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Conservation and advocacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation_and_advocacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Importance_of_nativity_in_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_nativity_in_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Importance of nativity in conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_nativity_in_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%86" title="نوع واطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نوع واطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80)" title="मूल निवासी (इकोलॉजी) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मूल निवासी (इकोलॉजी)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Местен вид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Местен вид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autohtonost_(biologija)" title="Autohtonost (biologija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Autohtonost (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cie_nadiua" title="Espècie nadiua – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Espècie nadiua" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%AFvodn%C3%AD_druh" title="Původní druh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Původní druh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochthone_Art" title="Autochthone Art – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autochthone Art" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A4rismaine_elustik" title="Pärismaine elustik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pärismaine elustik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%82_(%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Ενδογενές (βιολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενδογενές (βιολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Especie_nativa" title="Especie nativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Especie nativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C4%9Denaj_specioj" title="Indiĝenaj specioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indiĝenaj specioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espezie_natibo" title="Espezie natibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espezie natibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="گونه بومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه بومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indig%C3%A8ne_(%C3%A9cologie)" title="Indigène (écologie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Indigène (écologie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%83%9D" title="자생 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자생" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autohtone_vrste" title="Autohtone vrste – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Autohtone vrste" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pribumi_(ekologi)" title="Pribumi (ekologi) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pribumi (ekologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoctono_(biologia)" title="Autoctono (biologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autoctono (biologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ავტოქთონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტოქთონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%88%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Автохтон шөгінділер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автохтон шөгінділер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochthon_Aart" title="Autochthon Aart – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Autochthon Aart" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asal_tempatan_(ekologi)" title="Asal tempatan (ekologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asal tempatan (ekologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB_%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Уугуул төрөл зүйл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уугуул төрөл зүйл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheems_(taxon)" title="Inheems (taxon) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inheems (taxon)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%9D%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="在来種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="在来種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatunek_rodzimy" title="Gatunek rodzimy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gatunek rodzimy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%A9cie_nativa" title="Espécie nativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Espécie nativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Аборигенные виды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аборигенные виды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochthon" title="Autochthon – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Autochthon" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_(ecology)" title="Native (ecology) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Native (ecology)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtohtona_vrsta" title="Avtohtona vrsta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtohtona vrsta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Аутохтоне врсте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутохтоне врсте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autohtone_vrste" title="Autohtone vrste – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autohtone vrste" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Аборигенні види – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аборигенні види" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%A0i_b%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba" title="Loài bản địa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Loài bản địa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="本土物種 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="本土物種" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="原生物種 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="原生物種" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169480#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Native_species" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Species indigenous to a given area in geologic time</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainelupin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mainelupin.jpg/200px-Mainelupin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mainelupin.jpg/300px-Mainelupin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mainelupin.jpg/400px-Mainelupin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>Large-leaved lupine (<i><a href="/wiki/Lupinus_polyphyllus" title="Lupinus polyphyllus">Lupinus polyphyllus</a></i>): native to western North America but introduced and invasive in several areas worldwide</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">biogeography</a>, a <b>native species</b> is indigenous to a given region or <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> if its presence in that region is the result of only local natural evolution (though often popularised as "with no human intervention") during <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEQ2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEQ2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is equivalent to the concept of <b>indigenous</b> or <b>autochthonous</b> species.<sup id="cite_ref-rhode_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhode-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mwautochth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwautochth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wild organism (as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> organism) is known as an <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced species</a> within the regions where it was <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment#anthropogenic" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenically</a> introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-IntroducedDS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntroducedDS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If an introduced species causes substantial ecological, environmental, and/or economic damage, it may be regarded more specifically as an <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. </p><p>A native species in a location is not necessarily also <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a> to that location. Endemic species are <i>exclusively</i> found in a particular place.<sup id="cite_ref-oedendemic_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oedendemic-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A native species may occur in areas other than the one under consideration. The terms endemic and native also do not imply that an organism necessarily first originated or <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> where it is currently found.<sup id="cite_ref-envirofacts_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-envirofacts-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notion">Notion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion of nativity is often a blurred concept, as it is a function of both time and political boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-levin2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aitken2018_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aitken2018-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over long periods of time, local conditions and migratory patterns are constantly changing as <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> move, join, and split. <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">Natural climate change</a> (which is much slower than <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">human-caused climate change</a>) changes sea level, ice cover, temperature, and rainfall, driving direct changes in habitability and indirect changes through the presence of predators, competitors, food sources, and even <a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">oxygen levels</a>. Species do naturally appear, reproduce, and endure, or become extinct, and their distribution is rarely static or confined to a particular geographic location. </p><p>Moreover, the distinction between native and non-native as being tied to a local occurrence during <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical</a> times has been criticised as lacking perspective, and a case was made for more graded categorisations such as that of <i>prehistoric natives</i>, which occurred in a region during prehistory but have since suffered <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">local extinction</a> there due to human involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicolored_Frog_(_Clinotarsus_curtipes_).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg/220px-Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg/330px-Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg/440px-Bicolored_Frog_%28_Clinotarsus_curtipes_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bicolored_frog" title="Bicolored frog">Bicolored frog</a> (<i>Clinotarsus curtipes</i>) is native to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ghats" title="Western Ghats">Western Ghats</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and found nowhere else (endemic)</figcaption></figure> <p>Native species form communities and <a href="/wiki/Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">biological interactions</a> with other specific flora, fauna, fungi, and other organisms. For example, some plant species can only reproduce with a continued <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">mutualistic</a> interaction with a certain animal <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollinator</a>, and the pollinating animal may also be dependent on that plant species for a food source.<sup id="cite_ref-tallamy2007_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tallamy2007-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species have adapted to very limited, unusual, or harsh conditions, such as cold climates or frequent <a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">wildfires</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others can live in diverse areas or adapt well to different surroundings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_impact_and_intervention">Human impact and intervention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human impact and intervention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diversity of species across many parts of the world exists only because <a href="/wiki/Bioregion" title="Bioregion">bioregions</a> are separated by barriers, particularly large <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">seas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountains</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a>. Humans can introduce species that have never met in their <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolutionary</a> history, on varying time scales ranging from days to decades (Long, 1981; Vermeij, 1991). Humans are moving species across the globe at an unprecedented rate. Those working to address <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> view this as an increased risk to native species. </p><p>As humans <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduce</a> species to new locations for cultivation, or transport them by accident, some of them may become invasive species, damaging native communities. Invasive species can have profound effects on ecosystems by changing ecosystem structure, function, <a href="/wiki/Species_abundance" class="mw-redirect" title="Species abundance">species abundance</a>, and community composition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides ecological damage, these species can also damage agriculture, infrastructure, and cultural assets. Government agencies and environmental groups are directing increasing resources to addressing these species. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_and_advocacy">Conservation and advocacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conservation and advocacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Native plant organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Ecological_Restoration" title="Society for Ecological Restoration">Society for Ecological Restoration</a>, native plant societies,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wild_Ones_(organization)" title="Wild Ones (organization)">Wild Ones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lady_Bird_Johnson_Wildflower_Center" title="Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center">Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encourage the use of native plants. The identification of local <a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural areas</a> provides a basis for this work. </p><p>Many books have been written on the subject of planting native plants in home gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-stein1993_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stein1993-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wasowki2000_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wasowki2000-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tallamy2020_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tallamy2020-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a> derived from native species is a widely disputed practice among native plant advocates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_nativity_in_conservation">Importance of nativity in conservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Importance of nativity in conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Ecological_restoration" title="Ecological restoration">ecological restoration</a> projects are undertaken to restore a native ecological system disturbed by economic development or other events, they may be historically inaccurate, incomplete, or pay little or no attention to ecotype accuracy or type conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may fail to restore the original ecological system by overlooking the basics of remediation. Attention paid to the historical distribution of native species is a crucial first step to ensure the ecological integrity of the project. For example, to prevent erosion of the recontoured sand <a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">dunes</a> at the western edge of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">landscapers</a> stabilized the backdunes with a "natural" seed mix (Mattoni 1989a). Unfortunately, the seed mix was representative of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_sage_scrub" title="Coastal sage scrub">coastal sage scrub</a>, an exogenous plant community, instead of the native dune scrub community. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/El_Segundo_blue_butterfly" class="mw-redirect" title="El Segundo blue butterfly">El Segundo blue butterfly</a> <i>(Euphilotes battoides allyni)</i> became an endangered species. The El Segundo blue butterfly population, which had once extended over 3200 acres along the coastal dunes from Ocean Park to Malaga Cove in <a href="/wiki/Palos_Verdes_Peninsula" title="Palos Verdes Peninsula">Palos Verdes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began to recover when the invasive <a href="/wiki/Eriogonum_fasciculatum" title="Eriogonum fasciculatum">California buckwheat</a> <i>(Eriogonum fasciculatum)</i> was uprooted so that the butterflies' original native plant host, the <a href="/wiki/Dune_buckwheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Dune buckwheat">dune buckwheat</a> <i>(Eriogonum parvifolium),</i> could regain some of its lost habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_plants_termed_%22native%22" title="List of Australian plants termed "native"">List of Australian plants termed "native"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CEQ2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEQ2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515154626/http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo13112.html">"Executive Order 13112"</a>. 2008-05-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ceq.eh.doe.gov/nepa/regs/eos/eo13112.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Order+13112&rft.date=2008-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fceq.eh.doe.gov%2Fnepa%2Fregs%2Feos%2Feo13112.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rhode-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rhode_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.uri.edu/rinativeplants/what-are-native-plants/">"What are native plants?"</a>. University of Rhode Island<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+native+plants%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Rhode+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.uri.edu%2Frinativeplants%2Fwhat-are-native-plants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwautochth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mwautochth_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Autochthonous">"Autochthonous"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Autochthonous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAutochthonous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IntroducedDS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IntroducedDS_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/introduced_species.htm">"Introduced species"</a>. <i>Science Daily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Daily&rft.atitle=Introduced+species&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Fterms%2Fintroduced_species.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oedendemic-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-oedendemic_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Endemic" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Endemic">"Endemic"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endemic&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DEndemic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-envirofacts-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-envirofacts_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719033453/http://www.bcb.uwc.ac.za/envfacts/facts/aliens.htm">Indigenous, Aliens and Invasives</a> Envirofacts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levin2017-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levin2017_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinPoe2017" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Phillip S; Poe, Melissa R. (2017). <i>Conservation for the Anthropocene Ocean: Interdisciplinary Science in Support of Nature and People</i>. Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780128092989" title="Special:BookSources/9780128092989"><bdi>9780128092989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+for+the+Anthropocene+Ocean%3A+Interdisciplinary+Science+in+Support+of+Nature+and+People&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780128092989&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Phillip+S&rft.au=Poe%2C+Melissa+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aitken2018-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aitken2018_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAitken2018" class="citation book cs1">Aitken, Gill (2018). <i>A New Approach to Conservation: The Importance of the Individual through Wildlife Rehabilitation</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351163545" title="Special:BookSources/9781351163545"><bdi>9781351163545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Approach+to+Conservation%3A+The+Importance+of+the+Individual+through+Wildlife+Rehabilitation&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781351163545&rft.aulast=Aitken&rft.aufirst=Gill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemoineSvenning2022" class="citation journal cs1">Lemoine, Rhys T.; Svenning, Jens‐Christian (2022-03-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rec.13636">"Nativeness is not binary—a graduated terminology for native and non‐native species in the Anthropocene"</a>. <i>Restoration Ecology</i>. <b>30</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec.13636">10.1111/rec.13636</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-2971">1061-2971</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246251260">246251260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Restoration+Ecology&rft.atitle=Nativeness+is+not+binary%E2%80%94a+graduated+terminology+for+native+and+non%E2%80%90native+species+in+the+Anthropocene&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2022-03-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246251260%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1061-2971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec.13636&rft.aulast=Lemoine&rft.aufirst=Rhys+T.&rft.au=Svenning%2C+Jens%E2%80%90Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Frec.13636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tallamy2007-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tallamy2007_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallamy2007" class="citation book cs1">Tallamy, Douglas W. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JA45XbUm48gC"><i>Bringing Nature Home: How Native Plants Sustain Wildlife in Our Gardens</i></a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-854-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-854-9"><bdi>978-0-88192-854-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bringing+Nature+Home%3A+How+Native+Plants+Sustain+Wildlife+in+Our+Gardens&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-854-9&rft.aulast=Tallamy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJA45XbUm48gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOduor2022" class="citation journal cs1">Oduor, Ayub M. O. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.17574">"Native plant species show evolutionary responses to invasion by Parthenium hysterophorus in an African savanna"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>233</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">983–</span>994. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.17574">10.1111/nph.17574</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X">0028-646X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=Native+plant+species+show+evolutionary+responses+to+invasion+by+Parthenium+hysterophorus+in+an+African+savanna&rft.volume=233&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E983-%3C%2Fspan%3E994&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.17574&rft.issn=0028-646X&rft.aulast=Oduor&rft.aufirst=Ayub+M.+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.17574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sealwatch.org/resources/Drakes-Estero-Report-05112007red.pdf">"Point Reyes National Seashore, Drakes Estero, A Sheltered Wilderness Estuary", National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, p. 16.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nanps.org/native-plant-societies/">"Native Plant Societies"</a>. nanps.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Plant+Societies&rft.pub=nanps.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnanps.org%2Fnative-plant-societies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildflower.org">"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center"</a>. Wildflower.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lady+Bird+Johnson+Wildflower+Center&rft.pub=Wildflower.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildflower.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stein1993-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stein1993_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein1993" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Sara (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aKcSsRjdB00C"><i>Noah's Garden: Restoring the Ecology of Our Own Back Yards</i></a>. Houghton-Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395709405" title="Special:BookSources/9780395709405"><bdi>9780395709405</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Noah%27s+Garden%3A+Restoring+the+Ecology+of+Our+Own+Back+Yards&rft.pub=Houghton-Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780395709405&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaKcSsRjdB00C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wasowki2000-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wasowki2000_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasowski2000" class="citation book cs1">Wasowski, Andy and Sally (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oqK9GAAACAAJ"><i>The Landscaping Revolution: Garden With Mother Nature, Not Against Her</i></a>. Contemporary Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780809226658" title="Special:BookSources/9780809226658"><bdi>9780809226658</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Landscaping+Revolution%3A+Garden+With+Mother+Nature%2C+Not+Against+Her&rft.pub=Contemporary+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780809226658&rft.aulast=Wasowski&rft.aufirst=Andy+and+Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoqK9GAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tallamy2020-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tallamy2020_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallamy2020" class="citation book cs1">Tallamy, Douglas W. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ToqHDwAAQBAJ"><i>Nature's Best Hope: A New Approach to Conservation That Starts in Your Yard</i></a>. Timber Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604699005" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604699005"><bdi>978-1604699005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Best+Hope%3A+A+New+Approach+to+Conservation+That+Starts+in+Your+Yard&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1604699005&rft.aulast=Tallamy&rft.aufirst=Douglas+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DToqHDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135248/https://watermarkwoods-public.sharepoint.com/nativars">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Nativars" Courtesy of Watermarkwoods.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://watermarkwoods-public.sharepoint.com/nativars">the original</a> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-07-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Nativars%22+Courtesy+of+Watermarkwoods.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwatermarkwoods-public.sharepoint.com%2Fnativars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbanwildlands.org/Resources/perils.pdf">Travis Longcore, Rudi Mattoni, Gordon Pratt, and Catherine Rich, "On the perils of ecological restoration and the El Segundo blue butterfly", in press, for <i>2nd Interface Between Ecology and Land Development in California.</i> Occidental College, April 18-19, 1997 Online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223814/http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/euphilotes_battoides_allyni.pdf">"Black, S. H., and D. M. Vaughan, "Species profile: Euphilotes battoides allyni, El Segundo Blue", <i>Red List of Pollinator Insects of North America.</i> CD - ROM Version 1 (May 2005). Portland, OR: The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. (2005)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xerces.org/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/euphilotes_battoides_allyni.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Black%2C+S.+H.%2C+and+D.+M.+Vaughan%2C+%22Species+profile%3A+Euphilotes+battoides+allyni%2C+El+Segundo+Blue%22%2C+Red+List+of+Pollinator+Insects+of+North+America.+CD+-+ROM+Version+1+%28May+2005%29.+Portland%2C+OR%3A+The+Xerces+Society+for+Invertebrate+Conservation.+%282005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xerces.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2008%2F09%2Feuphilotes_battoides_allyni.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100228/http://www.quinocheckerspot.com/index_files/Page293.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"California's butterflies: The El Segundo Blue", Quino Checkerspot Captive Breeding Program, Vista Murrieta High School. O line"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quinocheckerspot.com/index_files/Page293.htm">the original</a> on 2013-10-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22California%27s+butterflies%3A+The+El+Segundo+Blue%22%2C+Quino+Checkerspot+Captive+Breeding+Program%2C+Vista+Murrieta+High+School.+O+line.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quinocheckerspot.com%2Findex_files%2FPage293.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Native_species&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_D._Thomas2017" class="citation book cs1">Chris D. Thomas (2017). <i>Inheritors of the Earth: How Nature Is Thriving in an Age of Extinction</i>. PublicAffairs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1610397278" title="Special:BookSources/978-1610397278"><bdi>978-1610397278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheritors+of+the+Earth%3A+How+Nature+Is+Thriving+in+an+Age+of+Extinction&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1610397278&rft.au=Chris+D.+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANative+species" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_species&oldid=1273199712">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Native_species&oldid=1273199712</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biogeography" title="Category:Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecological_restoration" title="Category:Ecological restoration">Ecological restoration</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecology_terminology" title="Category:Ecology terminology">Ecology terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Habitat" title="Category:Habitat">Habitat</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2025, at 07:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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