenstierne&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenzl2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Penzl" title="Herbert Penzl">Penzl, Herbert</a> (2009) [1955, pub. by American Council of Learned Societies, Washington, DC]. <i>A Grammar of Pashto: A Descriptive Study of the Dialect of Kandahar, Afghanistan</i>. New York: Ishi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-72-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-72-5"><bdi>978-0-923891-72-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+Pashto%3A+A+Descriptive+Study+of+the+Dialect+of+Kandahar%2C+Afghanistan&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ishi+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-923891-72-5&rft.aulast=Penzl&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenzl2009" class="citation book cs1">Penzl, Herbert (2009) [1962, pub. by University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI]. <i>A Reader of Pashto</i>. New York: Ishi Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-71-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923891-71-8"><bdi>978-0-923891-71-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Reader+of+Pashto&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ishi+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-923891-71-8&rft.aulast=Penzl&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1989" class="citation book cs1">Schmidt, Rüdiger, ed. (1989). <i>Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum</i>. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88226-413-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-88226-413-6"><bdi>3-88226-413-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+Linguarum+Iranicarum&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=L.+Reichert&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-88226-413-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstierne1978" class="citation journal cs1">Morgenstierne, Georg (1978). "The Place of Pashto among the Iranic Languages and the Problem of the Constitution of Pashtun Linguistic and Ethnic Unity". <i>Paṣto Quarterly</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 43–55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pa%E1%B9%A3to+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Place+of+Pashto+among+the+Iranic+Languages+and+the+Problem+of+the+Constitution+of+Pashtun+Linguistic+and+Ethnic+Unity&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=43-55&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Morgenstierne&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle_DavidBrugman2014" class="citation book cs1">Boyle David, Anne; Brugman, Claudia, eds. (2014). <i>Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects</i>. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781614512318">10.1515/9781614512318</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-303-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-303-2"><bdi>978-1-61451-303-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptive+Grammar+of+Pashto+and+its+Dialects&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781614512318&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-303-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashto" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ps:"> Pashto edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pashto_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pashto language">Pashto language</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pashto" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/pashto">pashto</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Pashto_phrasebook#Q58680" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Pashto phrasebook">Pashto</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepashto.com/">Pashto Dictionary with Phonetic Keyboard & Auto-Suggestion</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pukhtoogle.com/pashto">Pashto Phonetic Keyboard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110613163011/http://www.khyber.org/publications/pdf/pashtolangformation.pdf">Pashto Language & Identity Formation in Pakistan</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George_Raverty" title="Henry George Raverty">Henry George Raverty</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/raverty/"><i>A Dictionary of the Puk'hto, Pus'hto, or Language of the Afghans</i></a>. Second edition, with considerable additions. London: Williams and Norgate, 1867.</li> <li>D. N. MacKenzie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024005638/http://khyber.org/publications/026-030/standardpashto.shtml">"A Standard Pashto"</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, Khyber.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qamosona.com/">Freeware Online Pashto Dictionaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/twainweb/troberts/pashto/pashlex1.html">A Pashto Word List</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111223185020/http://www.afghanwiki.com/en/index.php?title=Pashto">Origins of Pashto</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310001121/http://uiuc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=194326&sid=1628823">Resources for the Study of the Pashto Language</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashto_language" title="Template:Pashto language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashto_language" title="Template talk:Pashto language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashto_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashto language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashto" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashto</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_dialects" title="Pashto dialects">Dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu_keyboard" title="Urdu keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Literature and poetry</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">List of poets</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabic_numerals" title="Eastern Arabic numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_Phonology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naskh_(script)" title="Naskh (script)">Script</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cinema <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Afghanistan" title="Cinema of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_cinema" title="Pashto cinema">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_films" title="List of Pashto-language films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_music" title="Pashto music">Music</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">List of singers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media#Pashto_newspapers_and_magazines" title="Pashto media">Newspapers and magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media#Pashto_radio" title="Pashto media">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media#Television_and_internet" title="Pashto media">Television</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_television_channels" title="List of Pashto-language television channels">List of television channels</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Afghanistan" title="Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan">Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_Academy" title="Pashto Academy">Pashto Academy</a> (Pakistan)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashto_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashto_literature" title="Template:Pashto literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashto_literature" title="Template talk:Pashto literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashto_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashto literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashto_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashto_literature_and_poetry" title="Pashto literature and poetry">Pashto literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Classical</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khan_Khattak" class="mw-redirect" title="Khushal Khan Khattak">Khushal Khan Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazoo_Anaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazoo Anaa">Nazoo Anaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamza Baba">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li>Abdul Baqi Dilresh</li> <li>Ajmal Khattak</li> <li>Kabir Stori</li> <li>Babarzai</li> <li>Karwan</li> <li>Malang Jan Baba</li> <li>Shah Sayed Miran</li> <li>Shah Sayed Guloon</li> <li>Ahmad Shah Baba</li> <li>Shah Shuja</li> <li>Timur Shah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Contemporary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Contemporary</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ali_Mustaghni" title="Abdul Ali Mustaghni">Abdul Ali Mustaghni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Bari_Jahani" title="Abdul Bari Jahani">Abdul Bari Jahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Shakoor_Rashad" title="Abdul Shakoor Rashad">Abdul Shakoor Rashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gul_Pacha_Ulfat" title="Gul Pacha Ulfat">Gul Pacha Ulfat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameer_Hamza_Shinwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ameer Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Shinwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hashem_Zamani" title="Mohammad Hashem Zamani">Hashem Zamani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ismail_Yoon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ismail Yoon (page does not exist)">Ismail Yoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Malang_Jan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malang Jan (page does not exist)">Malang Jan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujawar_Ahmad_Ziar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujawar Ahmad Ziar">Mujawar Ahmad Ziar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Mohammad_Karwan" title="Pir Mohammad Karwan">Pir Mohammad Karwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmat_Shah_Sail" title="Rahmat Shah Sail">Rahmat Shah Sail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Layeq" title="Sulaiman Layeq">Sulaiman Layeq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and<br />controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani</a> (language family)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Askunu_language" title="Askunu language">Ashkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%AB_language" title="Katë language">Katë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moghol_language" title="Moghol language">Moghol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamiri</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasi-wari" title="Wasi-wari">Prasun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tregami_language" title="Tregami language">Tregami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-ala" title="Kalasha-ala">Waigali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemiaki_language" title="Zemiaki language">Zemiaki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Sign_Language" title="Afghan Sign Language">Afghan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Iranian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iranian_languages" title="Template talk:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iranian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iranian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Old_Iranian" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#Middle_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Middle Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages#New_Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">New Iranian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian_languages" title="Eastern Iranian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushani_language" title="Rushani language">Rushani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanglechi_language" title="Sanglechi language">Sanglechi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartangi_language" title="Bartangi language">Bartangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufi_language" title="Khufi language">Khufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oroshori_dialect" title="Oroshori dialect">Oroshori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarikoli_language" title="Sarikoli language">Sarikoli</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanji_language" title="Vanji language">Vanji</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazghulami_language" title="Yazghulami language">Yazghulami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_language" title="Bactrian language">Bactrian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_language" title="Khwarezmian language">Khwarezmian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parachi_language" title="Parachi language">Parachi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashto</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pashto" title="Central Pashto">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pashto" title="Northern Pashto">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Pashto" title="Southern Pashto">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarghulami" title="Sarghulami">Sarghulami</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scythian_languages" title="Scythian languages">Scythian</a></i> <ul><li><i>Alanian</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_language" title="Ossetian language">Ossetian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_Ossetian" title="Digor Ossetian">Digor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Ossetian" title="Iron Ossetian">Iron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jassic_dialect" title="Jassic dialect">Jassic</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saka_language" title="Saka language">Saka</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Iranian_languages" title="Western Iranian languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtiani_language" title="Ashtiani language">Ashtiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_dialect" title="Makrani dialect">Makrani</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daylami_language" title="Daylami language">Daylami</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Fars" title="Dialects of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_language" title="Gorani language">Gorani</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgani_language" title="Gorgani language">Gorgani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karingani_language" title="Karingani language">Karingani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurmanji" title="Kurmanji">Kurmanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorani" title="Sorani">Sorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Kurdish" title="Southern Kurdish">Xwarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordali_language" title="Kordali language">Kordali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laki_language" title="Laki language">Laki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazanderani</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaroid_dialects&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaroid dialects (page does not exist)">Tabaroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Median_language" title="Median language">Median</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Azeri" title="Old Azeri">Old Azeri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_languages" title="Semnani languages">Semnani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lasgerdi_language" title="Lasgerdi language">Lasgerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangsari_language" title="Sangsari language">Sangsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnani_language" title="Semnani language">Semnani proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorkhei_language" title="Sorkhei language">Sorkhei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tati_language_(Iran)" title="Tati language (Iran)">Tati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tatoid_dialects" title="Tatoid dialects">Tatoid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_language" title="Zaza language">Zaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Dari_language" title="Zoroastrian Dari language">Zoroastrian Dari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Achomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkardi_language" title="Bashkardi language">Bashkardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmsiri_language" title="Garmsiri language">Garmsiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhmareyi_language" title="Kuhmareyi language">Kuhmareyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumzari_language" title="Kumzari language">Kumzari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhtiari_dialect" title="Bakhtiari dialect">Bakhtiari</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pahlavani_language" title="Pahlavani language">Pahlavani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tat_language_(Caucasus)" title="Tat language (Caucasus)">Caucasian Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct</a> or <a href="/wiki/Historical_language" title="Historical language">historical languages</a>.</li> <li>Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58680#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q58680#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85109230">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jazyk paštu"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph174200&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551088005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027505715">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pestu-dili">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pashto&oldid=1252509344">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pashto&oldid=1252509344</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pashto" title="Category:Pashto">Pashto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iranian_languages" title="Category:Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li><li><a 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