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<span>Activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_and_gadgets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_and_gadgets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Weapons and gadgets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_and_gadgets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headquarters_and_Field_Offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headquarters_and_Field_Offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Headquarters and Field Offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headquarters_and_Field_Offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training_Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training_Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Training Facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training_Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_into_other_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_into_other_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dissolution into other agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_into_other_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Branches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Branches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Branches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Branches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detachments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detachments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Detachments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detachments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتب الخدمات الاستراتيجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتب الخدمات الاستراتيجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Γραφείο Στρατηγικών Υπηρεσιών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γραφείο Στρατηγικών Υπηρεσιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دفتر خدمات راهبردی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دفتر خدمات راهبردی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%9E%B5%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B4%EA%B5%AD" title="전략사무국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전략사무국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="המשרד לשירותים אסטרטגיים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המשרד לשירותים אסטרטגיים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pejabat_Perkhidmatan_Strategik" title="Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pejabat Perkhidmatan Strategik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%A6%E7%95%A5%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E5%B1%80" title="戦略情報局 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="戦略情報局" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufissi_dij_Servissi_Strat%C3%A9gich" title="Ufissi dij Servissi Stratégich – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ufissi dij Servissi Stratégich" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escrit%C3%B3rio_de_Servi%C3%A7os_Estrat%C3%A9gicos" title="Escritório de Serviços Estratégicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Escritório de Serviços Estratégicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1" title="Управление стратегических служб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Управление стратегических служб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Канцеларија за стратешке услуге – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Канцеларија за стратешке услуге" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ured_za_strate%C5%A1ke_usluge" title="Ured za strateške usluge – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ured za strateške usluge" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สำนักอำนวยการยุทธศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สำนักอำนวยการยุทธศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Office of Strategic Services" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1" title="Управління стратегічних служб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Управління стратегічних служб" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1940s United States intelligence agency</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Office of Strategic Services</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg/150px-Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg/225px-Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg/300px-Office_of_Strategic_Services_Insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="160" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">OSS insignia<sup id="cite_ref-Emerson_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerson-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">June 13, 1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Coordinator_of_Information" title="Office of the Coordinator of Information">Coordinator of Information</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data">September 20, 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Superseding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Department of State, Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Group" title="Central Intelligence Group">Central Intelligence Group</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">13,000 estimated<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Major_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General (United States)">MG</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Joseph Donovan</a>, Coordinator of Information</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General (United States)">BG</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Magruder_(Brigadier_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Magruder (Brigadier General)">John Magruder</a>, Director for Intelligence</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Project_video_camera.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crystal_Project_video_camera.png/50px-Crystal_Project_video_camera.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crystal_Project_video_camera.png/75px-Crystal_Project_video_camera.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Crystal_Project_video_camera.png/100px-Crystal_Project_video_camera.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:OSS_Overview.ogv" title="File:OSS Overview.ogv">Overview: Office of Strategic Services</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/OSS_Overview.ogv/232px--OSS_Overview.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="174" data-durationhint="173" data-mwtitle="OSS_Overview.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/OSS_Overview.ogv/OSS_Overview.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/OSS_Overview.ogv/OSS_Overview.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/OSS_Overview.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/OSS_Overview.ogv/OSS_Overview.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> film describing OSS recruitment, training, and missions during <a href="/wiki/WWII" class="mw-redirect" title="WWII">WWII</a></div></div></div></div> </div> <p>The <b>Office of Strategic Services</b> (<b>OSS</b>) was an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_agency" title="Intelligence agency">intelligence agency</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The OSS was formed as an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> (JCS)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to coordinate espionage activities behind enemy lines for all branches of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. Other OSS functions included the use of propaganda, <a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">subversion</a>, and post-war planning. </p><p>The OSS was dissolved a month after the end of the war. Intelligence tasks were shortly later resumed and carried over by its successors, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">Department of State</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a> (INR), and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Group" title="Central Intelligence Group">Central Intelligence Group</a> (CIG), the intermediary precursor to the independent <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA). </p><p>On December 14, 2016, the organization was collectively honored with a <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the formation of the OSS, the various departments of the executive branch, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War</a> Departments, conducted American intelligence activities on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis, with no overall direction, coordination, or control. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">US Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">US Navy</a> had separate code-breaking departments: <a href="/wiki/Signal_Intelligence_Service" title="Signal Intelligence Service">Signal Intelligence Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/OP-20-G" title="OP-20-G">OP-20-G</a>. (A previous code-breaking operation of the State Department, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Chamber" title="Black Chamber">MI-8</a>, run by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Yardley" title="Herbert Yardley">Herbert Yardley</a>, had been shut down in 1929 by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stimson" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Stimson">Henry Stimson</a>, deeming it an inappropriate function for the diplomatic arm, because "gentlemen don't read each other's mail."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a> was responsible for domestic security and anti-espionage operations. </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> was concerned about American intelligence deficiencies. On the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a>, the senior British intelligence officer in the western hemisphere, Roosevelt requested that <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> draft a plan for an intelligence service based on the British <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6) and <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE). Donovan envisioned a single agency responsible for foreign intelligence and special operations involving <a href="/wiki/Commandos" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandos">commandos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> activities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donovan worked closely with Australian-born British intelligence officer <a href="/wiki/Dick_Ellis" title="Dick Ellis">Charles Howard 'Dick' Ellis</a>, who has been credited with writing the blueprint. </p><p>Said Ellis: </p> <blockquote><p>I was soon requested to draft a blueprint for an American intelligence agency, the equivalent of BSC [British Security Co-ordination] and based on these British wartime improvisations... detailed tables of organisation were disclosed to Washington... among these were the organisational tables that led to the birth of General William Donovan's OSS.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After submitting his (and Ellis's) work, "Memorandum of Establishment of Service of Strategic Information", Donovan was appointed "Coordinator of Information" on July 11, 1941, heading the new organization known as the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Joseph_(Wild_Bill)_Donovan,_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/William_Joseph_%28Wild_Bill%29_Donovan%2C_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg/220px-William_Joseph_%28Wild_Bill%29_Donovan%2C_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/William_Joseph_%28Wild_Bill%29_Donovan%2C_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg/330px-William_Joseph_%28Wild_Bill%29_Donovan%2C_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/William_Joseph_%28Wild_Bill%29_Donovan%2C_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg/440px-William_Joseph_%28Wild_Bill%29_Donovan%2C_Head_of_the_OSS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>William J. Donovan</figcaption></figure> <p>Ellis, described as Donovan's "right-hand man", "effectively ran the organization".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writes Fink: </p> <blockquote><p>Ellis was sent from New York by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephenson" title="William Stephenson">William Stephenson</a> "to Washington to open a sub-station to facilitate daily liaison with Donovan, who reciprocated by sending [future Director of Central Intelligence, DCI] <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Welsh Dulles</a> to liaise with BSC in the Rockefeller Center". According to Thomas F. Troy, paraphrasing Stephenson, Ellis 'was the tradecraft expert, the organization man, the one who furnished Bill Donovan with charts and memoranda on running an intelligence organization".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Donovan had responsibilities but no actual powers and the existing US agencies were skeptical if not hostile to the British. Until some months after Pearl Harbor, the bulk of OSS intelligence came from the UK. <a href="/wiki/British_Security_Co-ordination" title="British Security Co-ordination">British Security Co-ordination</a> (BSC), under the direction of Ellis, trained the first OSS agents in Canada, until training stations were set up in the US with guidance from BSC instructors, who also provided information on how the SOE was arranged and managed. The British immediately made available their <a href="/wiki/Aspidistra_(transmitter)" title="Aspidistra (transmitter)">short-wave broadcasting capabilities</a> to Europe, Africa, and the Far East and provided equipment for agents until American production was established.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dick_Ellis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dick_Ellis.jpg/220px-Dick_Ellis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Dick_Ellis.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Dick Ellis</figcaption></figure> <p>Writes Fink: </p> <blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">William Casey</a>, who headed up OSS's Europe-based human-intelligence operations, the Secret Intelligence Branch, and went on to become director of the CIA, wrote in his autobiography, <i>The Secret War Against Hitler</i>, that Ellis was not only writing blueprints but involved in on-the-ground, logistical programs: "Dick Ellis, [an] experienced British pro, helped establish training centres, mostly around Washington." United States Assistant Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Adolf_A._Berle" title="Adolf A. Berle">Adolf Berle</a> commented: "The really active head of the intelligence section in [William] Donovan's [OSS] group is [Ellis] ... in other words, [Stephenson's] assistant in the British intelligence [sic] is running Donovan's intelligence service."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Office of Strategic Services was established by a Presidential military order issued by President Roosevelt on June 13, 1942, to collect and analyze strategic information required by the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> and to conduct special operations not assigned to other agencies. During the war, the OSS supplied policymakers with facts and estimates, but the OSS never had jurisdiction over all foreign intelligence activities. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> was left responsible for intelligence work in Latin America, and the Army and Navy continued to develop and rely on their own sources of intelligence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities">Activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg/220px-Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg/330px-Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg/440px-Donovan_reviews_OGs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a> reviews Operational Group members in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, prior to their departure for China in 1945.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Office_of_Strategic_Services_(OSS),_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Office_of_Strategic_Services_%28OSS%29%2C_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg/220px-Office_of_Strategic_Services_%28OSS%29%2C_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Office_of_Strategic_Services_%28OSS%29%2C_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg/330px-Office_of_Strategic_Services_%28OSS%29%2C_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Office_of_Strategic_Services_%28OSS%29%2C_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg/440px-Office_of_Strategic_Services_%28OSS%29%2C_Missions_and_Bases_in_East_Asia_during_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>OSS missions and bases in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>OSS proved especially useful in providing a worldwide overview of the German war effort, its strengths and weaknesses. In direct operations it was successful in supporting <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a> in French North Africa in 1942, where it identified pro-Allied potential supporters and located landing sites. OSS operations in neutral countries, especially <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, provided in-depth information on German advanced technology. The <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> station set up agent networks in France that supported the Allied invasion of <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a> in 1944. Most famous were the operations in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> run by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Allen Dulles</a> that provided extensive information on German strength, <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">air defenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> production, and the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2</a> weapons. It revealed some of the secret German efforts in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a>. Switzerland's station also supported <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance fighters</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and helped with the <a href="/wiki/German_instrument_of_surrender" class="mw-redirect" title="German instrument of surrender">surrender of German forces</a> in Italy in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the duration of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Office of Strategic Services was conducting multiple activities and missions, including collecting <a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">intelligence</a> by spying, performing acts of <a href="/wiki/Sabotage" title="Sabotage">sabotage</a>, waging <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> war, organizing and coordinating anti-Nazi resistance groups in Europe, and providing military training for anti-Japanese guerrilla movements in Asia, among other things.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_R._Harris_1972_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_R._Harris_1972-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the height of its influence during World War II, the OSS employed almost 24,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-cnn_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1943 to 1945, the OSS played a major role in training <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> troops in China and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, and recruited <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Kachin</a> and other indigenous irregular forces for sabotage as well as guides for Allied forces in <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater of World War II">Burma</a> fighting the Japanese Army. Among other activities, the OSS helped arm, train, and supply <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movements</a> in areas <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>'s <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">Red Army</a> in China (known as the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a> in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. OSS officer <a href="/wiki/Archimedes_Patti" title="Archimedes Patti">Archimedes Patti</a> played a central role in OSS operations in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> and met frequently with <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the greatest accomplishments of the OSS during World War II was its penetration of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> by OSS operatives. The OSS was responsible for training German and Austrian individuals for missions inside Germany. Some of these agents included exiled communists and Socialist party members, labor activists, anti-Nazi prisoners-of-war, and German and Jewish refugees. The OSS also recruited and ran one of the war's most important spies, the German diplomat <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kolbe" title="Fritz Kolbe">Fritz Kolbe</a>. </p><p>From 1943 the OSS was in contact with the Austrian resistance group around Kaplan <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a>. As a result, plans and production facilities for <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a> and aircraft (<a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a>, etc.) were passed on to Allied general staffs in order to enable Allied bombers to get accurate air strikes. The Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz. The group was gradually dismantled by the German authorities because of a double agent who worked for both the OSS and the Gestapo. This uncovered a transfer of money from the Americans to Vienna via Istanbul and Budapest, and most of the members were executed after a People's Court hearing.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Musulin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/George_Musulin.jpg/220px-George_Musulin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/George_Musulin.jpg/330px-George_Musulin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/George_Musulin.jpg/440px-George_Musulin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>OSS 1st Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/George_Musulin" title="George Musulin">George Musulin</a> behind enemy lines in German-occupied Serbia, as a <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetnik</a>, during his first mission in November 1943. His second mission was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Halyard" title="Operation Halyard">Operation Halyard</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1943, the Office of Strategic Services set up operations in Istanbul.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_158_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassell,_A_page_158-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey, as a neutral country during the Second World War, was a place where both the Axis and Allied powers had spy networks. The railroads connecting central Asia with Europe, as well as Turkey's close proximity to the Balkan states, placed it at a crossroads of intelligence gathering. The goal of the OSS Istanbul operation called Project Net-1 was to infiltrate and extenuate subversive action in the old Ottoman and <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_158_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassell,_A_page_158-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of operations at OSS Istanbul was a banker from Chicago named Lanning "Packy" Macfarland, who maintained a cover story as a banker for the American <a href="/wiki/Lend-lease_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Lend-lease program">lend-lease program</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macfarland hired Alfred Schwarz,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an Austrian businessman (* 25. April 1904 in <a href="/wiki/Prost%C4%9Bjov" title="Prostějov">Prostějov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>; † 13. August 1988 in <a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>) who came to be known as "Dogwood" and ended up establishing the Dogwood information chain.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_166_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassell,_A_page_166-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dogwood in turn hired a personal assistant named Walter Arndt and established himself as an employee of the Istanbul Western Electrik Kompani.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_166_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassell,_A_page_166-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Schwarz and Arndt the OSS was able to infiltrate <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> groups in Austria, Hungary, and Germany. Schwarz was able to convince Romanian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, and Swiss diplomatic couriers to smuggle American intelligence information into these territories and establish contact with elements antagonistic to the Nazis and their collaborators.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Couriers and agents memorized information and produced analytical reports; when they were not able to memorize effectively they recorded information on <a href="/wiki/Microfilm" class="mw-redirect" title="Microfilm">microfilm</a> and hid it in their shoes or hollowed pencils.<sup id="cite_ref-rubin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this process information about the Nazi regime made its way to Macfarland and the OSS in Istanbul and eventually to Washington. </p><p>While the OSS "Dogwood-chain" produced a lot of information, its reliability was increasingly questioned by British intelligence. By May 1944, through collaboration between the OSS, British intelligence, Cairo, and Washington, the entire Dogwood-chain was found to be unreliable and dangerous.<sup id="cite_ref-rubin_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rubin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planting phony information into the OSS was intended to misdirect the resources of the Allies. Schwarz's Dogwood-chain, which was the largest American intelligence gathering tool in occupied territory, was shortly thereafter shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OSS purchased Soviet code and cipher material (or Finnish information on them) from émigré <a href="/wiki/Finnish_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish army">Finnish army</a> officers in late 1944. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Edward_Stettinius,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Stettinius, Jr.">Edward Stettinius, Jr.</a>, protested that this violated an agreement President Roosevelt made with the Soviet Union not to interfere with Soviet cipher traffic from the United States. General Donovan might have copied the papers before returning them the following January, but there is no record of <a href="/wiki/Arlington_Hall" title="Arlington Hall">Arlington Hall</a> receiving them, and CIA and NSA archives have no surviving copies. This codebook was in fact used as part of the <a href="/wiki/Venona" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona">Venona</a> <a href="/wiki/Decryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Decryption">decryption</a> effort, which helped uncover large-scale Soviet espionage in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>RYPE was the codename of the airborne unit who was dropped in the Norwegian mountains of Snåsa on March 24, 1945 to carry out sabotage actions behind enemy lines. From the base at the Gjefsjøen mountain farm, the group conducted successful railroad sabotages, with the intention of preventing the withdrawal of German forces from northern Norway. <a href="/wiki/Operasjon_Rype" title="Operasjon Rype">Operasjon Rype</a> was the only U.S. operation on German-occupied Norwegian soil during WW2. The group consisted mainly of Norwegian Americans recruited from the <a href="/wiki/99th_Infantry_Battalion_(United_States)" title="99th Infantry Battalion (United States)">99th Infantry Battalion</a>. Operasjon Rype was led by <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OSS sent four teams of two under Captain Stephen Vinciguerra (codename <i>Algonquin</i>, teams Alsace, Poissy, S&S and Student), with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Operation Varsity</a> in March 1945 to infiltrate and report from behind enemy lines, but none succeeded. Team S&S had two agents in Wehrmacht uniforms and a captured <a href="/wiki/K%CF%8Bbelwagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kϋbelwagon">Kϋbelwagon</a>; to report by radio. But the Kϋbelwagon was put out of action while in the glider; three tires and the long-range radio were shot up (German gunners were told to attack the gliders not the tow planes).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weapons_and_gadgets">Weapons and gadgets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weapons and gadgets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beano_grenade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Beano_grenade.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="188" data-file-height="238" /></a><figcaption>OSS <a href="/wiki/T13_Beano_Grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="T13 Beano Grenade">T13 Beano Grenade</a> and compass hidden in a button, <a href="/wiki/CIA_Museum" title="CIA Museum">CIA Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The OSS espionage and sabotage operations produced a steady demand for highly specialized equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith,_R._Harris_1972_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith,_R._Harris_1972-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Donovan invited experts, organized workshops, and funded labs that later formed the core of the Research & Development Branch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boston chemist Stanley P. Lovell became its first head, and Donovan humorously called him his "<a href="/wiki/Professor_Moriarty" title="Professor Moriarty">Professor Moriarty</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> Throughout the war years, the OSS Research & Development successfully adapted Allied weapons and espionage equipment, and produced its own line of novel spy tools and gadgets, including silenced pistols, lightweight sub-machine guns, "<a href="/wiki/BEANO_T-13_grenade" title="BEANO T-13 grenade">Beano</a>" grenades that exploded upon impact, <a href="/wiki/Coal_torpedo" title="Coal torpedo">explosives disguised as lumps of coal</a> ("Black Joe") or bags of Chinese flour ("Aunt Jemima"), acetone time delay fuses for <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a>, compasses hidden in uniform buttons, playing cards that concealed maps, a 16mm Kodak camera in the shape of a matchbox, tasteless poison tablets ("K" and "L" pills), and cigarettes laced with <a href="/wiki/THC-O-acetate" title="THC-O-acetate">tetrahydrocannabinol acetate</a> (an extract of Indian hemp) to induce uncontrollable chattiness.<sup id="cite_ref-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OSS also developed innovative communication equipment such as wiretap gadgets, electronic beacons for locating agents, and the <a href="/wiki/Joan-Eleanor_system" title="Joan-Eleanor system">"Joan-Eleanor" portable radio system</a> that made it possible for operatives on the ground to establish secure contact with a plane that was preparing to land or drop cargo. The OSS Research & Development also printed fake German and Japanese-issued identification cards, and various passes, ration cards, and counterfeit money.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 28, 1943, Stanley Lovell was asked to make a presentation in front of a hostile <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>, who were skeptical of OSS plans beyond collecting military intelligence and were ready to split the OSS between the Army and the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5–7">: 5–7 </span></sup> While explaining the purpose and mission of his department and introducing various gadgets and tools, he reportedly casually dropped into a waste basket a Hedy, a panic-inducing explosive device in the shape of a firecracker, which shortly produced a loud shrieking sound followed by a deafening boom. The presentation was interrupted and did not resume since everyone in the room fled. In reality, the Hedy, jokingly named after Hollywood movie star <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a> for her ability to distract men, later saved the lives of some trapped OSS operatives.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 184–185">: 184–185 </span></sup> </p><p>Not all projects worked. Some ideas were odd, such as a failed attempt to use insects to spread anthrax in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Six-Legged_Soldiers_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Six-Legged_Soldiers-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 150–151">: 150–151 </span></sup> Stanley Lovell was later quoted saying, "It was my policy to consider any method whatever that might aid the war, however unorthodox or untried".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, a young physician named <a href="/wiki/Christian_J._Lambertsen" title="Christian J. Lambertsen">Christian J. Lambertsen</a> developed an oxygen <a href="/wiki/Diving_rebreather" title="Diving rebreather">rebreather</a> set (the <a href="/wiki/Lambertsen_Amphibious_Respiratory_Unit" title="Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit">Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit</a>) and demonstrated it to the OSS—after already being rejected by the U.S. Navy—in a pool at the <a href="/wiki/Shoreham_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreham Hotel">Shoreham Hotel</a> in Washington D.C., in 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-vann2004_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vann2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cjl_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cjl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OSS not only bought into the concept, they hired Lambertsen to lead the program and build up the dive element for the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-cjl_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cjl-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His responsibilities included training and developing methods of combining self-contained diving and swimmer delivery including the Lambertsen Amphibious Respiratory Unit for the OSS "Operational Swimmer Group".<sup id="cite_ref-vann2004_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vann2004-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-butler2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butler2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growing involvement of the OSS with coastal infiltration and water-based sabotage eventually led to creation of the <a href="/wiki/OSS_Maritime_Unit" title="OSS Maritime Unit">OSS Maritime Unit</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Headquarters_and_Field_Offices">Headquarters and Field Offices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Headquarters and Field Offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The bulk of the OSS, after the expansion out of and away from COI, eventually found itself headquartered at a complex near 23rd Street and E Street in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complex was unassuming, appearing to be a mix of normal government offices and apartment buildings to nearby residents and office workers.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known as the "Navy Hill Complex," "Potomac Hill Complex," and the "<a href="/wiki/E_Street_Complex" title="E Street Complex">E Street Complex</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OSS Society and State Department have engaged in efforts with the National Park Service to add the Headquarters complex to the National Register of Historic Places.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_Facilities">Training Facilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Training Facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At <a href="/wiki/Camp_X" title="Camp X">Camp X</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Whitby,_Ontario" title="Whitby, Ontario">Whitby, Ontario</a>, an "assassination and elimination" training program was operated by the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>, assigning exceptional masters in the art of knife-wielding combat, such as <a href="/wiki/William_E._Fairbairn" title="William E. Fairbairn">William E. Fairbairn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eric_A._Sykes" title="Eric A. Sykes">Eric A. Sykes</a>, to instruct trainees.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many members of the Office of Strategic Services also were trained there. It was dubbed "the school of mayhem and murder" by <a href="/wiki/George_Hunter_White" title="George Hunter White">George Hunter White</a> who trained at the facility in the 1940's.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in January 1941, <a href="/wiki/Millard_Preston_Goodfellow" title="Millard Preston Goodfellow">Colonel Millard Preston Goodfellow</a>, creator and Director of the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Branch" title="Special Operations Branch">Special Operations Branch</a> (at this time still known as SA/G within the COI), negotiated with the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> to obtain three tracts of land to be dedicated as training camps for both SA/G and SA/B.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March, he assigned <a href="/wiki/Garland_H._Williams" title="Garland H. Williams">Garland H. Williams</a> to be the Training Director of these facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commander N.G.A Woolley was loaned to COI by the British Navy and helped Donovan and Goodfellow to organize underwater training and craft landing.<sup id="cite_ref-:52_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:52-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From these incipient beginnings, the Office of Strategic Services opened camps in the United States, and finally abroad. <a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Forest_Park" title="Prince William Forest Park">Prince William Forest Park</a> (then known as Chopawamsic Recreational Demonstration Area) was the site of an OSS training camp that operated from 1942 to 1945. Area "C", consisting of approximately 6,000 acres (24 km<sup>2</sup>), was used extensively for communications training, whereas Area "A" was used for training some of the OGs (Operational Groups).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catoctin_Mountain_Park" title="Catoctin Mountain Park">Catoctin Mountain Park</a>, now the location of <a href="/wiki/Camp_David" title="Camp David">Camp David</a>, was the site of OSS training Area "B" where the first Special Operations, or SO, were trained.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Branch" title="Special Operations Branch">Special Operations</a> was modeled after Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>, which included parachute, sabotage, self-defense, weapons, and leadership training to support guerrilla or partisan resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considered most mysterious of all was the "cloak and dagger" Secret Intelligence, or SI branch.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secret Intelligence employed "country estates as schools for introducing recruits into the murky world of espionage. Thus, it established Training Areas E and RTU-11 ("the Farm") in spacious manor houses with surrounding horse farms."<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Morale_Operations_Branch" title="Morale Operations Branch">Morale Operations</a> training included psychological warfare and propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Country_Club" title="Congressional Country Club">Congressional Country Club</a> (Area F) in <a href="/wiki/Bethesda,_Maryland" title="Bethesda, Maryland">Bethesda, Maryland</a>, was the primary OSS training facility. The Facilities of the <a href="/wiki/Catalina_Island_Marine_Institute" title="Catalina Island Marine Institute">Catalina Island Marine Institute</a> at <a href="/wiki/Toyon_Bay" title="Toyon Bay">Toyon Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catalina_Island_(California)" title="Santa Catalina Island (California)">Santa Catalina Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">Calif.</a>, are composed (in part) of a former OSS survival training camp. The National Park Service commissioned a study of OSS National Park training facilities by Professor John Chambers of Rutgers University.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main OSS training camps abroad were located initially in Great Britain, French Algeria, and Egypt; later as the Allies advanced, a school was established in southern Italy. In the Far East, OSS training facilities were established in India, Ceylon, and then China. The <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> branch of the OSS, its first overseas facility, was at 70 Grosvenor Street, W1. In addition to training local agents, the overseas OSS schools also provided advanced training and field exercises for graduates of the training camps in the United States and for Americans who enlisted in the OSS in the war zones. The most famous of the latter was <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Hall" title="Virginia Hall">Virginia Hall</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The OSS's Mediterranean training center in Cairo, Egypt, known to many as the <i>Spy School</i>, was a lavish palace belonging to <a href="/wiki/Farouk_of_Egypt" title="Farouk of Egypt">King Farouk's</a> brother-in-law, called <i>Ras el Kanayas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (June 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> It was modeled after the SOE's training facility <a href="/wiki/List_of_SOE_establishments#Training_schools" title="List of SOE establishments">STS 102</a> in Haifa, Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (June 2020)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Americans whose heritage stemmed from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> were trained at the "Spy School"<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also sent for parachute, weapons, and commando training, and Morse code and encryption lessons at STS 102.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completion of their spy training, these agents were sent back on missions to the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Campaign (World War II)">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> where their accents would not pose a problem for their assimilation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnel">Personnel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The names of all 13,000 OSS personnel and documents of their OSS service, previously a closely guarded secret, were released by the US <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a> on August 14, 2008. Among the 24,000 names were those of <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Hayden" title="Sterling Hayden">Sterling Hayden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Wolff#World_War_II" title="Milton Wolff">Milton Wolff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_C._Cable" title="Carl C. Cable">Carl C. Cable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Goldberg" title="Arthur Goldberg">Arthur Goldberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saul_K._Padover" title="Saul K. Padover">Saul K. Padover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schlesinger,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.">Arthur Schlesinger, Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sundlun" title="Bruce Sundlun">Bruce Sundlun</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Colby" title="William Colby">William Colby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Joyeuse" title="René Joyeuse">René Joyeuse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnn_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnn-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 750,000 pages in the 35,000 personnel files include applications of people who were not recruited or hired, as well as the service records of those who served.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OSS soldiers were primarily inducted from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">United States Armed Forces</a>. Other members included foreign nationals including displaced individuals from the former czarist Russia, an example being Prince <a href="/wiki/Serge_Obolensky" title="Serge Obolensky">Serge Obolensky</a>. </p><p>Donovan sought independent thinkers, and in order to bring together those many intelligent, quick-witted individuals who could think out-of-the box, he chose them from all walks of life, backgrounds, without distinction to culture or religion. <a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">Donovan</a> was quoted as saying, "I'd rather have a young lieutenant with enough guts to disobey a direct order than a colonel too regimented to think for himself." In a matter of a few short months, he formed an organization which equalled and then rivalled Great Britain's <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a>. Donovan, inspired by Britain's SOE, assembled an outstanding group of clinical psychologists to carry out evaluations of potential OSS candidates at a variety of sites, primary among these was Station S in Northern Virginia near where Dulles International Airport now stands.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research from remaining records from the OSS Station S program describes how those characteristics (independent thought, effective intelligence, interpersonal skills) were found among OSS candidates <sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MoeBergGoudeycard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/MoeBergGoudeycard.jpg/220px-MoeBergGoudeycard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/MoeBergGoudeycard.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Major_league_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Major league baseball">Major league baseball</a> player <a href="/wiki/Moe_Berg" title="Moe Berg">Moe Berg</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox" title="Boston Red Sox">Boston Red Sox</a> was an OSS agent.</figcaption></figure><p> One such agent was <a href="/wiki/Ivy_League" title="Ivy League">Ivy League</a> <a href="/wiki/Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">polyglot</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish American</a> <a href="/wiki/American_baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="American baseball">baseball</a> catcher <a href="/wiki/Moe_Berg" title="Moe Berg">Moe Berg</a>, who played 15 seasons in the major leagues. As a Secret Intelligence agent, he was dispatched to seek information on German physicist <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> and his knowledge on the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">atomic bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most highly decorated and flamboyant OSS soldiers was US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ortiz" title="Peter J. Ortiz">Peter Ortiz</a>. Enlisting early in the war, as a <a href="/wiki/French_Foreign_Legion" title="French Foreign Legion">French Foreign Legionnaire</a>, he went on to join the OSS and to be the most highly decorated US Marine in the OSS during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TECOM_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TECOM-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_Ortiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Peter_Ortiz.jpg/220px-Peter_Ortiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Peter_Ortiz.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Col. Peter Ortiz, <a href="/wiki/USMC" class="mw-redirect" title="USMC">USMC</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a>, who later authored cookbooks, worked directly under Donovan.<sup id="cite_ref-abc_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abc-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Joyeuse" title="René Joyeuse">René Joyeuse</a> <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_American_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the American College of Surgeons">FACS</a> was a Swiss, French and American soldier, physician and researcher, who distinguished himself as an agent of Allied intelligence in German-occupied France during World War II. He received the US Army Distinguished Service Cross for his actions with the OSS, after the war he became a Physician, Researcher and was a co-founder of The American Trauma Society.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joe_Savoldi" title="Joe Savoldi">"Jumping Joe" Savoldi</a> (code name Sampson) was recruited by the OSS in 1942 because of his hand-to-hand combat and language skills as well as his deep knowledge of the Italian geography and <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini's</a> compound. He was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Branch" title="Special Operations Branch">Special Operations Branch</a> and took part in missions in North Africa, Italy, and France during 1943–1945.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif/lossy-page1-220px-JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif/lossy-page1-330px-JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif/lossy-page1-440px-JJ.1943.FacistPartyGiuseppeDeLeo3.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>OSS created this false ID for Joe Savoldi - posing as Giuseppe De Leo while infiltrating the black market in Naples.</figcaption></figure><p> One of the forefathers of today's commandos was Navy Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jack_Hendrick_Taylor" title="Jack Hendrick Taylor">Jack Taylor</a>. He was sequestered by the OSS early in the war and had a long career behind enemy lines.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taro_Yashima" title="Taro Yashima">Taro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsu_Yashima" title="Mitsu Yashima">Mitsu Yashima</a>, both Japanese political dissidents who were imprisoned in Japan for protesting its militarist regime, worked for the OSS in psychological warfare against the Japanese Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Nisei linguists</b> </p><p>In late 1943, a representative from OSS visited the 442nd Infantry Regiment looking to recruit volunteers willing to undertake "extremely hazardous assignment."<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All selected were <a href="/wiki/Nisei" title="Nisei">Nisei</a>. The recruits were assigned to OSS Detachments 101 and 202, in the China-Burma-India Theater. "Once deployed, they were to interrogate prisoners, translate documents, monitor radio communications, and conduct covert operations... Detachment 101 and 102's clandestine operations were extremely successful."<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dissolution_into_other_agencies">Dissolution into other agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dissolution into other agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 20, 1945, President Truman signed Executive Order 9621, terminating the OSS.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to administrative error, the order only allowed the agency ten days to close.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The State Department took over the <a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Branch" title="Research and Analysis Branch">Research and Analysis Branch</a> (R&A); it became the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Intelligence_and_Research" title="Bureau of Intelligence and Research">Bureau of Intelligence and Research</a>, The War Department took over the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Branch" title="Secret Intelligence Branch">Secret Intelligence</a> (SI) and <a href="/wiki/Counter-espionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-espionage">Counter-Espionage</a> (<a href="/wiki/X-2_Counter_Espionage_Branch" title="X-2 Counter Espionage Branch">X-2</a>) Branches, which were then housed in the new <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Services_Unit" title="Strategic Services Unit">Strategic Services Unit</a> (SSU). Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Magruder_(Brigadier_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Magruder (Brigadier General)">John Magruder</a> (formerly Donovan's Deputy Director for Intelligence in OSS) became the new SSU director. He oversaw the liquidation of the OSS and managed the institutional preservation of its clandestine intelligence capability.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1946, President Truman created the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Group" title="Central Intelligence Group">Central Intelligence Group</a> (CIG),<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was the direct precursor to the CIA. SSU assets, which now constituted a streamlined "nucleus" of clandestine intelligence, were transferred to the CIG in mid-1946 and reconstituted as the Office of Special Operations (OSO). The <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, which then took up some OSS functions. The direct descendant of the paramilitary component of the OSS is the CIA <a href="/wiki/Special_Activities_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Activities Division">Special Activities Division</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the joint-branch <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Operations_Command" title="United States Special Operations Command">United States Special Operations Command</a>, founded in 1987, uses the same spearhead design on its insignia, as homage to its indirect lineage. The <a href="/wiki/Defense_Intelligence_Agency" title="Defense Intelligence Agency">Defense Intelligence Agency</a> currently manages the OSS' mandate to provide strategic military intelligence to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the Secretary of Defense and to coordinate human espionage activities across the United States Armed Forces (through the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Clandestine_Service" title="Defense Clandestine Service">Defense Clandestine Service</a>) and was awarded status as an OSS Heritage organization by the <a href="/wiki/OSS_Society" title="OSS Society">OSS Society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Branches">Branches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Branches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li>Censorship and Documents</li> <li>Field Experimental Unit</li> <li>Foreign Nationalities</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSS_Maritime_Unit" title="OSS Maritime Unit">Maritime Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morale_Operations_Branch" title="Morale Operations Branch">Morale Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Group_Command" title="Operational Group Command">Operational Group Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_Analysis_Branch" title="Research and Analysis Branch">Research & Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Branch" title="Secret Intelligence Branch">Secret Intelligence</a><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Security</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Branch" title="Special Operations Branch">Special Operations</a></li> <li>Special Projects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-2_Counter_Espionage_Branch" title="X-2 Counter Espionage Branch">X-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Counterespionage" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterespionage">counterespionage</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detachments">Detachments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Detachments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSS_Deer_Team" title="OSS Deer Team">OSS Deer Team</a>: Vietnam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSS_Detachment_101" title="OSS Detachment 101">OSS Detachment 101</a>: Burma</li> <li>OSS Detachment 202: China</li> <li>OSS Detachment 303: New Delhi, India</li> <li>OSS Detachment 404: attached to British <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia_Command" title="South East Asia Command">South East Asia Command</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kandy" title="Kandy">Kandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Ceylon</a></li> <li>OSS Detachment 505: <a href="/wiki/Calcutta,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta, India">Calcutta, India</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>US Army units attached to the OSS</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2671st_Special_Reconnaissance_Battalion_(United_States)" title="2671st Special Reconnaissance Battalion (United States)">2671st Special Reconnaissance Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2677th_Office_of_Strategic_Services_Regiment_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="2677th Office of Strategic Services Regiment (United States)">2677th Office of Strategic Services Regiment</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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href="/wiki/Special_Forces_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Forces (United States Army)">Special Forces (United States Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-2_Counter_Espionage_Branch" title="X-2 Counter Espionage Branch">X-2 Counter Espionage Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_espionage" title="History of espionage">History of espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Looting_Investigation_Unit" title="Art Looting Investigation Unit">Art Looting Investigation Unit (ALIU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Preston_Goodfellow" title="Millard Preston Goodfellow">Millard Preston Goodfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Donovan" title="William J. Donovan">William J. Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pond_(intelligence_organization)" title="The Pond (intelligence organization)">The Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garland_H._Williams" title="Garland H. Williams">Garland H. Williams</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: General and cited references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPaulson1995" class="citation journal cs1">Paulson, Alan (1995). "Required reading: OSS Weapons". <i>Fighting Firearms</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 20–21, 80–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fighting+Firearms&rft.atitle=Required+reading%3A+OSS+Weapons.&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20-21%2C+80-81&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1991" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, John (1991). <i>OSS Crossbows</i>. Phillips Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932572154" title="Special:BookSources/0932572154"><bdi>0932572154</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OSS+Crossbows&rft.pub=Phillips+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0932572154&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner2005" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, John (2005). <i>OSS Weapons II</i>. Phillips Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0932572431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0932572431"><bdi>978-0932572431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OSS+Weapons+II&rft.pub=Phillips+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0932572431&rft.aulast=Brunner&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Emerson-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emerson_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1996" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, William K. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=trbBXKeHO3sC&q=OSS+insignia&pg=PA412">"51"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of United States Army Insignia and Uniforms</i>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780806126227" title="Special:BookSources/9780806126227"><bdi>9780806126227</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=51&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+United+States+Army+Insignia+and+Uniforms&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780806126227&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtrbBXKeHO3sC%26q%3DOSS%2Binsignia%26pg%3DPA412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dawidoff, p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancey" class="citation web cs1">Clancey, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USG/JCS/OSS/OSS-Functions/index.html">"Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Organization and Functions"</a>. HyperWar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+Strategic+Services+%28OSS%29+Organization+and+Functions&rft.pub=HyperWar&rft.aulast=Clancey&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSG%2FJCS%2FOSS%2FOSS-Functions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/114/plaws/publ269/PLAW-114publ269.pdf">"US Public Law 114–269 (2016)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 21,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Public+Law+114%E2%80%93269+%282016%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2F114%2Fplaws%2Fpubl269%2FPLAW-114publ269.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stimson, Henry L. <i>On Active Service in Peace and War</i> (1948). <i>per</i> <i>Bartlett's Familiar Quotations</i>, 16th ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2007" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Ronald H. (2007). <i>In the ruins of empire : the Japanese surrender and the battle for postwar Asia</i> (1st ed.). New York: Random House. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780375509155" title="Special:BookSources/9780375509155"><bdi>9780375509155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+ruins+of+empire+%3A+the+Japanese+surrender+and+the+battle+for+postwar+Asia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780375509155&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Secret History of British Intelligence in the Americas, 1940-1945</i>, p27-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFink2023" class="citation book cs1">Fink, Jesse (2023). <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i>. Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108"><bdi>9781785305108</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eagle+in+the+Mirror&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Black+%26+White+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781785305108&rft.aulast=Fink&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G.J.A. O'Toole, <i> Honorable Treachery: A History of U. S. Intelligence, Espionage, and Covert Action from the American Revolution to the CIA</i> pp 418-19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith,_R._Harris_1972-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_R._Harris_1972_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith,_R._Harris_1972_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, R. Harris. <i>OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/08/14/spies.revealed.ap/index.html">"Chef Julia Child, others part of WWII spy network"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080821152008/http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/08/14/spies.revealed.ap/index.html">Archived</a> August 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>, 2008-08-14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-bf3262-interview-with-archimedes-l-a-patti-1981">"Interview with Archimedes L. A. Patti"</a>. 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Archimedes+L.+A.+Patti&rft.date=1981&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenvault.wgbh.org%2Fcatalog%2Fvietnam-bf3262-interview-with-archimedes-l-a-patti-1981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassell,_A_page_158-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_158_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_158_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassell and McCrae, p.158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassell and MacRae, p.159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erich Cibulka: Deckname Dogwood. Erinnerungen an Alfred Schwarz (2022)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassell,_A_page_166-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_166_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassell,_A_page_166_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassell and MacRae, p.166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassell and MacRae, p.167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rubin-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rubin_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rubin, B: <i>Istanbul Intrigues</i>, page 168. Pharos Books, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hassell and MacRae, p.184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Andrew_(historian)" title="Christopher Andrew (historian)">Andrew, Christopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vasili_Mitrokhin" title="Vasili Mitrokhin">Mitrokhin, Vasili</a>, <i>The Mitrokhin Archive, Volume 1: The KGB in Europe and the West</i>, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://firstrunfeatures.com/themannobodyknew/">"First Run Features: THE MAN NOBODY KNEW: William Colby"</a>. <i>firstrunfeatures.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=firstrunfeatures.com&rft.atitle=First+Run+Features%3A+THE+MAN+NOBODY+KNEW%3A+William+Colby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffirstrunfeatures.com%2Fthemannobodyknew%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenelon2019" class="citation book cs1">Fenelon, James M. (2019). <i>Four Hours of Fury</i>. New York: Scribner/Simon & Schuster. pp. 126, 246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7937-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5011-7937-2"><bdi>978-1-5011-7937-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Hours+of+Fury&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=126%2C+246&rft.pub=Scribner%2FSimon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5011-7937-2&rft.aulast=Fenelon&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OSS SPECIAL WEAPONS & EQUIPMENT by H. Keith Melton (Author) 1 April 1991, ISBN 0806982381</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wild_Bill_Donovan:_The_Spymaster_Who_Created_the_OSS_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, Douglas C. <i>Wild Bill Donovan: The Spymaster Who Created the OSS and Modern American Espionage</i>. New York: Free Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art08.htm">CIA Library: Weapons & Spy Gear</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221171005/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/art08.htm">Archived</a> February 21, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Historical Document</i>, March 15, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunner1994" class="citation book cs1">Brunner, John (1994). <i>OSS Weapons</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=OSS%3A+LTC+Ellery+Huntington%27s+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocument%2F02730858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II2008" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/oss/chap2.pdf">"2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II</i>. 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U.S. National Park Service. pp. 195–199.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Instructing+for+Dangerous+Missions&rft.btitle=OSS+Training+in+the+National+Parks+and+Service+Abroad+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=195-199&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Foss%2Fchap6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II2008" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/oss/chap2.pdf">"2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1511654760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1511654760"><bdi>978-1511654760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=OSS+Training+in+the+National+Parks+and+Service+Abroad+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1511654760&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Foss%2Fchap2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II2008" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/oss/chap2.pdf">"2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1511654760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1511654760"><bdi>978-1511654760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=OSS+Training+in+the+National+Parks+and+Service+Abroad+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1511654760&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Foss%2Fchap2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II2008" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/oss/chap11.pdf">"11"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 558. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1511654760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1511654760"><bdi>978-1511654760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=OSS+Training+in+the+National+Parks+and+Service+Abroad+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=558&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1511654760&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Foss%2Fchap11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers_II2008" class="citation book cs1">Chambers II, John Whiteclay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/oss/chap2.pdf">"2"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II</i>. Washington, DC: U.S. National Park Service. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1511654760" title="Special:BookSources/978-1511654760"><bdi>978-1511654760</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2&rft.btitle=OSS+Training+in+the+National+Parks+and+Service+Abroad+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1511654760&rft.aulast=Chambers+II&rft.aufirst=John+Whiteclay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Foss%2Fchap2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707003431/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf">"(U) Chambers-OSS Training in WWII-with Notes.fm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol.-54-no.-2/pdfs-vol.-54-no.-2/Chambers-OSS%20Training%20in%20WWII-with%20notes-web-19Jun.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 7, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%28U%29+Chambers-OSS+Training+in+WWII-with+Notes.fm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fcenter-for-the-study-of-intelligence%2Fcsi-publications%2Fcsi-studies%2Fstudies%2Fvol.-54-no.-2%2Fpdfs-vol.-54-no.-2%2FChambers-OSS%2520Training%2520in%2520WWII-with%2520notes-web-19Jun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHueck_Allen2013" class="citation cs2">Hueck Allen, Susan (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jJZFDwAAQBAJ&q=ras+el+kanayas&pg=PT420">"7"</a>, <i>Classical Spies: American Archaeologists with the OSS in World War II Greece</i>, Ann Arbor, Michigan: The University of Michigan, p. 134, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0472117697" title="Special:BookSources/978-0472117697"><bdi>978-0472117697</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7&rft.btitle=Classical+Spies%3A+American+Archaeologists+with+the+OSS+in+World+War+II+Greece&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0472117697&rft.aulast=Hueck+Allen&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjJZFDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dras%2Bel%2Bkanayas%26pg%3DPT420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoundoulakisGafni2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Helias_Doundoulakis" title="Helias Doundoulakis">Doundoulakis, Helias</a>; Gafni, Gabriella (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vkGtBAAAQBAJ&q=spy+school&pg=PA136">"11"</a>, <i>Trained to be an OSS Spy</i>, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, p. 99, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1499059830" title="Special:BookSources/978-1499059830"><bdi>978-1499059830</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11&rft.btitle=Trained+to+be+an+OSS+Spy&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1499059830&rft.aulast=Doundoulakis&rft.aufirst=Helias&rft.au=Gafni%2C+Gabriella&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvkGtBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dspy%2Bschool%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoundoulakis2012" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Helias_Doundoulakis" title="Helias Doundoulakis">Doundoulakis, Helias</a> (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9euhPIt-d2oC&q=spy+school&pg=PA1">"1"</a>, <i>I was Trained to be a Spy-Book II</i>, Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, p. 2, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1479716494" title="Special:BookSources/978-1479716494"><bdi>978-1479716494</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=I+was+Trained+to+be+a+Spy-Book+II&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Xlibris&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1479716494&rft.aulast=Doundoulakis&rft.aufirst=Helias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9euhPIt-d2oC%26q%3Dspy%2Bschool%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (February 2022)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906063725/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/intelligence-history/oss/art06.htm">Secret Intelligence (SI)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906073419/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/intelligence-history/oss/art05.htm">Special Operations (SO)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/oss-morale-operations.html">Morale Operations (MO)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525163418/https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2010-featured-story-archive/oss-morale-operations.html">Archived</a> May 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinsonFoot2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Peter; Foot, M. R. D (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_PbKWaqtIYC&q=ramat+david+and+soe+and+training&pg=PA133"><i>Foreign Fields: The Story of an SOE Operative</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860647796" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860647796"><bdi>978-1860647796</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+Fields%3A+The+Story+of+an+SOE+Operative&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1860647796&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Foot%2C+M.+R.+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_PbKWaqtIYC%26q%3Dramat%2Bdavid%2Band%2Bsoe%2Band%2Btraining%26pg%3DPA133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorn2016" class="citation book cs1">Horn, Bernd (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1ekCAAAQBAJ&q=sts+and+102+and+SOE&pg=PT67"><i>A Most Ungentlemanly Way of War</i></a>. 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Donovan, William Fairbairn, William Stephenson, Frank Gleason, Guy D'Artois, Helias Doundoulakis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianchannel.com/videos/how-to-lie-for-your-life/34349"><i>World War II Spy School</i></a> (Film). 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USMC Training and Education Command. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tecom.usmc.mil/HD/PDF_Files/Pubs/WWII/A%20Different%20War-Marines%20in%20Europe%20&%20North%20Africa%20PCN%2019000312500.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/news-information/featured-story-archive/2012-featured-story-archive/japanese-americans-WWII-intel.html">the original</a> on July 13, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Japanese+Americans+in+World+War+II+Intelligence+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fnews-information%2Ffeatured-story-archive%2F2012-featured-story-archive%2Fjapanese-americans-WWII-intel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/executive-order-9621-termination-the-office-strategic-services-and-disposition-its">"Executive Order 9621—Termination of the Office of Strategic Services and Disposition of Its Functions"</a>. September 20, 1945 – via The American Presidency Project.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+9621%E2%80%94Termination+of+the+Office+of+Strategic+Services+and+Disposition+of+Its+Functions&rft.date=1945-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fexecutive-order-9621-termination-the-office-strategic-services-and-disposition-its&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuw2020" class="citation book cs1">Huw, Dylan (April 30, 2020). <i>CIA and the Pursuit of Security: History, Documents and Contexts</i>. Edinburgh University Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1474428873" title="Special:BookSources/978-1474428873"><bdi>978-1474428873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CIA+and+the+Pursuit+of+Security%3A+History%2C+Documents+and+Contexts&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020-04-30&rft.isbn=978-1474428873&rft.aulast=Huw&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George C. Chalou, ed. <i>The Secret War</i> (1992), pp 95-97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1945-50Intel/d71">"71. Presidential Directive on Coordination of Foreign Intelligence Activities"</a>. U.S. State Department Historian. January 22, 1946.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=71.+Presidential+Directive+on+Coordination+of+Foreign+Intelligence+Activities&rft.pub=U.S.+State+Department+Historian&rft.date=1946-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fhistoricaldocuments%2Ffrus1945-50Intel%2Fd71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waller, Douglas "CIA's Secret Army", <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For all branch information: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancey" class="citation web cs1">Clancey, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USG/JCS/OSS/OSS-Functions/index.html">"Office of Strategic Services (OSS) Organization and Functions"</a>. HyperWar<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+Strategic+Services+%28OSS%29+Organization+and+Functions&rft.pub=HyperWar&rft.aulast=Clancey&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUSG%2FJCS%2FOSS%2FOSS-Functions%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li>Aldrich, Richard J. <i>Intelligence and the War Against Japan: Britain, America and the Politics of Secret Service</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521641861" title="Special:BookSources/0521641861">0521641861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_Alsop" title="Stewart Alsop">Alsop, Stewart</a> and Braden, Thomas. <i>Sub Rosa: The OSS and American Espionage</i> (New York: Reynal & Hitchcock, 1946) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1226266">1226266</a></li> <li>Bank, Aaron. <i>From OSS to Green Berets: The Birth of Special Forces</i> (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1986) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0891412719" title="Special:BookSources/0891412719">0891412719</a></li> <li>Bartholomew-Feis, Dixee R. <i>The OSS and Ho Chi Minh: Unexpected Allies in the War against Japan</i> (Lawrence : University Press of Kansas, 2006) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700614311" title="Special:BookSources/0700614311">0700614311</a></li> <li>Bernstein, Barton J. "Birth of the U.S. biological warfare program" <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> 256: 116 – 121, 1987.</li> <li>Brown, Anthony Cave. <i>The Last Hero: Wild Bill Donovan</i> (New York: Times Books, 1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812910214" title="Special:BookSources/0812910214">0812910214</a></li> <li>Brunner, John W. <i>OSS Weapons</i>. Phillips Publications, Williamstown, N.J., 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-932572-21-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-932572-21-9">0-932572-21-9</a>.</li> <li>Burke, Michael. "Outrageous Good Fortune: A Memoir" (Boston-Toronto: Little, Brown and Company)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Casey" title="William J. Casey">Casey, William J.</a> <i>The Secret War Against Hitler</i> (Washington: Regnery Gateway, 1988) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/089526563X" title="Special:BookSources/089526563X">089526563X</a></li> <li>Chalou, George C. (ed.) <i>The Secrets War: The Office of Strategic Services in World War II</i> (Washington: National Archives and Records Administration, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0911333916" title="Special:BookSources/0911333916">0911333916</a></li> <li>Chambers II, John Whiteclay. <i>OSS Training in the National Parks and Service Abroad in World War II</i> (NPS, 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/oss/">online</a>; chapters 1-2 and 8-11 provide a useful summary history of OSS by a scholar.</li> <li>Cibulka, Erich. <i>Deckname Dogwood. Erinnerungen an Alfred Schwarz.</i> Buchschmiede, Wien 2022, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-99139-139-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-99139-139-5">978-3-99139-139-5</a></li> <li>Dawidoff, Nicholas. <i>The Catcher was a Spy: The Mysterious Life of Moe Berg</i> ( New York: Vintage Books, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679415661" title="Special:BookSources/0679415661">0679415661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helias_Doundoulakis" title="Helias Doundoulakis">Doundoulakis, Helias</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainedtobeanossspy.com/">Trained to be an OSS Spy</a></i> (Xlibris, 2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/907008535">907008535</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781499059830" title="Special:BookSources/9781499059830">9781499059830</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (December 2017)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Dulles" title="Allen Dulles">Dulles, Allen</a>. <i>The Secret Surrender</i> (New York: Harper & Row, 1966) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/711869">711869</a></li> <li>Dunlop, Richard. <i>Donovan: America's Master Spy</i> (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1982) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0528811177" title="Special:BookSources/0528811177">0528811177</a></li> <li>Fink, Jesse. <i>The Eagle in the Mirror</i> (Edinburgh: Black & White Publishing, 2023) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781785305108" title="Special:BookSources/9781785305108">9781785305108</a></li> <li>Ford, Corey. <i>Donovan of OSS</i> (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/836436423">836436423</a></li> <li>Ford, Corey, MacBain A. "Cloak and Dagger: The Secret Story of O.S.S." (New York: Random House 1945,1946) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1504392">1504392</a></li> <li>Grose, Peter. <i>Gentleman Spy: The Life of Allen Dulles</i> (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0395516072" title="Special:BookSources/0395516072">0395516072</a></li> <li>Hassell, A, and MacRae, S: <i>Alliance of Enemies: The Untold Story of the Secret American and German Collaboration to End World War II</i>, Thomas Dunne Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0312323697" title="Special:BookSources/0312323697">0312323697</a></li> <li>Hunt, E. Howard. <i>American Spy</i>, 2007</li> <li>Jakub, Jay. <i>Spies and Saboteurs: Anglo-American Collaboration and Rivalry in Human Intelligence Collection and Special Operations, 1940–45</i> (New York: St. Martin's, 1999)</li> <li>Jones, Ishmael. <i>The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture</i> (New York: Encounter Books, 2008, rev 2010) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594032745" title="Special:BookSources/9781594032745">9781594032745</a></li> <li>Katz, Barry M. <i>Foreign Intelligence: Research and Analysis in the Office of Strategic Services, 1942–1945</i> (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989)</li> <li>Kent, Sherman. <i>Strategic Intelligence for American Foreign Policy</i> (Hamden, CT: Archon, 1965 [1949])</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLisle2023" class="citation book cs1">Lisle, John (2023). <i>The Dirty Tricks Department: Stanley Lovell, the OSS, and the Masterminds of World War II Secret Warfare</i> (First ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-250-28024-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-250-28024-4"><bdi>978-1-250-28024-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1343299425">1343299425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dirty+Tricks+Department%3A+Stanley+Lovell%2C+the+OSS%2C+and+the+Masterminds+of+World+War+II+Secret+Warfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1343299425&rft.isbn=978-1-250-28024-4&rft.aulast=Lisle&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1963" class="citation book cs1">Lovell, Stanley P. (1963). <i>Of Spies and Stratagems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000LBAQYS">B000LBAQYS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Spies+and+Stratagems&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000LBAQYS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Stanley+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOffice+of+Strategic+Services" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peet_McIntosh" title="Elizabeth Peet McIntosh">McIntosh, Elizabeth P.</a> <i>Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS</i> (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557505985" title="Special:BookSources/1557505985">1557505985</a></li> <li>Mauch, Christof. <i>The Shadow War Against Hitler: The Covert Operations of America's Wartime Secret Intelligence Service</i> (2005), scholarly history of OSS.</li> <li>Melton, H. Keith. <i>OSS Special Weapons and Equipment: Spy Devices of World War II</i> (New York: Sterling Publishing, 1991) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806982381" title="Special:BookSources/0806982381">0806982381</a></li> <li>Moulin, Pierre. <i>U.S. Samurais in Bruyeres</i> (CPL Editions: Luxembourg, 1993) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2959998405" title="Special:BookSources/2959998405">2959998405</a></li> <li>Paulson, A.C. 1989. <i>OSS Silenced Pistol</i>. Machine Gun News. 3(6):28-30.</li> <li>Paulson, A.C. 1995. <i>OSS Weapons</i>. Fighting Firearms. 3(2):20-21,80-81.</li> <li>Paulson, A.C. 2002. <i>HDMS silenced .22 pistols in Vietnam</i>. The Small Arms Review. 5(7):119-120.</li> <li>Paulson, A.C. 2003. <i>WWII vintage silent .22LR</i> [High Standard OSS HDMS pistol]. Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement. 15(2):24-29,72.</li> <li>Persico, Joseph E. <i>Roosevelt's Secret War: FDR and World War II Espionage</i> (2001).</li> <li>Persico, Joseph E. <i>Piercing the Reich: The Penetration of Nazi Germany by American Secret Agents During World War II</i> (New York: Viking, 1979) Reprinted in 1997 by Barnes & Noble Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/076070242X" title="Special:BookSources/076070242X">076070242X</a></li> <li>Peterson, Neal H. (ed.) <i>From Hitler's Doorstep: The Wartime Intelligence Reports of Allen Dulles, 1942–1945</i> (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1996)</li> <li>Pinck, Daniel C. <i>Journey to Peking: A Secret Agent in Wartime China</i> (Naval Institute Press, 2003) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1591146771" title="Special:BookSources/1591146771">1591146771</a></li> <li>Pinck, Daniel C., Jones, Geoffrey M.T. and Pinck, Charles T. (eds.) <i>Stalking the History of the Office of Strategic Services: An OSS Bibliography</i> (Boston: OSS/Donovan Press, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967573602" title="Special:BookSources/0967573602">0967573602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermit_Roosevelt" title="Kermit Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Kermit</a> (ed.) <i>War Report of the OSS</i>, two volumes (New York: Walker, 1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802705294" title="Special:BookSources/0802705294">0802705294</a></li> <li>Rudgers, David F. <i>Creating the Secret State: The Origins of the Central Intelligence Agency, 1943–1947</i> (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press, 2000) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700610243" title="Special:BookSources/0700610243">0700610243</a></li> <li>Smith, Bradley F. and Agarossi, Elena. <i>Operation Sunrise: The Secret Surrender</i> (New York: Basic Books, 1979) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465052908" title="Special:BookSources/0465052908">0465052908</a></li> <li>Smith, Bradley F. <i>The Shadow Warriors: OSS and the Origins of the CIA</i> (New York: Basic, 1983) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465077560" title="Special:BookSources/0465077560">0465077560</a></li> <li>Smith, Richard Harris. <i>OSS: The Secret History of America's First Central Intelligence Agency</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972; Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2005) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520020235" title="Special:BookSources/0520020235">0520020235</a></li> <li>Steury, Donald P. <i>The Intelligence War</i> (New York: Metrobooks, 2000)</li> <li>Troy, Thomas F. <i>Donovan and the CIA: A History of the Establishment of the Central Intelligence Agency</i> (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1981) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7739122">7739122</a></li> <li>Troy, Thomas F. <i>Wild Bill & Intrepid</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300065639" title="Special:BookSources/0300065639">0300065639</a></li> <li>Waller, John H. <i>The Unseen War in Europe: Espionage and Conspiracy in the Second World War</i> (New York: Random House, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679448268" title="Special:BookSources/0679448268">0679448268</a></li> <li>Warner, Michael. <i>The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency</i> (Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency, 2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52058428">52058428</a></li> <li>Yu, Maochun. <i>OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War</i> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/159114986X" title="Special:BookSources/159114986X">159114986X</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Sutton, M. A. (2019). Double crossed: The Missionaries Who Spied for the United States During the Second World War. Basic Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0465052665" title="Special:BookSources/0465052665">0465052665</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Office_of_Strategic_Services" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130306080324/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/books-and-monographs/oss/index.htm">"The Office of Strategic Services: America's First Intelligence Agency"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131126180314/http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/oss/index.htm">National Park Service Report on OSS Training Facilities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box4/folo54.html">Collection of Documents at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Museum and Library, Part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docs.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box4/folo55.html">Part 2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osssociety.org">The OSS Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ossreborn.com">OSS Reborn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/31855">Works by Office of Strategic Services</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/office-strategic-services" class="extiw" title="iarchive:office-strategic-services">Office of Strategic Services collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Office+of+Strategic+Services%22+OR+%22OSS%22%29">Works 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href="/wiki/DEA_Office_of_National_Security_Intelligence" title="DEA Office of National Security Intelligence">DEA Office of National Security Intelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice"><i>Justice</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_Intelligence_Branch" title="FBI Intelligence Branch">FBI Intelligence Branch</a> (<i>Justice</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHS_Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis" title="DHS Office of Intelligence and Analysis">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security"><i>Homeland Security</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Analysis_(Treasury_Department)" title="Office of Intelligence and Analysis (Treasury Department)">Office of Intelligence and Analysis</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury"><i>Treasury</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Intelligence_and_Counterintelligence" title="Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence">Office of Intelligence and Counterintelligence</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy"><i>Energy</i></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of<br />National<br />Intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counterterrorism_Center" title="National Counterterrorism Center">National Counterterrorism Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Counterproliferation_Center" title="National Counterproliferation Center">National Counterproliferation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_National_Counterintelligence_Executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive">National Counterintelligence and Security Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber_Threat_Intelligence_Integration_Center" title="Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center">Cyber Threat Intelligence Integration Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Council" title="National Intelligence Council">National Intelligence Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Advanced_Research_Projects_Activity" title="Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity">Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Joint_Intelligence_Community_Council" title="United States Joint Intelligence Community Council">Joint Intelligence Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Director_of_National_Intelligence_and_Chief_Information_Officer" title="Associate Director of National Intelligence and Chief Information Officer">Chief Information Officer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive Office of the President">Executive Office<br />of the President</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(United_States)" title="National Security Advisor (United States)">National Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">President's Intelligence Advisory Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Homeland_Security_Council" title="United States Homeland Security Council">Homeland Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeland_Security_Advisor" title="Homeland Security Advisor">Homeland Security Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Daily_Brief" title="President's Daily Brief">President's Daily Brief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Under_Secretary_of_Defense_for_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence">Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Counterintelligence_and_Security_Agency" title="Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency">Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice_National_Security_Division" title="United States Department of Justice National Security Division">National Security Division (Justice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Support_Activity" title="Intelligence Support Activity">Army Intelligence Support Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Worldwide_Intelligence_Communications_System" title="Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System">Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellipedia" title="Intellipedia">Intellipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Intelligence_and_Special_Operations" title="National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations">National Museum of Intelligence and Special Operations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community_Oversight" title="United States Intelligence Community Oversight">Oversight</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence">Senate Intelligence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Permanent_Select_Committee_on_Intelligence" title="United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence">House Intelligence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Foreign_Intelligence_Surveillance_Court" title="United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court">Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_and_Civil_Liberties_Oversight_Board" title="Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board">Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Security_Oversight_Office" title="Information Security Oversight Office">Information Security Oversight Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Intelligence_Advisory_Board" title="President's Intelligence Advisory Board">Intelligence Oversight Board</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_Fund_for_Foreign_Intercourse" title="Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse">Contingency Fund for Foreign Intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_Field_Activity" title="Counterintelligence Field Activity">Counterintelligence Field Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Information_Division_(United_States)" title="Military Information Division (United States)">Military Information Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Division_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Intelligence Division (United States Army)">Military Intelligence Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Service_(United_States)" title="Military Intelligence Service (United States)">Military Intelligence Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Office of Strategic Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Plans" title="Office of Special Plans">Office of Special Plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchie_Boys" title="Ritchie Boys">Ritchie Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Support_Branch" title="Strategic Support Branch">Strategic Support Branch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658626#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q658626#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121848092">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/128508941">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2083772-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80030466">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119984311">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119984311">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269250705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028077040">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&oldid=1240247089">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Strategic_Services&oldid=1240247089</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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