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id="toc-Second_Spanish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_United_States_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_United_States_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>First United States period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_United_States_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confederate_States_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confederate_States_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Confederate States period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confederate_States_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_United_States_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_United_States_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Second United States period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_United_States_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castell_de_San_Marcos" title="Castell de San Marcos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Castell de San Marcos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_(Florida)" title="Castillo de San Marcos (Florida) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Castillo de San Marcos (Florida)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_di_San_Marco_(St._Augustine)" title="Castello di San Marco (St. Augustine) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Castello di San Marco (St. Augustine)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B3" title="قلعة سان ماركوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قلعة سان ماركوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Castillo de San Marcos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%A0%A6" title="サンマルコス砦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サンマルコス砦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Castillo de San Marcos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%A6%AC%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1" title="聖馬科斯堡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聖馬科斯堡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101094405#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&params=29_53_52_N_81_18_41_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°53′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°18′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.89778°N 81.31139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.89778; -81.31139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Castle_of_San_Marcos_(El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa)" title="Castle of San Marcos (El Puerto de Santa María)">Castle of San Marcos (El Puerto de Santa María)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Fort Marion" redirects here. For the ship, see <a href="/wiki/USS_Fort_Marion_(LSD-22)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Fort Marion (LSD-22)">USS Fort Marion (LSD-22)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Castillo de San Marcos National Monument</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">U.S. National Monument</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/250px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/375px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/500px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2335" data-file-height="1428" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial view of Castillo De San Marcos</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Florida_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castillo de San Marcos is located in Florida"><img alt="Castillo de San Marcos is located in Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:18.873%;left:81.225%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Castillo de San Marcos"><img alt="Castillo de San Marcos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Castillo de San Marcos in Florida</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Florida</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Castillo de San Marcos is located in the United States"><img alt="Castillo de San Marcos is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.639%;left:77.557%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Castillo de San Marcos"><img alt="Castillo de San Marcos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Castillo de San Marcos (the United States)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">11 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_1_Business_(St._Augustine,_Florida)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Route 1 Business (St. Augustine, Florida)">South</a> <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_Road_A1A" title="Florida State Road A1A">Castillo Drive</a><br /><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&params=29_53_52_N_81_18_41_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°53′52″N</span> <span class="longitude">81°18′41″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.89778°N 81.31139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.89778; -81.31139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">20.48 acres (82879.62 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1672–1695</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Visitation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">624,841 (2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/casa">Castillo de San Marcos National Monument</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Town_Plan_Historic_District" title="St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District">St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/70000847">ID70000847</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000062">66000062</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background: #A8EDEF">Significant dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966<sup id="cite_ref-nris_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Designated NMON</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1924</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Castillo de San Marcos</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "St. Mark's Castle") is the oldest masonry <a href="/wiki/Fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort">fort</a> in the continental United States; it is located on the western shore of <a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Bay" title="Matanzas Bay">Matanzas Bay</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine, Florida</a>. </p><p>It was designed by the Spanish engineer Ignacio Daza, with construction beginning in 1672, 107 years after the city's founding by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish people">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Admiral" title="Admiral">Admiral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a> was part of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WhiffenKoeper1983_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WhiffenKoeper1983-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fort's construction was ordered by Governor <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_la_Guerra_y_de_la_Vega" title="Francisco de la Guerra y de la Vega">Francisco de la Guerra y de la Vega</a> after a raid by the English privateer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Searle" title="Robert Searle">Robert Searles</a> in 1668 that destroyed much of St. Augustine and damaged the existing wooden fort.<sup id="cite_ref-RowlandMoore1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RowlandMoore1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work proceeded under the administration of Guerra's successor, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Cendoya" title="Manuel de Cendoya">Manuel de Cendoya</a> in 1671,<sup id="cite_ref-Kornwolf_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kornwolf-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first <i><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">coquina</a></i> stones were laid in 1672.<sup id="cite_ref-Manucy_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manucy-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The construction of the core of the current fortress was completed in 1695, although it would undergo many alterations and renovations over the centuries. </p><p>When Britain gained control of Florida in 1763 pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a>, St. Augustine became the capital of British <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>, and the fort was renamed <b>Fort St. Mark</b><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy2014_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy2014-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a> when Florida was transferred back to Spain and the fort's original name restored. In 1819, Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> which ceded Florida to the United States in 1821; consequently, the fort was designated a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> base and renamed <b>Fort Marion</b>, in honor of <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> hero <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion" title="Francis Marion">Francis Marion</a>. The fort was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="National Monument">National Monument</a> in 1924, and after 251 years of continuous military possession, was deactivated in 1933. The 20.48-acre (8.29 ha) site was subsequently turned over to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Park_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Park Service">United States National Park Service</a>. In 1942 the original name, <i>Castillo de San Marcos</i>, was restored by an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress" title="Act of Congress">Act of Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Castillo de San Marcos was attacked several times and twice <a href="/wiki/Siege_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege warfare">besieged</a>: first by English colonial forces led by <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolina Colony">Carolina Colony</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Sr." title="James Moore Sr.">James Moore</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1702)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1702)">in 1702</a>, and then by English <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> colonial Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1740)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1740)">in 1740</a>. However, possession of the fort has changed five times, all peaceful, among four different governments: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a>, 1695–1763 and 1783–1821, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a>, 1763–1783, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, 1821–date (during 1861–1865, under control of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>). Owing to its strategic cannon placement and star-shaped design, the fort was never breached or taken by force throughout its various stages of sovereign ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under United States control the fort was used as a military prison to incarcerate members of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes starting with the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>—including the famous war chief, <a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a>—and members of western tribes, including <a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo's</a> band of <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiricahua Apache">Chiricahua Apache</a>. The Native American art form known as <a href="/wiki/Ledger_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledger Art">Ledger Art</a> had its origins at the fort during the imprisonment of members of the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains tribes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Howling_Wolf_(Cheyenne)" title="Howling Wolf (Cheyenne)">Howling Wolf</a> of the southern <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although built in part by African slaves owned by the Spanish, the fort later served as one of the first entry points of <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fugitive slaves</a> from <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> into Spanish Florida, where they were freed by the Spanish colonial authorities. This quickly led to the first free Black settlement in the future <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Fort Mose</a>, formed just north of St Augustine).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ownership of the Castillo was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> in 1933, and, along with the nearby St. Augustine Historic District, has been a popular tourist destination ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_History_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS_History-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction_Plan_of_Castillo_de_San_Marco_1677.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Construction_Plan_of_Castillo_de_San_Marco_1677.jpg/220px-Construction_Plan_of_Castillo_de_San_Marco_1677.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Construction_Plan_of_Castillo_de_San_Marco_1677.jpg/330px-Construction_Plan_of_Castillo_de_San_Marco_1677.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Construction_Plan_of_Castillo_de_San_Marco_1677.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Construction plan of the Castillo de San Marcos (1677).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos_embrasures.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_embrasures.jpg/220px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_embrasures.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_embrasures.jpg/330px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_embrasures.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_embrasures.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>The barrels of <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a> deployed on the <a href="/wiki/Terreplein" title="Terreplein">terreplein</a> project outward through multiple <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasures</a> located along the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> between San Pedro and San Agustín <a href="/wiki/Bastion" title="Bastion">bastions</a>. To the left of center is the <a href="/wiki/Sallyport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sallyport">sallyport</a>—the only entrance to the fort, reached via <a href="/wiki/Drawbridge" title="Drawbridge">drawbridge</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">ravelin</a>, which is located within the <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a>.</figcaption></figure> </div></div> <p>The European city of <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> was founded by the admiral <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a> in 1565 on the site of a former Native American village called Seloy.<sup id="cite_ref-GriffinGriffin1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GriffinGriffin1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The need for fortifications was recognized after it was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Drake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Francis Drake">Sir Francis Drake</a> and his fleet of 22 ships in 1586, and over the next 80 years, a succession of nine wooden forts were built in various locations along the coastline. After an attack in 1668 by the English pirate <a href="/wiki/Robert_Searle" title="Robert Searle">Robert Searle</a>, however, during which the town of St. Augustine was burned to the ground, wooden forts were deemed inadequate, and <a href="/wiki/Mariana_of_Austria" title="Mariana of Austria">Mariana</a>, Queen Regent of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, approved the construction of a masonry fortification to protect the city.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Castillo is a <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonry</a> <a href="/wiki/Star_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Star fort">star fort</a> made of a stone called <i><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">coquina</a></i> (Spanish for "small shells"), which consists of ancient shells that have bonded together to form a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a> similar to <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Native Americans from Spain's <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">nearby missions</a> did most of the labor, with additional skilled workers brought in from <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>. The coquina was quarried from the 'King's Quarry' on <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_Island" title="Anastasia Island">Anastasia Island</a> in what is today <a href="/wiki/Anastasia_State_Park" title="Anastasia State Park">Anastasia State Park</a> across <a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Bay" title="Matanzas Bay">Matanzas Bay</a> from the Castillo, and ferried across to the construction site. Construction began on October 2, 1672<span class="noprint"> (352 years ago)</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1672-10-02</span>)</span> and lasted twenty-three years, with completion in 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-Publications1993_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Publications1993-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort has four <a href="/wiki/Bastions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastions">bastions</a> named San Pedro, San Agustín, San Carlos, and San Pablo, with a <a href="/wiki/Ravelin" title="Ravelin">ravelin</a> protecting the <a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">sally port</a>. On the two landward sides, a large <a href="/wiki/Glacis" title="Glacis">glacis</a> was constructed which would force any attackers to advance upward toward the fort's cannon and allow the cannon shot to proceed downslope for greater efficiency in hitting multiple targets. Also, the artificial mound of the glacis in front of the walls helped to protect them from direct cannon fire attempting to breach them in a siege. Immediately surrounding the fort was a <a href="/wiki/Moat" title="Moat">moat</a> which was usually kept dry, but that could be flooded with seawater to a depth of about one foot (30 cm) in case of attack by land.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Multiple <a href="/wiki/Embrasures" class="mw-redirect" title="Embrasures">embrasures</a> were built into the <a href="/wiki/Curtain_wall_(fortification)" title="Curtain wall (fortification)">curtain wall</a> along the top of the fort as well as into the bastions for the deployment of a cannon of various calibers. Infantry embrasures were also built into the walls below the level of the <a href="/wiki/Terreplein" title="Terreplein">terreplein</a> for the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> by the fort's defenders. It was through one of these embrasures that twenty <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a> held as prisoners would escape in 1837.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_English_siege">First English siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First English siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg/300px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg/450px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg/600px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6915" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_Armas" title="Plaza de Armas">Plaza de Armas</a> within Castillo de San Marcos</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1702)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1702)">Siege of St. Augustine (1702)</a></div> <p>In 1670, Charles Town (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>) was founded by English colonists. As it was just two days' sail from St. Augustine, the English settlement and encroachment of English traders into Spanish territory spurred the Spanish in their construction of a fort.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slaves</a> from the Carolina colony began escaping to St Augustine in 1687, where the Spanish agreed to free (and employ) them if they converted to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>. When a British master attempted to retrieve escapees in 1688, the Spanish Governor <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Quiroga_y_Losada" title="Diego de Quiroga y Losada">Diego de Quiroga</a> refused. <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">King Charles II</a> issued an official policy in 1693, cementing the informal practice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/220px-Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/330px-Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/440px-Living_Quarters_at_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2252" /></a><figcaption>Typical living quarters of a soldier at Castillo de San Marcos, down beneath the stone.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1702, English colonial forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Sr." title="James Moore Sr.">James Moore</a> embarked on an expedition to capture St. Augustine early in <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higginbotham1991_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higginbotham1991-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1702)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1702)">laid siege to St. Augustine</a> in November 1702.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 1,500 town residents and soldiers were crammed into the fort during the two-month siege. The small English cannons had little effect on the walls of the fort, because the <i><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">coquina</a></i> masonry was very effective at absorbing the impact of cannonballs causing them to sink into the walls, rather than shattering or puncturing them.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The siege was broken when the Spanish fleet from Havana arrived, trapping some English vessels in the bay.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English were defeated and decided to burn their ships to prevent them from falling under Spanish control, and then marched overland back to Carolina.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town of St. Augustine was destroyed, in part by the Spanish and in part by the English, as a result of the siege.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period_of_construction">Second period of construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second period of construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg/100px-Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg/150px-Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg/200px-Castillo_De_San_Marcos_vaulted_ceiling.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Interior vaulted ceiling.</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1738, under the supervision of Spanish engineer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro_Ruiz_de_Olano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro Ruiz de Olano (page does not exist)">Pedro Ruiz de Olano</a>, the interior of the fort was redesigned and rebuilt. Interior rooms were made deeper, and <a href="/wiki/Vaulted" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulted">vaulted</a> ceilings replaced the original wooden ones. The vaulted ceilings allowed for better protection from bombardments and allowed for cannon to be placed along the gun deck, not just at the corner <a href="/wiki/Bastions" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastions">bastions</a>. The new ceilings required the height of the exterior wall to be increased from 26 to 33 feet (10 m). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_British_siege">Second British siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Second British siege"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1740)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1740)">Siege of St. Augustine (1740)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg/220px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg/330px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg/440px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos-garrita_and_belltower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The tallest watchtower at the fort is at the corner facing the outlet to the Atlantic Ocean.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spain and Britain were rivals in Europe, and since the two countries had both founded empires in the New World, their rivalry continued there as well. In 1733 a British vessel, the <i>Rebecca</i>, commanded by Captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenkins_(master_mariner)" title="Robert Jenkins (master mariner)">Robert Jenkins</a>, was seized in the Caribbean by the Spanish coast guard. Suspecting that the British had been trading illegally with Spanish colonies (which was forbidden by both Spain and Britain), the Spanish searched the ship. A fight broke out between the Spanish and British sailors. In the skirmish, Jenkins had his ear cut off by a Spanish officer, who picked it up and said "Take this to your king and tell him that if he were here I would serve him in the same manner!" When Jenkins reported the incident to British authorities, they used it as a pretext to declare war on Spain in 1739. The war was called the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber2009_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber2009-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After British Admiral <a href="/wiki/Edward_Vernon" title="Edward Vernon">Edward Vernon</a> won a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Porto_Bello_(1739)" title="Battle of Porto Bello (1739)">huge victory</a> at <a href="/wiki/Portobelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo">Portobelo</a>, General <a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe" title="James Oglethorpe">James Oglethorpe</a>, the founder of Georgia, was quick to imitate him in North America. In June 1740, Oglethorpe and a British fleet of seven ships <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1740)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1740)">appeared off St. Augustine</a>. As in the 1702 siege, three hundred soldiers and 1,300 residents found refuge within the Castillo's walls. For 27 days the British bombarded the Castillo and St. Augustine. Realizing his cannon were not affecting the Castillo's walls of coquina,<sup id="cite_ref-SongLamberson2015_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SongLamberson2015-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPS2018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS2018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oglethorpe decided to starve the people of St. Augustine by blockading the inlet at the <a href="/wiki/Matanzas_River" title="Matanzas River">Matanzas River</a> and all roads into St. Augustine. However, some supplies were able to reach the city via the river, and with morale and supplies low for the British forces, Oglethorpe had to retreat. In order to protect the city from future blockades and sieges, the Spanish built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas</a> to guard the river, which could be used as a rear entrance to avoid St. Augustine's primary defense system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_occupation">British occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Pablo_Bastion,_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/300px-San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/450px-San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg/600px-San_Pablo_Bastion%2C_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5643" data-file-height="3762" /></a><figcaption>The San Pablo Bastion at night</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1763, the British managed to take control of the Castillo but not by force. As a provision of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a> gained all of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a> in exchange for returning <a href="/wiki/Havana,_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Havana, Cuba">Havana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. On July 21, 1763, the Spanish governor turned the Castillo over to the British, who established St. Augustine as the capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a>, established by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>. </p><p>The British made some changes to the fort, and renamed it Fort St. Mark. As <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> was the dominant power in North America, they were not worried about keeping the fort in top condition. This attitude prevailed until the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. The fort was used as a military prison during the war. Among those imprisoned was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a>, the Lieutenant governor of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. He was also a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">brigadier general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> during the war. He was released after 11 months.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Improvements were begun on the fort, in keeping with its new role as a base of operations for the British in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>. The gates and walls were repaired, and second floors were added to several rooms to increase the housing capacity of the fort. The Castillo saw action during the American Revolution mainly as a prison, although St. Augustine was targeted by several aborted expeditions from Georgia. Several revolutionary fighters who had been captured in Charleston were held there when it was taken by the British, including three <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Fathers">Founding Fathers</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Thomas Heyward Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Arthur Middleton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish declared war on Britain in 1779, drawing off forces from Fort St. Mark and keeping the British occupied. <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a>, governor of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Louisiana">Spanish Louisiana</a>, attacked several British-held cities in <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, capturing all of them. The only major British operation that used troops from St. Augustine was the poorly coordinated but successful <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Savannah" title="Capture of Savannah">capture of Savannah</a>, Georgia; the city was taken by troops from New York before those from St. Augustine arrived. </p><p>At the end of the war, the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a> called for the return of Florida to Spain. On July 12, 1784, Spanish troops returned to St. Augustine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Spanish_period">Second Spanish period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Spanish period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Marcos_fire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St._Marcos_fire.jpg/220px-St._Marcos_fire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St._Marcos_fire.jpg/330px-St._Marcos_fire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/St._Marcos_fire.jpg/440px-St._Marcos_fire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Reenactment of Spanish soldiers firing cannons.</figcaption></figure> <p>When Spain regained control over <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> they found a much-changed territory. Many Spaniards had left <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> after the handover to Britain, and many British citizens stayed after it was returned to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. Many border problems arose between Spanish Florida and the new United States. Spain changed the name of the fort back to the Castillo de San Marcos, and continued to build upon the improvements that Britain had made to the fort in an effort to strengthen Spain's hold on the territory. However, due to increased pressure from the United States and several other factors, in 1819 <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a>, ceding <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> to the United States, which was transferred in 1821. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_United_States_period">First United States period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First United States period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hotshot_furnace_Fort_Marion_(Castillo_de_San_Marcos).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hotshot_furnace_Fort_Marion_%28Castillo_de_San_Marcos%29.jpg/220px-Hotshot_furnace_Fort_Marion_%28Castillo_de_San_Marcos%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Hotshot_furnace_Fort_Marion_%28Castillo_de_San_Marcos%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption>Spanish-colonial-era hotshot furnace used to heat cannonballs to shoot at wooden enemy ships.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon receiving the fort from Spain, the Americans changed its name to Fort Marion. It was named to honor General <a href="/wiki/Francis_Marion" title="Francis Marion">Francis Marion</a>, an American Revolutionary War hero nicknamed "The Swamp Fox." Structurally, the Americans made few changes to the fort during this time. Many storerooms were converted to prison cells on account of their heavy doors and barred windows. Also, part of the moat was filled in and transformed into an <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery battery</a> as part of the American <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">coastal defense system</a>. The original Spanish seawall was dismantled to ground level and a new seawall constructed immediately adjacent to the seaward side of the original. At this time a hotshot furnace was also built in the filled-in section of the moat behind the newly built water battery. <a href="/wiki/Heated_shot" title="Heated shot">Cannonballs were heated</a> in the furnace to fire at wooden enemy ships. </p><p>In October 1837, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a>, Seminole chief <a href="/wiki/Osceola" title="Osceola">Osceola</a> was taken prisoner by the Americans while attending a peace conference near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Peyton" title="Fort Peyton">Fort Peyton</a> under a <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">flag of truce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hatch2012_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hatch2012-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was imprisoned in Fort Marion along with his followers, including <a href="/wiki/Uchee_Billy" title="Uchee Billy">Uchee Billy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ee-mat-la" title="Ee-mat-la">King Philip</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Wild_Cat_(Seminole)" title="Wild Cat (Seminole)">Coacoochee</a> (Wild Cat), and then transported to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Moultrie" title="Fort Moultrie">Fort Moultrie</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sullivan%27s_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Sullivan's Island, South Carolina">Sullivan's Island</a> in Charleston's harbor.<sup id="cite_ref-Wickman2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wickman2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uchee Billy was captured on September 10, 1837, and he died at the fort on November 29. His skull was kept as a curio by Frederick Weedon. The doctor also <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitated</a> Osceola after his death in Fort Moultrie and kept the head in preservative.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison2012_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison2012-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 19, 1837, Coacoochee and nineteen other Seminole, including two women, escaped from Fort Marion. Coacoochee, known for fabricating entertaining stories, later said that only he and his friend Talmus Hadjo had escaped - by squeezing through the eight-inch (203 mm) opening of the <a href="/wiki/Embrasure" title="Embrasure">embrasure</a> located high in their cell and sliding down a makeshift rope into the dry moat.<sup id="cite_ref-Reynolds1885_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reynolds1885-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadjo, however, was not on the official list of prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the Seminole escaped, they made their way to their band's encampment at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Tomoka_River" title="Tomoka River">Tomoka River</a>, about forty miles south of St. Augustine. Because of their having been poorly treated, they vowed to continue fighting, and the war was prolonged for four more years. The cell from which Coacoochee escaped was long part of the official lore of the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-Burnett1997_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burnett1997-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confederate_States_period">Confederate States period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Confederate States period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="St. Augustine in the American Civil War">St. Augustine in the American Civil War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg/300px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg/450px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg/600px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Fort_Panorama_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5487" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In January 1861, Florida seceded from the United States in the opening months of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Union troops had withdrawn from the fort, leaving only one man behind as caretaker. On January 7, 1861, three days before Florida seceded, 125 militiamen marched on the fort by the order of Governor <a href="/wiki/Madison_S._Perry" title="Madison S. Perry">Madison S. Perry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EastJenckes1952_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastJenckes1952-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> soldier manning the fort refused to surrender it unless he was given a receipt for it from the Confederacy. He was given the receipt, and the fort was taken by the Confederacy without a shot.<sup id="cite_ref-E1995_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E1995-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/General_Robert_E._Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="General Robert E. Lee">General Robert E. Lee</a>, then in command of the coastal defenses of South Carolina, Georgia, and East Florida, ordered that most of the artillery in the fort be sent to other, more strategic, forts. This left only five cannons in the water battery to defend Fort Marion.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Saint_Augustine_Blues" title="Saint Augustine Blues">Saint Augustine Blues</a>, a militia unit formed in St. Augustine, were enrolled into the Confederate Army at Ft. Marion on August 5, 1861. They were assigned to the recently organized Third Florida Infantry as its Company B. More than a dozen former members of the St. Augustine Blues are buried in a row at the city's <a href="/wiki/Tolomato_Cemetery" title="Tolomato Cemetery">Tolomato Cemetery</a>. Men from the unit were most likely part of the force that originally occupied the fort on January 7, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fort, along with the rest of the city of St. Augustine, was reoccupied by Union troops after acting mayor Cristobal Bravo officially surrendered the city to Union Navy fleet commander <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Raymond_Perry_Rodgers" title="Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers">Christopher Raymond Perry Rodgers</a> on March 11, 1862. The Confederate forces left the city the previous evening in anticipation of the arrival of the Union fleet under the command of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Francis_Du_Pont" title="Samuel Francis Du Pont">Commodore Dupont</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_United_States_period">Second United States period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Second United States period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg/300px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg/450px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg/600px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_NPS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2176" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> brochure showing an <a href="/wiki/Exploded_view_drawing" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploded view drawing">exploded view drawing</a> of fort.</figcaption></figure> <p>The fort was taken back by Union forces on March 11, 1862, when the <a href="/wiki/USS_Wabash_(1855)" title="USS Wabash (1855)">USS <i>Wabash</i></a> entered the bay, finding the city evacuated by <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> troops. The city leaders were willing to surrender in order to preserve the town, and the city and the fort were retaken without firing a shot. Throughout the rest of the fort's operational history, it was used as a military prison. </p><p>Beginning in 1875, numerous <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> prisoners were held at the fort in the aftermath of the Indian Wars in the west. Many would die at the fort. Among the captives were <a href="/wiki/White_Horse_(chief)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Horse (chief)">Chief White Horse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Grey_Beard" title="Grey Beard">Chief Grey Beard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">southern Cheyenne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Pratt" title="Richard Henry Pratt">Richard Henry Pratt</a>, a Civil War veteran, supervised the prisoners and upgraded the conditions for them. He removed the prisoners' shackles and allowed them out of the casemates where they had been confined.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He developed ways to give the men more autonomy and attempted to organize educational and cultural programs for them. They became a center of interest to northerners vacationing in <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, who included teachers and <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a>. Pratt recruited volunteers to teach the Indian prisoners English, the Christian religion, and elements of American culture. He and most US officials believed that such assimilation was needed for the Indians' survival in the changing society. </p><p>The men were also encouraged to make art; they created hundreds of drawings. Some of the collection of <a href="/wiki/Ledger_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="Ledger Art">Ledger Art</a> by Fort Marion artists is held by the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. It may be viewed online.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Encouraged by the men's progress in education, residents and visitors to St. Augustine raised funds for scholarships to support nearly 20 of the former prisoners in college after they were released from Ft. Marion. Seventeen men attended the <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hampton Institute">Hampton Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Historically_black_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Historically black college">historically black college</a> established in 1868 for <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Missionary_Association" title="American Missionary Association">American Missionary Association</a>. </p><p>Others were sponsored and educated in New York State at private colleges. Among the latter were <a href="/wiki/David_Pendleton_Oakerhater" title="David Pendleton Oakerhater">David Pendleton Oakerhater</a>, as he became known, who was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/US_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senator">US Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a> (D-OH) and his wife. Oakerhater studied and later was <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal priest">Episcopal priest</a>. He returned to the West to work as a missionary with Indian tribes. He was later recognized by the Episcopal Church as a saint.<sup id="cite_ref-warst_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-warst-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Pratt's experiences at Fort Marion were the basis for his campaign to create American Indian boarding schools. He was authorized to found the <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a> in 1879, which became a model for other government-funded boarding schools established by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>. It operated until 1918. At their peak, some 350-450 schools were established, and only 25 were off-reservation.</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_prisoner_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Apache_prisoner_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.gif/220px-Apache_prisoner_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Apache_prisoner_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.gif/330px-Apache_prisoner_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Apache_prisoner_Castillo_de_San_Marcos.gif 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> prisoners at Ft. Marion</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1886 to 1887, approximately 491 Apaches were held prisoner at Fort Marion; many were of the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warm_Springs_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm Springs Apache">Warm Springs Apache</a> bands from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. There were 82 men and the rest were women and children. Among the men, 14, including <a href="/wiki/Chatto_(Apache)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatto (Apache)">Chatto</a>, had previously been paid <a href="/wiki/Scouts" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouts">scouts</a> for the US Army. Among the Chiricahua were members of the notable chief <a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo's</a> band, including his wife. Geronimo was sent to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickens" title="Fort Pickens">Fort Pickens</a>, in violation of his agreed terms of surrender. While at the fort, many of the prisoners had to camp in tents, as there was not sufficient space for them. At least 24 Apache died as prisoners and were buried in North Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1898, over 200 deserters from the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> were imprisoned at the fort. This marked one of the last uses of the fort as an operational base. In 1900, the fort was taken off the active duty rolls after 205 years of service under five different flags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation">Preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg/250px-Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg/375px-Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg/500px-Aerial_view_of_Castillo_De_San_Marcos_-_02_cropped_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="1523" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view photo taken from northwest. Although the fort had a water-filled moat at the time, it was originally a dry moat.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1924, Fort Marion was designated as a <a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. National Monument">National Monument</a>. In 1933 it was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a>. </p><p>In 1942, in honor of its Spanish heritage, Congress authorized renaming the fort as <i>Castillo de San Marcos</i>. </p><p>In 1964 the Castillo figured in the civil rights movement, when the "Freedom Tree" on the fort green became a gathering place for demonstrators who were not welcome across the street on what was state or private property in the age of segregation. The demonstrations in St. Augustine, led by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hayling" title="Robert Hayling">Robert Hayling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Luther King">Martin Luther King</a> played an important role in bringing about passage of the landmark <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a>, one of the two great legislative accomplishments of the movement. </p><p>As a historic property of the National Park Service, the National Monument was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> (NRHP) on October 15, 1966. The National Park Service manages the Castillo together with <a href="/wiki/Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas National Monument</a>. In 1975, the Castillo was designated an <a href="/wiki/Historic_Civil_Engineering_Landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic Civil Engineering Landmark">Historic Civil Engineering Landmark</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a>. </p><p>Since being transferred to the Park Service, the Castillo has become a popular tourist attraction. It occupies 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) in downtown St. Augustine, Florida. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fort has been featured on many television shows including <i><a href="/wiki/Monumental_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monumental Mysteries">Monumental Mysteries</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Adventures" title="Ghost Adventures">Ghost Adventures</a></i>, as well as the 1951 film <i><a href="/wiki/Distant_Drums" title="Distant Drums">Distant Drums</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div align="center"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos,_1_Castillo_Drive,_Saint_Augustine,_St._Johns_County,_FL_HABS_FLA,55-SAUG,1-_(sheet_1_of_9).tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Castillo de San Marcos map"><img alt="Castillo de San Marcos map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Castillo_de_San_Marcos%2C_1_Castillo_Drive%2C_Saint_Augustine%2C_St._Johns_County%2C_FL_HABS_FLA%2C55-SAUG%2C1-_%28sheet_1_of_9%29.tif/lossy-page1-120px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos%2C_1_Castillo_Drive%2C_Saint_Augustine%2C_St._Johns_County%2C_FL_HABS_FLA%2C55-SAUG%2C1-_%28sheet_1_of_9%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Castillo_de_San_Marcos%2C_1_Castillo_Drive%2C_Saint_Augustine%2C_St._Johns_County%2C_FL_HABS_FLA%2C55-SAUG%2C1-_%28sheet_1_of_9%29.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos%2C_1_Castillo_Drive%2C_Saint_Augustine%2C_St._Johns_County%2C_FL_HABS_FLA%2C55-SAUG%2C1-_%28sheet_1_of_9%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Castillo_de_San_Marcos%2C_1_Castillo_Drive%2C_Saint_Augustine%2C_St._Johns_County%2C_FL_HABS_FLA%2C55-SAUG%2C1-_%28sheet_1_of_9%29.tif/lossy-page1-240px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos%2C_1_Castillo_Drive%2C_Saint_Augustine%2C_St._Johns_County%2C_FL_HABS_FLA%2C55-SAUG%2C1-_%28sheet_1_of_9%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9344" data-file-height="7136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Castillo de San Marcos map</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to fort, Civil War era"><img alt="Entrance to fort, Civil War era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg/107px-Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg/161px-Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg/215px-Fort_Marion_Entrance_Civil_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to fort, Civil War era</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entrance to fort, Sally port, Civil War era"><img alt="Entrance to fort, Sally port, Civil War era" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg/108px-Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg/163px-Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg/217px-Fort_Marion_Civil_War_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="925" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entrance to fort, <a href="/wiki/Sally_port" title="Sally port">Sally port</a>, Civil War era</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain Pratt with Native American captives at Fort Marion"><img alt="Captain Pratt with Native American captives at Fort Marion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg/120px-Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg/180px-Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg/240px-Captain_Pratt_Native_Americans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Captain Pratt with Native American captives at Fort Marion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Howling Wolf, of the southern Cheyenne, photographed while imprisoned at Fort Marion"><img alt="Howling Wolf, of the southern Cheyenne, photographed while imprisoned at Fort Marion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg/120px-Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg/180px-Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg/240px-Howling_Wolf_Cheyenne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="903" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Howling_Wolf_(Cheyenne)" title="Howling Wolf (Cheyenne)">Howling Wolf</a>, of the southern <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne</a>, photographed while imprisoned at Fort Marion</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The north wall of the Castillo"><img alt="The north wall of the Castillo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort2.jpg/120px-Fort2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort2.jpg/180px-Fort2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Fort2.jpg/240px-Fort2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The north wall of the Castillo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west,_February_2012.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Castillo De San Marcos from the west, looking east."><img alt="Castillo De San Marcos from the west, looking east." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west%2C_February_2012.png/120px-Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west%2C_February_2012.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west%2C_February_2012.png/180px-Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west%2C_February_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west%2C_February_2012.png/240px-Castillo_De_San_Marcos_from_the_west%2C_February_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="2728" data-file-height="1039" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Castillo De San Marcos from the west, looking east.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Marion,_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fort Marion, St. Augustine and harbor, 1898"><img alt="Fort Marion, St. Augustine and harbor, 1898" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fort_Marion%2C_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg/120px-Fort_Marion%2C_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fort_Marion%2C_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg/180px-Fort_Marion%2C_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Fort_Marion%2C_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg/240px-Fort_Marion%2C_St._Augustine_and_harbor-LCCN2008678231.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7333" data-file-height="5546" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Fort Marion, St. Augustine and harbor, 1898</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The side of Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, FL."><img alt="The side of Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, FL." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Castle-side.jpg/120px-Castle-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Castle-side.jpg/180px-Castle-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Castle-side.jpg/240px-Castle-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The side of Castillo de San Marcos in St. Augustine, FL.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle-cannon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A picture of a cannon on Castillo de San Marcos"><img alt="A picture of a cannon on Castillo de San Marcos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Castle-cannon.jpg/120px-Castle-cannon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Castle-cannon.jpg/180px-Castle-cannon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Castle-cannon.jpg/240px-Castle-cannon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A picture of a cannon on Castillo de San Marcos</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior Graffiti"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg/120px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg/180px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg/240px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1513" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior Graffiti</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior Graffiti"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg/120px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg/180px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg/240px-Castillo_de_San_Marcos_Interior_Graffiti_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior Graffiti</div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_monuments_of_the_United_States" title="List of national monuments of the United States">List of national monuments of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/Reports/National">"NPS Annual Recreation Visits Report"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NPS+Annual+Recreation+Visits+Report&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firma.nps.gov%2FStats%2FReports%2FNational&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nris-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. April 15, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2008-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WhiffenKoeper1983-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WhiffenKoeper1983_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus_WhiffenFrederick_Koeper1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Whiffen" title="Marcus Whiffen">Marcus Whiffen</a>; Frederick Koeper (January 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_4URzmqgJfIC&pg=PA40"><i>American Architecture: 1607–1860</i></a>. MIT Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73069-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-73069-3"><bdi>978-0-262-73069-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Architecture%3A+1607%E2%80%931860&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1983-01&rft.isbn=978-0-262-73069-3&rft.au=Marcus+Whiffen&rft.au=Frederick+Koeper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_4URzmqgJfIC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QSvFMZ_tODcC&pg=PA6"><i>Spanish Colonial Fortifications in North America 1565–1822</i></a>. Osprey Publishing. 2010. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-507-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-507-4"><bdi>978-1-84603-507-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Colonial+Fortifications+in+North+America+1565%E2%80%931822&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-507-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQSvFMZ_tODcC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RowlandMoore1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RowlandMoore1996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_Sanders_RowlandAlexander_MooreGeorge_C._Rogers1996" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence Sanders Rowland; Alexander Moore; George C. Rogers (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WjdhnfG0tYcC&pg=PA63"><i>The History of Beaufort County, South Carolina: 1514–1861</i></a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-090-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-090-1"><bdi>978-1-57003-090-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Beaufort+County%2C+South+Carolina%3A+1514%E2%80%931861&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-090-1&rft.au=Lawrence+Sanders+Rowland&rft.au=Alexander+Moore&rft.au=George+C.+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWjdhnfG0tYcC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eIMcv-E7C0C&pg=PA136"><i>The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. 1994. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1712-0"><bdi>978-0-8203-1712-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Mission+Santa+Catalina+de+Guale&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-1712-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eIMcv-E7C0C%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kornwolf-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kornwolf_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_D._Kornwolf2002" class="citation book cs1">James D. Kornwolf (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4bHwImC-UOUC&pg=PA1569"><i>Architecture and Town Planning in Colonial North America</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 1569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5986-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5986-1"><bdi>978-0-8018-5986-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Town+Planning+in+Colonial+North+America&rft.pages=1569&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5986-1&rft.au=James+D.+Kornwolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4bHwImC-UOUC%26pg%3DPA1569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manucy-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Manucy_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbert_C._Manucy" class="citation book cs1">Albert C. 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GGKEY:R1D08K7CWUJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Building+of+Castello+de+San+Marcos%3A+National+Park+Service+Interpretive+Series%2C+History+No.+1&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=United+States+Government+Printing+Office+Washington&rft.au=Albert+C.+Manucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzTgwBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy2014-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy2014_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrances_H._Kennedy2014" class="citation book cs1">Frances H. Kennedy (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wC6TAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA134"><i>The American Revolution: A Historical Guidebook</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-932423-1"><bdi>978-0-19-932423-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution%3A+A+Historical+Guidebook&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-932423-1&rft.au=Frances+H.+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwC6TAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/source/is1/is1e.htm">"The Building Of CASTILLO DE SAN MARCOS"</a>. 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Slavery began a half-century before Jamestown"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191217071449/https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/nation/2019/12/16/american-slavery-traces-roots-st-augustine-florida-not-jamestown/4205417002/">Archived</a> from the original on December 17, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Forget+what+you+know+about+1619%2C+historians+say.+Slavery+began+a+half-century+before+Jamestown&rft.date=2019-12-16&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Nicquel+Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fin-depth%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2019%2F12%2F16%2Famerican-slavery-traces-roots-st-augustine-florida-not-jamestown%2F4205417002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS_History-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_History_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/history-of-the-national-park-service.htm">"History of the National Park Service"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+National+Park+Service&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcasa%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fhistory-of-the-national-park-service.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GriffinGriffin1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GriffinGriffin1996_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffinGriffin1996" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, John W.; Griffin, Patricia C. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dvslW1Gc6cYC&pg=PA167"><i>Fifty Years of Southeastern Archaeology: Selected Works of John W. Griffin</i></a>. University Press of Florida. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1420-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1420-3"><bdi>978-0-8130-1420-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fifty+Years+of+Southeastern+Archaeology%3A+Selected+Works+of+John+W.+Griffin&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1420-3&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft.au=Griffin%2C+Patricia+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdvslW1Gc6cYC%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Publications1993-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Publications1993_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States._National_Park_Service._Division_of_Publications1993" class="citation book cs1">United States. National Park Service. Division of Publications (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rBp2AAAAMAAJ&q=%221695%22"><i>Castillo de San Marcos: a guide to the Castillo de San Marcos National Monument, Florida</i></a>. U.S. Dept. of the Interior. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-912627-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-912627-59-5"><bdi>978-0-912627-59-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Castillo+de+San+Marcos%3A+a+guide+to+the+Castillo+de+San+Marcos+National+Monument%2C+Florida&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=U.S.+Dept.+of+the+Interior&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-912627-59-5&rft.au=United+States.+National+Park+Service.+Division+of+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrBp2AAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25221695%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPS_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service" class="citation web cs1">National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/casa/planyourvisit/upload/CASA_Online.pdf">"Castillo de San Marcos brochure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Castillo+de+San+Marcos+brochure&rft.au=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcasa%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fupload%2FCASA_Online.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnade, Charles W (1962). "The English Invasion of Spanish Florida, 1700–1706". <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i> (Florida Historical Society) (Volume 41 Number 1, July 1962): p. 31. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30139893">30139893</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnade, Charles (1959). <i>The Siege of Saint Augustine 1702</i>. University of Florida Monographs: Social Sciences #3. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1447747">1447747</a>. pp. 5, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higginbotham1991-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higginbotham1991_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJay_Higginbotham1991" class="citation book cs1">Jay Higginbotham (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ts06NhOibS8C&pg=PA114"><i>Old Mobile: Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. pp. 114–116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0528-4"><bdi>978-0-8173-0528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Mobile%3A+Fort+Louis+de+la+Louisiane%2C+1702%E2%80%931711&rft.pages=114-116&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0528-4&rft.au=Jay+Higginbotham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTs06NhOibS8C%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnade (1959), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubhashJannottiSubhash2015" class="citation journal cs1">Subhash, Sanika G.; Jannotti, Phillip; Subhash, Ghatu (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40870-015-0035-1">"The Impact Response of Coquina: Unlocking the Mystery Behind the Endurance of the Oldest Fort in the United States"</a>. <i>Journal of Dynamic Behavior of Materials</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 397–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40870-015-0035-1">10.1007/s40870-015-0035-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:112313030">112313030</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dynamic+Behavior+of+Materials&rft.atitle=The+Impact+Response+of+Coquina%3A+Unlocking+the+Mystery+Behind+the+Endurance+of+the+Oldest+Fort+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=397-408&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40870-015-0035-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A112313030%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Subhash&rft.aufirst=Sanika+G.&rft.au=Jannotti%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Subhash%2C+Ghatu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs40870-015-0035-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bushnell, Amy Turner (1994). <i>The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, Volume 3</i>. New York: University of Georgia Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1712-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-1712-0">978-0-8203-1712-0</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60107034">60107034</a>. p. 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnade (1959), pp. 55–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnade (1962), p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnade (1959), pp. 41–43, 47, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber2009-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weber2009_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_J._Weber2009" class="citation book cs1">David J. Weber (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUCmD15yEAYC&pg=PA136"><i>Spanish Frontier in North America</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15621-8"><bdi>978-0-300-15621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15621-8&rft.au=David+J.+Weber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUCmD15yEAYC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SongLamberson2015-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SongLamberson2015_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBo_Song_Leslie_Lamberson_Daniel_Casem_Jamie_Kimberley2015" class="citation book cs1">Bo Song Leslie Lamberson Daniel Casem Jamie Kimberley, ed. (2015). "Impact Response of Coquina". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3f3NCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>Dynamic Behavior of Materials, Volume 1: Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Conference on Experimental and Applied Mechanics</i></a>. Springer. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22452-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-22452-7"><bdi>978-3-319-22452-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Impact+Response+of+Coquina&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Behavior+of+Materials%2C+Volume+1%3A+Proceedings+of+the+2015+Annual+Conference+on+Experimental+and+Applied+Mechanics&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-319-22452-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3f3NCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS2018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NPS2018_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/coquina-the-rock-that-saved-st-augustine.htm">"Coquina – The Rock that Saved St Augustine – Castillo de San Marcos National Monument"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>. U.S. National Park Service. March 19, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=Coquina+%E2%80%93+The+Rock+that+Saved+St+Augustine+%E2%80%93+Castillo+de+San+Marcos+National+Monument&rft.date=2018-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcasa%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fcoquina-the-rock-that-saved-st-augustine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel J. McDonough (2000). <i>Christopher Gadsden and Henry Laurens: The Parallel Lives of Two American Patriots</i> p. 241. 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Arcadia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738566047" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738566047"><bdi>978-0738566047</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Augustine&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0738566047&rft.aulast=Bozeman&rft.aufirst=Summer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtapVB15RBgMC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaab2007" class="citation book cs1">Raab, James W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCc8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA126"><i>Spain, Britain and the American Revolution in Florida, 1763–1783</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786432134" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786432134"><bdi>978-0786432134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%2C+Britain+and+the+American+Revolution+in+Florida%2C+1763%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0786432134&rft.aulast=Raab&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCc8BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/brochures/1940/foma/sec1.htm">"Fort Marion and Fort Matanzas NM: Guidebook (1940)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fort+Marion+and+Fort+Matanzas+NM%3A+Guidebook+%281940%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fparkhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fbrochures%2F1940%2Ffoma%2Fsec1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatch2012-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hatch2012_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThom_Hatch2012" class="citation book cs1">Thom Hatch (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gGnUQ0stIxMC&pg=PA214"><i>Osceola and the Great Seminole War: A Struggle for Justice and Freedom</i></a>. St. Martin's Press. pp. 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-0454-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-0454-8"><bdi>978-1-4668-0454-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osceola+and+the+Great+Seminole+War%3A+A+Struggle+for+Justice+and+Freedom&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-0454-8&rft.au=Thom+Hatch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgGnUQ0stIxMC%26pg%3DPA214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wickman2006-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wickman2006_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatricia_Riles_Wickman2006" class="citation book cs1">Patricia Riles Wickman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5N_-gr9us8C&pg=PA142"><i>Osceola's Legacy</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5332-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5332-2"><bdi>978-0-8173-5332-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osceola%27s+Legacy&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5332-2&rft.au=Patricia+Riles+Wickman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5N_-gr9us8C%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison2012-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison2012_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Harrison2012" class="citation book cs1">Simon Harrison (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9FkA6urRQEC&pg=PA85"><i>Dark Trophies: Hunting and the Enemy Body in Modern War</i></a>. Berghahn Books. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-499-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85745-499-7"><bdi>978-0-85745-499-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Trophies%3A+Hunting+and+the+Enemy+Body+in+Modern+War&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85745-499-7&rft.au=Simon+Harrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9FkA6urRQEC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickman 2006, pp. 187–188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds1885-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds1885_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Bingham_Reynolds1885" class="citation book cs1">Charles Bingham Reynolds (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldsaintaugustin00reyn"><i>Old Saint Augustine: A Story of Three Centuries</i></a>. E. H. Reynolds. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldsaintaugustin00reyn/page/130">130</a>–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Saint+Augustine%3A+A+Story+of+Three+Centuries&rft.pages=130-131&rft.pub=E.+H.+Reynolds&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Charles+Bingham+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldsaintaugustin00reyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickman 2006, pp. 105–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burnett1997-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burnett1997_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_M._Burnett1997" class="citation book cs1">Gene M. Burnett (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HRB38sDzxd0C&pg=PA112"><i>Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State</i></a>. Pineapple Press Inc. pp. 112–114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-139-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56164-139-0"><bdi>978-1-56164-139-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida%27s+Past%3A+People+and+Events+That+Shaped+the+State&rft.pages=112-114&rft.pub=Pineapple+Press+Inc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56164-139-0&rft.au=Gene+M.+Burnett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHRB38sDzxd0C%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastJenckes1952-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastJenckes1952_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEastJenckes1952" class="citation journal cs1">East, Omega G.; Jenckes, H. B. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30145370">"St. Augustine during the Civil War"</a>. <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>31</b> (2): 75–91. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-4113">0015-4113</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30145370">30145370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=St.+Augustine+during+the+Civil+War&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=75-91&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30145370%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0015-4113&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=Omega+G.&rft.au=Jenckes%2C+H.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30145370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E1995-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-E1995_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Little1995" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Little (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xBgAC7rNW5YC&q=%22signed%20receipt%22"><i>Discover America</i></a>. Smithsonian. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89599-050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89599-050-1"><bdi>978-0-89599-050-1</bdi></a>. <q>[...] when the Confederate army sought to take it over, all they found was one lone Union soldier serving as caretaker. He gladly gave up the keys to the place and went home, but not before demanding—and receiving—a signed receipt [...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discover+America&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Smithsonian&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89599-050-1&rft.au=Charles+E.+Little&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxBgAC7rNW5YC%26q%3D%2522signed%2520receipt%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugustineUs" class="citation web cs1">Augustine, Mailing Address: 1 South Castillo Drive Saint; Us, FL 32084 Phone: 904 829-6506 Contact. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/casa/learn/historyculture/the-civil-war-in-florida.htm">"The Civil War in Florida - Castillo de San Marcos National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nps.gov&rft.atitle=The+Civil+War+in+Florida+-+Castillo+de+San+Marcos+National+Monument+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft.aulast=Augustine&rft.aufirst=Mailing+Address%3A+1+South+Castillo+Drive+Saint&rft.au=Us%2C+FL+32084+Phone%3A+904+829-6506+Contact&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcasa%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fthe-civil-war-in-florida.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">East & Jenckes (1952). p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters,_Zack_C.2018" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Zack C. (June 12, 2018). Weitz, Seth A.; Sheppard, Jonathan C. (eds.). <i>A Forgotten Front: Florida during the Civil War Era</i>. Tuscaloosa, AL: University Alabama Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817319823" title="Special:BookSources/9780817319823"><bdi>9780817319823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forgotten+Front%3A+Florida+during+the+Civil+War+Era&rft.place=Tuscaloosa%2C+AL&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2018-06-12&rft.isbn=9780817319823&rft.au=Waters%2C+Zack+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Jewett Tenney: <i>The military and naval history of the rebellion in the United States: With Biographical Sketches Of Deceased Officers</i> (1866) reprint;(2003), Stackpole Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-0028-3">978-0-8117-0028-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090325045207/http://www.sutherlandinstitute.org/uploads/lawreview2008witte.pdf">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Removing Classrooms from the Battlefield: Liberty, Paternalism, and the Redemptive Promise of Educational Choice", <i>BYU Law Review</i>, 2008, p. 377"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sutherlandinstitute.org/uploads/lawreview2008witte.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 25, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Removing+Classrooms+from+the+Battlefield%3A+Liberty%2C+Paternalism%2C+and+the+Redemptive+Promise+of+Educational+Choice%22%2C+BYU+Law+Review%2C+2008%2C+p.+377&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sutherlandinstitute.org%2Fuploads%2Flawreview2008witte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilton_Crowe1940" class="citation web cs1">Hilton Crowe (December 1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/regional_review/vol5-6c.htm">"Indian Prisoner-Students at Fort Marion: The Founding of Carlisle Was Dreamed in St. Augustine"</a>. the Regional Review (United States National Park Service).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+Prisoner-Students+at+Fort+Marion%3A+The+Founding+of+Carlisle+Was+Dreamed+in+St.+Augustine&rft.pub=the+Regional+Review+%28United+States+National+Park+Service%29&rft.date=1940-12&rft.au=Hilton+Crowe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fregional_review%2Fvol5-6c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFear-Segal2007" class="citation book cs1">Fear-Segal, Jacqueline (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitemansclubsch00fear_315"><i>White Man's Club: Schools, Race, and the Struggle of Indian Acculturation</i></a></span>. University of Nebraska Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whitemansclubsch00fear_315/page/n40">14</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803220249" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803220249"><bdi>978-0803220249</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Man%27s+Club%3A+Schools%2C+Race%2C+and+the+Struggle+of+Indian+Acculturation&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0803220249&rft.aulast=Fear-Segal&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhitemansclubsch00fear_315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthropology.si.edu/naa/exhibits/kiowa/ft_marion.htm">"Fort Marion Artists"</a>, Smithsonian Institution, accessed 4 Dec 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-warst-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-warst_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK.B._Kueteman" class="citation web cs1">K.B. Kueteman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723200428/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Oakerhater/bio.html">"From Warrior to Saint: The life of David Pendelton Oakerhater"</a>. Oklahoma State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/Oakerhater/bio.html">the original</a> on July 23, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=From+Warrior+to+Saint%3A+The+life+of+David+Pendelton+Oakerhater&rft.pub=Oklahoma+State+University&rft.au=K.B.+Kueteman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2FOakerhater%2Fbio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACastillo+de+San+Marcos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brad D. Lookingbill, <i>War Dance at Fort Marion: Plains Indian War Prisoners</i>, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert Welsh, <i>The Apache Prisoners in Fort Marion</i>, St. Augustine: 1887</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castillo_de_San_Marcos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Diane Glancy, <i>Fort Marion Prisoners and the Trauma of Native Education.</i> Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2014. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this 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class="external text" href="https://www.asce.org/about-civil-engineering/history-and-heritage/historic-landmarks/castillo-de-san-marcos">Castillo's Historic Civil Engineering Landmark information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://augustine.com/community/castillo/">Detailed history of the Castillo</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://augustine.com/community/castillo3d.php">Take a 3D Tour of the Castillo, right in your browser</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717073027/http://www.augustine.com/community/castillo3d.php">Archived</a> 2011-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.lib.ua.edu/48978">Pictorial history of Fort Marion, 1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Buildings_Survey" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Buildings Survey</a> (HABS) No. FL-17, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/fl0095/">Castillo de San Marcos, 1 Castillo Drive, Saint Augustine, St. Johns County, FL</a>", 41 photos, 21 measured drawings, 4 data pages, 2 photo caption pages, supplemental material</li> <li>HABS No. FL-17-A, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/fl0606/">Castillo de San Marcos, Administration Building</a>", 1 color transparency, 1 photo caption page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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level</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biscayne_National_Park" title="Biscayne National Park">Biscayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_Tortugas_National_Park" title="Dry Tortugas National Park">Dry Tortugas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everglades_National_Park" title="Everglades National Park">Everglades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_memorials" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Soto_National_Memorial" title="De Soto National Memorial">De Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_monuments" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castillo de San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System#National_seashores" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National seashores</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaveral_National_Seashore" title="Canaveral National Seashore">Canaveral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Islands_National_Seashore" title="Gulf Islands National Seashore">Gulf Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">National forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_National_Forest" title="Apalachicola National Forest">Apalachicola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctawhatchee_National_Forest" title="Choctawhatchee National Forest">Choctawhatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocala_National_Forest" title="Ocala National Forest">Ocala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osceola_National_Forest" title="Osceola National Forest">Osceola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">National<br />wildlife refuges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archie_Carr_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge">Archie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxahatchee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge">Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Caloosahatchee National Wildlife Refuge">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Keys_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Cedar Keys National Wildlife Refuge">Cedar Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chassahowitzka_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Chassahowitzka National Wildlife Refuge">Chassahowitzka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_Lake_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crocodile Lake National Wildlife Refuge">Crocodile Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Crystal River National Wildlife Refuge">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Key_State_Park_and_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Egmont Key State Park and National Wildlife Refuge">Egmont Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Panther_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Florida Panther National Wildlife Refuge">Florida Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_White_Heron_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Great White Heron National Wildlife Refuge">Great White Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobe_Sound_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge">Hobe Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Bay_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Island Bay National Wildlife Refuge">Island Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._N._%22Ding%22_Darling_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="J. N. "Ding" Darling National Wildlife Refuge">J.N. 'Ding' Darling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_West_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Key West National Wildlife Refuge">Key West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wales_Ridge_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Wales Ridge National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Wales Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Woodruff_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lake Woodruff National Wildlife Refuge">Lake Woodruff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Suwannee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Lower Suwannee National Wildlife Refuge">Lower Suwannee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matlacha_Pass_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Matlacha Pass National Wildlife Refuge">Matlacha Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merritt_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge">Merritt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Deer_Refuge" title="National Key Deer Refuge">National Key Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okefenokee_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge">Okefenokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Key_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Passage Key National Wildlife Refuge">Passage Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pelican Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pine Island National Wildlife Refuge">Pine Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinellas_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Pinellas National Wildlife Refuge">Pinellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Johns National Wildlife Refuge">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marks_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Marks National Wildlife Refuge">St. Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="St. Vincent National Wildlife Refuge">St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Islands_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Ten Thousand Islands National Wildlife Refuge">Ten Thousand Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">Other national<br />protected areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Cypress_National_Preserve" title="Big Cypress National Preserve">Big Cypress National Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucuan_Ecological_and_Historic_Preserve" title="Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve">Timucuan Ecological and Historic Preserve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="National Marine Sanctuary">National Marine Sanctuaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Largo_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary">Key Largo</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looe_Key_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary">Looe Key</a> (1981–1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">National Estuarine Research Reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Apalachicola National Estuarine Research Reserve">Apalachicola NERR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guana_Tolomato_Matanzas_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve">Guana Tolomato Matanzas NERR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Bay_National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="Rookery Bay National Estuarine Research Reserve">Rookery Bay NERR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">National Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loxahatchee_River" title="Loxahatchee River">Loxahatchee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wekiva_River" title="Wekiva River">Wekiva River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div id="State_level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Florida" title="Government of Florida">State</a> level</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Island_State_Park" title="Amelia Island State Park">Amelia Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasia_State_Park" title="Anastasia State Park">Anastasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon_State_Park" title="Avalon State Park">Avalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahia_Honda_Key" title="Bahia Honda Key">Bahia Honda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bald_Point_State_Park" title="Bald Point State Park">Bald Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lagoon_State_Park" title="Big Lagoon State Park">Big Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Shoals_State_Park" title="Big Shoals State Park">Big Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Talbot_Island_State_Park" title="Big Talbot Island State Park">Big Talbot Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Baggs_Cape_Florida_State_Park" title="Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park">Bill Baggs Cape Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulow_Creek_State_Park" title="Bulow Creek State Park">Bulow Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caladesi_Island_State_Park" title="Caladesi Island State Park">Caladesi Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Helen_State_Park" title="Camp Helen State Park">Camp Helen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Costa_State_Park" title="Cayo Costa State Park">Cayo Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collier%E2%80%93Seminole_State_Park" title="Collier–Seminole State Park">Collier–Seminole </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Creek_State_Park" title="Colt Creek State Park">Colt Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_Hammock_State_Park" title="Curry Hammock State Park">Curry Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delnor-Wiggins_Pass_State_Park" title="Delnor-Wiggins Pass State Park">Delnor-Wiggins Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Millhopper_Geological_State_Park" title="Devil's Millhopper Geological State Park">Devil's Millhopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Pedro_Island_State_Park" title="Don Pedro Island State Park">Don Pedro Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Von_D._Mizell-Eula_Johnson_State_Park" title="Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson State Park">Dr. Von D. Mizell-Eula Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Gardens_State_Park" title="Eden Gardens State Park">Eden Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egmont_Key_State_Park_and_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Egmont Key State Park and National Wildlife Refuge">Egmont Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_Waters_State_Park" title="Falling Waters State Park">Falling Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faver-Dykes_State_Park" title="Faver-Dykes State Park">Faver-Dykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Caverns_State_Park" title="Florida Caverns State Park">Florida Caverns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Clinch_State_Park" title="Fort Clinch State Park">Fort Clinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Cooper_State_Park" title="Fort Cooper State Park">Fort Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_George_Island_Cultural_State_Park" title="Fort George Island Cultural State Park">Fort George Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce_Inlet_State_Park" title="Fort Pierce Inlet State Park">Fort Pierce Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gannon_Rocky_Bayou_State_Park" title="Fred Gannon Rocky Bayou State Park">Fred Gannon Rocky Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasparilla_Island_State_Park" title="Gasparilla Island State Park">Gasparilla Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Crady_Bridge_Fishing_Pier" title="George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier">George Crady Bridge Fishing Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayton_Beach_State_Park" title="Grayton Beach State Park">Grayton Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henderson_Beach_State_Park" title="Henderson Beach State Park">Henderson Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlands_Hammock_State_Park" title="Highlands Hammock State Park">Highlands Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeymoon_Island_State_Park" title="Honeymoon Island State Park">Honeymoon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hontoon_Island_State_Park" title="Hontoon Island State Park">Hontoon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Taylor_Birch_State_Park" title="Hugh Taylor Birch State Park">Hugh Taylor Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._MacArthur_Beach_State_Park" title="John D. MacArthur Beach State Park">John D. MacArthur Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pennekamp_Coral_Reef_State_Park" title="John Pennekamp Coral Reef State Park">John Pennekamp Coral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dickinson_State_Park" title="Jonathan Dickinson State Park">Jonathan Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Talbot_Island_State_Park" title="Little Talbot Island State Park">Little Talbot Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Key_State_Park" title="Long Key State Park">Long Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_Key_State_Park" title="Lovers Key State Park">Lovers Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Roess_Gold_Head_Branch_State_Park" title="Mike Roess Gold Head Branch State Park">Mike Roess Gold Head Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Peninsula_State_Park" title="North Peninsula State Park">North Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Leno_State_Park" title="O'Leno State Park">O'Leno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Scherer_State_Park" title="Oscar Scherer State Park">Oscar Scherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdido_Key_State_Park" title="Perdido Key State Park">Perdido Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price%27s_Scrub_State_Park" title="Price's Scrub State Park">Price's Scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Inlet_State_Park" title="Sebastian Inlet State Park">Sebastian Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyway_Fishing_Pier_State_Park" title="Skyway Fishing Pier State Park">Skyway Fishing Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Andrews_State_Park" title="St. Andrews State Park">St. Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._George_Island_State_Park" title="St. George Island State Park">St. George Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Marks_River_State_Park" title="St. Marks River State Park">St. Marks River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T.H._Stone_Memorial_St._Joseph_Peninsula_State_Park" title="T.H. Stone Memorial St. Joseph Peninsula State Park">St. Joseph Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster_Folk_Culture_Center_State_Park" title="Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park">Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_Pass_Beach_State_Park" title="Stump Pass Beach State Park">Stump Pass Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomoka_State_Park" title="Tomoka State Park">Tomoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torreya_State_Park" title="Torreya State Park">Torreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windley_Key_Fossil_Reef_Geological_State_Park" title="Windley Key Fossil Reef Geological State Park">Windley Key Fossil Reef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical garden parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_B._Maclay_Gardens_State_Park" title="Alfred B. Maclay Gardens State Park">Alfred B. Maclay Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagny_Johnson_Key_Largo_Hammock_Botanical_State_Park" title="Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical State Park">Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignumvitae_Key_Botanical_State_Park" title="Lignumvitae Key Botanical State Park">Lignumvitae Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine_Gardens_State_Park" title="Ravine Gardens State Park">Ravine Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Oaks_Gardens_State_Park" title="Washington Oaks Gardens State Park">Washington Oaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">Lakes, rivers<br />and springs parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Lake_State_Park" title="Deer Lake State Park">Deer Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Griffin_State_Park" title="Lake Griffin State Park">Lake Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_June_in_Winter_Scrub_State_Park" title="Lake June in Winter Scrub State Park">Lake June in Winter Scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Kissimmee_State_Park" title="Lake Kissimmee State Park">Lake Kissimmee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Louisa_State_Park" title="Lake Louisa State Park">Lake Louisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manatee_State_Park" title="Lake Manatee State Park">Lake Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Talquin" title="Lake Talquin">Lake Talquin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alafia_River_State_Park" title="Alafia River State Park">Alafia River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_River_State_Park" title="Blackwater River State Park">Blackwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunns_Creek_State_Park" title="Dunns Creek State Park">Dunns Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econfina_River_State_Park" title="Econfina River State Park">Econfina River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_River_State_Park" title="Hillsborough River State Park">Hillsborough River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Manatee_River_State_Park" title="Little Manatee River State Park">Little Manatee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakka_River_State_Park" title="Myakka River State Park">Myakka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochlockonee_River_State_Park" title="Ochlockonee River State Park">Ochlockonee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleta_River_State_Park" title="Oleta River State Park">Oleta River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_River_State_Park" title="Suwannee River State Park">Suwannee River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_State_Park" title="Three Rivers State Park">Three Rivers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_State_Park" title="Blue Spring State Park">Blue Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Leon_Springs_State_Park" title="De Leon Springs State Park">De Leon Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Edward Ball Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanning_Springs_State_Park" title="Fanning Springs State Park">Fanning Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosassa_Springs_Wildlife_State_Park" title="Homosassa Springs Wildlife State Park">Homosassa Springs Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichetucknee_Springs_State_Park" title="Ichetucknee Springs State Park">Ichetucknee Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Blue_Springs_State_Park" title="Lafayette Blue Springs State Park">Lafayette Blue Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Blue_Spring_State_Park" title="Madison Blue Spring State Park">Madison Blue Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manatee_Springs_State_Park" title="Manatee Springs State Park">Manatee Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Springs_State_Park" title="Ponce de Leon Springs State Park">Ponce de Leon Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Springs_State_Park" title="Rainbow Springs State Park">Rainbow Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Springs_State_Park" title="Silver Springs State Park">Silver Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Spring_State_Park" title="Troy Spring State Park">Troy Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeki_Wachee_Springs" title="Weeki Wachee Springs">Weeki Wachee Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wekiwa_Springs_State_Park" title="Wekiwa Springs State Park">Wekiwa Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner-Boyce_Salt_Springs_State_Park" title="Werner-Boyce Salt Springs State Park">Werner-Boyce Salt Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wes_Skiles_Peacock_Springs_State_Park" title="Wes Skiles Peacock Springs State Park">Wes Skiles Peacock Springs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">Recreation areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Lakes_State_Recreation_Area" title="Dead Lakes State Recreation Area">Dead Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamble_Rogers_Memorial_State_Recreation_Area_at_Flagler_Beach" title="Gamble Rogers Memorial State Recreation Area at Flagler Beach">Gamble Rogers Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">Museums, historic sites,<br />and archaeological sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison_Blockhouse_Historic_State_Park" title="Addison Blockhouse Historic State Park">Addison Blockhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Key_Museum_State_Park" title="Cedar Key Museum State Park">Cedar Key Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Convention_Museum_State_Park" title="Constitution Convention Museum State Park">Constitution Convention Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Capital_Museum_State_Park" title="Forest Capital Museum State Park">Forest Capital Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gorrie_Museum_State_Park" title="John Gorrie Museum State Park">John Gorrie Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ybor_City_Museum_State_Park" title="Ybor City Museum State Park">Ybor City Museum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnacle_Historic_State_Park" title="The Barnacle Historic State Park">The Barnacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulow_Plantation_Ruins_Historic_State_Park" title="Bulow Plantation Ruins Historic State Park">Bulow Plantation Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dade_Battlefield_Historic_State_Park" title="Dade Battlefield Historic State Park">Dade Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSoto_Site_Historic_State_Park" title="DeSoto Site Historic State Park">DeSoto Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudley_Farm_Historic_State_Park" title="Dudley Farm Historic State Park">Dudley Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Foster" title="Fort Foster">Fort Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose" title="Fort Mose">Fort Mose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Zachary_Taylor_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Zachary Taylor Historic State Park">Fort Zachary Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamble_Plantation_Historic_State_Park" title="Gamble Plantation Historic State Park">Gamble Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Key_Historic_State_Park" title="Indian Key Historic State Park">Indian Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreshan_State_Historic_Site" title="Koreshan State Historic Site">Koreshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings_Historic_State_Park" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Historic State Park">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridge_Battlefield_Historic_State_Park" title="Natural Bridge Battlefield Historic State Park">Natural Bridge Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olustee_Battlefield_Historic_State_Park" title="Olustee Battlefield Historic State Park">Olustee Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orman_House" title="Orman House">Orman House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paynes_Creek_Historic_State_Park" title="Paynes Creek Historic State Park">Paynes Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache_Historic_State_Park" title="San Marcos de Apalache Historic State Park">San Marcos de Apalache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Bluff_Fort_Historic_State_Park" title="Yellow Bluff Fort Historic State Park">Yellow Bluff Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulee_Sugar_Mill_Ruins_Historic_State_Park" title="Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins Historic State Park">Yulee Sugar Mill Ruins</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Pedro_Underwater_Archaeological_Preserve_State_Park" title="San Pedro Underwater Archaeological Preserve State Park">San Pedro Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Preserves and reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allen_David_Broussard_Catfish_Creek_Preserve_State_Park" title="Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek Preserve State Park">Allen David Broussard Catfish Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anclote_Key_Preserve_State_Park" title="Anclote Key Preserve State Park">Anclote Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Key_Scrub_State_Reserve" title="Cedar Key Scrub State Reserve">Cedar Key Scrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor_Preserve_State_Park" title="Charlotte Harbor Preserve State Park">Charlotte Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Preserve_State_Park" title="Crystal River Preserve State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney_Wilderness_Preserve" title="Disney Wilderness Preserve">Disney Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estero_Bay_Preserve_State_Park" title="Estero Bay Preserve State Park">Estero Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cay_Wetlands" title="Green Cay Wetlands">Green Cay Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakahatchee_Strand_Preserve_State_Park" title="Fakahatchee Strand Preserve State Park">Fakahatchee Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Scott_Regional_Preserve_and_Park" title="Hal Scott Regional Preserve and Park">Hal Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissimmee_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park" title="Kissimmee Prairie Preserve State Park">Kissimmee Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Wekiva_River_Preserve_State_Park" title="Lower Wekiva River Preserve State Park">Lower Wekiva River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paynes_Prairie_Preserve_State_Park" title="Paynes Prairie Preserve State Park">Paynes Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_Hill_Creek_Preserve_State_Park" title="Pumpkin Hill Creek Preserve State Park">Pumpkin Hill Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Rise_Preserve_State_Park" title="River Rise Preserve State Park">River Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Springs_Run_State_Reserve" title="Rock Springs Run State Reserve">Rock Springs Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Felasco_Hammock_Preserve_State_Park" title="San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park">San Felasco Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannas_Preserve_State_Park" title="Savannas Preserve State Park">Savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabranch_Preserve_State_Park" title="Seabranch Preserve State Park">Seabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lucie_Inlet_Preserve_State_Park" title="St. Lucie Inlet Preserve State Park">St. Lucie Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Sebastian_River_Preserve_State_Park" title="St. Sebastian River Preserve State Park">St. Sebastian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarkiln_Bayou_Preserve_State_Park" title="Tarkiln Bayou Preserve State Park">Tarkiln Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsail_Hill_Preserve_State_Park" title="Topsail Hill Preserve State Park">Topsail Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosohatchee_Wildlife_Management_Area" title="Tosohatchee Wildlife Management Area">Tosohatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waccasassa_Bay_Preserve_State_Park" title="Waccasassa Bay Preserve State Park">Waccasassa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_Marsh_Preserve_State_Park" title="Yellow River Marsh Preserve State Park">Yellow River Marsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Trail" title="Trail">State trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_Heritage_State_Trail" title="Blackwater Heritage State Trail">Blackwater Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_Overseas_Heritage_Trail" title="Florida Keys Overseas Heritage Trail">Florida Keys Overseas Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gainesville-Hawthorne_State_Trail" title="Gainesville-Hawthorne State Trail">Gainesville-Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_James_A._Van_Fleet_State_Trail" title="General James A. Van Fleet State Trail">General James A. Van Fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville-Baldwin_Rail_Trail" title="Jacksonville-Baldwin Rail Trail">Jacksonville-Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Harris_Carr_Cross_Florida_Greenway" title="Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway">Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_Coast_State_Trail" title="Nature Coast State Trail">Nature Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatka-Lake_Butler_State_Trail" title="Palatka-Lake Butler State Trail">Palatka-Lake Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palatka-to-St._Augustine_State_Trail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palatka-to-St. Augustine State Trail (page does not exist)">Palatka-to-St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee-St._Marks_Historic_Railroad_State_Trail" title="Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad State Trail">Tallahassee-St. Marks Historic Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withlacoochee_State_Trail" title="Withlacoochee State Trail">Withlacoochee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Florida_state_forests" title="Florida state forests">State forests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmore_State_Forest" title="Belmore State Forest">Belmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Shoals_State_Forest" title="Big Shoals State Forest">Big Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_River_State_Forest" title="Blackwater River State Forest">Blackwater River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Duval_Moore_State_Forest" title="Carl Duval Moore State Forest">Carl Duval Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_State_Forest" title="Cary State Forest">Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bronson_State_Forest" title="Charles H. Bronson State Forest">Charles H. Bronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_Hill_State_Forest" title="Cottage Hill State Forest">Cottage Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Creek_State_Forest" title="Deep Creek State Forest">Deep Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoniah_Creek_State_Forest" title="Etoniah Creek State Forest">Etoniah Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Creeks_State_Forest" title="Four Creeks State Forest">Four Creeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_State_Forest" title="Goethe State Forest">Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holopaw_State_Forest" title="Holopaw State Forest">Holopaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Lake_State_Forest" title="Indian Lake State Forest">Indian Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennings_State_Forest" title="Jennings State Forest">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Bethea_State_Forest" title="John M. Bethea State Forest">John M. Bethea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_George_State_Forest" title="Lake George State Forest">Lake George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Talquin" title="Lake Talquin">Lake Talquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Wales_Ridge_State_Forest" title="Lake Wales Ridge State Forest">Lake Wales Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Big_Econ_State_Forest" title="Little Big Econ State Forest">Little Big Econ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matanzas_State_Forest" title="Matanzas State Forest">Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakka_State_Forest" title="Myakka State Forest">Myakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okaloacoochee_Slough_State_Forest" title="Okaloacoochee Slough State Forest">Okaloacoochee Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picayune_Strand_State_Forest" title="Picayune Strand State Forest">Picayune Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Log_State_Forest" title="Pine Log State Forest">Pine Log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_Washington_State_Forest" title="Point Washington State Forest">Point Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Simmons_Memorial_State_Forest" title="Ralph E. Simmons Memorial State Forest">Ralph E. Simmons Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Prairie_State_Forest" title="Ross Prairie State Forest">Ross Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_State_Forest" title="Seminole State Forest">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tate%27s_Hell_State_Forest" title="Tate's Hell State Forest">Tate's Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Bay_State_Forest" title="Tiger Bay State Forest">Tiger Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Rivers_State_Forest" title="Twin Rivers State Forest">Twin Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakulla_State_Forest" title="Wakulla State Forest">Wakulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Island_State_Forest" title="Watson Island State Forest">Watson Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welaka_State_Forest" title="Welaka State Forest">Welaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Withlacoochee_State_Forest" title="Withlacoochee State Forest">Withlacoochee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div id="Local_level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Local level</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Preserves_and_reserves" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Preserves and reserves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_Hill_Nature_Preserve" title="Boyd Hill Nature Preserve">Boyd Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo_Limbo_Environmental_Complex" title="Gumbo Limbo Environmental Complex">Gumbo Limbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moccasin_Lake_Nature_Park" title="Moccasin Lake Nature Park">Moccasin Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Protected_areas_of_Florida" 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class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_monuments_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" title="Template:National Monuments of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:National Monuments of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alibates_Flint_Quarries_National_Monument" title="Alibates Flint Quarries National Monument">Alibates Flint Quarries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniakchak_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Aniakchak National Monument and Preserve">Aniakchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Aztec Ruins National Monument">Aztec Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont-Paul Women's Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington_National_Monument" title="Booker T. Washington National Monument">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_Island_Reef_National_Monument" title="Buck Island Reef National Monument">Buck Island Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabrillo_National_Monument" title="Cabrillo National Monument">Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Nelson_National_Monument" title="Camp Nelson National Monument">Camp Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Krusenstern_National_Monument" title="Cape Krusenstern National Monument">Cape Krusenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capulin_Volcano_National_Monument" title="Capulin Volcano National Monument">Capulin Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande Ruins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Castillo de San Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Castle Mountains National Monument">Castle Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Cedar Breaks National Monument">Cedar Breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_E._Ch%C3%A1vez_National_Monument" title="César E. Chávez National Monument">César E. Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Young_Buffalo_Soldiers_National_Monument" title="Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers National Monument">Charles Young Buffalo Soldiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_National_Monument" title="Chiricahua National Monument">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_National_Monument" title="Colorado National Monument">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve">Craters of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Postpile_National_Monument" title="Devils Postpile National Monument">Devils Postpile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower" title="Devils Tower">Devils Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Malpais_National_Monument" title="El Malpais National Monument">El Malpais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Morro_National_Monument" title="El Morro National Monument">El Morro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florissant_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Florissant Fossil Beds National Monument">Florissant Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederica_National_Monument" title="Fort Frederica National Monument">Fort Frederica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McHenry" title="Fort McHenry">Fort McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Monroe" title="Fort Monroe">Fort Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Pulaski_National_Monument" title="Fort Pulaski National Monument">Fort Pulaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanwix" title="Fort Stanwix">Fort Stanwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_National_Monument" title="Fort Union National Monument">Fort Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_Butte_National_Monument" title="Fossil Butte National Monument">Fossil Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">George Washington Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver_National_Monument" title="George Washington Carver National Monument">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_National_Monument" title="Governors Island National Monument">Governors Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Portage_National_Monument" title="Grand Portage National Monument">Grand Portage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagerman_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Hagerman Fossil Beds National Monument">Hagerman Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam_Pima_National_Monument" title="Hohokam Pima National Monument">Hohokam Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewel_Cave_National_Monument" title="Jewel Cave National Monument">Jewel Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Day_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="John Day Fossil Beds National Monument">John Day Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katahdin_Woods_and_Waters_National_Monument" title="Katahdin Woods and Waters National Monument">Katahdin Woods and Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_Beds_National_Monument" title="Lava Beds National Monument">Lava Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Bighorn_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument">Little Bighorn Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Springs_Battlefield_National_Monument" title="Mill Springs Battlefield National Monument">Mill Springs Battlefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Castle_National_Monument" title="Montezuma Castle National Monument">Montezuma Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muir_Woods_National_Monument" title="Muir Woods National Monument">Muir Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridges_National_Monument" title="Natural Bridges National Monument">Natural Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Caves_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Oregon Caves National Monument and Preserve">Oregon Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument" title="Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument">Organ Pipe Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph_National_Monument" title="Petroglyph National Monument">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_Spring_National_Monument" title="Pipe Spring National Monument">Pipe Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipestone_National_Monument" title="Pipestone National Monument">Pipestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_National_Monument" title="Rainbow Bridge National Monument">Rainbow Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Pueblo_Missions_National_Monument" title="Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument">Salinas Pueblo Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotts_Bluff_National_Monument" title="Scotts Bluff National Monument">Scotts Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_1908_Race_Riot_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Springfield 1908 Race Riot National Monument">Springfield 1908 Race Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument" title="Statue of Liberty National Monument">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Crater" title="Sunset Crater">Sunset Crater Volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timpanogos_Cave_National_Monument" title="Timpanogos Cave National Monument">Timpanogos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonto_National_Monument" title="Tonto National Monument">Tonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Lake_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule Lake National Monument">Tule Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Springs_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument">Tule Springs Fossil Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuzigoot_National_Monument" title="Tuzigoot National Monument">Tuzigoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands_Coral_Reef_National_Monument" title="Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument">Virgin Islands Coral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Mammoth_National_Monument" title="Waco Mammoth National Monument">Waco Mammoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Walnut Canyon National Monument">Walnut Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucca_House_National_Monument" title="Yucca House National Monument">Yucca House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Forest Service">US Forest Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Island_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiralty Island National Monument">Admiralty Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baaj_Nwaavjo_I%27tah_Kukveni_%E2%80%93_Ancestral_Footprints_of_the_Grand_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument">Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berryessa_Snow_Mountain_National_Monument" title="Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument">Berryessa Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Browns Canyon National Monument">Browns Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Hale" title="Camp Hale">Camp Hale – Continental Divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_Rock_National_Monument" title="Chimney Rock National Monument">Chimney Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Sequoia_National_Monument" title="Giant Sequoia National Monument">Giant Sequoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misty_Fjords_National_Monument" title="Misty Fjords National Monument">Misty Fjords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens_National_Volcanic_Monument" title="Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument">Mount St. Helens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newberry_National_Volcanic_Monument" title="Newberry National Volcanic Monument">Newberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Dam_Disaster_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Francis Dam Disaster National Monument">Saint Francis Dam Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains_National_Monument" title="San Gabriel Mountains National Monument">San Gabriel Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_to_Snow_National_Monument" title="Sand to Snow National Monument">Sand to Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_and_San_Jacinto_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument">Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Land_Management" title="Bureau of Land Management">Bureau of<br />Land Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Fria_National_Monument" title="Agua Fria National Monument">Agua Fria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avi_Kwa_Ame_National_Monument" title="Avi Kwa Ame National Monument">Avi Kwa Ame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baaj_Nwaavjo_I%27tah_Kukveni_%E2%80%93_Ancestral_Footprints_of_the_Grand_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon National Monument">Baaj Nwaavjo I'tah Kukveni – Ancestral Footprints of the Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_National_Monument" title="Basin and Range National Monument">Basin and Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berryessa_Snow_Mountain_National_Monument" title="Berryessa Snow Mountain National Monument">Berryessa Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Browns_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Browns Canyon National Monument">Browns Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coastal_National_Monument" title="California Coastal National Monument">California Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument" title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument">Canyons of the Ancients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrizo_Plain" title="Carrizo Plain">Carrizo Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade%E2%80%93Siskiyou_National_Monument" title="Cascade–Siskiyou National Monument">Cascade–Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craters_of_the_Moon_National_Monument_and_Preserve" title="Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve">Craters of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ord_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Ord National Monument">Fort Ord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Butte_National_Monument" title="Gold Butte National Monument">Gold Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon%E2%80%93Parashant_National_Monument" title="Grand Canyon–Parashant National Monument">Grand Canyon–Parashant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase%E2%80%93Escalante_National_Monument" title="Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument">Grand Staircase–Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironwood_Forest_National_Monument" title="Ironwood Forest National Monument">Ironwood Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_National_Monument" title="Jurassic National Monument">Jurassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasha-Katuwe_Tent_Rocks_National_Monument" title="Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument">Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Trails_National_Monument" title="Mojave Trails National Monument">Mojave Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_Mountains%E2%80%93Desert_Peaks_National_Monument" title="Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument">Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeys_Pillar_National_Monument" title="Pompeys Pillar National Monument">Pompeys Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Trackways_National_Monument" title="Prehistoric Trackways National Monument">Prehistoric Trackways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_del_Norte_National_Monument" title="Rio Grande del Norte National Monument">Río Grande del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Islands_National_Monument" title="San Juan Islands National Monument">San Juan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_to_Snow_National_Monument" title="Sand to Snow National Monument">Sand to Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_and_San_Jacinto_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains National Monument">Santa Rosa and San Jacinto Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert_National_Monument" title="Sonoran Desert National Monument">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Missouri_River_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Upper Missouri River Breaks National Monument">Upper Missouri River Breaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Cliffs_National_Monument" title="Vermilion Cliffs National Monument">Vermilion Cliffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%">Other (<a href="/wiki/Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish and Wildlife Service">FWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Energy">DOE</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Retirement_Home" title="Armed Forces Retirement Home">AFRH</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">NOAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_World_War_II_National_Monument" title="Aleutian Islands World War II National Monument">Aleutian Islands World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castner_Range_National_Monument" title="Castner Range National Monument">Castner Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanford_Reach_National_Monument" title="Hanford Reach National Monument">Hanford Reach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman_Underground_Railroad_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad National Monument">Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianas_Trench_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Trench Marine National Monument">Marianas Trench Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Working_Dog_Teams_National_Monument" title="Military Working Dog Teams National Monument">Military Working Dog Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Canyons_and_Seamounts_Marine_National_Monument" title="Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument">Northeast Canyons and Seamounts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Remote_Islands_Marine_National_Monument" title="Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument">Pacific Remote Islands Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Atoll_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Atoll Marine National Monument">Rose Atoll Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tule_Lake_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Tule Lake National Monument">Tule Lake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;"><div><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Monuments of the United States">Full Detailed List</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida" title="Template:National Register of Historic Places in Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida" title="Template talk:National Register of Historic Places in Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Register of Historic Places in Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Florida">Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists<br />by county</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Alachua_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Alachua County, Florida">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Baker_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Baker County, Florida">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bay_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bay County, Florida">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Bradford_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Bradford County, Florida">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Brevard_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Brevard County, Florida">Brevard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Broward_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Broward County, Florida">Broward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Calhoun_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Calhoun County, Florida">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Charlotte_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Charlotte County, Florida">Charlotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Citrus_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Citrus County, Florida">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Clay_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Clay County, Florida">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Collier_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Collier County, Florida">Collier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Columbia_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Columbia County, Florida">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_DeSoto_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in DeSoto County, Florida">DeSoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Dixie_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Dixie County, Florida">Dixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Duval_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Duval County, Florida">Duval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Escambia_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Escambia County, Florida">Escambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Flagler_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Flagler County, Florida">Flagler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Franklin_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Franklin County, Florida">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gadsden_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gadsden County, Florida">Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gilchrist_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gilchrist County, Florida">Gilchrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Glades_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Glades County, Florida">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Gulf_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Gulf County, Florida">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hamilton_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hamilton County, Florida">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hardee_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hardee County, Florida">Hardee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hendry_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hendry County, Florida">Hendry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hernando_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hernando County, Florida">Hernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Highlands_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Highlands County, Florida">Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hillsborough_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hillsborough County, Florida">Hillsborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Holmes_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Holmes County, Florida">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Indian_River_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Indian River County, Florida">Indian River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jackson_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Florida">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Florida">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lake_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lake County, Florida">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Lee_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Lee County, Florida">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Leon_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Leon County, Florida">Leon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Levy_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Levy County, Florida">Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Liberty_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Liberty County, Florida">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Madison_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Madison County, Florida">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Manatee_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Manatee County, Florida">Manatee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Marion_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Marion County, Florida">Marion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Martin_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Martin County, Florida">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Miami-Dade_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami-Dade County, Florida">Miami-Dade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Monroe_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Monroe County, Florida">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Nassau_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Nassau County, Florida">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Okaloosa_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Okaloosa County, Florida">Okaloosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Okeechobee_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Okeechobee County, Florida">Okeechobee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Orange_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Orange County, Florida">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Osceola_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Osceola County, Florida">Osceola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Palm_Beach_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Palm Beach County, Florida">Palm Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pasco_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pasco County, Florida">Pasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Pinellas_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Pinellas County, Florida">Pinellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Polk_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Polk County, Florida">Polk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Putnam_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Putnam County, Florida">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Santa_Rosa_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Santa Rosa County, Florida">Santa Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sarasota_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sarasota County, Florida">Sarasota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Seminole_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Seminole County, Florida">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Johns_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Johns County, Florida">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_St._Lucie_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in St. Lucie County, Florida">St. Lucie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Sumter_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Sumter County, Florida">Sumter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Suwannee_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Suwannee County, Florida">Suwannee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Taylor_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Taylor County, Florida">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Union_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Union County, Florida">Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Volusia_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Volusia County, Florida">Volusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Wakulla_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Wakulla County, Florida">Wakulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Walton_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Walton County, Florida">Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington_County,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington County, Florida">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/50px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/75px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg/100px-Logo_of_the_United_States_National_Park_Service.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><br /><br /><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_USA_FL.svg/100px-Map_of_USA_FL.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_USA_FL.svg/151px-Map_of_USA_FL.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Map_of_USA_FL.svg/200px-Map_of_USA_FL.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="186" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Lists by city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Miami" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Tampa,_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_Historic_Black_Public_Schools_Multiple_Property_Submission" title="Florida's Historic Black Public Schools Multiple Property Submission">Black Public Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Florida" title="List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Florida">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_Multiple_Property_Submissions_in_Florida" title="National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submissions in Florida">Multiple Property Submissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Florida" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Florida">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Woman%27s_Clubhouses_in_Florida_on_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="List of Woman's Clubhouses in Florida on the National Register of Historic Places">Woman's clubhouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#A8EDEF;color:black"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keeper_of_the_Register" title="Keeper of the Register">Keeper of the Register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="History of the National Register of Historic Places">History of the National Register of Historic Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">Property types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributing_property" title="Contributing property">Contributing property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a 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