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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 First marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_and_political_offices_and_royal_slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_and_political_offices_and_royal_slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Military and political offices and royal slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_and_political_offices_and_royal_slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conversion_to_Roman_Catholicism_and_second_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conversion_to_Roman_Catholicism_and_second_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conversion_to_Roman_Catholicism_and_second_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusion_Crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_Crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Exclusion Crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_Crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_favour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_favour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Return to favour </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_favour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Reign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accession_to_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Accession to the throne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accession_to_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_rebellions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_rebellions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Two rebellions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_rebellions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_liberty_and_dispensing_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_liberty_and_dispensing_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Religious liberty and dispensing power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_liberty_and_dispensing_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deposition_and_the_Glorious_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deposition_and_the_Glorious_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Deposition and the Glorious Revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deposition_and_the_Glorious_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempt_to_regain_the_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempt_to_regain_the_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Attempt to regain the throne </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attempt_to_regain_the_throne-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Attempt to regain the throne subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Attempt_to_regain_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_in_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 War in Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_in_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_exile,_death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_exile,_death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Return to exile, death and legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_exile,_death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Hanover_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Hanover_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Later Hanover succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Hanover_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_uprisings_and_pretenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_uprisings_and_pretenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Subsequent uprisings and pretenders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_uprisings_and_pretenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Titles, styles, honours, and arms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Titles, styles, honours, and arms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Titles_and_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles_and_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Titles and styles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titles_and_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Honours </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Issue </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issue-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Issue subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legitimate_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legitimate_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Legitimate issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legitimate_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illegitimate_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illegitimate_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Illegitimate issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illegitimate_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James II of England</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" > 76 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_II_van_Engeland" title="Jakobus II van Engeland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jakobus II van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_II_Bretta_Cyning" title="Iacobus II Bretta Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iacobus II Bretta Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جيمس الثاني ملك إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس الثاني ملك إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaime_II_d%27Anglaterra" title="Chaime II d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chaime II d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobu_II_d%27Inglaterra" title="Xacobu II d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xacobu II d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/II_Ceyms" title="II Ceyms – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="II Ceyms" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_(%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3)" title="ایکینجی جیمز (اینگیلیس) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایکینجی جیمز (اینگیلیس)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_2-s%C3%A8_(Eng-l%C3%A2n)" title="James 2-sè (Eng-lân) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James 2-sè (Eng-lân)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E_II_%D0%A1%D1%86%D1%8E%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Якаў II Сцюарт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Якаў II Сцюарт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_II_(%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Джеймс II (Англия) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс II (Англия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_II,_kralj_Engleske" title="Jakov II, kralj Engleske – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jakov II, kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakez_II_(Bro-Saoz)" title="Jakez II (Bro-Saoz) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jakez II (Bro-Saoz)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_II_d%27Anglaterra_i_VII_d%27Esc%C3%B2cia" title="Jaume II d'Anglaterra i VII d'Escòcia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume II d'Anglaterra i VII d'Escòcia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_II._Stuart" title="Jakub II. Stuart – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub II. Stuart" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iago_II_%26_VII,_brenin_Lloegr_a%27r_Alban" title="Iago II & VII, brenin Lloegr a'r Alban – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iago II & VII, brenin Lloegr a'r Alban" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_2._af_England" title="Jakob 2. af England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob 2. af England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_II._(England)" title="Jakob II. (England) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakob II. (England)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_(Inglismaa_kuningas)" title="James II (Inglismaa kuningas) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James II (Inglismaa kuningas)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος Β΄ της Αγγλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος Β΄ της Αγγλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Jacobo II de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jacobo II de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_la_2-a_(Anglio)" title="Jakobo la 2-a (Anglio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo la 2-a (Anglio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakue_II.a_Ingalaterrakoa" title="Jakue II.a Ingalaterrakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakue II.a Ingalaterrakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85%D8%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جیمز دوم، پادشاه انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز دوم، پادشاه انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_II_(roi_d%27Angleterre)" title="Jacques II (roi d'Angleterre) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques II (roi d'Angleterre)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9amas_II_agus_VII" title="Séamas II agus VII – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Séamas II agus VII" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seumas_VII_Alba_is_II_Shasainn" title="Seumas VII Alba is II Shasainn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Seumas VII Alba is II Shasainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacobe_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Xacobe II de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xacobe II de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8_(%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C)" title="제임스 2세 (잉글랜드) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 2세 (잉글랜드)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_II_(%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80)" title="Ջեյմս II (անգլիայի թագավոր) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս II (անգլիայի թագավոր)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF" title="इंग्लैंड के जेम्स द्वितीय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इंग्लैंड के जेम्स द्वितीय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_II.,_kralj_Engleske" title="Jakov II., kralj Engleske – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov II., kralj Engleske" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_la_2ma_di_Anglia" title="James la 2ma di Anglia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James la 2ma di Anglia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_dari_Inggris" title="James II dari Inggris – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James II dari Inggris" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobo_II_de_Anglaterra" title="Jacobo II de Anglaterra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jacobo II de Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_2._Englandskonungur" title="Jakob 2. Englandskonungur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jakob 2. Englandskonungur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_II_d%27Inghilterra" title="Giacomo II d'Inghilterra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo II d'Inghilterra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="ג'יימס השני, מלך אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס השני, מלך אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_II_(%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="ჯეიმზ II (ინგლისი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ II (ინგლისი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamys_VII_ha_II" title="Jamys VII ha II – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jamys VII ha II" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_II_(rex_Angliae)" title="Iacobus II (rex Angliae) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus II (rex Angliae)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_II_Stjuarts" title="Džeimss II Stjuarts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss II Stjuarts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II._vun_England" title="James II. vun England – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James II. vun England" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jok%C5%ABbas_II" title="Jokūbas II – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jokūbas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Jakab_angol_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Jakab angol király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Jakab angol király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="جيمس التانى ملك انجلترا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيمس التانى ملك انجلترا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_dari_England" title="James II dari England – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James II dari England" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobus_II_van_Engeland" title="Jacobus II van Engeland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jacobus II van Engeland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA2%E4%B8%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E7%8E%8B)" title="ジェームズ2世 (イングランド王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ2世 (イングランド王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakob_II._(K%C3%B6ning_faan_Ingelun,_Skotlun_an_Irlun)" title="Jaakob II. (Köning faan Ingelun, Skotlun an Irlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jaakob II. (Köning faan Ingelun, Skotlun an Irlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_II_av_England" title="Jakob II av England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob II av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_II_av_England" title="Jakob II av England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakob II av England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_II_d%27Anglat%C3%A8rra" title="Jaume II d'Anglatèrra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jaume II d'Anglatèrra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AC%DB%90%D9%85%D8%B2" title="د انګلستان دویم جېمز – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د انګلستان دویم جېمز" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_II_Stuart" title="Jakub II Stuart – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub II Stuart" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_II_de_Inglaterra" title="Jaime II de Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jaime II de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacob_al_II-lea_al_Angliei" title="Iacob al II-lea al Angliei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iacob al II-lea al Angliei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_II" title="Яков II – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Яков II" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A5%AD_(%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1)" title="जेम्स ७ (स्काटलैंड) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जेम्स ७ (स्काटलैंड)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_VII,_King_o_Scots" title="James VII, King o Scots – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James VII, King o Scots" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James II of England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_II._(Anglicko)" title="Jakub II. (Anglicko) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakub II. (Anglicko)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_II._Angle%C5%A1ki" title="Jakob II. Angleški – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jakob II. Angleški" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_II_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Џејмс II Стјуарт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс II Стјуарт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_od_Engleske" title="James II od Engleske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James II od Engleske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakko_II_(Englanti)" title="Jaakko II (Englanti) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jaakko II (Englanti)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_II_av_England" title="Jakob II av England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakob II av England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_II_ng_Inglatera" title="James II ng Inglatera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James II ng Inglatera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இங்கிலாந்தின் இரண்டாம் யேம்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இங்கிலாந்தின் இரண்டாம் யேம்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_2_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าเจมส์ที่ 2 แห่งอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._James_(%C4%B0ngiltere_kral%C4%B1)" title="II. James (İngiltere kralı) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of England, Scotland and Ireland from 1685 to 1688</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">James II and VII</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg/220px-James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg/330px-James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg/440px-James_II_by_Peter_Lely.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1640" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lely" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Irish monarchs">Ireland</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_British_sovereign#Styles_of_English_and_Scottish_sovereigns" title="Style of the British sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_James_II_and_VII_and_Mary" title="Coronation of James II and VII and Mary">Coronation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23 April 1685</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_III_%26_II" class="mw-redirect" title="William III & II">William III & II</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 1633 (<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">N.S.</a>: 24 October 1633) <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 September 1701 (aged 67)<a href="#cite_note-death-3">[a]</a> (N.S.) <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Church of the English Benedictines, Paris<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000240-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-burial-5">[b]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hyde" title="Anne Hyde">Anne Hyde</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1660; died 1671)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1673)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a> <a href="#Issue">more...</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II,_Queen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II, Queen of England">Mary II, Queen of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Kendal" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Prince of Wales">James, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Stuart" title="Louisa Maria Stuart">Louisa Maria Stuart</a></li></ul> </div> Illegitimate: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_FitzJames" title="Henrietta FitzJames">Henrietta Butler, Viscountess Galmoye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzJames" title="Henry FitzJames">Henry FitzJames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Sheffield,_Duchess_of_Buckingham_and_Normanby" title="Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby">Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuart</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> (1633–1668)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church in England">Catholicism</a> (1668–1701)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:JamesIISig.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James II and VII's signature"><img alt="James II and VII's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JamesIISig.svg/125px-JamesIISig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JamesIISig.svg/188px-JamesIISig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/JamesIISig.svg/250px-JamesIISig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="86" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> James II and VII (14 October 1633 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> – 16 September 1701) was <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a> as James II and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">King of Scotland</a> as James VII from the death of his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, on 6 February 1685, until he was deposed in the 1688 <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>. The last <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, his reign is now remembered primarily for conflicts over religion. However, it also involved struggles over the principles of <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, with his deposition ending a century of political and civil strife by confirming the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/English_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="English Parliament">English Parliament</a> over the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> James succeeded to the throne with widespread support, largely due to a reluctance to undermine the principle of hereditary succession, and the belief that a Catholic monarchy was purely temporary. However, tolerance of his personal views did not extend to Catholicism in general, and both the English and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scottish parliaments</a> refused to pass measures viewed as undermining the primacy of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> religion. His attempts to impose them by decree met with opposition, and as a result, it has been argued it was a political principle, rather than a religious one, that ultimately led to his removal.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> In June 1688, two events turned dissent into a crisis. Firstly, the birth of James's son and heir <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James Francis Edward Stuart</a> on 10 June raised the prospect of a Catholic dynasty, excluding his Protestant daughter <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/William_III,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William III, Prince of Orange">William III, Prince of Orange</a>, who was also his nephew. Secondly, the prosecution of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Bishops" title="Seven Bishops">Seven Bishops</a> was seen as an assault on the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and their acquittal on 30 June destroyed his political authority. Ensuing anti-Catholic riots in England and Scotland led to a general feeling that only James's removal could prevent another civil war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006264–268-8">[6]</a> Leading members of the English political class <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">invited William</a> to assume the English throne. When William landed in <a href="/wiki/Brixham" title="Brixham">Brixham</a> on 5 November 1688, James's army deserted and he went into exile in France on 23 December. In February 1689, a special <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Convention Parliament</a> held James had "vacated" the English throne and installed William and Mary as joint monarchs, thereby establishing the principle <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> derived from Parliament, not birth. James landed in Ireland on 14 March 1689 in an attempt to recover his kingdoms, but, despite a simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1689" title="Jacobite rising of 1689">rising in Scotland</a>, in April a <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Estates_(1689)" title="Convention of Estates (1689)">Scottish Convention</a> followed England in ruling that James had "forfeited" the throne, which was offered to William and Mary. After his defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in July 1690, James returned to France, where he spent the rest of his life in exile at <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain</a>, protected by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. While contemporary opponents often portrayed him as an absolutist tyrant, some 20th-century historians have praised James for advocating religious tolerance, although more recent scholarship has tended to take a middle ground between these views. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth">Birth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth">edit</a>]</div> James, second surviving son of King <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a>, was born at <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a> in London on 14 October 1633.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20001-9">[7]</a> Later that same year, he was baptized by <a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a>, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200031-10">[8]</a> He was educated by private tutors, along with his older brother, the future King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, and the two sons of the <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">George</a> and Francis Villiers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200034-11">[9]</a> At the age of three, James was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom">Lord High Admiral</a>; the position was initially honorary, but became a substantive office after the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a>, when James was an adult.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> He was designated <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> at birth,<a href="#cite_note-weir-13">[11]</a> invested with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> in 1642,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200036-14">[12]</a> and formally created Duke of York in January 1644.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200031-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-weir-13">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Wars of the Three Kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_I_and_James_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Charles_I_and_James_II.png/220px-Charles_I_and_James_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Charles_I_and_James_II.png/330px-Charles_I_and_James_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Charles_I_and_James_II.png/440px-Charles_I_and_James_II.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1604" /></a><figcaption>James with his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, by Sir <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lely" title="Peter Lely">Peter Lely</a>, 1647</figcaption></figure> In August 1642, long running political disputes between Charles I and his opponents in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/First_English_Civil_War" title="First English Civil War">First English Civil War</a>. James and his brother Charles were present at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgehill" title="Battle of Edgehill">Battle of Edgehill</a> in October, and narrowly escaped capture by Parliamentarian cavalry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20003-15">[13]</a> He spent most of the next four years in the <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">Royalist</a> wartime capital of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20003-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200042-16">[14]</a> where he was made a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> by the University on 1 November 1642 and served as colonel of a volunteer regiment of foot.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford" title="Siege of Oxford">surrender of Oxford</a> in June 1646, James was taken to London and held with his younger siblings <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester">Henry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart_(daughter_of_Charles_I)" title="Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of Charles I)">Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_of_England" title="Henrietta of England">Henrietta</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200045-18">[16]</a> Frustrated by their inability to agree terms with Charles I, and with his brother Charles out of reach in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, Parliament considered making James king. James was ordered by his father to escape, and, with the help of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bampfield" title="Joseph Bampfield">Joseph Bampfield</a>, in April 1648 successfully evaded his guards and crossed the North Sea to <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200048–50-19">[17]</a> Following their victory in the 1648 <a href="/wiki/Second_English_Civil_War" title="Second English Civil War">Second English Civil War</a>, Parliament ordered the <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Charles_I" title="Execution of Charles I">execution of Charles I</a> in January 1649.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2004517-20">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanter</a> regime proclaimed Charles II King of Scotland, and after lengthy negotiations agreed to provide troops to restore him to the English throne. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_war_(1650%E2%80%931652)" title="Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652)">invasion</a> ended in defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Worcester</a> in September 1651. Although Charles managed to escape capture and to return to the exiled court in Paris, the Royalist cause appeared hopeless.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200015-21">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_France">Exile in France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile in France">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg/220px-De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg/330px-De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg/440px-De_ontvangst_van_Charles_II_en_zijn_broers_in_de_Schuttershof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Reception of James and his brother Charles in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> on 2 October 1656</figcaption></figure> James, like his brother, sought refuge in France, serving in the French army under <a href="/wiki/Turenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Turenne">Turenne</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Fronde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fronde">Fronde</a>, and later against their Spanish allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200016–17-22">[20]</a> In the French army James had his first true experience of battle, in which, according to one observer, he "ventures himself and chargeth gallantly where anything is to be done".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200016–17-22">[20]</a> Turenne's favour led to James being given command of a captured Irish regiment in December 1652, then appointed Lieutenant-General in 1654.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Complete_Peerage915-23">[21]</a> In 1657, France, then engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a>, agreed an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, and when Charles responded by signing a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brussels_(1656)" title="Treaty of Brussels (1656)">treaty with Spain</a>, James was expelled from France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200019–20-24">[22]</a> James quarrelled with his brother over this choice, but ultimately joined Spanish forces in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> led by the French exile <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Condé</a>. Given command of six regiments of British volunteers, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Complete_Peerage915-23">[21]</a> he fought against his former French comrades at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dunes_(1658)" title="Battle of the Dunes (1658)">Battle of the Dunes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200019–25-25">[23]</a> After France and Spain made peace with the 1659 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Treaty of the Pyrenees">Treaty of the Pyrenees</a>, James considered taking a Spanish offer to be an admiral in their navy, but declined the position. Soon after, the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Stuart Restoration</a> returned his brother to the English throne as Charles II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200024–25-26">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Restoration">Restoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restoration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_marriage">First marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: First marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/220px-James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/330px-James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg/440px-James_II_and_Anne_Hyde_by_Sir_Peter_Lely.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>James and <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hyde" title="Anne Hyde">Anne Hyde</a> in the 1660s, by Sir Peter Lely</figcaption></figure> After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth</a> in 1660, Charles II was restored to the thrones of England, Ireland and Scotland. Although James was the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a>, it seemed unlikely that he would inherit the Crown, as Charles was still a young man capable of fathering children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200089-27">[25]</a> On 31 December 1660, following his brother's restoration, James was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> in Scotland, to go along with his English title, Duke of York.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Upon his return to England, James prompted an immediate controversy by announcing his engagement to <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hyde" title="Anne Hyde">Anne Hyde</a>, the daughter of Charles's chief minister, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200090-29">[27]</a> In 1659, while trying to seduce her, James promised he would marry Anne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200044-30">[28]</a> Anne became pregnant in 1660, but following the <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">Restoration</a> and James's return to power, no one at the royal court expected a prince to marry a <a href="/wiki/Commoner" title="Commoner">commoner</a>, no matter what he had pledged beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200044–45-31">[29]</a> Although nearly everyone, including Anne's father, urged the two not to marry, the couple married secretly, then went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660 in London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200044–45-31">[29]</a> The couple's first child, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles</a>, was born less than two months later, but died in infancy, as did five further children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200044–45-31">[29]</a> Only two daughters survived: <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a> (born 30 April 1662) and <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> (born 6 February 1665).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller200249–50-32">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> wrote that James was fond of his children and his role as a father, and played with them "like an ordinary private father of a child", a contrast to the distant parenting common with royalty at the time.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200046-34">[32]</a> James's wife was devoted to him and influenced many of his decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200045–46-35">[33]</a> Even so, he kept mistresses, including <a href="/wiki/Arabella_Churchill_(royal_mistress)" title="Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)">Arabella Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Sedley" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Sedley">Catherine Sedley</a>, and was reputed to be "the most unguarded ogler of his time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200046-34">[32]</a> Samuel Pepys recorded in his diary that James "did eye my wife mightily".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200046-34">[32]</a> James's taste in women was often maligned, with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Gilbert Burnet</a> famously remarking that James's mistresses must have been "given [to] him by his priests as a penance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200059-36">[34]</a> Anne Hyde died in 1671. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_and_political_offices_and_royal_slavery">Military and political offices and royal slavery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military and political offices and royal slavery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_by_John_Riley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/James_II_by_John_Riley.png/220px-James_II_by_John_Riley.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/James_II_by_John_Riley.png/330px-James_II_by_John_Riley.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/James_II_by_John_Riley.png/440px-James_II_by_John_Riley.png 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>James in the 1660s by <a href="/wiki/John_Riley_(painter)" title="John Riley (painter)">John Riley</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%">Settlement on Duke of York Act 1663</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for setling the Proffitts of the Post Office and Power of graunting Wyne Lycences on his Royall Highnes the Duke of Yorke and the Heires Males of his Body.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/15_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="15 Cha. 2">15 Cha. 2</a>. c. 14</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">27 July 1663</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">18 February 1663</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">28 July 1863</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amended by</th><td class="infobox-data">Post Office Revenues Act 1670</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1863" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1863">Statute Law Revision Act 1863</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/statutes-realm/vol5/pp495-498">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%">Post Office Revenues Act 1670</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act for explaining of a Proviso conteyned in an Act, entituled "An Act for settling the Profitts of ye Post-Office and Power of granteing Wine-Licences on His Royall Highnes ye Duke of Yorke and the Heyres Males of his Body."</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/22_%26_23_Cha._2" class="mw-redirect" title="22 & 23 Cha. 2">22 & 23 Cha. 2</a>. c. 27</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22 April 1671</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">28 July 1863</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data">Settlement on Duke of York Act 1663</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_Act_1863" title="Statute Law Revision Act 1863">Statute Law Revision Act 1863</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> After the Restoration, James was confirmed as Lord High Admiral, an office that carried with it the subsidiary appointments of Governor of <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow2000101-37">[35]</a> Charles II also made his brother the Governor of the Royal Adventurers into Africa (later shortened to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_African_Company" title="Royal African Company">Royal African Company</a>) in October 1660, an office James retained until after the Glorious Revolution when he was forced to resign. When James commanded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1665–1667) he immediately directed the fleet towards the capture of forts off the African coast that would facilitate English involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">slave trade</a> (indeed English attacks on such forts occupied by the Dutch precipitated the war itself).<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> James remained Admiral of the Fleet during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">Third Anglo-Dutch War</a> (1672–1674), during which significant fighting also occurred off the African coast.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_the_Medway" title="Raid on the Medway">raid on the Medway</a> in 1667, James oversaw the survey and re-fortification of the southern coast.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow2000104-40">[38]</a> The office of Lord High Admiral, combined with his revenue from post office and wine tariffs (positions granted him by Charles II upon his restoration), gave James enough money to keep a sizable court household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200042-41">[39]</a> In 1664, Charles II granted American territory between the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut</a> rivers to James. Following its capture by the British, the former Dutch territory of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> and its principal port, <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, were renamed the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">City of New York</a> in James's honour. James gave part of the colony to proprietors <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="John Berkeley">John Berkeley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Orange">Fort Orange</a>, 150 miles (240 km) north on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> after James's Scottish title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200044–45-31">[29]</a> In 1683, James became the Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, but did not take an active role in its governance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200044–45-31">[29]</a> In September 1666, Charles II put James in charge of firefighting operations during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>, in the absence of action by Lord Mayor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bloodworth" title="Thomas Bloodworth">Thomas Bloodworth</a>. This was not a political office, but his actions and leadership were noteworthy. "The Duke of York hath won the hearts of the people with his continual and indefatigable pains day and night in helping to quench the Fire", wrote a witness in a letter on 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> In 1672, the Royal African Company received a new charter from Charles II. It set up forts and factories, maintained troops, and exercised martial law in West Africa in pursuit of trade in gold, silver and African slaves. In the 1680s, the RAC transported about 5,000 slaves a year to markets primarily in the English Caribbean across the Atlantic. Many were <a href="/wiki/Human_branding" title="Human branding">branded</a> on the chest with the letters "DY" for "Duke of York", the RAC's Governor.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> As historian William Pettigrew writes, the RAC "shipped more enslaved African women, men, and children to the Americas than any other single institution during the entire period of the transatlantic slave trade".<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conversion_to_Roman_Catholicism_and_second_marriage">Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conversion to Roman Catholicism and second marriage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg/170px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg/255px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg/340px-WLA_vanda_Wedding_suit_of_James_II_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Wedding suit of James II, 1673, in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></figcaption></figure> James's time in France had exposed him to the beliefs and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church, and both he and his wife Anne became drawn to that faith.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[c]</a> James took Catholic <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a> in 1668 or 1669, although his conversion was kept secret for almost a decade as he continued to attend Anglican services until 1676.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> In spite of his conversion, James continued to associate primarily with Anglicans, including <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Churchill">John Churchill</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Legge,_1st_Baron_Dartmouth" title="George Legge, 1st Baron Dartmouth">George Legge</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">French Protestants</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Duras,_2nd_Earl_of_Feversham" title="Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham">Louis de Duras, 2nd Earl of Feversham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow2000149-49">[46]</a> Growing fears of Roman Catholic influence at court led the English Parliament to introduce a new <a href="/wiki/Test_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Test Act">Test Act</a> in 1673.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200069–71-50">[47]</a> Under this Act, all civil and military officials were required to take an oath (in which they were required to disavow the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a> and denounce certain practices of the Roman Church as superstitious and idolatrous) and to receive the Eucharist under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1986385-51">[48]</a> James refused to perform either action, instead choosing to relinquish the post of Lord High Admiral. His conversion to Roman Catholicism was thereby made public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200069–71-50">[47]</a> King Charles II opposed James's conversion, ordering that James's daughters, Mary and Anne, be raised in the Church of England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller200292-52">[49]</a> Nevertheless, he allowed the widowed James to marry <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a>, a fifteen-year-old Italian princess.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller200216–17-53">[50]</a> James and Mary were <a href="/wiki/Married_by_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Married by proxy">married by proxy</a> in a Roman Catholic ceremony on 20 September 1673.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200073-54">[51]</a> On 21 November, Mary arrived in England and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Crew">Nathaniel Crew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a>, performed a brief Anglican service that did little more than recognise the marriage by proxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1948110–111-55">[52]</a> Many British people, distrustful of Catholicism, regarded the new Duchess of York as an agent of the <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller200230–31-56">[53]</a> James was noted for his deep devotion, once remarking, "If occasion were, I hope God would give me his grace to suffer death for the true Catholic religion as well as banishment."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200099-57">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusion_Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exclusion Crisis">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Crisis" title="Exclusion Crisis">Exclusion Crisis</a></div> In 1677, King Charles II arranged for James's daughter Mary to marry the Protestant Prince <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William III of Orange">William III of Orange</a>, son of Charles's and James's sister <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Princess_Royal_and_Princess_of_Orange" title="Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange">Mary</a>. James reluctantly acquiesced after his brother and nephew had agreed to the marriage.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[d]</a> Despite the Protestant marriage, fears of a potential Catholic monarch persisted, intensified by the failure of Charles II and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a>, to produce any children. A <a href="/wiki/Defrocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Defrocked">defrocked</a> Anglican clergyman, <a href="/wiki/Titus_Oates" title="Titus Oates">Titus Oates</a>, spoke of a "<a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a>" to kill Charles and to put the Duke of York on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200087-61">[57]</a> The fabricated plot caused a wave of anti-Catholic hysteria to sweep across the nation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Scott,_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg/220px-James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg/330px-James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg/440px-James_Scott%2C_Duke_of_Monmouth_and_Buccleuch_by_Jan_van_Wyck_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1315" data-file-height="1032" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">Duke of Monmouth</a> was involved in plots against James.</figcaption></figure> In England, the <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ashley-Cooper,_1st_Earl_of_Shaftesbury" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthony Ashley-Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury">Earl of Shaftesbury</a>, a former government minister and now a leading opponent of Catholicism, proposed an <a href="/wiki/Exclusion_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusion Bill">Exclusion Bill</a> that would have excluded James from the line of succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200099–105-62">[58]</a> Some members of Parliament even proposed to pass the crown to Charles's illegitimate son, <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200674-63">[59]</a> In 1679, with the Exclusion Bill in danger of passing, Charles II dissolved Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200093–95-64">[60]</a> Two further <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Parliaments</a> were elected in 1680 and 1681, but were dissolved for the same reason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000103–104-65">[61]</a> The Exclusion Crisis contributed to the development of the English two-party system: the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a> were those who supported the Bill, while the <a href="/wiki/Tories_(British_political_party)" title="Tories (British political party)">Tories</a> were those who opposed it. Ultimately, the succession was not altered, but James was convinced to withdraw from all policy-making bodies and to accept a lesser role in his brother's government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200090-66">[62]</a> On the orders of the King, James left England for <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200087–91-67">[63]</a> In 1680, he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Commissioner of Scotland">Lord High Commissioner of Scotland</a> and took up residence at the <a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> in Edinburgh to suppress an uprising and oversee the royal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200095-68">[64]</a> James returned to England for a time when Charles was stricken ill and appeared to be near death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200098–99-69">[65]</a> The hysteria of the accusations eventually faded, but James's relations with many in the English Parliament, including the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds">Earl of Danby</a>, a former ally, were forever strained and a solid segment turned against him.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> On 6 May 1682, James narrowly escaped the sinking of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Gloucester_(1654)" title="HMS Gloucester (1654)">HMS Gloucester</a>, in which between 130 and 250 people perished.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> James argued with the pilot about the navigation of the ship before it ran aground on a sandbank, and then delayed abandoning ship, which may have contributed to the death toll.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_favour">Return to favour</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return to favour">edit</a>]</div> In 1683, a plot was uncovered to assassinate Charles II and his brother and spark a <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">republican</a> revolution to re-establish a government of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Cromwellian style</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000115–116-73">[69]</a> The conspiracy, known as the <a href="/wiki/Rye_House_Plot" title="Rye House Plot">Rye House Plot</a>, backfired upon its conspirators and provoked a wave of sympathy for the King and James.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a> Several notable <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex">Earl of Essex</a> and the Duke of Monmouth, were implicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000115–116-73">[69]</a> Monmouth initially confessed to complicity in the plot and implicated fellow conspirators, but later recanted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000115–116-73">[69]</a> Essex committed suicide, and Monmouth, along with several others, was obliged to flee into exile in continental Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000116–117-75">[71]</a> Charles II reacted to the plot by increasing the repression of Whigs and <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">dissenters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000115–116-73">[69]</a> Taking advantage of James's rebounding popularity, Charles invited him back onto the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">Privy Council</a> in 1684.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000117-76">[72]</a> While some in the English Parliament remained wary of the possibility of a Roman Catholic king, the threat of excluding James from the throne had passed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reign">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accession_to_the_throne">Accession to the throne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Accession to the throne">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_(c._1685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_%28c._1685%29.jpg/220px-The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_%28c._1685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_%28c._1685%29.jpg/330px-The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_%28c._1685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_%28c._1685%29.jpg/440px-The_Coronation_Procession_of_King_James_II_and_Queen_Mary_of_Modena_%28c._1685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>Coronation procession of King James II and Queen Mary, 1685</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_James_II_and_VII_and_Mary" title="Coronation of James II and VII and Mary">Coronation of James II and VII and Mary</a></div> Charles II died on 6 February 1685 from <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a>, after supposedly converting to Catholicism on his deathbed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000118–119-77">[73]</a> Having no legitimate children, he was succeeded by his brother James, who reigned in England and Ireland as James II and in Scotland as James VII. There was little initial opposition to James's accession, and there were widespread reports of public rejoicing at the orderly succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000120–121-78">[74]</a> He wished to proceed quickly to the coronation, and he and Mary were crowned at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 23 April 1685.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200645-79">[75]</a> The new <a href="/wiki/List_of_Parliaments_of_England#Parliament_of_James_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Parliaments of England">Parliament</a> that assembled in May 1685, which gained the name of "<a href="/wiki/Loyal_Parliament" title="Loyal Parliament">Loyal Parliament</a>", was initially favourable to James, who had stated that most former exclusionists would be forgiven if they acquiesced to his rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000120–121-78">[74]</a> Most of Charles's officers continued in office, the exceptions being the promotion of James's brothers-in-law, the earls of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyde,_2nd_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon">Clarendon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">Rochester</a>, and the demotion of <a href="/wiki/George_Savile,_1st_Marquess_of_Halifax" title="George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax">Halifax</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000121-80">[76]</a> Parliament granted James a generous life income, including all of the proceeds of <a href="/wiki/Tonnage_and_poundage" title="Tonnage and poundage">tonnage and poundage</a> and the customs duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200644–45-81">[77]</a> James worked harder as king than his brother had, but was less willing to compromise when his advisers disagreed with his policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000123-82">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_rebellions">Two rebellions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Two rebellions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">Monmouth Rebellion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argyll%27s_Rising" title="Argyll's Rising">Argyll's Rising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_(1685).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/220px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/330px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/James_II_%281685%29.jpg/440px-James_II_%281685%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>James portrayed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1685 in his role as head of the army, wearing a general officer's state coat</figcaption></figure> Soon after becoming king, James faced a <a href="/wiki/Monmouth_Rebellion" title="Monmouth Rebellion">rebellion in southern England</a> led by his nephew, the Duke of Monmouth, and another <a href="/wiki/Argyll%27s_Rising" title="Argyll's Rising">rebellion in Scotland</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_9th_Earl_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll">Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Monmouth and Argyll both began their expeditions from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Holland</a>, where James's nephew and son-in-law, the Prince of Orange, had neglected to detain them or put a stop to their recruitment efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000139–140-84">[80]</a> Argyll sailed to Scotland where he raised recruits, mainly from his own clan, the <a href="/wiki/Clan_Campbell" title="Clan Campbell">Campbells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200675–76-85">[81]</a> The rebellion was quickly crushed, and Argyll was captured at <a href="/wiki/Inchinnan" title="Inchinnan">Inchinnan</a> on 18 June 1685.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200675–76-85">[81]</a> Having arrived with fewer than 300 men and unable to convince many more to flock to his standard, he never posed a credible threat to James.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200676-86">[82]</a> Argyll was taken as a prisoner to Edinburgh. A new trial was not commenced because Argyll had previously been tried and sentenced to death. The King confirmed the earlier death sentence and ordered that it be carried out within three days of receiving the confirmation. Monmouth's rebellion was coordinated with Argyll's, but was more dangerous to James. Monmouth had proclaimed himself King at <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a> on 11 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200682–85-87">[83]</a> He attempted to raise recruits but was unable to gather enough rebels to defeat even James's small standing army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000141-88">[84]</a> Monmouth's soldiers attacked the King's army at night, in an attempt at surprise, but were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedgemoor" title="Battle of Sedgemoor">Battle of Sedgemoor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000141-88">[84]</a> The King's forces, led by Feversham and Churchill, quickly dispersed the ill-prepared rebels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000141-88">[84]</a> Monmouth was captured and later executed at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> on 15 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200688-89">[85]</a> The King's judges—most notably, <a href="/wiki/George_Jeffreys,_1st_Baron_Jeffreys" title="George Jeffreys, 1st Baron Jeffreys">George Jeffreys</a>—condemned many of the rebels to <a href="/wiki/Penal_transportation" title="Penal transportation">transportation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indentured_servant#Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Indentured servant">indentured servitude</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> in a series of trials that came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Assizes" title="Bloody Assizes">Bloody Assizes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000141–142-90">[86]</a> Around 250 of the rebels were executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200688-89">[85]</a> While both rebellions were defeated easily, they hardened James's resolve against his enemies and increased his suspicion of the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000142-91">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_liberty_and_dispensing_power">Religious liberty and dispensing power</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religious liberty and dispensing power">edit</a>]</div> To protect himself from further rebellions, James sought safety by enlarging his <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000142–143-92">[88]</a> This alarmed his subjects, not only because of the trouble soldiers caused in the towns, but because it was against the English tradition to keep a professional army in peacetime.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200695–100-93">[89]</a> Even more alarming to Parliament was James's use of his <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prerogative" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Prerogative">dispensing power</a> to allow Roman Catholics to command several regiments without having to take the oath mandated by the Test Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000142–143-92">[88]</a> When even the previously supportive Parliament objected to these measures, James ordered Parliament <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prorogation in the United Kingdom">prorogued</a> in November 1685, never to meet again in his reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000146–147-94">[90]</a> At the beginning of 1686, two papers were found in Charles II's strong box and his closet, in his own hand, stating the arguments for Catholicism over Protestantism. James published these papers with a declaration signed by his <a href="/wiki/Sign_manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sign manual">sign manual</a> and challenged the Archbishop of Canterbury and the whole Anglican episcopal bench to refute Charles's arguments: "Let me have a solid answer, and in a gentlemanlike style; and it may have the effect which you so much desire of bringing me over to your church." The Archbishop refused on the grounds of respect for the late king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889349–350-95">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_Wissing_(1656-1687)_(and_studio)_-_Laurence_Hyde_(1641%E2%80%931711),_1st_Earl_of_Rochester,_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Willem_Wissing_%281656-1687%29_%28and_studio%29_-_Laurence_Hyde_%281641%E2%80%931711%29%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg/170px-Willem_Wissing_%281656-1687%29_%28and_studio%29_-_Laurence_Hyde_%281641%E2%80%931711%29%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Willem_Wissing_%281656-1687%29_%28and_studio%29_-_Laurence_Hyde_%281641%E2%80%931711%29%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg/255px-Willem_Wissing_%281656-1687%29_%28and_studio%29_-_Laurence_Hyde_%281641%E2%80%931711%29%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Willem_Wissing_%281656-1687%29_%28and_studio%29_-_Laurence_Hyde_%281641%E2%80%931711%29%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg/340px-Willem_Wissing_%281656-1687%29_%28and_studio%29_-_Laurence_Hyde_%281641%E2%80%931711%29%2C_1st_Earl_of_Rochester%2C_in_Garter_Robes_-_609013_-_National_Trust.jpg 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester</a>, once a supporter of James, turned against him by 1688.</figcaption></figure> James advocated <a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">repeal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">penal laws</a> in all three of his kingdoms, but in the early years of his reign he refused to allow those dissenters who did not petition for relief to receive it.<a href="#cite_note-96">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> James sent a letter to the Scottish Parliament at its opening in 1685, declaring his wish for new penal laws against refractory Presbyterians and lamented that he was not there in person to promote such a law. In response, the Parliament passed an Act that stated, "whoever should preach in a conventicle under a roof, or should attend, either as preacher or as a hearer, a conventicle in the open air, should be punished with death and confiscation of property".<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> In March 1686, James sent a letter to the Scottish Privy Council advocating toleration for Roman Catholics but not for rebellious Presbyterian Covenanters.<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> Presbyterians would later call this period "<a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a>". James allowed Roman Catholics to occupy the highest offices of his kingdoms, and received at his court the <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_d%27Adda" title="Ferdinando d'Adda">Ferdinando d'Adda</a>, the first representative from Rome to London since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mary_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I">Mary I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Edward_Petre,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Edward Petre, 3rd Baronet">Edward Petre</a>, James's <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> confessor, was a particular object of Anglican ire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006195–196-101">[96]</a> When the King's <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spencer,_2nd_Earl_of_Sunderland" title="Robert Spencer, 2nd Earl of Sunderland">Earl of Sunderland</a>, began replacing office-holders at court with "Papist" favourites, James began to lose the confidence of many of his Anglican supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000150–152-102">[97]</a> Sunderland's purge of office-holders even extended to the King's brothers-in-law (the Hydes) and their supporters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000150–152-102">[97]</a> Roman Catholics made up no more than one-fiftieth of the English population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889444-103">[98]</a> In May 1686, James sought to obtain a ruling from the English common-law courts that showed he had the power to dispense with Acts of Parliament. He dismissed judges who disagreed with him on this matter, as well as the Solicitor General, <a href="/wiki/Heneage_Finch,_1st_Earl_of_Aylesford" title="Heneage Finch, 1st Earl of Aylesford">Heneage Finch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889368-104">[99]</a> The case of <a href="/wiki/Godden_v_Hales" title="Godden v Hales">Godden v Hales</a> affirmed his dispensing power,<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> with eleven out of the twelve judges ruling in the king's favour after six judges were dismissed for refusing to promise to support the king.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-107">[102]</a> In 1687, James issued the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Indulgence_(1687)" title="Declaration of Indulgence (1687)">Declaration of Indulgence</a>, also known as the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, in which he used his dispensing power to negate the effect of laws punishing both Roman Catholics and Protestant <a href="/wiki/English_Dissenters" title="English Dissenters">Dissenters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1986389–391-108">[103]</a> In the summer of 1687 he attempted to increase support for his tolerationist policy by a speaking tour of the western counties of England. As part of this tour, he gave a speech at Chester in which he said, "suppose... there should be a law made that all black men should be imprisoned, it would be unreasonable and we had as little reason to quarrel with other men for being of different [religious] opinions as for being of different complexions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby201342-109">[104]</a> At the same time, James provided partial toleration in Scotland, using his dispensing power to grant relief to Roman Catholics and partial relief to Presbyterians.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_statue_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/James_II_statue_1.jpg/170px-James_II_statue_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/James_II_statue_1.jpg/255px-James_II_statue_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/James_II_statue_1.jpg/340px-James_II_statue_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_II,_Trafalgar_Square" title="Statue of James II, Trafalgar Square">1686 statue of James II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Van_Dievoet" title="Peter Van Dievoet">Peter Van Dievoet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, London</figcaption></figure> In 1688, James ordered the Declaration read from the pulpits of every Anglican church, further alienating the Anglican bishops against the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of their church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006216–224-111">[106]</a> While the Declaration elicited some thanks from its beneficiaries, it left the Established Church, the traditional ally of the monarchy, in the difficult position of being forced to erode its own privileges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006216–224-111">[106]</a> James provoked further opposition by attempting to reduce the Anglican monopoly on education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006224–229-112">[107]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, he offended Anglicans by allowing Roman Catholics to hold important positions in <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a>, two of Oxford's largest colleges. He also attempted to force the Fellows of <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen College">Magdalen College</a> to elect as their President <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Farmer" title="Anthony Farmer">Anthony Farmer</a>, a man of generally ill repute who was believed to be a Roman Catholic,<a href="#cite_note-farmer-117">[f]</a> which was seen as a violation of the Fellows' right to elect someone of their own choosing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006224–229-112">[107]</a> In 1687, James prepared to pack Parliament with his supporters, so that it would repeal the Test Act and the Penal Laws. James was convinced by addresses from Dissenters that he had their support and so could dispense with relying on Tories and Anglicans. He instituted a wholesale purge of those in offices under the Crown opposed to his plan, appointing new <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lieutenant">lord-lieutenants of counties</a> and remodelling the corporations governing towns and <a href="/wiki/Livery_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Livery companies">livery companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988132-118">[112]</a> In October, James gave orders for the lord-lieutenants to provide three standard questions to all <a href="/wiki/Justices_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices of the Peace">Justices of the Peace</a>: 1. Would they consent to the repeal of the Test Act and the Penal Laws? 2. Would they assist candidates who would do so? 3. Would they accept the Declaration of Indulgence? During the first three months of 1688, hundreds of those who gave negative replies to those questions were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988132–133-119">[113]</a> Corporations were purged by agents, known as the Regulators, who were given wide discretionary powers, in an attempt to create a permanent royal electoral machine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988146-120">[114]</a> Most of the regulators were <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, and the new town officials that they recommended included <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, Baptists, <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterians" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterians">Presbyterians</a> and Roman Catholics, as well as <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby2013136–143-121">[115]</a> Finally, on 24 August 1688, James ordered the issue of <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">writs for a general election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988150-122">[116]</a> However, upon realising in September that William of Orange was going to land in England, James withdrew the writs and subsequently wrote to the lord-lieutenants to inquire over allegations of abuses committed during the regulations and election preparations, as part of the concessions he made to win support.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988159-123">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deposition_and_the_Glorious_Revolution">Deposition and the Glorious Revolution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deposition and the Glorious Revolution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Willem_III_(1650-1702),_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder,_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder%2C_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg/170px-Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder%2C_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder%2C_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg/255px-Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder%2C_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder%2C_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg/340px-Willem_III_%281650-1702%29%2C_prins_van_Oranje._Stadhouder%2C_sedert_1689_tevens_koning_van_Engeland_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-1228.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>James's nephew and son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">invited to "save the Protestant religion"</a>.</figcaption></figure> In April 1688, James re-issued the Declaration of Indulgence, subsequently ordering Anglican clergy to read it in their churches.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006258–259-124">[118]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Seven_bishops" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven bishops">seven bishops</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/William_Sancroft" title="William Sancroft">Archbishop of Canterbury</a>, submitted a petition requesting the reconsideration of the King's religious policies, they were arrested and tried for <a href="/wiki/Seditious_libel" title="Seditious libel">seditious libel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[119]</a> Public alarm increased when Queen Mary gave birth to a Roman Catholic son and heir, <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Edward">James Francis Edward</a>, on 10 June that year.<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> When James's only possible successors were his two Protestant daughters, Anglicans could see his pro-Catholic policies as a temporary phenomenon, but when the prince's birth opened the possibility of a permanent Roman Catholic dynasty, such men had to reconsider their position.<a href="#cite_note-127">[121]</a> Threatened by a Roman Catholic dynasty, several influential Protestants claimed the child was <a href="/wiki/Supposititious_child" title="Supposititious child">supposititious</a> and had been smuggled into the Queen's bedchamber in a warming pan.<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> They had already entered into negotiations with the Prince of Orange when it became known the Queen was pregnant, and the birth of a son reinforced their convictions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[123]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg/220px-La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg/330px-La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg/440px-La_Reception_faite_au_Roy_d%27Angleterre_par_le_Roy_%C3%A0_St._Germain_en_Laye_le_VIIe_janvier_1689.jpg 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> greeting the exiled James II in 1689 ("La Reception faite au Roy d'Angleterre par le Roy à St. Germain en Laye le VIIe janvier 1689", engraving by Nicolas Langlois, 1690)</figcaption></figure> On 30 June 1688, a group of seven Protestant nobles <a href="/wiki/Invitation_to_William" title="Invitation to William">invited William, Prince of Orange</a>, to come to England with an army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1996201–202-130">[124]</a> By September, it had become clear that William sought to invade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000190–196-131">[125]</a> Believing that his own army would be adequate, James refused the assistance of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> of France, fearing that the English would oppose French intervention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000190–196-131">[125]</a> When William arrived on 5 November 1688, many Protestant officers, including <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Churchill</a>, defected and joined William, as did James's own daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller2002236–239-132">[126]</a> James lost his nerve and declined to attack the invading army, despite his army's numerical superiority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000201–203-133">[127]</a> On 11 December, James tried to flee to France, first throwing the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Realm" title="Great Seal of the Realm">Great Seal of the Realm</a> into the <a href="/wiki/River_Thames" title="River Thames">River Thames</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000205–209-134">[128]</a> He was captured in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>; later, he was released and placed under Dutch protective guard. Having no desire to make James a martyr, William let him escape on 23 December.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000205–209-134">[128]</a> James was received by his cousin and ally, Louis XIV, who offered him a palace and a pension. William summoned a <a href="/wiki/Convention_Parliament_(1689)" title="Convention Parliament (1689)">Convention Parliament</a> to decide how to handle James's flight. It convened on 22 January 1689.<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a> While the Parliament refused to depose him, they declared that James, having fled to France and dropped the Great Seal into the Thames, had effectively <a href="/wiki/Abdicated" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdicated">abdicated</a>, and that the throne had thereby become vacant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000209-136">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[g]</a> To fill this vacancy, James's daughter Mary was declared Queen; she was to rule jointly with her husband William, who would be King. On 11 April 1689, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Parliament of Scotland</a> declared James to have forfeited the throne of Scotland as well.<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> The Convention Parliament issued a <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Right" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Right">Declaration of Right</a> on 12 February that denounced James for abusing his power, and proclaimed many limitations on royal authority. The abuses charged to James included the suspension of the Test Acts, the prosecution of the Seven Bishops for merely petitioning the Crown, the establishment of a standing army, and the imposition of cruel punishments.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> The Declaration was the basis for the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights</a> enacted later in 1689. The Bill also declared that henceforth, no Roman Catholic was permitted to ascend the English throne, nor could any English monarch marry a Roman Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006349–350-141">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attempt_to_regain_the_throne">Attempt to regain the throne</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Attempt to regain the throne">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_in_Ireland">War in Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: War in Ireland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War in Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg/220px-Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg/330px-Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg/440px-Jan_van_Huchtenburg_-_De_slag_aan_de_Boyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="861" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> between James II and William III, 11 July 1690 by <a href="/wiki/Huchtenburg" title="Huchtenburg">Huchtenburg</a></figcaption></figure> With the assistance of French troops, James landed in Ireland in March 1689.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000222–224-142">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Parliament" title="Patriot Parliament">Irish Parliament</a> did not follow the example of the English Parliament; it declared that James remained King and passed a massive <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_attainder#The_Great_Act_of_Attainder" title="Bill of attainder">bill of attainder</a> against those who had rebelled against him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000226–227-143">[136]</a> At James's urging, the Irish Parliament passed an Act for Liberty of Conscience that granted religious freedom to all Roman Catholics and Protestants in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006440-144">[137]</a> James worked to build an army in Ireland, but was ultimately defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> on 1 July 1690 <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> when William arrived, personally leading an army to defeat James and reassert English control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006446–449-145">[138]</a> James fled to France once more, departing from <a href="/wiki/Kinsale" title="Kinsale">Kinsale</a>, never to return to any of his former kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006446–449-145">[138]</a> Because he deserted his Irish supporters, James became known in Ireland as Séamus an Chaca or "James the shit".<a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a> Despite this popular perception, later historian <a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Buachalla" title="Breandán Ó Buachalla">Breandán Ó Buachalla</a> argues that "Irish political poetry for most of the eighteenth century is essentially Jacobite poetry",<a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> and both Ó Buachalla and fellow-historian <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_%C3%93_Ciardha" title="Éamonn Ó Ciardha">Éamonn Ó Ciardha</a> argue that James and his successors played a central role as messianic figures throughout the 18th century for all classes in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_exile,_death_and_legacy">Return to exile, death and legacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Return to exile, death and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg/220px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg/330px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg/440px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, James's home during his final exile</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_II_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/James_II_Tomb.jpg/220px-James_II_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/James_II_Tomb.jpg/330px-James_II_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/James_II_Tomb.jpg/440px-James_II_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of James II & VII in the parish church of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, commissioned in 1828 by <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> when the church was rebuilt</figcaption></figure> In France, James was allowed to live in the royal château of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000235-149">[142]</a> James's wife and some of his supporters fled with him, including the <a href="/wiki/John_Drummond,_1st_Earl_of_Melfort" title="John Drummond, 1st Earl of Melfort">Earl of Melfort</a>; most, but not all, were Roman Catholic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000235–236-150">[143]</a> In 1692, James's last child, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Teresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa Maria Teresa">Louisa Maria Teresa</a>, was born.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> Some supporters in England <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_assassination_plot_1696" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite assassination plot 1696">attempted to assassinate</a> William III to restore James to the throne in 1696, but the plot failed and the backlash made James's cause less popular.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> In the same year, Louis XIV offered to have James <a href="/wiki/Royal_elections_in_Poland" title="Royal elections in Poland">elected</a> <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">King of Poland</a>. James rejected the offer, fearing that accepting the Polish crown might (in the minds of the English people) disqualify him from being King of England. After Louis concluded peace with William in 1697, he ceased to offer much assistance to James.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000239-153">[146]</a> During his last years, James lived as an austere <a href="/wiki/Penitent" class="mw-redirect" title="Penitent">penitent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000234–236-154">[147]</a> He wrote a memorandum for his son advising him on how to govern England, specifying that Catholics should possess one Secretary of State, one Commissioner of the Treasury, the Secretary at War, with the majority of the officers in the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889445-155">[148]</a> James died aged 67 of a <a href="/wiki/Brain_haemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain haemorrhage">brain haemorrhage</a> on 16 September 1701 at <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[149]</a> James's heart was placed in a silver-gilt locket and given to the convent at <a href="/wiki/Chaillot" title="Chaillot">Chaillot</a>, and his brain was placed in a lead casket and given to the <a href="/wiki/Scots_College_(Paris)" title="Scots College (Paris)">Scots College</a> in Paris. His entrails were placed in two gilt urns and sent to the parish church of Saint-Germain-en-Laye and the <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_St_Omer,_Bruges_and_Li%C3%A8ge" title="Colleges of St Omer, Bruges and Liège">English Jesuit college at Saint-Omer</a>, while the flesh from his right arm was given to the English Augustinian nuns of Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2014223-157">[150]</a> The rest of James's body was laid to rest in a triple <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> (consisting of two wooden coffins and one of lead) at the St Edmund's Chapel in the Church of the English <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictines</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rue_Saint-Jacques,_Paris" title="Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris">Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris</a>, with a funeral oration by <a href="/wiki/Henri-Emmanuel_de_Roquette" title="Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette">Henri-Emmanuel de Roquette</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000240-4">[3]</a> James was not buried, but put in one of the side chapels. Lights were kept burning round his coffin until the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>. In 1734, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Paris">Archbishop of Paris</a> heard evidence to support James's canonisation, but nothing came of it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000240-4">[3]</a> During the French Revolution, James's tomb was raided.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000240-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-burial-5">[b]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Hanover_succession">Later Hanover succession</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Later Hanover succession">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/170px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/255px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg/340px-Prince_James_Francis_Edward_Stuart_by_Alexis_Simon_Belle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James's son</a> was known as "James III and VIII" to his supporters, and "The Old Pretender" to his enemies.</figcaption></figure> James's younger daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a> succeeded when William died in 1702. The <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Settlement">Act of Settlement</a> provided that, if the line of succession established in the Bill of Rights were extinguished, the crown would go to a German cousin, <a href="/wiki/Sophia,_Electress_of_Hanover" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophia, Electress of Hanover">Sophia, Electress of Hanover</a>, and to her Protestant heirs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006493-160">[153]</a> Sophia was a granddaughter of <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> through his eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Elizabeth Stuart</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. Thus, when Anne died in 1714 (less than two months after the death of Sophia), she was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, Sophia's son, the Elector of Hanover and Anne's second cousin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006493-160">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_uprisings_and_pretenders">Subsequent uprisings and pretenders</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Subsequent uprisings and pretenders">edit</a>]</div> James's son <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward" class="mw-redirect" title="James Francis Edward">James Francis Edward</a> was recognised as king at his father's death by Louis XIV of France and James II's remaining supporters (later known as <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a>) as "James III and VIII".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999349-161">[154]</a> He led a <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">rising</a> in Scotland in 1715 shortly after George I's accession, but was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999361–363-162">[155]</a> His son <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward_Stuart" title="Charles Edward Stuart">Charles Edward Stuart</a> led a <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_in_1745" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite rising in 1745">Jacobite rising in 1745</a>, but was again defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999365–371-163">[156]</a> The risings were the last serious attempts to restore the Stuart dynasty. Charles's claims passed to his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_Benedict_Stuart" title="Henry Benedict Stuart">Henry Benedict Stuart</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_the_College_of_Cardinals" title="Dean of the College of Cardinals">Dean of the College of Cardinals</a> of the Roman Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999371–372-164">[157]</a> Henry was the last of James II's legitimate descendants. He died childless, and no relative has publicly acknowledged the <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_claim" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobite claim">Jacobite claim</a> since his death in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999373–374-165">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg/170px-Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg/255px-Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg/340px-Thomas_Babington_Macaulay2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Macaulay</a> wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> tradition.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hilaire_Belloc_(side_view,_1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hilaire_Belloc_%28side_view%2C_1910%29.jpg/170px-Hilaire_Belloc_%28side_view%2C_1910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hilaire_Belloc_%28side_view%2C_1910%29.jpg/255px-Hilaire_Belloc_%28side_view%2C_1910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hilaire_Belloc_%28side_view%2C_1910%29.jpg/340px-Hilaire_Belloc_%28side_view%2C_1910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a> was a notable <a href="/wiki/Apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologist">apologist</a> for James II.</figcaption></figure> Historical analysis of James II has been somewhat revised since <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig</a> historians, led by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Macaulay">Lord Macaulay</a>, cast James as a cruel absolutist and his reign as "tyranny which approached to insanity".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889239-166">[159]</a> Subsequent scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a> (Macaulay's great-nephew) and <a href="/wiki/David_Ogg_(historian)" title="David Ogg (historian)">David Ogg</a>, while more balanced than Macaulay, still characterised James as a tyrant, his attempts at religious tolerance as a fraud, and his reign as an aberration in the course of British history.<a href="#cite_note-167">[160]</a> In 1892, <a href="/wiki/A._W._Ward" class="mw-redirect" title="A. W. Ward">A. W. Ward</a> wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a> that James was "obviously a political and religious bigot", although never devoid of "a vein of patriotic sentiment"; "his conversion to the church of Rome made the emancipation of his fellow-catholics in the first instance, and the recovery of England for catholicism in the second, the governing objects of his policy."<a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, a writer and Catholic apologist, broke with this tradition in 1928, casting James as an honourable man and a true advocate for freedom of conscience, and his enemies "men in the small clique of great fortunes ... which destroyed the ancient monarchy of the English".<a href="#cite_note-169">[162]</a> However, he observed that James "concluded the Catholic church to be the sole authoritative voice on earth, and thenceforward ... he not only stood firm against surrender but on no single occasion contemplated the least compromise or by a word would modify the impression made." By the 1960s and 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ashley_(historian)" title="Maurice Ashley (historian)">Maurice Ashley</a> and Stuart Prall began to reconsider James's motives in granting religious toleration, while still taking note of James's autocratic rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1996196–198-170">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrall1972291–293-171">[164]</a> Modern historians have moved away from the school of thought that preached the continuous march of progress and democracy, Ashley contending that "history is, after all, the story of human beings and individuals, as well as of the classes and the masses."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley19969-172">[165]</a> He cast James II and William III as "men of ideals as well as human weaknesses".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley19969-172">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Miller_(historian)" title="John Miller (historian)">John Miller</a>, writing in 2000, accepted the claims of James's absolutism, but argued that "his main concern was to secure religious liberty and civil equality for Catholics. Any 'absolutist' methods ... were essentially means to that end."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000ix-173">[166]</a> In 2004, <a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">W. A. Speck</a> wrote in the new <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> that "James was genuinely committed to religious toleration, but also sought to increase the power of the crown."<a href="#cite_note-speck-174">[167]</a> He added that, unlike the government of the Netherlands, "James was too autocratic to combine freedom of conscience with popular government. He resisted any check on the monarch's power. That is why his heart was not in the concessions he had to make in 1688. He would rather live in exile with his principles intact than continue to reign as a limited monarch."<a href="#cite_note-speck-174">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._G._Harris" title="Timothy J. G. Harris">Tim Harris's</a> conclusions from his 2006 book summarised the ambivalence of modern scholarship towards James II:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The jury will doubtless remain out on James for a long time ... Was he an egotistical bigot ... a tyrant who rode roughshod over the will of the vast majority of his subjects (at least in England and Scotland) ... simply naïve, or even perhaps plain stupid, unable to appreciate the realities of political power ... Or was he a well-intentioned and even enlightened ruler—an enlightened despot well ahead of his time, perhaps—who was merely trying to do what he thought was best for his subjects?<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006478–479-175">[168]</a></blockquote> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pincus" title="Steven Pincus">Steven Pincus</a> confronted that scholarly ambivalence in 1688: The First Modern Revolution. Pincus claims that James's reign must be understood within a context of economic change and European politics, and makes two major assertions about James II. The first of these is that James purposefully "followed the French Sun King, Louis XIV, in trying to create a modern Catholic polity. This involved not only trying to Catholicize England ... but also creating a modern, centralizing, and extremely bureaucratic state apparatus."<a href="#cite_note-176">[169]</a> The second is that James was undone in 1688 far less by Protestant reaction against Catholicization than by nationwide hostile reaction against his intrusive bureaucratic state and taxation apparatus, expressed in massive popular support for William of Orange's armed invasion of England. Pincus presents James as neither naïve nor stupid nor egotistical. Instead, readers are shown an intelligent, clear-thinking strategically motivated monarch whose vision for a French authoritarian political model and alliance clashed with, and lost out to, alternative views that favoured an entrepreneurial Dutch economic model, feared French power, and were outraged by James's authoritarianism. <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sowerby" title="Scott Sowerby">Scott Sowerby</a> countered Pincus's thesis in 2013 in Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution. He noted that English taxes remained low during James II's reign, at about 4% of the English national income, and thus it was unlikely that James could have built a bureaucratic state on the model of Louis XIV's France, where taxes were at least twice as high as a proportion of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby201351–53-177">[170]</a> Sowerby also contends that James's policies of religious toleration attracted substantial support from religious nonconformists, including Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists and Presbyterians, who were attracted by the king's push for a new "Magna Carta for liberty of conscience".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby201343–44-178">[171]</a> The king was overthrown, in Sowerby's view, largely because of fears among the Dutch and English elites that James might be aligning himself with Louis XIV in a supposed "holy league" to destroy Protestantism across northern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby2013227–239-179">[172]</a> Sowerby presents James's reign as a struggle between those who believed that the king was sincerely devoted to liberty of conscience and those who were sceptical of the king's espousals of toleration and believed that he had a hidden agenda to overthrow English Protestantism. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours,_and_arms">Titles, styles, honours, and arms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, honours, and arms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James2coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/James2coin.jpg/170px-James2coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/James2coin.jpg/255px-James2coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/James2coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="293" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Half_crown_(British_coin)" title="Half crown (British coin)">Half crown coin</a> of James II, 1686</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Titles and styles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>14 October 1633 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of York</li> <li>10 May 1659 – 6 February 1685: The Earl of Ulster<a href="#cite_note-weir-13">[11]</a></li> <li>31 December 1660 – 6 February 1685: The Duke of Albany</li> <li>6 February 1685 – 23 December 1688 (by <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> until 16 September 1701): His Majesty The King</li></ul> The official style of James in England was "James the Second, by the Grace of God, King of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a>, etc." The <a href="/wiki/English_claims_to_the_French_throne" title="English claims to the French throne">claim to France</a> was only nominal, and was asserted by every English king from <a href="/wiki/Edward_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III">Edward III</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, regardless of the amount of French territory actually controlled. In Scotland, he was "James the Seventh, by the Grace of God, King of Scotland, England, France and Ireland, Defender of the Faith, etc."<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-180">[173]</a> James was created <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a> by King Louis XIV of France on 31 December 1660.<a href="#cite_note-weir-13">[11]</a> In 1734 the <a href="/wiki/Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume_de_Vintimille_du_Luc" title="Charles-Gaspard-Guillaume de Vintimille du Luc">Archbishop of Paris</a> opened the cause for the canonisation of James as a saint, making him a <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of God</a> among Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-181">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honours">Honours</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Honours">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>KG: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Garter">Knight of the Garter</a>, 20 April 1642<a href="#cite_note-weir-13">[11]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Appointments</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a>, 1660–1669<a href="#cite_note-182">[175]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> Prior to his accession, James's coat of arms was the <a href="/wiki/Royal_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms">royal arms</a> (which he later inherited), differenced by a <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> of three points <a href="/wiki/Ermine_(heraldry)" title="Ermine (heraldry)">Ermine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[176]</a> His arms as king were: <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">Quarterly</a>, I and IV Grandquarterly, <a href="/wiki/Azure_(heraldry)" title="Azure (heraldry)">Azure</a> three <a href="/wiki/Fleurs-de-lis" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleurs-de-lis">fleurs-de-lis</a> <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> (for France) and <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a> three lions <a href="/wiki/Passant_guardant" class="mw-redirect" title="Passant guardant">passant guardant</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pale_(heraldry)" title="Pale (heraldry)">pale</a> Or (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_England" title="Coat of arms of England">for England</a>); II Or a lion <a href="/wiki/Rampant" class="mw-redirect" title="Rampant">rampant</a> within a double <a href="/wiki/Tressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Tressure">tressure</a> flory-counter-flory Gules (<a href="/wiki/Royal_arms_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal arms of Scotland">for Scotland</a>); III Azure a harp Or stringed <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">for Ireland</a>). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">James II's coat of arms</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:133px;max-width:133px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart,_Duke_of_York.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart%2C_Duke_of_York.svg/131px-Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart%2C_Duke_of_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="131" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart%2C_Duke_of_York.svg/197px-Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart%2C_Duke_of_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart%2C_Duke_of_York.svg/262px-Coat_of_Arms_of_James_Stuart%2C_Duke_of_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1430" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of James, Duke of York, KG</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_England_(1660-1689).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/122px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/183px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg/244px-Coat_of_Arms_of_England_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of James II as king (outside Scotland)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_(1660-1689).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281660-1689%29.svg/127px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281660-1689%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="127" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281660-1689%29.svg/191px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281660-1689%29.svg/254px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Scotland_%281660-1689%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Coat of arms of King James VII in Scotland</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_tree">Family tree</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Family tree">edit</a>]</div> In four generations of Stuarts, there were seven reigning monarchs (not including Hanover's <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>). James II was the fourth Stuart monarch in England, the second of his generation and the father of two more. <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1508px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Stuart.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal members of the House of Stuart following the 1603 Union of the Crowns"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/House_of_Stuart.png/1500px-House_of_Stuart.png" decoding="async" width="1500" height="642" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/House_of_Stuart.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2003" data-file-height="857" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Stuart.png" title="File:House of Stuart.png"> </a></div>Principal members of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a> following the 1603 Union of the Crowns</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Issue">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimate_issue">Legitimate issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legitimate issue">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hyde" title="Anne Hyde">Anne Hyde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(1660%E2%80%931661)" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (1660–1661)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a> </td> <td>22 October 1660 </td> <td>5 May 1661 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> </td> <td>30 April 1662 </td> <td>28 December 1694 </td> <td>married 1677, <a href="/wiki/William_III,_Prince_of_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="William III, Prince of Orange">William III, Prince of Orange</a>; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="James, Duke of Cambridge">James, Duke of Cambridge</a> </td> <td>11 or 12 July 1663 </td> <td>20 June 1667 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne, Queen of Great Britain</a> </td> <td>6 February 1665 </td> <td>1 August 1714 </td> <td>married 1683, <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">Prince George of Denmark</a>; no surviving issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Kendal" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Duke of Kendal">Charles, Duke of Kendal</a> </td> <td>4 July 1666 </td> <td>22 May 1667 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar, Duke of Cambridge">Edgar, Duke of Cambridge</a> </td> <td>14 September 1667 </td> <td>8 June 1671 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henrietta </td> <td>13 January 1669 </td> <td>15 November 1669 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catherine </td> <td>9 February 1671 </td> <td>5 December 1671 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">March or May 1674 </td> <td>stillbirth<a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Catherine Laura </td> <td>10 January 1675 </td> <td>3 October 1675 </td> <td>died of convulsions<a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">October 1675 </td> <td>stillbirth<a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Stuart" title="Isabel Stuart">Isabel</a> (or Isabella) </td> <td>28 August 1676 </td> <td>2 or 4 March 1681 </td> <td>buried in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> on 4 March (Old Style) as "The Lady Isabella, daughter to the Duke of York"<a href="#cite_note-185">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stuart,_Duke_of_Cambridge_(born_1677)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stuart, Duke of Cambridge (born 1677)">Charles, Duke of Cambridge</a> </td> <td>7 November 1677 </td> <td>12 December 1677 </td> <td>died of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a><a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth </td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1678 </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">February 1681 </td> <td>stillbirth<a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charlotte Maria </td> <td>16 August 1682 </td> <td>16 October 1682 </td> <td>died of convulsions<a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> and buried in Westminster Abbey on 8 October (Old Style) as "The Lady Charlotte-Marie, daughter to the Duke of York"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChester1876206-186">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">October 1683 </td> <td>stillbirth<a href="#cite_note-Weir,_260-184">[177]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Unnamed child </td> <td colspan="2" align="center">May 1684 </td> <td>stillbirth<a href="#cite_note-187">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James, Prince of Wales "the Old Pretender"</a> </td> <td>10 June 1688 </td> <td>1 January 1766 </td> <td>married 1719, <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Sobieska" class="mw-redirect" title="Clementina Sobieska">Clementina Sobieska</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Maria_Teresa" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisa Maria Teresa">Louisa Maria Teresa</a> </td> <td>28 June 1692 </td> <td>18 April 1712 </td> <td>no issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illegitimate_issue">Illegitimate issue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Illegitimate issue">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Birth </th> <th>Death </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Arabella_Churchill_(royal_mistress)" title="Arabella Churchill (royal mistress)">Arabella Churchill</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_FitzJames" title="Henrietta FitzJames">Henrietta FitzJames</a> </td> <td>1667 </td> <td>3 April 1730 </td> <td>Married, firstly, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Waldegrave,_1st_Baron_Waldegrave" title="Henry Waldegrave, 1st Baron Waldegrave">Henry Waldegrave</a>; had issue. Married, secondly, <a href="/wiki/Piers_Butler,_3rd_Viscount_Galmoye" title="Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye">Piers Butler, 3rd Viscount Galmoye</a>; no issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/James_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Berwick" title="James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick">James FitzJames, 1st Duke of Berwick</a> </td> <td>21 August 1670 </td> <td>12 June 1734 </td> <td>Married, firstly, Lady Honora Burke (a/k/a Lady Honora de Burgh) and had issue. Married, secondly, Anne Bulkely and had issue.<a href="#cite_note-weir263-188">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henry_FitzJames,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle">Henry FitzJames, 1st Duke of Albemarle</a> </td> <td>August 1673 </td> <td>December 1702 </td> <td>Married Marie Gabrielle d'Audibert de Lussan; had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arabella FitzJames </td> <td>1674 </td> <td>7 November 1704 </td> <td>Became a nun under the name Ignatia.<a href="#cite_note-weir263-188">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">By <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Sedley" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Sedley">Catherine Sedley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Sheffield,_Duchess_of_Buckingham_and_Normanby" title="Catherine Sheffield, Duchess of Buckingham and Normanby">Catherine Darnley</a> </td> <td>c. 1681 </td> <td>13 March 1743 </td> <td>Alleged daughter. Married, firstly, <a href="/wiki/James_Annesley,_3rd_Earl_of_Anglesey" title="James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey">James Annesley, 3rd Earl of Anglesey</a> and had issue. Married, secondly, <a href="/wiki/John_Sheffield,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Normanby" title="John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby">John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normanby</a> and had issue.<a href="#cite_note-weir263-188">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>James Darnley </td> <td>1684 </td> <td>22 April 1685 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Darnley </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Died young<a href="#cite_note-weir263-188">[181]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-death-3"><a href="#cite_ref-death_3-0">^</a> An assertion found in many sources that James died on 6 September 1701 (17 September 1701 <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">New Style</a>) may result from a calculation done by an author of anonymous "An Exact Account of the Sickness and Death of the Late King James II, as also of the Proceedings at St. Germains thereupon, 1701, in a letter from an English gentleman in France to his friend in London".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The account reads: "And on Friday the 17th instant, about three in the afternoon, the king died, the day he always fasted in memory of our blessed Saviour's passion, the day he ever desired to die on, and the ninth hour, according to the Jewish account, when our Saviour was crucified." As 17 September 1701 <a href="/wiki/New_Style" class="mw-redirect" title="New Style">New Style</a> falls on a Saturday and the author insists that James died on Friday, "the day he ever desired to die on", so the author may have miscalculated the date, which later made it to various reference works.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-burial-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burial_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burial_5-1">b</a> MacLeod and Waller wrote that all of James's remains were lost in the French Revolution. The <a href="/wiki/English_Illustrated_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="English Illustrated Magazine">English Illustrated Magazine</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishillustra10unkngoog/page/n600/mode/2up">article</a> on St. Germain from September 1903 claimed that parts of his bowel interred at the <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye#Saint-Germain_parish_church" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">parish church of St. Germain-en-Laye</a> were rediscovered in 1824 and reburied.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilliam1998205-158">[151]</a> Hilliam disputed that his remains were either scattered or lost, stating that when revolutionaries broke into the church, they were amazed at the body's preservation and it was put on public exhibition where miracles were said to have happened. Hilliam stated that the body was then kept "above ground" until <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> heard about it and ordered the body buried in the parish church of St Germain-en-Laye in 1824.<a href="#cite_note-159">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Anne "made the greatest single impact upon his thinking" and that she converted shortly after the Restoration, "almost certainly before her husband".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow2000144-46">[44]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> According to Turner, James's reaction to the agreement was "The King shall be obeyed, and I would be glad if all his subjects would learn of me to obey him".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1948132-59">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a>, as they did not recognize James (or any uncovenanted king) as a legitimate ruler, would not petition James for relief from the penal laws. </li> <li id="cite_note-farmer-117"><a href="#cite_ref-farmer_117-0">^</a> Historians are unclear on Farmer's exact religious affiliation. Macaulay wrote that Farmer "pretended to turn Papist".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889264-113">[108]</a> Prall called him a "Catholic sympathizer".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrall1972148-114">[109]</a> Miller wrote that "although he had not declared himself a Catholic, it was believed he was no longer an Anglican".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000170-115">[110]</a> Ashley did not refer to Farmer by name, but only as the King's Catholic nominee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley199689-116">[111]</a> All these sources agreed that Farmer's bad reputation as a "person of scandalous character" was as much a deterrent to his nomination as his uncertain religious loyalties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrall1972148-114">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Harris analyses the legal nature of the abdication; James did not agree that he had abdicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006320–328-137">[131]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSomers" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Somers, John</a>. Tracts. Vol. XI 1809–1815. pp. 339–342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tracts&rft.pages=339-342&rft.aulast=Somers&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning2001" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Andrew, ed. (2001). English Historical Documents 1660–1714. 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Economic History Association EH.net. Retrieved 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+History+Association+EH.net&rft.atitle=The+Glorious+Revolution&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Fthe-glorious-revolution-of-1688%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisTaylor2015" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Tim; Taylor, Stephen, eds. (2015). The Final Crisis of the Stuart Monarchy. Boydell & Brewer. pp. 144–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-783-27044-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-783-27044-6"><bdi>978-1-783-27044-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Crisis+of+the+Stuart+Monarchy&rft.pages=144-159&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-783-27044-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006264–268-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006264–268_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 264–268. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller20001-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller20001_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200031-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200031_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200031_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCallow2000">Callow (2000)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow200034-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow200034_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCallow2000">Callow (2000)</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFCallow2000">Callow (2000)</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-weir-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir_13-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir" title="Alison Weir">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). 258. 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Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415190770" title="Special:BookSources/9780415190770"><bdi>9780415190770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+African+Company&rft.pages=62&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415190770&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEYjnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECallow2000104-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECallow2000104_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCallow2000">Callow (2000)</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200042-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200042_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Spelling modernized for clarity; quoted by Adrian Tinniswood (2003). 80. By Permission of Heaven: The Story of the Great Fire of London. London: Jonathan Cape. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aaregistry.org/story/the-royal-african-company-rac-founded/">"The Royal African Company (RAC) is Founded"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221114124703/https://aaregistry.org/story/the-royal-african-company-rac-founded/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2022. 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<a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 192–195 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1889">Macaulay (1889)</a>, pp. 368–369; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, p. 192 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-107"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dixon, Dennis (20 November 2006). "Godden v Hales revisited – James II and the dispensing power". The Journal of Legal History. 27 (2): 129–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01440360600831162">10.1080/01440360600831162</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-0365">0144-0365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Legal+History&rft.atitle=Godden+v+Hales+revisited+%E2%80%93+James+II+and+the+dispensing+power&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-152&rft.date=2006-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01440360600831162&rft.issn=0144-0365&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenyon1986389–391-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenyon1986389–391_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKenyon1986">Kenyon (1986)</a>, pp. 389–391. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby201342-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowerby201342_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSowerby2013">Sowerby (2013)</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1889">Macaulay (1889)</a>, p. 429; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 480–482 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006216–224-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006216–224_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006216–224_111-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 216–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006224–229-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006224–229_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006224–229_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 224–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889264-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889264_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1889">Macaulay (1889)</a>, p. 264. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrall1972148-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrall1972148_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrall1972148_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrall1972">Prall (1972)</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000170-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000170_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley199689-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley199689_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshley1996">Ashley (1996)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988132-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1988132_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones (1988)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988132–133-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1988132–133_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones (1988)</a>, pp. 132–133. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988146-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1988146_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones (1988)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby2013136–143-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowerby2013136–143_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSowerby2013">Sowerby (2013)</a>, pp. 136–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988150-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1988150_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones (1988)</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1988159-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1988159_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones (1988)</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006258–259-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006258–259_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 258–259. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 260–262; <a href="#CITEREFPrall1972">Prall (1972)</a>, p. 312 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 186–187; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 269–272 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 271–272; <a href="#CITEREFAshley1996">Ashley (1996)</a>, pp. 110–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg2000" class="citation book cs1">Gregg, Edward (2000). Queen Anne. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-710-00400-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-710-00400-0"><bdi>978-0-710-00400-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Anne&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-710-00400-0&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaller2002">Waller (2002)</a>, pp. 43–46; <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 186–187 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1996201–202-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1996201–202_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshley1996">Ashley (1996)</a>, pp. 201–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000190–196-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000190–196_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000190–196_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 190–196. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaller2002236–239-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaller2002236–239_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaller2002">Waller (2002)</a>, pp. 236–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000201–203-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000201–203_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 201–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000205–209-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000205–209_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000205–209_134-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 205–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaydon2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Claydon" title="Tony Claydon">Claydon, Tony</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-29450">"William III and II"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29450">10.1093/ref:odnb/29450</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-198-61412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-198-61412-8"><bdi>978-0-198-61412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=William+III+and+II&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F29450&rft.isbn=978-0-198-61412-8&rft.aulast=Claydon&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-29450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlumb1937" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Plumb" title="John H. Plumb">Plumb, J. H.</a> (1937). "The Elections to the Convention Parliament of 1689". <a href="/wiki/The_Cambridge_Historical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cambridge Historical Journal">The Cambridge Historical Journal</a>. 5 (3): 235–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1474691300001529">10.1017/S1474691300001529</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020731">3020731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Elections+to+the+Convention+Parliament+of+1689&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=235-254&rft.date=1937&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1474691300001529&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3020731%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Plumb&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000209-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000209_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006320–328-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006320–328_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 320–328. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDevine2006">Devine (2006)</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 402–407 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshley1996">Ashley (1996)</a>, pp. 206–209; <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 329–348 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006349–350-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006349–350_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 349–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000222–224-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000222–224_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 222–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000226–227-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000226–227_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 226–227. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006440-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006440_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, p. 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006446–449-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006446–449_145-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006446–449_145-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 446–449. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1988" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Brendan (1988). New Gill History of Ireland 3: Seventeenth-Century Ireland – The War of Religions. Gill and Macmillan. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7171-1626-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7171-1626-3"><bdi>0-7171-1626-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Gill+History+of+Ireland+3%3A+Seventeenth-Century+Ireland+%E2%80%93+The+War+of+Religions&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=Gill+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7171-1626-3&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzechi1994" class="citation book cs1">Szechi, Daniel (1994). The Jacobites, Britain and Europe, 1688–1788. Manchester University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-3774-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-3774-3"><bdi>0-7190-3774-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jacobites%2C+Britain+and+Europe%2C+1688%E2%80%931788&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-7190-3774-3&rft.aulast=Szechi&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Buachalla1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Buachalla" title="Breandán Ó Buachalla">Ó Buachalla, Breandán</a> (Spring–Summer 1992). "Irish Jacobite Poetry". <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Irish_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Irish Review (page does not exist)">The Irish Review</a> (12): 40–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F29735642">10.2307/29735642</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29735642">29735642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Review&rft.atitle=Irish+Jacobite+Poetry&rft.chron=spring%E2%80%93summer&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=40-49&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F29735642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F29735642%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Buachalla&rft.aufirst=Breand%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFÓ_Buachalla1996">Ó Buachalla (1996)</a>; <a href="#CITEREFÓ_Ciardha2002">Ó Ciardha (2002)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000235-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000235_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000235–236-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000235–236_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.burkespeerage.com">"Burke's Peerage"</a> (Second World War ed.). p. 228. Retrieved 23 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.pages=228&rft.edition=Second+World+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.burkespeerage.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 238; <a href="#CITEREFWaller2002">Waller (2002)</a>, p. 350 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000239-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000239_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000234–236-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000234–236_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, pp. 234–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889445-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889445_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1889">Macaulay (1889)</a>, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. 240; <a href="/wiki/Parish_register" title="Parish register">Parish register</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Germain-en-Laye" title="Saint-Germain-en-Laye">Saint-Germain-en-Laye</a>, with transcription, at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontenac-ameriques.org/louis-de-frontenac/article/la-ville-de-saint-germain-en-laye">Association Frontenac-Amériques</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121110014232/http://www.frontenac-ameriques.org/louis-de-frontenac/article/la-ville-de-saint-germain-en-laye">Archived</a> 10 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in French) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2014223-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMann2014223_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMann2014">Mann (2014)</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilliam1998205-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilliam1998205_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilliam1998">Hilliam (1998)</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaller2002">Waller (2002)</a>, p. 401; <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod (1999)</a>, p. 349 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006493-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006493_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006493_160-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, p. 493. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999349-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999349_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod (1999)</a>, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999361–363-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999361–363_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod (1999)</a>, pp. 361–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999365–371-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999365–371_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod (1999)</a>, pp. 365–371. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999371–372-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999371–372_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod (1999)</a>, pp. 371–372. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999373–374-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLeod1999373–374_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLeod1999">MacLeod (1999)</a>, pp. 373–374. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889239-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacaulay1889239_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacaulay1889">Macaulay (1889)</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> See Prall, vii–xv, for a more detailed historiography. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/James_II_of_England">"James II of England" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+II+of+England&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1885%2F1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelloc1928" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc, Hilaire</a> (1928). James the Second. J. B. Lippincott Company. p. vii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5922-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8369-5922-2"><bdi>978-0-8369-5922-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+the+Second&rft.pages=vii&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lippincott+Company&rft.date=1928&rft.isbn=978-0-8369-5922-2&rft.aulast=Belloc&rft.aufirst=Hilaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley1996196–198-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley1996196–198_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshley1996">Ashley (1996)</a>, pp. 196–198. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrall1972291–293-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrall1972291–293_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPrall1972">Prall (1972)</a>, pp. 291–293. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshley19969-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley19969_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshley19969_172-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshley1996">Ashley (1996)</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2000ix-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2000ix_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2000">Miller (2000)</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-speck-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-speck_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-speck_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">Speck, W.A.</a> (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14593">"James II and VII (1633–1701)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online May 2006 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14593">10.1093/ref:odnb/14593</a>. Retrieved 15 October 2007. <q>He 'wished that all his subjects could be as convinced as he was that the Catholic church was the one true church. He was also convinced that the established church was maintained artificially by penal laws that proscribed nonconformity. If these were removed, and conversions to Catholicism were encouraged, then many would take place. In the event his optimism was misplaced, for few converted. James underestimated the appeal of Protestantism in general and the Church of England in particular. His was the zeal and even bigotry of a narrow-minded convert...'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+II+and+VII+%281633%E2%80%931701%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online+May+2006&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F14593&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F14593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2006478–479-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris2006478–479_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarris2006">Harris (2006)</a>, pp. 478–479. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPincus2009" class="citation book cs1">Pincus, Steven (2009). 1688: The First Modern Revolution. Yale University Press. p. 475. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-1547-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-1547-5"><bdi>978-0-3001-1547-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1688%3A+The+First+Modern+Revolution&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-3001-1547-5&rft.aulast=Pincus&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby201351–53-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowerby201351–53_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSowerby2013">Sowerby (2013)</a>, pp. 51–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby201343–44-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowerby201343–44_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSowerby2013">Sowerby (2013)</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESowerby2013227–239-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESowerby2013227–239_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSowerby2013">Sowerby (2013)</a>, pp. 227–239. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-180"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette2009" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/2009/page/1">"No. 2009"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 16 February 1684. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+2009&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1684-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F2009%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulombe2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Coulombe" title="Charles A. Coulombe">Coulombe, Charles</a> (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicherald.co.uk/commentandblogs/2019/03/05/the-forgotten-canonisation-cause-of-king-james-ii/">"The forgotten canonisation Cause of King James II"</a>. Catholic Herald. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Herald&rft.atitle=The+forgotten+canonisation+Cause+of+King+James+II&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.aulast=Coulombe&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicherald.co.uk%2Fcommentandblogs%2F2019%2F03%2F05%2Fthe-forgotten-canonisation-cause-of-king-james-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cinqueports.org/history/lord-warden-officials/list-of-lord-wardens/">"List of Lord Wardens"</a>. The Confederation of Cinque Ports. Retrieved 31 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Confederation+of+Cinque+Ports&rft.atitle=List+of+Lord+Wardens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcinqueports.org%2Fhistory%2Flord-warden-officials%2Flist-of-lord-wardens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelde" class="citation web cs1">Velde, Francois R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldica.org/topics/britain/cadency.htm">"Marks of cadency in the British royal family"</a>. Heraldica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldica&rft.atitle=Marks+of+cadency+in+the+British+royal+family&rft.aulast=Velde&rft.aufirst=Francois+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldica.org%2Ftopics%2Fbritain%2Fcadency.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weir,_260-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weir,_260_184-6">g</a> Weir, p. 260 </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChester1876" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lemuel_Chester" title="Joseph Lemuel Chester">Chester, J. L.</a> (1876). The Marriage, Baptismal, and Burial Registers of the Collegiate Church or Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster. Vol. 10. Harleian Society. p. 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marriage%2C+Baptismal%2C+and+Burial+Registers+of+the+Collegiate+Church+or+Abbey+of+St.+Peter%2C+Westminster&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Harleian+Society&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChester1876206-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChester1876206_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChester1876">Chester (1876)</a>, p. 206. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Weir, 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-weir263-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-weir263_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir263_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir263_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-weir263_188-3">d</a> Weir, p. 263 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ashley_(historian)" title="Maurice Ashley (historian)">Ashley, Maurice</a> (1996). The Glorious Revolution of 1688. Charles Scribner's Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-00896-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-00896-2"><bdi>0-340-00896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution+of+1688&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-340-00896-2&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallow2000" class="citation book cs1">Callow, John (2000). The Making of King James II: The Formative Years of a King. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-2398-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-2398-9"><bdi>0-7509-2398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+King+James+II%3A+The+Formative+Years+of+a+King&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7509-2398-9&rft.aulast=Callow&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevine2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Devine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Devine">Devine, T. M.</a> (2006). The Scottish Nation 1700–2007. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1410-2769-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-1410-2769-X"><bdi>0-1410-2769-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Scottish+Nation+1700%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-1410-2769-X&rft.aulast=Devine&rft.aufirst=T.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_J._G._Harris" title="Timothy J. G. Harris">Harris, Tim</a> (2006). Revolution: The Great Crisis of the British Monarchy, 1685–1720. Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9759-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9759-1"><bdi>0-7139-9759-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution%3A+The+Great+Crisis+of+the+British+Monarchy%2C+1685%E2%80%931720&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7139-9759-1&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliam1998" class="citation book cs1">Hilliam, David (1998). Kings, Queens, Bones & Bastards. Sutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3553-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3553-7"><bdi>0-7509-3553-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kings%2C+Queens%2C+Bones+%26+Bastards&rft.pub=Sutton&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7509-3553-7&rft.aulast=Hilliam&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1988" class="citation book cs1">Jones, J. R. (1988). The Revolution of 1688 in England. Orion Publishing Group, Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2979-9467-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-2979-9467-0"><bdi>0-2979-9467-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+1688+in+England&rft.pub=Orion+Publishing+Group%2C+Limited&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-2979-9467-0&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenyon1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Phillipps_Kenyon" class="mw-redirect" title="John Phillipps Kenyon">Kenyon, J. P.</a> (1986). The Stuart Constitution 1603–1688, Documents and Commentary (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-31327-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-31327-9"><bdi>0-521-31327-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuart+Constitution+1603%E2%80%931688%2C+Documents+and+Commentary&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-521-31327-9&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLeod1999" class="citation book cs1">MacLeod, John (1999). Dynasty, the Stuarts, 1560–1807. Sceptre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3407-0767-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-3407-0767-4"><bdi>0-3407-0767-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynasty%2C+the+Stuarts%2C+1560%E2%80%931807&rft.pub=Sceptre&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-3407-0767-4&rft.aulast=MacLeod&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Macaulay, Thomas Babington</a> (1889). <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_England_from_the_Accession_of_James_the_Second" title="The History of England from the Accession of James the Second">The History of England from the Accession of James the Second</a> (Popular in two volumes ed.). Longmans.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+James+the+Second&rft.edition=Popular+in+two+volumes&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Babington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Alastair (2014). James VII: Duke and King of Scots, 1633–1701. John Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907-90909-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907-90909-2"><bdi>978-1-907-90909-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+VII%3A+Duke+and+King+of+Scots%2C+1633%E2%80%931701&rft.pub=John+Donald&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-907-90909-2&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2000" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (2000). James II (3rd ed.). Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08728-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08728-4"><bdi>0-300-08728-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-08728-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Buachalla1996" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Buachalla" title="Breandán Ó Buachalla">Ó Buachalla, Breandán</a> (1996), Aisling ghéar: na Stíobhartaigh agus an taos léinn, 1603–1788 (in Irish), An Clóchomhar, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903-75899-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-903-75899-7"><bdi>0-903-75899-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aisling+gh%C3%A9ar%3A+na+St%C3%ADobhartaigh+agus+an+taos+l%C3%A9inn%2C+1603%E2%80%931788&rft.pub=An+Cl%C3%B3chomhar&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-903-75899-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Buachalla&rft.aufirst=Breand%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Ciardha2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_%C3%93_Ciardha" title="Éamonn Ó Ciardha">Ó Ciardha, Éamonn</a> (2002), Ireland and the Jacobite Cause, 1685–1766, Dublin: Four Courts Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-851-82534-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-851-82534-7"><bdi>1-851-82534-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+and+the+Jacobite+Cause%2C+1685%E2%80%931766&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-851-82534-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Ciardha&rft.aufirst=%C3%89amonn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrall1972" class="citation book cs1">Prall, Stuart (1972). The Bloodless Revolution: England, 1688. Univ of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10294-4"><bdi>978-0-299-10294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloodless+Revolution%3A+England%2C+1688&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10294-4&rft.aulast=Prall&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2004" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2004). The British Civil Wars: The Wars of the Three Kingdoms, 1638–1660. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-29293-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-29293-7"><bdi>0-312-29293-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Civil+Wars%3A+The+Wars+of+the+Three+Kingdoms%2C+1638%E2%80%931660&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-312-29293-7&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSowerby2013" class="citation book cs1">Sowerby, Scott (2013). Making Toleration: The Repealers and the Glorious Revolution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07309-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-07309-8"><bdi>978-0-674-07309-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Toleration%3A+The+Repealers+and+the+Glorious+Revolution&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-674-07309-8&rft.aulast=Sowerby&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1948" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Francis C. (1948). James II. Creative Media Partners, LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-346-30578-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-346-30578-3"><bdi>978-1-346-30578-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II&rft.pub=Creative+Media+Partners%2C+LLC&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-1-346-30578-3&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Francis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaller2002" class="citation book cs1">Waller, Maureen (2002). Ungrateful Daughters: The Stuart Princesses who Stole Their Father's Crown. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-30711-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-30711-X"><bdi>0-312-30711-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ungrateful+Daughters%3A+The+Stuart+Princesses+who+Stole+Their+Father%27s+Crown&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-312-30711-X&rft.aulast=Waller&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1978" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Maurice (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesii00maur">James II</a>. J.M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4601-2021-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4601-2021-0"><bdi>978-0-4601-2021-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-4601-2021-0&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjamesii00maur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li>DeKrey, Gary S. (2008). "Between Revolutions: Re-appraising the Restoration in Britain" History Compass 6 (3): 738–773.</li> <li>Earle, Peter (1972). The Life and Times of James II. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Glassey, Lionel, ed. (1997). The Reigns of Charles II and James VII and II. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Goodlad, Graham (2007). "Before the Glorious Revolution: The Making of Absolute Monarchy? Graham Goodlad Examines the Controversies Surrounding the Development of Royal Power under Charles II and James II" History Review 58: 10 ff.</li> <li>Johnson, Richard R. (1978). "Politics Redefined: An Assessment of Recent Writings on the Late Stuart Period of English History, 1660 to 1714." William and Mary Quarterly 35 (4): 691–732. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1923211">10.2307/1923211</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1997" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (1997). The Glorious Revolution (2nd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5822-9222-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-5822-9222-0"><bdi>0-5822-9222-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-5822-9222-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2004" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John (2004). The Stuarts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5432-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8528-5432-4"><bdi>978-1-8528-5432-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuarts&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-8528-5432-4&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mullett, M. (1993). James II and English Politics 1678–1688. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4150-9042-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-4150-9042-3">0-4150-9042-3</a>.</li> <li>Ogg, David (1957). England in the Reigns of James II and William III, 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._A._Speck" title="W. A. Speck">Speck, W. A.</a> (2002). James II. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-8712-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5822-8712-9"><bdi>978-0-5822-8712-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+II&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-5822-8712-9&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+II+of+England" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Van der Kiste, John (2021). James II and the first modern revolution. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Walcott, Robert (1962). "The Later Stuarts (1660–1714): Significant Work of the Last Twenty Years (1939–1959)" American Historical Review 67 (2): 352–370 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1843428">10.2307/1843428</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> James II of England at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_II_of_England" class="extiw" title="c:James II of England">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_II_of_England" class="extiw" title="q:James II of England">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_II" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James II">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/James_II_of_England" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/James II of England">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/james-vii-and-ii-r1685-1689">James VII & II</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/james-ii-king-of-great-britain-1633-1701#/type/subject">James II</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/james_ii.shtml">James II</a> at BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp02391">Portraits of King James II</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126188#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>James II of England </div><div><a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">House of Stuart</a></div>Born: 14 October 1633 Died: 16 September 1701 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Ireland">Ireland</a> 1685–1688 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/William_III_%26_II" class="mw-redirect" title="William III & II">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Heneage_Finch,_3rd_Earl_of_Winchilsea" title="Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea">Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Winchilsea</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Cinque_Ports" title="Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports">Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports</a> 1660–1673 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Beaumont_(died_1701)" title="John Beaumont (died 1701)">John Beaumont</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington</a> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of England">Lord High Admiral of England</a> 1660–1673 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart,_6th_Duke_of_Lennox" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox">Charles Stewart, 6th Duke of Lennox</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Admiral_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord High Admiral of Scotland">Lord High Admiral of Scotland</a> 1673–1688 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Vacant<div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton,_Duke_of_Hamilton" title="William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton">William Hamilton, Duke of Hamilton</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Maitland,_1st_Duke_of_Lauderdale" title="John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale">John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Commissioner_to_the_Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland">Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland</a> 1680–1685 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Douglas,_1st_Duke_of_Queensberry" title="William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry">William Douglas, 1st Duke of Queensberry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Lord High Admiral</a> 1685–1688 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Loss of title <div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">— TITULAR — <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_succession" title="Jacobite succession">King of England, Scotland and Ireland</a> 1688–1701 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Edward_Stuart" title="James Francis Edward Stuart">James III & VIII</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English, Scottish and British monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">British</a> monarchs</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Monarchs of Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfweard_of_Wessex" title="Ælfweard of Wessex">Ælfweard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_I" title="Edmund I">Edmund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadwig" title="Eadwig">Eadwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_England" title="Edgar, King of England">Edgar the Peaceful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Martyr" title="Edward the Martyr">Edward the Martyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready" title="Æthelred the Unready">Æthelred the Unready</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweyn_Forkbeard" title="Sweyn Forkbeard">Sweyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ironside" title="Edmund Ironside">Edmund Ironside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnut" title="Cnut">Cnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Harefoot" title="Harold Harefoot">Harold Harefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harthacnut" title="Harthacnut">Harthacnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling" title="Edgar Ætheling">Edgar Ætheling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_II_of_England" title="William II of England">William II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_King_of_England" title="Stephen, King of England">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Matilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">Henry III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_II_of_England" title="Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England" title="Henry V of England">Henry V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_V" title="Edward V">Edward V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VI" title="Edward VI">Edward VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey" title="Lady Jane Grey">Jane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Balliol" title="Edward Balliol">Edward Balliol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Monarchs_of_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_1603"> <ul><li>Monarchs of England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I & VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protectorate" title="The Protectorate">The Protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cromwell" title="Richard Cromwell">Richard Cromwell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James II & VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III & II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II" title="Mary II">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_monarchs_after_the_Acts_of_Union_1707"> <ul><li>British monarchs after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Debated or disputed rulers are in italics.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Template talk:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pictish and Scottish monarchs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pictish_and_Scottish_monarchs" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Pictish and Scottish monarchs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Picts" title="List of kings of the Picts">Monarchs of the Picts (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drest_I" title="Drest I">Drest I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_I" title="Talorc I">Talorc I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_Morbet" title="Nechtan Morbet">Nechtan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_Gurthinmoch" title="Drest Gurthinmoch">Drest II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galan_Erilich" title="Galan Erilich">Galan Erilich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_III" title="Drest III">Drest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IV" title="Drest IV">Drest IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_I" title="Gartnait I">Gartnait I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cailtram" title="Cailtram">Cailtram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_II" title="Talorc II">Talorc II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_V" title="Drest V">Drest V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galam_Cennalath" title="Galam Cennalath">Galam Cennalath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_I" title="Bridei I">Bridei I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_II" title="Gartnait II">Gartnait II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_nepos_Uerb" title="Nechtan nepos Uerb">Nechtan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinioch" title="Cinioch">Cinioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_III" title="Gartnait III">Gartnait III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_II" title="Bridei II">Bridei II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorc III">Talorc III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Talorgan I">Talorgan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gartnait_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartnait IV">Gartnait IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Drest VI">Drest VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridei III">Bridei III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taran_mac_Ainftech" title="Taran mac Ainftech">Taran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_IV" title="Bridei IV">Bridei IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechtan_mac_Der-Ilei" title="Nechtan mac Der-Ilei">Nechtan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VII" title="Drest VII">Drest VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_I_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín I of the Picts">Alpín I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_I" title="Óengus I">Óengus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_V" title="Bridei V">Bridei V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_I" title="Ciniod I">Ciniod I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp%C3%ADn_II_of_the_Picts" title="Alpín II of the Picts">Alpín II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talorgan_II" title="Talorgan II">Talorgan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_VIII" title="Drest VIII">Drest VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conall_mac_Taidg" title="Conall mac Taidg">Conall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Fergusa" title="Causantín mac Fergusa">Constantine (I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93engus_II" title="Óengus II">Óengus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_IX" title="Drest IX">Drest IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C3%B3ganan_mac_%C3%93engusa" title="Eóganan mac Óengusa">Uuen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uurad" title="Uurad">Uurad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VI" title="Bridei VI">Bridei VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciniod_II" title="Ciniod II">Ciniod II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridei_VII" title="Bridei VII">Bridei VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drest_X" title="Drest X">Drest X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Monarchs of the Scots (traditional)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacAlpin" title="Kenneth MacAlpin">Kenneth I MacAlpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnall_mac_Ailp%C3%ADn" title="Domnall mac Ailpín">Donald I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causant%C3%ADn_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Causantín mac Cináeda">Constantine I (II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed_mac_Cin%C3%A1eda" title="Áed mac Cináeda">Áed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giric" title="Giric">Giric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eochaid_ab_Rhun" title="Eochaid ab Rhun">Eochaid</a> (uncertain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_II_of_Scotland" title="Donald II of Scotland">Donald II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_of_Scotland" title="Constantine II of Scotland">Constantine II (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_I_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm I of Scotland">Malcolm I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulf" title="Indulf">Indulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dub,_King_of_Scotland" title="Dub, King of Scotland">Dub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuil%C3%A9n" title="Cuilén">Cuilén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amla%C3%ADb,_King_of_Scotland" title="Amlaíb, King of Scotland">Amlaíb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_II_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth II of Scotland">Kenneth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_of_Scotland" title="Constantine III of Scotland">Constantine III (IV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_III_of_Scotland" title="Kenneth III of Scotland">Kenneth III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_II_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm II of Scotland">Malcolm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_I_of_Scotland" title="Duncan I of Scotland">Duncan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland" title="Macbeth, King of Scotland">Macbeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulach" title="Lulach">Lulach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III Canmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_II_of_Scotland" title="Duncan II of Scotland">Duncan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_III_of_Scotland" title="Donald III of Scotland">Donald III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar,_King_of_Scotland" title="Edgar, King of Scotland">Edgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Scotland" title="Alexander I of Scotland">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_IV_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm IV of Scotland">Malcolm IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_the_Lion" title="William the Lion">William I the Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Scotland" title="Alexander II of Scotland">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret,_Maid_of_Norway" title="Margaret, Maid of Norway">Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">First Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Balliol" title="John Balliol">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_of_Scotland" title="Guardian of Scotland">Second Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_Scotland" title="Robert II of Scotland">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_III_of_Scotland" title="Robert III of Scotland">Robert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">James II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_III_of_Scotland" title="James III of Scotland">James III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_IV_of_Scotland" title="James IV of Scotland">James IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V" title="James V">James V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James VII</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William II</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 also monarch of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_Albany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Albany" title="Template:Dukes of Albany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Albany" title="Template talk:Dukes of Albany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Albany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Albany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_Albany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Dukes of Albany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Robert Stewart, Duke of Albany">Robert Stewart</a> (1398–1420)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murdoch_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Murdoch Stewart, Duke of Albany">Murdoch Stewart</a> (1420–1425)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Alexander Stewart, Duke of Albany">Alexander Stewart</a> (c. 1458–1485)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart,_Duke_of_Albany" title="John Stewart, Duke of Albany">John Stewart</a> (1485–1536)</li> <li>Arthur or Robert Stewart (1541)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley</a> (1565–1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James Stuart</a> (1567)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles Stuart</a> (1603–1625)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James Stuart</a> (1660–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany">Ernest Augustus</a> (1716–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward</a> (1760–1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a> (1784–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a> (1881–1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward</a> (1884–1919)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>italics denote <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Dukes of York and Albany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dukes_of_York" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_York" title="Template:Dukes of York"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_York" title="Template talk:Dukes of York"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_York" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of York"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dukes_of_York" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Dukes of York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley</a> (1385–1402)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward,_2nd_Duke_of_York" title="Edward, 2nd Duke of York">Edward of Norwich</a> (1402–1415)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_York,_3rd_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York">Richard Plantagenet</a> (1415–1460)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward of York</a> (1460–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Shrewsbury,_Duke_of_York" title="Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York">Richard of Shrewsbury</a> (1474–1483)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry</a> (1494–1509)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles</a> (1605–1625)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James</a> (1633/1644–1685)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany">Ernest Augustus</a> (1716–1728)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Edward</a> (1760–1767)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Frederick</a> (1784–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George</a> (1892–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">Albert</a> (1920–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Andrew</a> (1986–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>italics denote <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Duke of York and Albany">Dukes of York and Albany</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126188#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126188#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121182374">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3265477">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/9501/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf4fdBw3qkdK4wtwfryVC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118711539">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50028709">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13488573f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13488573f">BnF data</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/UBOV766724">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35470813">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2008459142&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069055270">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90768029">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000205949&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000505719&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=147906">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfgf5k47rvjdn">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810645136705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/72764">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263238205171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058509039906706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14008609">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08083045?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500253666">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/964827">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.004252.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118711539.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118711539">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031354491">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t72fnb">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/65631">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/330625">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&oldid=1259241788">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_II_of_England&oldid=1259241788</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James_II_of_England" title="Category:James II of England">James II of England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1633_births" title="Category:1633 births">1633 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1701_deaths" title="Category:1701 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