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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Governor of New York</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governor of New York subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_New_York-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Connecticut_boundary_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut_boundary_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Connecticut boundary dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut_boundary_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_Philip's_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_Philip's_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>King 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Recall and analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recall_and_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominion_of_New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominion_of_New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dominion of New England</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dominion_of_New_England-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dominion of New England subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dominion_of_New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Church_of_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Church of England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revenue_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revenue_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Revenue laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revenue_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Town_meeting_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Town_meeting_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Town meeting laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Town_meeting_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_title_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_title_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Land title reform</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_title_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connecticut_charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connecticut_charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Connecticut charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connecticut_charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusion_of_New_York_and_the_Jerseys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusion_of_New_York_and_the_Jerseys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusion_of_New_York_and_the_Jerseys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_diplomacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_diplomacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Indian diplomacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_diplomacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governor_of_Virginia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governor_of_Virginia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Governor of Virginia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governor_of_Virginia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="إدموند أندروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إدموند أندروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ادموند اندروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادموند اندروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%93%9C%EB%A8%BC%EB%93%9C_%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="에드먼드 안드로스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에드먼드 안드로스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmundus_Andros" title="Edmundus Andros – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Edmundus Andros" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ادموند اندروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادموند اندروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B9" title="エドマンド・アンドロス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドマンド・アンドロス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Andros" title="Edmund Andros – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edmund Andros" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Андрос, Эдмунд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андрос, Эдмунд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="埃德蒙·安德罗斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃德蒙·安德罗斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Colonial administrator in British America (1637–1714)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Edmund Andros</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg/220px-Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg/330px-Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg/440px-Sir_Edmund_Andros_RI_State_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1787" data-file-height="2459" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by Frederick Stone Batcheller</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Governor of New York">Colonial Governor of New York</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 February 1674 – 18 April 1683</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Colve" title="Anthony Colve">Anthony Colve</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dongan" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Dongan">Thomas Dongan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1674–1713</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amias_Andros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amias Andros (page does not exist)">Amias Andros</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Sausmarez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Sausmarez (page does not exist)">Jean de Sausmarez</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Dominion of New England">Governor of the Dominion of New England</a><br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(Governor-in-chief of New England)</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 December 1686 – 18 April 1689</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">Joseph Dudley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>None (dominion dissolved)</i> (partly <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Simon Bradstreet</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony">Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Governor_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Governor of Virginia">Colonial Governor of Virginia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 1692 – May 1698</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Lord Effingham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd and 5th <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Royal Governor of Maryland</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 1693 – May 1694</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lawrence (governor)">Sir Thomas Lawrence</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Greenberry" title="Nicholas Greenberry">Nicholas Greenberry</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1694–1694</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Nicholas Greenberry</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sir Thomas Lawrence</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1637-12-06</span>)</span>6 December 1637<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 February 1714<span style="display:none">(1714-02-24)</span> (aged 76)<br />London, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Soho" title="St Anne's Church, Soho">St Anne's Church, Soho</a>, London</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edmund Andros's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg/128px-Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg/192px-Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg/256px-Edmund_Andros_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="89" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Edmund Andros</b> (6 December 1637 – 24 February 1714;<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <i>Edmond</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an English colonial administrator in <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>. He was the governor of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> during most of its three-year existence. At other times, Andros served as governor of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>. </p><p>Before serving in North America, he served as <a href="/wiki/Bailiff_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiff of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a>. His tenure in New England was authoritarian and turbulent, as his views were decidedly pro-<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, a negative quality in a region home to many <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a>. His actions in New England resulted in his overthrow during the <a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">1689 Boston revolt</a>. He became governor of Virginia three years later. </p><p>Andros was considered a more effective governor in New York and Virginia. However, he became the enemy of prominent figures in both colonies, many of whom worked to remove him from office. Despite these enmities, he managed to negotiate several treaties of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Chain" title="Covenant Chain">Covenant Chain</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a>, establishing a long-lived peace involving the colonies and other tribes that interacted with that confederacy. His actions and governance generally followed his instructions upon appointment to office, and he received approbation from the monarchs and governments that appointed him. </p><p>Andros was recalled to England from Virginia in 1698 and resumed the title of Bailiff of Guernsey. Although he no longer resided entirely on Guernsey, he was appointed lieutenant governor of the island and served in this position for four years. Andros died in 1714. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg/175px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg/263px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg/350px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_Andros.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of Edmund Andros</figcaption></figure> <p>Andros was born in London on 6 December 1637. Amice Andros, his father, was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bailiffs_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Bailiffs of Guernsey">Bailiff of Guernsey</a> and a staunch supporter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>. His mother was Elizabeth Stone, whose sister was a courtier to the king's sister, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Queen Elizabeth of Bohemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it has been claimed that Andros was present at the surrender in 1651 of Guernsey's <a href="/wiki/Castle_Cornet" title="Castle Cornet">Castle Cornet</a>, the last royalist stronghold to surrender in the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no firm evidence to support this. It is possible that he fled Guernsey with his mother in 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1656, he was apprenticed to his uncle, Sir Robert Stone, captain of a cavalry company. Andros then served in <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">two winter campaigns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Copenhagen_(1659)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Copenhagen (1659)">relief of Copenhagen</a> in 1659. As a result of these experiences he gained fluency in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L29_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L29-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He remained a firm supporter of the Stuarts while they were in exile. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, after <a href="/wiki/English_Restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="English Restoration">his restoration</a> to the throne, specifically commended the Andros family for its support.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_of_Bohemia,_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia%2C_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg/125px-Elizabeth_of_Bohemia%2C_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia%2C_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg/188px-Elizabeth_of_Bohemia%2C_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia%2C_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg/250px-Elizabeth_of_Bohemia%2C_studio_of_Gerrit_van_Honthorst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="1176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth of Bohemia">Elizabeth of Bohemia</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I of England</a> and aunt of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Andros served as a courtier to Elizabeth of Bohemia from 1660 until she died in 1662.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1660s he served in the English army <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">against the Dutch</a>. He was next commissioned a major in the regiment of Sir <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Bridge" title="Tobias Bridge">Tobias Bridge</a>, which was sent to <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> in 1666. He returned to England two years later, carrying despatches and letters.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1671, he married Mary Craven, the daughter of Thomas Craven of <a href="/wiki/Burnsall" title="Burnsall">Burnsall</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a> (now <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>), the son of a cousin to the <a href="/wiki/William_Craven,_1st_Earl_of_Craven_(1608%E2%80%931697)" title="William Craven, 1st Earl of Craven (1608–1697)">Earl of Craven</a>, one of the queen's closest advisors,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a friend who served as his patron for many years.<sup id="cite_ref-L29_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L29-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1672 he was commissioned <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_New_York">Governor of New York</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governor of New York"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his father died in 1674, Edmund Andros acquired <a href="/wiki/Sausmarez_Manor" title="Sausmarez Manor">Sausmarez Manor</a> which added to his family's already substantial landholdings in Guernsey that included the fief of Anneville (from 1659) and several other fiefs.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then appointed as the Bailiff of Guernsey, succeeding his father. This appointment was for life and came with the authority to appoint a lieutenant bailiff, a position he filled with his uncle, Charles Andros, <a href="/wiki/Seigneur" title="Seigneur">seigneur</a> of the fief d'Anneville.<sup id="cite_ref-RS_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allowed Edmund Andros to travel to America. He was appointed by the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James, Duke of York</a> to be the first proprietary governor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>. The province's territory included the former territories of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, ceded to England by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Westminster_(1674)" title="Treaty of Westminster (1674)">Treaty of Westminster</a>, including all of present-day <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, the Dutch holdings on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (renamed <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>) to <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nantucket" title="Nantucket">Nantucket</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1664, Charles II granted James all of this territory, as well as all of the land in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Kennebec_River" title="Kennebec River">Kennebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix_River_(Maine_%E2%80%93_New_Brunswick)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)">St. Croix Rivers</a>, but with the intervening Dutch retaking of the territory, Charles issued a new patent to James.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros arrived in New York harbor in late October and negotiated the handover of the Dutch territories with local representatives and Dutch Governor <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Colve" title="Anthony Colve">Anthony Colve</a>, which took place on 10 November 1674. Andros agreed to confirm the existing property holdings and allow the territory's Dutch inhabitants to maintain their Protestant religion.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecticut_boundary_dispute">Connecticut boundary dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Connecticut boundary dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andros was also involved in boundary disputes with the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut Colony</a>. Dutch claims had initially extended as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River" title="Connecticut River">Connecticut River</a>, but these claims had been ceded in the 1650 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Hartford_(1650)" title="Treaty of Hartford (1650)">Treaty of Hartford</a> and reduced to a boundary line 20 miles (32 km) east of the Hudson in 1664. York's territorial claim did not acknowledge these, and Andros announced to Connecticut authorities his intentions to reclaim that territory (which included Connecticut's capital, <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a>) in early 1675. Connecticut leaders pointed out the later revisions to Connecticut's boundaries, but Andros pressed his claim, arguing that York's grant had superseded those revisions.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros used the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/King_Philip%27s_War" title="King Philip's War">King Philip's War</a> in July 1675 as an excuse to go by ship to Connecticut with a small military force to establish the duke's claim.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he arrived at <a href="/wiki/Saybrook,_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Saybrook, Connecticut">Saybrook</a> at the mouth of the river on 8 July, he found the fort there occupied by Connecticut militia, who were flying the English flag.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros came ashore, had a brief conversation with the fort commander, read his commission, and returned to New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the full extent of Andros' attempt to claim the territory, but it would be remembered in Connecticut when later attempts were made to assert New York authority.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_Philip's_War"><span id="King_Philip.27s_War"></span>King Philip's War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: King Philip's War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his Connecticut expedition, Andros traveled into <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> country to establish relations.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was well received and agreed to continue the Dutch practice of supplying firearms to the Iroquois. This action successfully blunted French diplomatic successes with the Iroquois. It also led to charges in New England that Andros provided arms to Indians allied to King Philip (as the <a href="/wiki/Wampanoag_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Wampanoag people">Wampanoag</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Metacom" class="mw-redirect" title="Metacom">Metacom</a> was known to the English); in fact, Andros provided gunpowder to <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> that was used in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Swamp_Fight" title="Great Swamp Fight">Great Swamp Fight</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Narragansett tribe">Narragansetts</a> in December 1675, and specifically outlawed the sale of munitions to tribes known to be allied to Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charges poisoned the atmosphere between Andros and Massachusetts leaders, even though Andros' conduct met with approval in London.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/125px-Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg" decoding="async" width="125" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/188px-Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg/250px-Philip_King_of_Mount_Hope_by_Paul_Revere.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of <a href="/wiki/Metacomet" title="Metacomet">King Philip</a> drawn by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Paul Revere</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the meeting with the Iroquois, Andros was given the name <i>Corlaer</i>, a name historically used by the Iroquois to refer to the Dutch governor in New Netherland and continued when the English took over the colony and renamed it New York (in the same way the French governor was dubbed <i>Onontio</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One other consequence was the establishment at Albany of a colonial department for Indian affairs, with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Livingston_the_Elder" title="Robert Livingston the Elder">Robert Livingston</a> as its first head.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip was known to be in the <a href="/wiki/Berkshires" title="Berkshires">Berkshires</a> in western Massachusetts that winter and New Englanders accused Andros of sheltering him. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">John Fiske</a> suggests that Philip's purpose was not to draw the Iroquois into the conflict but instead to draw the <a href="/wiki/Mahican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahican">Mahicans</a> into the conflict to attack Albany. An offer by Andros to send New York troops into Massachusetts to attack Philip was rebuffed based on the idea that it was a covert ploy to assert authority over the Connecticut River again. Instead, Mohawks from the Albany area did battle with Philip, driving him eastward.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Connecticut authorities later appealed to Andros for assistance, Andros replied that it was "strange" that they would do so, considering their previous behavior, and refused to help.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1676, Andros established a haven for the Mahicans and other Indian war refugees at <a href="/wiki/Schaghticoke_(village),_New_York" title="Schaghticoke (village), New York">Schaghticoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the conflict came to an end in southern New England in 1676, there continued to be friction between the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Abenaki people">Abenakis</a> of northern New England and New England settlers. These prompted Andros to send a force to the duke's territory in Maine, where they established a fort at Pemaquid (present-day <a href="/wiki/Bristol,_Maine" title="Bristol, Maine">Bristol</a>). Andros annoyed Massachusetts fishermen by restricting their use of the duke's land for drying fish.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1677, Andros departed for England,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he would spend the following year. During this visit, he was knighted as a reward for his performance as governor,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he sat in on meetings of the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_Trade" title="Board of Trade">Lords of Trade</a> in which agents for Massachusetts Bay defended its charter, and gave detailed accounts of the state of his colony.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_border_disputes">Southern border disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southern border disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The southernmost territories of the duke, roughly encompassing northern <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, were desired by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">Charles Calvert, Baron Baltimore</a>, who sought to extend the reach of his proprietary <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Province of Maryland</a> into the area. At the same time, Calvert was seeking an end to a frontier war with the Iroquois to the north, having persuaded the intervening <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannocks</a> to move to the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, well within Maryland territory.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, who dominated <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a>, were unhappy with seizures of their lands by Virginia and Maryland settlers, and war between these groups had been imminent in 1673 when the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Reconquest_of_New_Netherland" title="Reconquest of New Netherland">retook</a> New York.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Andros came to New York, he moved to stabilize the situation. He befriended the Lenape <a href="/wiki/Sachem" title="Sachem">sachems</a> (chiefs), convincing them to act as mediators between the English and other tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace appeared to be imminent when <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a> broke out in Virginia, resulting in an attack on the Susquehannock fort on the Potomac. The surviving Susquehannocks sneaked out of the fort one night, some making their way east toward Delaware Bay. In June 1676, Andros offered, in exchange for their moving into his jurisdiction, to protect them from their enemies among the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Virginia">Virginian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Maryland">Maryland</a> settlers. He also extended an offer given by the Mohawk for the Susquehannocks to settle among them.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These offers were well received, but Maryland authorities could not convince their Indian allies to accept Andros' offered peace terms, organizing them to march toward the Delaware to fulfill the goal of strengthening the Maryland claim to the area.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros responded by urging the Susquehannocks to retreat into New York, where they would be beyond Maryland's reach, and delivering a strongly worded threat to Maryland, that it would either have to acknowledge his sovereignty over the Susquehannocks, or they would have to take them back peaceably. He also offered his services as a mediator, pointing out that the absence of the Susquehannocks now left Maryland settlements open to direct attack by the Iroquois.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a council held at the Lenape village of <a href="/wiki/Shackamaxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shackamaxon">Shackamaxon</a> (site of present-day <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>) in February and March 1677, all of the major parties met; still, no final agreements were reached, and Andros ordered the Susquehannocks remaining with the Lenape to disperse to other parts of New York in April.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maryland sent Henry Coursey to New York to engage Andros and eventually the Iroquois in peace talks, while at the same time, they sent surveyors to lay out plots on land also claimed by New York on Delaware Bay. Coursey was instructed to offer Andros what was, in essence, a £100 bribe that an Indian peace might be reached in exchange for that land. Andros refused the bribe, and Coursey ended up being compelled to negotiate further through Andros and the Mohawk in Albany.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace agreed upon in negotiations that followed in Albany in the summer of 1677 is considered one of the foundations of the set of alliances and treaties called the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Chain" title="Covenant Chain">Covenant Chain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Andros could not prevent Baltimore from granting some land on the Delaware, he successfully blunted the Maryland leader's attempt to control an even greater portion of land.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duke eventually deeded those lands to William Penn, and they became part of the state of <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_the_Jerseys">Control of the Jerseys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Control of the Jerseys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SirGeorgeCarteret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SirGeorgeCarteret.jpg/105px-SirGeorgeCarteret.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/SirGeorgeCarteret.jpg/158px-SirGeorgeCarteret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/SirGeorgeCarteret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a>, proprietor of East Jersey.</figcaption></figure> <p>The governance of the Jerseys also created problems for Andros. James had awarded the territory west of the Hudson River to proprietors <a href="/wiki/John_Berkeley,_1st_Baron_Berkeley_of_Stratton" title="John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton">John Berkeley</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Carteret" title="George Carteret">George Carteret</a>, and Berkeley had then deeded the western portion (which became known as <a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a>) to a partnership of <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berkeley had not transferred his proprietary rights to this group, and the exact nature of the rights James had given both Berkeley and Carteret was disputed, in part, because James believed that the second patent granted to him in 1674 overrode the earlier grants he had made to Berkeley and Carteret.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This resulted in conflict when Andros attempted to extend his government over <a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a>, the territory governed on behalf of Carteret by the latter's cousin <a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_(colonial_governor)" title="Philip Carteret (colonial governor)">Philip</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Possibly based on orders given to him during his visit to England, Andros began to assert New York authority over East Jersey after George Carteret's death in 1680.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a friendly personal relationship between Andros and Governor Carteret, the governance issue eventually prompted Andros to have Carteret arrested. In a dispute centering on the collection of customs duties in ports on the Jersey side of the Hudson, Andros, in 1680, sent a company of soldiers to Philip Carteret's home in <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabethtown</a>. According to Carteret's account of the incident, he was beaten by the troops, who jailed him in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A jury acquitted Carteret on all charges in a trial over which Andros presided.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carteret returned to New Jersey, but injuries he sustained in the arrest affected his health, and he died in 1682.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the aftermath of the incident, the Duke of York surrendered his claims to East Jersey to the Carterets.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros acquired in 1683, from the widow of Carteret, for £200, the Patent to the Lordship of <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_Alderney" title="Leader of Alderney">Alderney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RS_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RS-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A less contentious standoff also occurred when settlers sent by <a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a> sought to establish what is now <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_New_Jersey" title="Burlington, New Jersey">Burlington, New Jersey</a>. Andros insisted they had no right to settle there without the duke's permission. Still, he agreed to allow their settlement after they agreed to receive commissions falling under the authority of the New York gubernatorial administration. This situation was permanently resolved in 1680 when York renounced in favor of Penn his remaining claims to West Jersey.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recall_and_analysis">Recall and analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recall and analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The political opponents of Andros in the colony brought several charges against him to the Duke of York. Among them were accusations of favoritism toward Dutch business owners and engaging in business for private gain rather than that of the duke. Statements were also made to the duke that claimed that his revenues were lower than they should have been; this, in addition to the other complaints, led the duke to order Andros back to England to explain the situation. Andros left the province in January 1681, charging <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Brockholls" title="Anthony Brockholls">Anthony Brockholls</a> with the administration of the New York government. Expecting a short visit to England, his wife remained in New York.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time in New York, he was thought to have demonstrated good administrative abilities. Still, his manner was considered imperious by his opponents among the colonists, and he made numerous enemies during his tenure as governor.<sup id="cite_ref-Lustig_16_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lustig_16-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dominion_of_New_England">Dominion of New England</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dominion of New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1686 he was appointed governor of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a>. He arrived in Boston on 20 December 1686, and immediately assumed power.<sup id="cite_ref-L141_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L141-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His commission called for governance by himself, with a council. The initial composition of the council included representatives from each of the colonies the dominion absorbed. Still, because of the inconvenience of travel and the fact that travel costs were not reimbursed, the council's quorums were dominated by representatives from Massachusetts and Plymouth.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lords of Trade had insisted that he govern without an assembly, something he expressed concern over while his commission was being drafted.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a brief work, <i>Sir Edmund Andros</i>, historian Henry Ferguson attested<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the fact that the deliberation of certain policies by an assembly of legislators may have proven inefficient. </p><p>The Dominion initially consisted of the territories of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (including present-day <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>), <a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth Colony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, and was extended to include New York, and <a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> in 1688.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros' wife, who had joined him in Boston, died in 1688, not long after her arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_of_England">Church of England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Church of England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after his arrival, Andros asked each of the Puritan churches in Boston if its meetinghouse could be used for the Church of England services.<sup id="cite_ref-L141_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L141-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When he was rebuffed, he demanded and was given keys to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Willard" title="Samuel Willard">Samuel Willard</a>'s Third Church in 1687.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Services were held there under the auspices of Rev. Robert Ratcliff until 1688, when <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Chapel" title="King's Chapel">King's Chapel</a> was built.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These actions highlighted him as pro-Anglican in the eyes of local Puritans,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who would later accuse him of involvement in a "horrid Popish plot."<sup id="cite_ref-PRICE_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRICE-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revenue_laws">Revenue laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Revenue laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His council engaged in a lengthy process to harmonize dominion and English laws. This work consumed so much time that Andros, in March 1687, issued a proclamation stating that pre-existing laws would remain in effect until they were revised. Since Massachusetts had no pre-existing tax laws, a scheme of taxation was created that would apply to the entire dominion. Developed by a committee of landowners, the first proposal derived its revenues from import duties, principally alcohol. After much debate, a different proposal was abruptly proposed and adopted, reviving previous Massachusetts tax laws. These laws had been unpopular with farmers who felt the taxes on livestock were too high. To bring in immediate revenue, Andros also received approval to increase the import duties on alcohol.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Massachusetts communities stiffly resisted the first attempts to enforce the revenue laws. Several towns refused to choose commissioners to assess the town population and estates, and officials from a number of them were consequently arrested and brought to Boston. Some were fined and released, while others were imprisoned until they promised to perform their duties. The leaders of <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich</a>, who had been most vocal in opposing the law, were tried and convicted of misdemeanor offenses.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other provinces did not resist the imposition of the new law, even though, at least in Rhode Island, the rates were higher than they had been under the previous colonial administration. Plymouth's relatively poor landowners were hard hit because of the high rates on livestock, and funds derived from whaling, once sources of profit for the individual towns, were now directed to the dominion government.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Town_meeting_laws">Town meeting laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Town meeting laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One consequence of the tax protest was that Andros sought to restrict <a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">town meetings</a> since these were where that protest had begun. He, therefore, introduced a law that limited meetings to a single annual meeting solely for electing officials and explicitly banned meetings at other times for any reason. This loss of local power was widely hated. Many protests were made that the town meeting and tax laws were violations of the <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></i>, which guaranteed taxation by representatives of the people. It was noted that those who made these complaints had, during the colonial charter, excluded large numbers of voters through the requirement of church membership and then taxed them.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land_title_reform">Land title reform</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Land title reform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andros had been instructed to bring colonial land title practices more in line with those in England and introduce <a href="/wiki/Quit-rents" class="mw-redirect" title="Quit-rents">quit-rents</a> to raise colonial revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Titles previously issued in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine under the colonial administration often suffered from defects of the form (for example, lacking an imprint of the colonial seal), and most of them did not include a quit-rent payment.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land grants in colonial Connecticut and Rhode Island had been made before either colony had a charter, and there were conflicting claims in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>How Andros approached the issue was necessarily divisive since it threatened any landowner whose title was dubious. Some landowners went through the confirmation process, but many refused since they did not want to face the possibility of losing their land, and they viewed the process as a thinly veiled land grab.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Puritans of Plymouth and Massachusetts, some of whom had extensive landholdings, were among the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since all of the existing land titles in Massachusetts had been granted under the now-vacated colonial charter, Andros essentially declared them void. He required landowners to recertify their ownership, paying fees to the dominion and becoming subject to the charging of a quit-rent. </p><p>Andros attempted to compel the certification of ownership by issuing writs of intrusion,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but large landowners who owned many parcels contested these individually rather than recertifying all of their lands.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Connecticut_charter">Connecticut charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Connecticut charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since Andros' commission included Connecticut, he asked Connecticut Governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat" title="Robert Treat">Robert Treat</a> to surrender the colonial charter not long after he arrived in Boston. Unlike Rhode Island, whose officials readily acceded to the dominion, Connecticut officials formally acknowledged Andros' authority but did little to assist him. They continued to run their government according to the charter, holding quarterly legislature meetings and electing colony-wide officials, while Treat and Andros negotiated over the surrender of the charter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In October 1687, Andros finally decided to travel to Connecticut to see the matter personally. Accompanied by an honor guard, he arrived in Hartford on 31 October and met with the colonial leadership that evening. According to legend, the charter was laid out on the table for all to see during this meeting. The lights in the room unexpectedly went out, and when relit, the charter had disappeared. The charter was said to have been hidden in a nearby oak tree (referred to afterward as the <a href="/wiki/Charter_Oak" title="Charter Oak">Charter Oak</a>) so that a search of nearby buildings would not locate the document.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg/170px-Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg/255px-Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Francis_nicholson_Dahl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Whatever the truth of the account, Connecticut records show that its government formally surrendered its seals and ceased operation that day. Andros then traveled throughout the colony, making judicial and other appointments, before returning to Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 December 1687, the dominion council formally extended its laws over Connecticut, completing the assimilation of the New England colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusion_of_New_York_and_the_Jerseys">Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Inclusion of New York and the Jerseys"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 7 May 1688, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_East_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of East Jersey">East Jersey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Province_of_West_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of West Jersey">West Jersey</a> were added to the Dominion. Because they were remote from Boston, where Andros had his seat, New York and the Jerseys were run by Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a> from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Nicholson, an army captain and protégé of colonial secretary <a href="/wiki/William_Blathwayt" title="William Blathwayt">William Blathwayt</a>, came to Boston in early 1687 as part of Andros' honor guard and had been promoted to his council.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer of 1688, Andros traveled first to New York and then to the Jerseys to establish his commission. Dominion governance of the Jerseys was complicated because the proprietors, whose charters had been revoked, had retained their property and petitioned Andros for what were traditional <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominion period in the Jerseys was relatively uneventful due to their distance from the power centers and the unexpected end of the dominion in 1689.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_diplomacy">Indian diplomacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Indian diplomacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1687 the governor of <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jacques-Ren%C3%A9_de_Brisay_de_Denonville,_Marquis_de_Denonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques-René de Brisay de Denonville, Marquis de Denonville">Marquis de Denonville</a>, launched an attack against <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> villages in what is now western <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>. His objective was to disrupt trade between the English at <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> confederation, to which the Seneca belonged, and to break the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_Chain" title="Covenant Chain">Covenant Chain</a>, a peace Andros had negotiated in 1677 while he was governor of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dongan,_2nd_Earl_of_Limerick" title="Thomas Dongan, 2nd Earl of Limerick">Thomas Dongan</a> appealed for help, and King James ordered Andros to render assistance. James also entered into negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>, easing tensions on the northwestern frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On New England's northeastern frontier, however, the <a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a> harbored grievances against New England settlers and began an offensive in early 1688. Andros made an expedition into Maine early in the year, raiding several Indian settlements. He also raided the trading outpost and home of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Vincent_d%27Abbadie_de_Saint-Castin" title="Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin">Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin</a> on <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Bay" title="Penobscot Bay">Penobscot Bay</a>. His careful preservation of the Catholic Castin's chapel would be a source of later accusations of "<a href="/wiki/Popery" title="Popery">popery</a>" against Andros.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png/220px-AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png/330px-AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png/440px-AndrosaPrisonerInBoston.png 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>"Andros a Prisoner in Boston" as depicted in "Pioneers in the Settlement of America" Vol. 1, by William A. Crafts (1876)</figcaption></figure> <p>When Andros took over the administration of New York in August 1688, he met with the Iroquois at Albany to renew the covenant. In this meeting, he annoyed the Iroquois by referring to them as "children" (implying subservience to the English) rather than "brethren" (implying equality).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Boston amid further attacks on the New England frontier by Abenaki parties, who admitted that they were doing so in part because of French encouragement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During Andros's presence in New York, the situation in Maine deteriorated again, with groups of colonists raiding Indian villages and taking prisoners. These actions were taken per a directive issued by dominion councillors remaining in Boston, who ordered frontier militia commanders to take into custody any Abenaki suspected of participating in the raids.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This directive sparked a problem in Maine, when twenty Abenaki, including women and children, were taken into custody by colonial militia. The local authorities faced the dilemma of housing the captives, shipping them first to <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Falmouth, Massachusetts">Falmouth</a> and then to Boston, angering other natives, who seized English hostages to ensure the safe return of the captives.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros castigated the Mainers for their unwarranted acts and ordered the Indians released and returned to Maine. A brief skirmish during exchanging captives resulted in the deaths of four English hostages and sparked discontent in Maine.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with this discord, Andros returned to Maine with a significant force and began constructing additional fortifications to protect the settlers, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Andross" title="Fort Andross">Fort Andross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros spent the winter in Maine and returned to Boston in March upon hearing rumors of revolution in England and discontent in Boston.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt">Revolt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">1689 Boston revolt</a></div> <p>On 18 April 1689, soon after news reached Boston of <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">the overthrow</a> of <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a>, the colonists of Boston <a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">rose against his rule</a>. A well-organized "mob" descended on the city, arresting dominion officials and Anglicans. Andros had his quarters in Fort Mary, a garrison house on the city's south side, where many officials took refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Massachusetts colonial leadership, restored due to the rebellion and headed by ex-governor <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Simon Bradstreet</a>, then summoned Governor Andros to surrender, for his safety because of the mob which they claimed "whereof we were wholly ignorant".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He refused, and instead tried to escape to the <i>Rose</i>, the only Royal Navy ship near Boston at the time. However, the boat sent from the <i>Rose</i> was intercepted by militia, and Andros was forced back into Fort Mary.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negotiations ensued, and Andros agreed to leave the fort to meet with the rebel council. Promised safe conduct, he was marched under guard to the townhouse where the council had assembled. He was told that "they must & would have the Government in their own hands" and that he was under arrest.<sup id="cite_ref-W192_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W192-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fisher_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Daniel Fisher (Massachusetts politician)">Daniel Fisher</a> grabbed him by the collar<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and took him to the home of dominion official John Usher and held under close watch.<sup id="cite_ref-W192_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W192-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sbradstreet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Sbradstreet.jpg/110px-Sbradstreet.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Sbradstreet.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Former Massachusetts Governor <a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Simon Bradstreet</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Fort Mary fell into rebel hands on the 19th, Andros was moved there from Usher's house. He was confined there with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">Joseph Dudley</a> and other dominion officials until 7 June, when he was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Castle_Island_(Massachusetts)" title="Castle Island (Massachusetts)">Castle Island</a>. During this period of captivity, he is said to have attempted an escape dressed in women's clothing. The story, although it circulated widely, was disputed by the Anglican minister Robert Ratcliff, who claimed that story and others had "not the least foundation of Truth" and that they were "falsehoods, and lies" propagated to "render the Governour odious to his people."<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He escaped Castle Island on 2 August after his servant plied the sentries with alcohol. He managed to flee to Rhode Island but was quickly recaptured and thereafter kept in virtual solitary confinement.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and others were held for ten months before being sent to England for trial.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Massachusetts agents in London refused to sign the charges made against him, so the court summarily dismissed them and freed him.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Andros was questioned about the various accusations that had been leveled against him, he pointed out that all of his actions had been taken to bring colonial laws into conformance with English law, or they were specifically taken in pursuit of his commission and instructions.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Andros was in captivity, the New York government of Lieutenant Governor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a> was simultaneously deposed by a military faction led by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Leisler" title="Jacob Leisler">Jacob Leisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leisler%27s_Rebellion" title="Leisler's Rebellion">Leisler's Rebellion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leisler would govern New York until 1691 when he was captured and executed by a force led by newly appointed provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sloughter" title="Henry Sloughter">Henry Sloughter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros was eventually allowed to depart for England; by that point, the Dominion of New England had effectively ceased to exist, with the colonies in the dominion having reverted to their previous forms of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Massachusetts and its surrounding territories were reorganized into the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province of Massachusetts Bay</a> in 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Virginia">Governor of Virginia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Governor of Virginia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Edmund_Andros" title="Special:EditPage/Edmund Andros">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Edmund+Andros%22">"Edmund Andros"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Edmund+Andros%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Edmund+Andros%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Edmund+Andros%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Edmund+Andros%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Edmund+Andros%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Andros was well received at court upon his return to England. The new king, <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a>, recalled that Andros had visited his court in the Netherlands and expressed approval of Andros' service.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In search of employment, Andros offered his services as a spy, offering the idea of going to Paris, ostensibly to meet with the exiled James, but to actually attempt to acquire French military plans. This plan was rejected.<sup id="cite_ref-L225_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L225-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married his second wife, Elizabeth Crisp Clapham, in England in July 1691.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was the widow of Christopher Clapham, who was connected by that marriage to his first wife's family.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andros' next opportunity for employment came with the resignation in February 1692 of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Lord Effingham</a> as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Virginia">Province of Virginia</a>. Although Francis Nicholson, formerly dominion lieutenant governor, was then serving as lieutenant governor of Virginia and sought the superior position, William awarded the governorship to Andros,<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and awarded Nicholson yet another lieutenant governorship, this time that of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-L242_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L242-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was destined to make Andros' tenure more complicated because his relationship with Nicholson had deteriorated for other reasons. The exact reasons for this hostility are unclear: one contemporary wrote that Nicholson "especially [resented] Sir Edmund Andros, against whom he has a particular pique on account of some earlier dealings".<sup id="cite_ref-L242_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L242-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andros arrived in Virginia on 13 September 1692 and began his duties a week later. Nicholson graciously received him and not long after sailed for England.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros settled at Middle Plantation (the future site of <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg</a>), where he would live until 1695. He worked to organize the provincial records, the maintenance of which had suffered since <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a>, and promoted the enforcement of laws designed to prevent <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellions</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He encouraged the diversification of Virginia's economy, which was then almost entirely dependent on <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>. The export-oriented economy was also badly hurt by the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, because of which merchant ships were required to travel in convoys. Virginia received no military escorts for several years, so their products did not reach Europe. Andros encouraged the introduction of new crops like <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing_by_pre-industrial_methods" title="Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods">manufacture of fabric</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Virginia was the first colonial post where Andros had to work with a local assembly. His relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Burgesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia House of Burgesses">House of Burgesses</a> was generally cordial, but he encountered some resistance, especially to measures related to the war and colonial defenses. He hired armed vessels to patrol the colony's waters and contributed financially to New York's colonial defenses, which formed a bulwark against the possibility of French and Indian incursions into Virginia. In 1696 Andros was ordered by the king to send troops to New York, for which the burgesses reluctantly appropriated £1,000. Andros' management of colonial defense and Indian relations was successful: Virginia, unlike New York and New England, was not attacked during the war.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During his tenure, Andros made an enemy of <a href="/wiki/James_Blair_(Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Blair (Virginia)">James Blair</a>, a prominent Anglican minister. Blair was working to establish a new college for educating Anglican ministers, and he believed Andros did not support the idea. However, Blair and Nicholson worked closely together on this idea, with Nicholson often coming from Maryland for meetings on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-L249_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L249-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two men were united in their dislike of Andros, and their activities helped to cause Andros' resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-L242_114-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L242-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_and_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="College of William and Mary">College of William and Mary</a> was founded in 1693.<sup id="cite_ref-L249_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-L249-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Blair's claims that Andros was unsupportive, Andros donated the cost of the bricks to construct the college's chapel from his own funds and convinced the House of Burgesses to approve funding of £100 per year for the college.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blair's complaints, many of them vague and inaccurate, went to London, where proceedings into Andros' conduct began at the Board of Trade and the Church of England ecclesiastical courts in 1697.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andros had lost most of his support on the Board of Trade when a <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political party)">Whig</a> faction came to power, and his advocates were unable to sway the board in favor of him. Anglican bishops staunchly supported Blair and Nicholson. In March 1698, Andros, complaining of fatigue and illness, asked to be recalled.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Andros' recall was announced in London in May 1698; Nicholson replaced him. He returned to England and resumed his post as bailiff of Guernsey. He divided his time between Guernsey and London, where he had a house in <a href="/wiki/Denmark_Hill" title="Denmark Hill">Denmark Hill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His second wife died in 1703, and he married for the third time in 1707, to Elizabeth Fitzherbert.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1704, <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> named him <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Guernsey" title="Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey">Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey</a>, a post he held until 1708. He died in London on 24 February 1714<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried at <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Church,_Soho" title="St Anne's Church, Soho">St Anne's Church, Soho</a>. Elizabeth Andros died in 1717 and was buried near Edmund in the same church.<sup id="cite_ref-Wxxxvi_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wxxxvi-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church was destroyed during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, and there is no longer any trace of their graves.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had no issue by any of his wives.<sup id="cite_ref-Wxxxvi_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wxxxvi-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kammen" title="Michael Kammen">Michael Kammen</a> states that Andros failed in all of his roles in the colonies: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...in part because he was neither ruthless enough to cow his provincial subjects into submission nor ingratiating enough to win himself a broad base of local support. In part because he came to New England at a critical moment without prior experience in the peculiar religious and political development of that area. And in part, finally, because he was continually caught in a cross fire between imperious assumptions of the Crown and unfamiliar imperatives of colonial life.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Andros remains a notorious figure in New England, especially in Connecticut, which officially excludes him from its list of colonial governors,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his portrait hangs in the Hall of Governors in the State Museum across from the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_State_Capitol" title="Connecticut State Capitol">State Capitol</a> in Hartford. Although he was disliked in the colonies,<sup id="cite_ref-Lustig_16_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lustig_16-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was recognized in England as an effective administrator by implementing the policies that he had been ordered to carry out and advancing the crown's agenda. The biographer Mary Lou Lustig notes that he was "an accomplished statesman, a brave soldier, a polished courtier, and a devoted servant", but his style was often "autocratic, arbitrary, and dictatorial", he lacked tact, and he had difficulty reaching compromises.<sup id="cite_ref-Lustig_16_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lustig_16-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, Andros was featured as an antagonist in the 1879 novel <i>Captain Nelson</i>, described as a "romance of colonial days."<sup id="cite_ref-Drake/fiction_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drake/fiction-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Andros appears in several episodes of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_of_Blackbird_Pond" title="The Witch of Blackbird Pond">The Witch of Blackbird Pond</a></i> in which his conflict with the Connecticut colonists forms the background to the protagonist's more personal problems. It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Andros,_Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Andros, Bahamas">Andros Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> was named for him. Early proprietors of the Bahamas included members of his first wife's family, the Cravens.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edmund-Andros">"Sir Edmund Andros"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. 20 July 1998<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Sir+Edmund+Andros&rft.date=1998-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FEdmund-Andros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findingaids.library.nyu.edu/cbh/arms_1974_004_andros_underhill/">"Edmond Andros judgment concerning John Underhill estate: NYU Special Collections Finding Aids"</a>. <i>findingaids.library.nyu.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=findingaids.library.nyu.edu&rft.atitle=Edmond+Andros+judgment+concerning+John+Underhill+estate%3A+NYU+Special+Collections+Finding+Aids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.library.nyu.edu%2Fcbh%2Farms_1974_004_andros_underhill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright,_Louis_B.1945" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Louis B. (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/1920687">"William Byrd's Defense of Sir Edmund Andros"</a>. <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>2</b> (1): 47–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1920687">10.2307/1920687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1920687">1920687</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=William+Byrd%27s+Defense+of+Sir+Edmund+Andros&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-62&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1920687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Wright%2C+Louis+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1920687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitmore, p. vi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L29-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L29_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L29_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitmore, p. ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitmore, p. xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NmtAAAAAcAAJ&dq=edmund+andros+fief+of+anneville&pg=PA742">"Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York"</a>. 1858.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documents+Relative+to+the+Colonial+History+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.date=1858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNmtAAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dedmund%2Bandros%2Bfief%2Bof%2Banneville%26pg%3DPA742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RS-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RS_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RS_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrappini2004" class="citation book cs1">Strappini, Richard (2004). <i>St Martin, Guernsey, Channel Islands, a parish history from 1204</i>. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St+Martin%2C+Guernsey%2C+Channel+Islands%2C+a+parish+history+from+1204&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Strappini&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitmore, p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan1841" class="citation web cs1">Duncan, Jonathan (1841). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0L9eAAAAcAAJ&dq=edmund+andros+fief+of+anneville&pg=PA129">"The History of Guernsey: With Occasional Notices of Jersey, Alderney, and Sark, and Biographical Sketches"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Guernsey%3A+With+Occasional+Notices+of+Jersey%2C+Alderney%2C+and+Sark%2C+and+Biographical+Sketches&rft.date=1841&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0L9eAAAAcAAJ%26dq%3Dedmund%2Bandros%2Bfief%2Bof%2Banneville%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#mckinley1901">McKinley1901, 1901</a>, p. 694</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, pp. 261–262, 265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, pp. 270–271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 280</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 57–58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 58–60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 60–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 312</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, pp. 138–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, p. 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, pp. 150–151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, pp. 152–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, pp. 155–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, pp. 158–162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 93–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scarf, pp. 257–259, 395</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, pp. 267–269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, p. 334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fleming, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fiske, pp. 142–147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brodhead, pp. 343–345</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lustig_16-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lustig_16_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lustig_16_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lustig_16_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L141-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L141_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L141_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sosin, p. 72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sosin, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1892" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Henry (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_58sTAAAAYAAJ"><i>Sir Edmund Andros</i></a>. Westchester County Historical Society. p. 1683. <q>Edmund Andros.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Edmund+Andros&rft.pages=1683&rft.pub=Westchester+County+Historical+Society&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_58sTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, pp. 32–39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PRICE-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PRICE_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1999" class="citation book cs1">Price, Benjamin Lewis (1999). <i>Nursing fathers : American colonists' conception of English Protestant kingship; 1688–1776</i>. Lanham [u.a.]: Lexington Books. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0051-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7391-0051-3"><bdi>0-7391-0051-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nursing+fathers+%3A+American+colonists%27+conception+of+English+Protestant+kingship%3B+1688%E2%80%931776&rft.place=Lanham+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7391-0051-3&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, pp. 84-85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, p. 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1994" class="citation book cs1">King, H. Roger (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i0QcnT_riDUC&q=andros%27s+taxes+in+plymouth&pg=PA263"><i>Cape Cod and Plymouth Colony in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. Lanham: University Press of America. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780819191861" title="Special:BookSources/9780819191861"><bdi>9780819191861</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cape+Cod+and+Plymouth+Colony+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780819191861&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=H.+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di0QcnT_riDUC%26q%3Dandros%2527s%2Btaxes%2Bin%2Bplymouth%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, pp. 189–193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A writ of intrusion could be issued to prevent unauthorized persons from entering land reverted from a deceased tenant-for-life to its owner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoscoe1825" class="citation book cs1">Roscoe, Henry (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonlawa00roscgoog"><i>A Treatise on the Law of Actions Relating to Real Property</i></a>. London: Joseph Butterworth and Son. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonlawa00roscgoog/page/n132">95</a>. <q>writ of intrusion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Law+of+Actions+Relating+to+Real+Property&rft.place=London&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Joseph+Butterworth+and+Son&rft.date=1825&rft.aulast=Roscoe&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonlawa00roscgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, pp. 199–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/legend-charter-oak/">"The Legend of the Charter Oak"</a>. <i>New England Historical Society</i>. 23 April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423002123/https://www.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com/legend-charter-oak/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+England+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+the+Charter+Oak&rft.date=2014-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newenglandhistoricalsociety.com%2Flegend-charter-oak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palfrey, pp. 545–546</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palfrey, p. 548</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunn, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, pp. 212–213</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 176</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton2003" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Mary Beth (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2ZeU1RMYK0C&q=edmund+andros+shipping+the+captives+to+boston&pg=PA95"><i>In the Devil's Snare: The Salem Witchcraft Crisis of 1692</i></a> (1st Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70690-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-70690-9"><bdi>0-375-70690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Devil%27s+Snare%3A+The+Salem+Witchcraft+Crisis+of+1692&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=95&rft.edition=1st+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-375-70690-9&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Mary+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY2ZeU1RMYK0C%26q%3Dedmund%2Bandros%2Bshipping%2Bthe%2Bcaptives%2Bto%2Bboston%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 177–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, pp. 219, 239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 191–192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 193</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, p. 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W192-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W192_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-W192_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Webb, p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson1976" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Robert Brand (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4oslAQAAMAAJ"><i>Dedham, Massachusetts, 1635-1890</i></a>. Dedham Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dedham%2C+Massachusetts%2C+1635-1890&rft.pub=Dedham+Historical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Brand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4oslAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 145, 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 200–201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 201</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, pp. 53–55</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, pp. 255–256</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lovejoy, pp. 326–357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, p. 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, pp. 431–449</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 214–218</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L225-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-L225_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 225–226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitmore, p. xxxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L242-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L242_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L242_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L242_114-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-L249-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-L249_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-L249_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 259–264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, pp. 267–268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Johnson, Richard (2008). "Andros, Sir Edmund". <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F534">10.1093/ref:odnb/534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F534&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wxxxvi-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wxxxvi_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wxxxvi_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitmore, p. xxxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lustig, p. 268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Kammen, "Andros, Edmund" in John A. Garraty, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of American Biography</i> (1974). pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150506100221/http://www.cslib.org/gov/index.htm">"Roster of Governors"</a>. Connecticut State Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cslib.org/gov/index.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roster+of+Governors&rft.pub=Connecticut+State+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslib.org%2Fgov%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drake/fiction-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drake/fiction_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrake1879" class="citation book cs1">Drake, Samuel Adams (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/captainnelsonar00drakgoog"><i>Captain Nelson: A Romance of Colonial Days</i></a>. New York: Harper and Brothers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/captainnelsonar00drakgoog/page/n60">58</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>edmund andros grumbled about taxes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+Nelson%3A+A+Romance+of+Colonial+Days&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Drake&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaptainnelsonar00drakgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stark, p. 131</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams,_James_Truslow1922" class="citation book cs1">Adams, James Truslow (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_F3AAAAMAAJ"><i>The Founding of New England</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press; full text online. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844615103" title="Special:BookSources/9780844615103"><bdi>9780844615103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+New+England&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press%3B+full+text+online&rft.date=1922&rft.isbn=9780844615103&rft.au=Adams%2C+James+Truslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_F3AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1960" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Viola Florence (1960) [1923]. <i>The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy</i>. New York: Frederick Ungar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-1065-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8044-1065-6"><bdi>978-0-8044-1065-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/395292">395292</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominion+of+New+England%3A+A+Study+in+British+Colonial+Policy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Frederick+Ungar&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F395292&rft.isbn=978-0-8044-1065-6&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Viola+Florence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominionofneweng00barn">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodhead1871" class="citation book cs1">Brodhead, James (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historystatenew05brodgoog"><i>History of the State of New York</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1383698">1383698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+State+of+New+York&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1871&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1383698&rft.aulast=Brodhead&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorystatenew05brodgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dunn, Randy (2007). "Patronage and Governance in Francis Nicholson's Empire". <i>English Atlantics Revisited</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queens Press: 59–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780773560406-006">10.1515/9780773560406-006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3219-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3219-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-3219-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/429487739">429487739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Atlantics+Revisited&rft.atitle=Patronage+and+Governance+in+Francis+Nicholson%27s+Empire&rft.pages=59-80&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F429487739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780773560406-006&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3219-9&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1894" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Henry (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030921518"><i>Essays in American History: Sir Edmund Andros</i></a>. New York: J. Pott. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924030921518/page/n118">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3916490">3916490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+American+History%3A+Sir+Edmund+Andros&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=J.+Pott&rft.date=1894&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3916490&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924030921518&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiske1899" class="citation book cs1">Fiske, John (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAobAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA49"><i>The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America</i></a>. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/423775">423775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+and+Quaker+Colonies+in+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton%2C+Mifflin&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F423775&rft.aulast=Fiske&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAobAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1984" class="citation book cs1">Fleming, Thomas (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newjerseyhistory0000flem"><i>New Jersey: A History</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30180-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-30180-9"><bdi>978-0-393-30180-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/10557902">10557902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jersey%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F10557902&rft.isbn=978-0-393-30180-9&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewjerseyhistory0000flem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1960" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Michael Garibaldi (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/edwardrandolpham00hall"><i>Edward Randolph and the American Colonies</i></a></span>. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Randolph+and+the+American+Colonies&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Michael+Garibaldi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fedwardrandolpham00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennings1990" class="citation book cs1">Jennings, Francis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ambiguousiroquoi00jenn"><i>The Ambiguous Iroquois Empire: The Covenant Chain Confederation of Indian Tribes with English Colonies from its Beginnings to the Lancaster Treaty of 1744</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01719-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-01719-9"><bdi>978-0-393-01719-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9066383">9066383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ambiguous+Iroquois+Empire%3A+The+Covenant+Chain+Confederation+of+Indian+Tribes+with+English+Colonies+from+its+Beginnings+to+the+Lancaster+Treaty+of+1744&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9066383&rft.isbn=978-0-393-01719-9&rft.aulast=Jennings&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fambiguousiroquoi00jenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimball1911" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Everett (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclifejosep00kimbgoog"><i>The Public Life of Joseph Dudley</i></a>. New York: Longmans, Green. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1876620">1876620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Life+of+Joseph+Dudley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1911&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1876620&rft.aulast=Kimball&rft.aufirst=Everett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclifejosep00kimbgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovejoy1987" class="citation book cs1">Lovejoy, David (1987). <i>The Glorious Revolution in America</i>. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6177-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8195-6177-0"><bdi>978-0-8195-6177-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/14212813">14212813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Glorious+Revolution+in+America&rft.place=Middletown%2C+CT&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F14212813&rft.isbn=978-0-8195-6177-0&rft.aulast=Lovejoy&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustig2002" class="citation book cs1">Lustig, Mary Lou (2002). <i>The Imperial Executive in America: Sir Edmund Andros, 1637–1714</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3936-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-3936-8"><bdi>978-0-8386-3936-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/470360764">470360764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Executive+in+America%3A+Sir+Edmund+Andros%2C+1637%E2%80%931714&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F470360764&rft.isbn=978-0-8386-3936-8&rft.aulast=Lustig&rft.aufirst=Mary+Lou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="mckinley1901" class="citation journal cs1">McKinley, Albert E. (July 1901). "The Transition From Dutch to English Rule in New York: A Study in Political Imitation". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>6</b> (4). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 593–724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1834176">10.2307/1834176</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834176">1834176</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Transition+From+Dutch+to+English+Rule+in+New+York%3A+A+Study+in+Political+Imitation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=593-724&rft.date=1901-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1834176&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1834176%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=Albert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1968" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Guy Howard (May 1968). "Rebellion in Zion: The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England". <i>Historian</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 439–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1968.tb00328.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1968.tb00328.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24441216">24441216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historian&rft.atitle=Rebellion+in+Zion%3A+The+Overthrow+of+the+Dominion+of+New+England&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-459&rft.date=1968-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1968.tb00328.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24441216%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Guy+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1851" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesgovernorsn00moorgoog"><i>Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay</i></a>. Boston: C. D. Strong. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livesgovernorsn00moorgoog/page/n424">403</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11362972">11362972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lives+of+the+Governors+of+New+Plymouth+and+Massachusetts+Bay&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=403&rft.pub=C.+D.+Strong&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11362972&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivesgovernorsn00moorgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalfrey1858" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gorham_Palfrey_(academic)" title="John Gorham Palfrey (academic)">Palfrey, John Gorham</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnewengl03john/page/548/mode/2up"><i>History of New England</i></a>. Vol. 3. New York: Little, Brown and Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+New+England&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1858&rft.aulast=Palfrey&rft.aufirst=John+Gorham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnewengl03john%2Fpage%2F548%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharf1879" class="citation book cs1">Scharf, John Thomas (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_84EjAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of Maryland</i></a>. Baltimore, MD: J. B. Piet. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_84EjAAAAMAAJ/page/n279">258</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4663774">4663774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Maryland&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=J.+B.+Piet&rft.date=1879&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4663774&rft.aulast=Scharf&rft.aufirst=John+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_84EjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSosin1982" class="citation book cs1">Sosin, Jack (1982). <i>English America and the Revolution of 1688: Royal Administration and the Structure of Provincial Government</i>. 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Boston, MA: self-published. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1550866">1550866</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stark%27s+History+and+Guide+to+the+Bahama+Islands&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=self-published&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1550866&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=James+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarkshistoryan02stargoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele1989" class="citation journal cs1">Steele, Ian K (1989). "Origins of Boston's Revolutionary Declaration of 18 April 1689". <i>New England Quarterly</i>. <b>62</b> (1): 75–81. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F366211">10.2307/366211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/366211">366211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Boston%27s+Revolutionary+Declaration+of+18+April+1689&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-81&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F366211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F366211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Ian+K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Warden, G.B. <i>Boston: 1689-1776</i> (Little Brown, 1970), pp. 3-14 on the overthrow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boston1689177600ward/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1998" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Stephen Saunders (1998). <i>Lord Churchill's Coup: The Anglo-American Empire and the Glorious Revolution Reconsidered</i>. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0558-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-0558-4"><bdi>978-0-8156-0558-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39756272">39756272</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Churchill%27s+Coup%3A+The+Anglo-American+Empire+and+the+Glorious+Revolution+Reconsidered&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39756272&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-0558-4&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hall, Michael G. et al. eds. <i>The Glorious Revolution in America: Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689</i> (1964) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Glorious-Revolution-America-Documents-University/dp/0807838675">excerpt</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitmore1868" class="citation book cs1">Whitmore, William Henry, ed. (1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ep0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR5"><i>The Andros Tracts: Being a Collection of Pamphlets and Official Papers Issued During the Period Between the Overthrow of the Andros Government and the Establishment of the Second Charter of Massachusetts (1868–1874)</i></a>. Boston: The Prince Society. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1842576">1842576</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Andros+Tracts%3A+Being+a+Collection+of+Pamphlets+and+Official+Papers+Issued+During+the+Period+Between+the+Overthrow+of+the+Andros+Government+and+the+Establishment+of+the+Second+Charter+of+Massachusetts+%281868%E2%80%931874%29&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=The+Prince+Society&rft.date=1868&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1842576&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dep0UAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPR5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Andros&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Andros,_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Andros, Edmund">Andros, Edmund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>. 1879.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_James_Mark_Low" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidney James Mark Low">Low, Sidney James Mark</a> (1885). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Andros,_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Andros, Edmund">Andros, Edmund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=Sidney+James+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Andros,_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Andros, Edmund">Andros, Edmund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Andros,_Sir_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:The Biographical Dictionary of America/Andros, Sir Edmund">Andros, Sir Edmund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America" title="The Biographical Dictionary of America">The Biographical Dictionary of America</a></i>. Vol. 1. 1906. p. 123.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Sir+Edmund&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Dictionary+of+America&rft.pages=123&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date and year (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year" title="Category:CS1 maint: date and year">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Andros, Sir Edmund"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Andros,_Sir_Edmund">"Andros, Sir Edmund" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Sir+Edmund&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work/Andros,_Sir_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work/Andros, Sir Edmund">Andros, Sir Edmund</a>". <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_Student%27s_Reference_Work" class="extiw" title="s:The New Student's Reference Work">The New Student's Reference Work</a></i>. 1914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Sir+Edmund&rft.btitle=The+New+Student%27s+Reference+Work&rft.date=1914&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Andros,_Edmund" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Andros, Edmund">Andros, Edmund</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Andros%2C+Edmund&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdmund+Andros" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Colve" title="Anthony Colve">Anthony Colve</a></div><i><b>as Governor of New Netherland </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_York" title="List of colonial governors of New York">Proprietary Governor of the Province of New York</a> </b><br />11 February 1674 – 18 April 1683 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Brockholls" title="Anthony Brockholls">Anthony Brockholls</a> (acting)</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">Joseph Dudley</a></div><i><b>as President of the Council of New England </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Dominion of New England">Governor of the Dominion of New England</a> </b><br />20 December 1686 – 18 April 1689 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Dominion dissolved </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Baron Howard of Effingham</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Colonial Governor of Virginia</a> </b><br />1692–1698 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lawrence (governor)">Sir Thomas Lawrence</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Proprietary Governor of Maryland</a> </b><br />1693 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Greenberry" title="Nicholas Greenberry">Nicholas Greenberry</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Greenberry" title="Nicholas Greenberry">Nicholas Greenberry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of colonial governors of Maryland">Proprietary Governor of Maryland</a> </b><br />1694 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Lawrence (governor)">Sir Thomas Lawrence</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Maryland" title="Template:Governors of Maryland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Maryland" title="Template talk:Governors of Maryland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Maryland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Maryland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Maryland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Maryland" title="Governor of Maryland">Governors of Maryland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Provincial <span class="nobold">(1632–1776)</span></a><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Calvert" title="Leonard Calvert">L. Calvert</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hill_(Virginian_politician)" title="Edward Hill (Virginian politician)">E. Hill</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Greene_(governor)" title="Thomas Greene (governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stone_(Maryland_governor)" title="William Stone (Maryland governor)">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Fendall" title="Josias Fendall">Fendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillip_Calvert_(governor)" title="Phillip Calvert (governor)">P. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 3rd Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Wharton_(Maryland_governor)" title="Jesse Wharton (Maryland governor)">Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Notley" title="Thomas Notley">Notley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_3rd_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 3rd Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 3rd Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Calvert,_4th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Benedict Calvert, 4th Baron Baltimore">B. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_(governor)" title="William Joseph (governor)">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coode_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="John Coode (Governor of Maryland)">Coode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Blakiston" title="Nehemiah Blakiston">Neh. Blakiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Copley" title="Lionel Copley">Copley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Greenberry" title="Nicholas Greenberry">Greenberry</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lawrence_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Thomas Lawrence (Governor of Maryland)">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Blakiston" title="Nathaniel Blakiston">Nat. Blakiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tench" title="Thomas Tench">Tench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Seymour_(Maryland_governor)" title="John Seymour (Maryland governor)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Colonial_Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Edward Lloyd (Colonial Governor of Maryland)">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(Governor_of_Maryland)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hart (Governor of Maryland)">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brooke_Jr." title="Thomas Brooke Jr.">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 5th Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Leonard_Calvert" title="Benedict Leonard Calvert">B. L. Calvert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogle" title="Samuel Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Calvert,_5th_Baron_Baltimore" title="Charles Calvert, 5th Baron Baltimore">C. Calvert, 5th Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogle" title="Samuel Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bladen" title="Thomas Bladen">Bladen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogle" title="Samuel Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tasker_Sr." title="Benjamin Tasker Sr.">Tasker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Sharpe" title="Horatio Sharpe">Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Eden,_1st_Baronet,_of_Maryland" title="Sir Robert Eden, 1st Baronet, of Maryland">Eden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Maryland" title="List of governors of Maryland">State <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a><br /> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/68px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Maryland.svg/90px-Flag_of_Maryland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sim_Lee" title="Thomas Sim Lee">T. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smallwood" title="William Smallwood">Smallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">J. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Plater" title="George Plater">Plater</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Brice" title="James Brice">Brice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sim_Lee" title="Thomas Sim Lee">T. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hoskins_Stone" title="John Hoskins Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_(Maryland_politician)" title="John Henry (Maryland politician)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ogle" title="Benjamin Ogle">Ogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Mercer" title="John Francis Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bowie" title="Robert Bowie">R. Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wright_(Maryland_politician)" title="Robert Wright (Maryland politician)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Lloyd_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="Edward Lloyd (Governor of Maryland)">E. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bowie" title="Robert Bowie">R. Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_Winder" title="Levin Winder">Winder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carnan_Ridgely" title="Charles Carnan Ridgely">Ridgely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Goldsborough" title="Charles Goldsborough">C. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Sprigg" title="Samuel Sprigg">Sprigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stevens_Jr." title="Samuel Stevens Jr.">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kent" title="Joseph Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_(politician)" title="Daniel Martin (politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_King_Carroll" title="Thomas King Carroll">T. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Martin_(politician)" title="Daniel Martin (politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Howard_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="George Howard (Governor of Maryland)">G. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_(Governor_of_Maryland)" title="James Thomas (Governor of Maryland)">J. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Veazey" title="Thomas Veazey">Veazey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grason" title="William Grason">Grason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">F. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pratt_(Maryland_politician)" title="Thomas Pratt (Maryland politician)">Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">P. Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Louis_Lowe" title="Enoch Louis Lowe">Lowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Watkins_Ligon" title="Thomas Watkins Ligon">Ligon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Holliday_Hicks" title="Thomas Holliday Hicks">Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Bradford" title="Augustus Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Swann" title="Thomas Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oden_Bowie" title="Oden Bowie">O. Bowie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney_Whyte" title="William Pinkney Whyte">Whyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Black_Groome" title="James Black Groome">Groome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Carroll" title="John Lee Carroll">J. Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Hamilton" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lloyd_(governor)" title="Henry Lloyd (governor)">H. Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Emory_Jackson" title="Elihu Emory Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brown_(governor)" title="Frank Brown (governor)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Lowndes_Jr." title="Lloyd Lowndes Jr.">Lowndes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Walter_Smith" title="John Walter Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Warfield" title="Edwin Warfield">Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austin_Lane_Crothers" title="Austin Lane Crothers">Crothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Lee_Goldsborough" title="Phillips Lee Goldsborough">P. Goldsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerson_Harrington" title="Emerson Harrington">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Ritchie" title="Albert Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Nice" title="Harry Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_O%27Conor" title="Herbert O'Conor">O'Conor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Preston_Lane_Jr." title="William Preston Lane Jr.">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_McKeldin" title="Theodore McKeldin">McKeldin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Millard_Tawes" title="J. Millard Tawes">Tawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Mandel" title="Marvin Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blair_Lee_III" title="Blair Lee III">B. Lee</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Hughes" title="Harry Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Schaefer" title="William Donald Schaefer">Schaefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parris_Glendening" title="Parris Glendening">Glendening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Ehrlich" title="Bob Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Malley" title="Martin O'Malley">O'Malley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Hogan" title="Larry Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Moore" title="Wes Moore">Moore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Template talk:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Massachusetts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Massachusetts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Massachusetts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Massachusetts" title="Governor of Massachusetts">Governors of Massachusetts</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Colony <br /> <span class="nobold">(1629–1686)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haynes_(governor)" title="John Haynes (governor)">Haynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Vane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Winthrop" title="John Winthrop">Winthrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dudley" title="Thomas Dudley">T. Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Endecott" title="John Endecott">Endecott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bellingham" title="Richard Bellingham">Bellingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Leverett" title="John Leverett">Leverett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Governor_of_Massachusetts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="527" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold">(1686–1689)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Bradstreet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Province <br /> <span class="nobold">(1692–1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">W. Phips</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Coote,_1st_Earl_of_Bellomont" title="Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont">Bellomont</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Stoughton_(judge)" title="William Stoughton (judge)">Stoughton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">J. Dudley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Shute" title="Samuel Shute">Shute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Burnet_(colonial_administrator)" title="William Burnet (colonial administrator)">Burnet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Dummer" title="William Dummer">Dummer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Tailer" title="William Tailer">Tailer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Belcher" title="Jonathan Belcher">Belcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">Shirley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Phips" title="Spencer Phips">S. Phips</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pownall" title="Thomas Pownall">Pownall</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Bernard,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Bernard, 1st Baronet">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hutchinson_(governor)" title="Thomas Hutchinson (governor)">Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Commonwealth <br /> <span class="nobold">(since 1776)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Cushing</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bowdoin" title="James Bowdoin">Bowdoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Sumner" title="Increase Sumner">Sumner</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_Gill" title="Moses Gill">Gill</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Governor%27s_Council" title="Massachusetts Governor's Council">Governor's Council</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Sullivan_(governor)" title="James Sullivan (governor)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Lincoln Sr.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gore" title="Christopher Gore">Gore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brooks_(governor)" title="John Brooks (governor)">Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Jr." title="Levi Lincoln Jr.">Lincoln Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Turell_Armstrong" title="Samuel Turell Armstrong">Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_(Massachusetts_governor)" title="John Davis (Massachusetts governor)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Morton" title="Marcus Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_N._Briggs" title="George N. Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Clifford" title="John H. Clifford">Clifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emory_Washburn" title="Emory Washburn">E. Washburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gardner" title="Henry Gardner">Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Banks" title="Nathaniel P. Banks">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bullock" title="Alexander Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Washburn" title="William B. Washburn">W. Washburn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gaston_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="William Gaston (Massachusetts politician)">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Talbot_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Thomas Talbot (Massachusetts politician)">Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davis_Long" title="John Davis Long">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_D._Robinson" title="George D. Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ames_(governor)" title="Oliver Ames (governor)">Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Q._A._Brackett" title="John Q. A. Brackett">Brackett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Russell_(politician)" title="William E. Russell (politician)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_T._Greenhalge" title="Frederic T. Greenhalge">Greenhalge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_(Massachusetts_politician)" title="Roger Wolcott (Massachusetts politician)">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_M._Crane" title="Winthrop M. Crane">Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Bates" title="John L. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Douglas" title="William Lewis Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Guild_Jr." title="Curtis Guild Jr.">Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Sumner_Draper" title="Eben Sumner Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Foss" title="Eugene Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_I._Walsh" title="David I. Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._McCall" title="Samuel W. McCall">McCall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channing_H._Cox" title="Channing H. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvan_T._Fuller" title="Alvan T. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_G._Allen" title="Frank G. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Ely" title="Joseph B. Ely">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Michael_Curley" title="James Michael Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_F._Hurley" title="Charles F. Hurley">Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leverett_Saltonstall" title="Leverett Saltonstall">Saltonstall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_J._Tobin" title="Maurice J. Tobin">Tobin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Bradford" title="Robert F. Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_A._Dever" title="Paul A. Dever">Dever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Herter" title="Christian Herter">Herter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Furcolo" title="Foster Furcolo">Furcolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Peabody" title="Endicott Peabody">Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Volpe" title="John A. Volpe">Volpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Sargent" title="Francis Sargent">Sargent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_J._King" title="Edward J. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dukakis" title="Michael Dukakis">Dukakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Weld" title="Bill Weld">Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Cellucci" title="Paul Cellucci">Cellucci</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Swift" title="Jane Swift">Swift</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deval_Patrick" title="Deval Patrick">Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maura_Healey" title="Maura Healey">Healey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i>Italics</i> indicate acting officeholders</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonial_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="Template:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonial_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="Template talk:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial_Governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonial Governors of Rhode Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Rhode_Island" title="List of colonial governors of Rhode Island">Colonial governors of Rhode Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judges of Portsmouth<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1638–1640)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hutchinson_(Rhode_Island_judge)" title="William Hutchinson (Rhode Island judge)">Hutchinson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_Rhode_Island.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="294" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Judge of Newport<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1639–1640)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governor of Newport and Portsmouth<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1640–1647)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chief Officer (Providence<br />and Warwick) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1644–1647)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br />(Patent of 1644) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1647–1663)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Coggeshall" title="John Coggeshall">Coggeshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Clarke_(governor)" title="Jeremy Clarke (governor)">J. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(President_of_Rhode_Island)" title="John Smith (President of Rhode Island)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Easton" title="Nicholas Easton">N. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gorton" title="Samuel Gorton"><i>Gorton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(President_of_Rhode_Island)" title="John Smith (President of Rhode Island)"><i>Smith</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Dexter" title="Gregory Dexter"><i>Dexter</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Easton" title="Nicholas Easton">N. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brenton" title="William Brenton">Brenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Rhode_Island" title="Portsmouth, Rhode Island">Portsmouth</a><br />(Coddington Commission) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1651–1654)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sanford_(governor)" title="John Sanford (governor)">J. Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_of_1663" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter of 1663">Royal Charter of 1663</a>) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1663–1686)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Brenton" title="William Brenton">Brenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Easton" title="Nicholas Easton">N. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)" title="Walter Clarke (governor)">W. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold_(governor)" title="Benedict Arnold (governor)">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington" title="William Coddington">Coddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cranston_(governor)" title="John Cranston (governor)">J. Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleg_Sanford" title="Peleg Sanford">P. Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Coddington_Jr." title="William Coddington Jr.">Coddington Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bull_(governor)" title="Henry Bull (governor)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)" title="Walter Clarke (governor)">W. Clarke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors under <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion<br />of New England</a> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1686–1689)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley"><i>Dudley</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Royal_Charter_of_1663" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Charter of 1663">Royal Charter of 1663</a>) <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1690–1776)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bull_(governor)" title="Henry Bull (governor)">Bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Easton" title="John Easton">J. Easton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Carr_(governor)" title="Caleb Carr (governor)">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Clarke_(governor)" title="Walter Clarke (governor)">W. Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Cranston" title="Samuel Cranston">S. Cranston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Jenckes_(governor)" title="Joseph Jenckes (governor)">Jenckes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wanton" title="William Wanton"> W. Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wanton" title="John Wanton">John Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ward_(governor)" title="Richard Ward (governor)">R. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Wanton" title="Gideon Wanton">G. Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Wanton" title="Gideon Wanton">G. Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greene_(colonial_governor)" title="William Greene (colonial governor)">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">S. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">S. Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Lyndon" title="Josias Lyndon">Lyndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wanton" title="Joseph Wanton">Joseph Wanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Cooke" title="Nicholas Cooke">Cooke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> Gorton, Smith and Dexter were presidents of Providence and Warwick only, since Coddington had received a commission to remove Newport and Portsmouth from their jurisdiction, valid from 1651 to 1654; before and after these dates the President presided over all four towns of the colony. Dudley presided over the "Narragansett Country" only, later to become Washington County, Rhode Island; Andros subsequently presided over the entire colony.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_Virginia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Template talk:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_Virginia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governors of Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor%27s_Council" title="Virginia Governor's Council">Virginia Governor's Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of colonial governors of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia"><img alt="Colony of Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/45px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/68px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/90px-Red_Ensign_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Colony of Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Company_of_London" title="Virginia Company of London">Virginia Company</a><br /> proprietary colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Maria_Wingfield" title="Edward Maria Wingfield">Wingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ratcliffe_(governor)" title="John Ratcliffe (governor)">Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Scrivener" title="Matthew Scrivener">Scrivener</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Percy_(governor)" title="George Percy (governor)">Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gates_(governor)" title="Thomas Gates (governor)">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_West,_3rd_Baron_De_La_Warr" title="Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr">T. West (De La Warr)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dale" title="Thomas Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yeardley" title="George Yeardley">Yeardley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Argall" title="Samuel Argall">Argall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Wyatt" title="Francis Wyatt">Wyatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_West" title="Francis West">F. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/John_Pott" title="John Pott">Pott</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown colony</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Harvey_(Virginia_governor)" title="John Harvey (Virginia governor)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_West_(governor)" title="John West (governor)">J. West</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">Reade</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Berkeley_(governor)" title="William Berkeley (governor)">Berkeley</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Jeffreys_(colonial_governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbert Jeffreys (colonial governor)">Jeffreys</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kemp_(governor)" title="Richard Kemp (governor)">Kemp</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bennett_(governor)" title="Richard Bennett (governor)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Digges" title="Edward Digges">Digges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Matthews_(captain)" title="Samuel Matthews (captain)">Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Colepeper,_2nd_Baron_Colepeper" title="Thomas Colepeper, 2nd Baron Colepeper">Colepeper</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Chicheley" title="Henry Chicheley">Chicheley</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Howard,_5th_Baron_Howard_of_Effingham" title="Francis Howard, 5th Baron Howard of Effingham">Howard of Effingham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nott" title="Edward Nott">Nott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Jenings_(governor)" title="Edmund Jenings (governor)">Jenings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(colonial_administrator)" title="Robert Hunter (colonial administrator)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton,_1st_Earl_of_Orkney" title="George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney">Orkney</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Spotswood" title="Alexander Spotswood">Spotswood</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Drysdale" title="Hugh Drysdale">Drysdale</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">"King" Carter</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_van_Keppel,_2nd_Earl_of_Albemarle" title="Willem van Keppel, 2nd Earl of Albemarle">Albemarle</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Gooch,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Gooch, 1st Baronet">Gooch</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lee_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Thomas Lee (Virginia colonist)">Lee</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Burwell_family_of_Virginia#Lewis_Burwell_I/II_(1711–1756)" title="Burwell family of Virginia">Burwell</a> (acting)</span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Dinwiddie</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Loudoun</a></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a> (absentee)</li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fauquier" title="Francis Fauquier">Fauquier</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt" title="Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt">Botetourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nelson_(governor)" title="William Nelson (governor)">W. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Earl_of_Dunmore" title="John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore">Dunmore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/75px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/113px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Seal_of_Virginia.svg/150px-Seal_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Virginia" title="List of governors of Virginia">Commonwealth of Virginia</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia"><img alt="Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/68px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/90px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Virginia</figcaption></figure></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(governor)" title="William Fleming (governor)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_Jr." title="Thomas Nelson Jr.">T. Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">B. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">E. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverley_Randolph" title="Beverley Randolph">B. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">H. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brooke_(Virginia_governor)" title="Robert Brooke (Virginia governor)">Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wood_(governor)" title="James Wood (governor)">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Page (Virginia politician)">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Cabell" title="William H. Cabell">Cabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler_Sr." title="John Tyler Sr.">Tyler Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_William_Smith_(politician)" title="George William Smith (politician)">G. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph_(governor)" title="Peyton Randolph (governor)">P. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Cary_Nicholas" title="Wilson Cary Nicholas">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Patton_Preston" title="James Patton Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann_Randolph_Jr." title="Thomas Mann Randolph Jr.">T. Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Pleasants" title="James Pleasants">Pleasants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Floyd_(Virginia_politician)" title="John Floyd (Virginia politician)">J. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Waller_Tazewell" title="Littleton Waller Tazewell">Tazewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Robertson" title="Wyndham Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Campbell_(Virginia_politician)" title="David Campbell (Virginia politician)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Gilmer" title="Thomas Walker Gilmer">Gilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Patton" title="John M. Patton">Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfoord" title="John Rutherfoord">Rutherfoord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Munford_Gregory" title="John Munford Gregory">Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McDowell" title="James McDowell">McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">J. B. Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Johnson_(Virginia_politician)" title="Joseph Johnson (Virginia politician)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Letcher" title="John Letcher">Letcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(Virginia_governor)" title="William Smith (Virginia governor)">W. "EB" Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Harrison_Pierpont" title="Francis Harrison Pierpont">Pierpont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Wells" title="Henry H. Wells">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Carlton_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert Carlton Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_L._Kemper" title="James L. Kemper">Kemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_W._M._Holliday" title="Frederick W. M. Holliday">Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Cameron" title="William E. Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitzhugh_Lee" title="Fitzhugh Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_W._McKinney" title="Philip W. McKinney">McKinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Triplett_O%27Ferrall" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Triplett O'Ferrall">O'Ferrall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hoge_Tyler" title="James Hoge Tyler">J. H. Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Montague" title="Andrew Jackson Montague">Montague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_A._Swanson" title="Claude A. Swanson">Swanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hodges_Mann" title="William Hodges Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Carter_Stuart" title="Henry Carter Stuart">Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_Davis" title="Westmoreland Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbert_Lee_Trinkle" title="Elbert Lee Trinkle">Trinkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_F._Byrd" title="Harry F. Byrd">Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Garland_Pollard" title="John Garland Pollard">Pollard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Peery" title="George C. Peery">Peery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hubert_Price" title="James Hubert Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Tuck" title="William M. Tuck">Tuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Battle" title="John S. Battle">Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Stanley" title="Thomas B. Stanley">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lindsay_Almond" title="J. Lindsay Almond">Almond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertis_Harrison" title="Albertis Harrison">A. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linwood_Holton" title="Linwood Holton">Holton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mills_Godwin" title="Mills Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Dalton" title="John N. Dalton">Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Robb" title="Chuck Robb">Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Baliles" title="Gerald Baliles">Baliles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Wilder" title="Douglas Wilder">Wilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Allen_(American_politician)" title="George Allen (American politician)">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Warner" title="Mark Warner">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Kaine" title="Tim Kaine">Kaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">McAuliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Northam" title="Ralph Northam">Northam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Youngkin" title="Glenn Youngkin">Youngkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dominion_of_New_England" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dominion_of_New_England" title="Template:Dominion of New England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Dominion_of_New_England&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Dominion of New England (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dominion_of_New_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dominion of New England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dominion_of_New_England" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monarchs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II of England</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg/100px-Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg/150px-Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg/200px-Seal_of_the_Dominion_of_New_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="918" data-file-height="908" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Kirke" title="Percy Kirke">Colonel Percy Kirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dudley" title="Joseph Dudley">Joseph Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Edmund_Andros" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Edmund Andros">Sir Edmund Andros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Nicholson" title="Francis Nicholson">Francis Nicholson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Bradstreet" title="Simon Bradstreet">Simon Bradstreet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Leisler" title="Jacob Leisler">Jacob Leisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Increase_Mather" title="Increase Mather">Increase Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Mather" title="Cotton Mather">Cotton Mather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Phips" title="William Phips">Sir William Phips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puritan#New_England_Puritans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">New England Puritans</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation Acts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilated colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">1689 Boston revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisler%27s_Rebellion" title="Leisler's Rebellion">Leisler's Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_East_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar 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Jersey">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Carteret_(Governor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Carteret (Governor)">Carteret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barclay" title="Robert Barclay">Barclay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1688–89)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Basse" title="Jeremiah Basse">Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Governors_of_West_New_Jersey" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Governors_of_West_New_Jersey" title="Template:Governors of West New Jersey"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Governors_of_West_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Governors of West New Jersey (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Governors_of_West_New_Jersey" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Governors of West New Jersey"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Governors_of_West_New_Jersey" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Governors of West New Jersey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Byllynge" title="Edward Byllynge">Byllynge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coxe" title="Daniel Coxe">Coxe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion <br /> <span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1688–89)</span></span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Andros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_New_Jersey" title="List of colonial governors of New Jersey">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Coxe" title="Daniel Coxe">Coxe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Basse" title="Jeremiah Basse">Basse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hamilton_(New_Jersey_governor)" title="Andrew Hamilton (New Jersey governor)">Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000063051201">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24652516">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/32009/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmP4ryBWXr4gfmvgFKPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/104171111">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022820">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122228973">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122228973">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p241331447">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276404805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1002765">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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