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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kevin Bales</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Kevin Bales</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg/220px-Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg/330px-Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg/440px-Kevin_Bales_at_Chatham_House_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="1860" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Bales at <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> in 2013</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1952-02-09</span>) </span>February 9, 1952<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 72)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Mississippi" title="University of Mississippi">University of Mississippi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> (<a href="/wiki/MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>, <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Bales is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Religious_Society_of_Friends" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Society of Friends">Religious Society of Friends</a> (Quakers)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Anti-slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-slavery">Anti-slavery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/55/">Early innovations in social research: the Poverty Survey of Charles Booth</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1994)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kevin Brian Bales</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">CMG</a></span></span> (born 1952)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> is Professor of Contemporary Slavery at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>, co-author of the <a href="/wiki/Global_Slavery_Index" title="Global Slavery Index">Global Slavery Index</a>, and was a co-founder and previously president of <a href="/wiki/Free_the_Slaves" title="Free the Slaves">Free the Slaves</a>, the US sister organization of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_International" title="Anti-Slavery International">Anti-Slavery International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_and_academic_career">Professional and academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Professional and academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bales graduated from <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City_High_School" title="Ponca City High School">Ponca City High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ponca_City,_Oklahoma" title="Ponca City, Oklahoma">Ponca City, Oklahoma</a>, in 1970. Bales earned his Ph.D. at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> in 1994 with a thesis on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/55/">Early innovations in social research: the Poverty Survey of Charles Booth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also holds a BA in <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, an MA in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>, and an MSc in <a href="/wiki/Economic_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic History">Economic History</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1990, Bales partnered with Simon Pell to form the fund-raising and consulting firm Pell & Bales Ltd.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The firm's stated goal is to raise funds for medical charities, human rights groups, environmental campaigns, overseas development, and the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bales has served as a Trustee of Anti-Slavery International and as a consultant to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Global Program on Trafficking of Human Beings. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He has advised various governments on formulating policy on slavery and human trafficking.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Bales has also done editing in his line of work for the United Nations, and published a report on forced labor in the US with the Human Rights Center at <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 2015, he worked as Professor of Human Rights at the Pozen Family Center for Human Rights at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>. From 2001 to 2005 Bales was a visiting Professor of International Studies at the <a href="/wiki/Croft_Institute_for_International_Studies" title="Croft Institute for International Studies">Croft Institute</a> at the University of Mississippi.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bales has also served as Professor of Contemporary Slavery at the University of Nottingham and as Emeritus Professor of Sociology at <a href="/wiki/Roehampton_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Roehampton University">Roehampton University</a> in London. He served on the board of directors of the <a href="/wiki/International_Cocoa_Initiative" title="International Cocoa Initiative">International Cocoa Initiative</a>, and currently serves on the board of the Freedom Fund.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bales has written several books on modern slavery. One of his best-known books is <i>Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy</i> (1999; revised edition, 2004, further edition 2012), an analysis of five slave-based businesses: <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Thailand" title="Prostitution in Thailand">prostitution in Thailand</a>, the selling of water in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, production of charcoal in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, general <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_India" title="Agriculture in India">agriculture in India</a>, and brickmaking in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Tutu" title="Desmond Tutu">Desmond Tutu</a> called the book "a well researched, scholarly and deeply disturbing expose of modern slavery".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book has been published in ten different languages. The book formed the basis for a film, <i>Slavery: A Global Investigation</i>, made by TrueVision in 2000, which won a <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Peabody Award">Peabody Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-peabody_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peabody-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_recognitions">Awards and recognitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and recognitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000 Bales was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Premio_Viareggio" class="mw-redirect" title="Premio Viareggio">Premio Viareggio</a> prize for his services to humanity. In 2003 he received the Human Rights Award from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Alberta" title="University of Alberta">University of Alberta</a>; in 2004, the Judith Sargeant Murray Award for Human Rights; and in 2005 the Laura Smith Davenport Human Rights Award. In 2006 the association of British Universities named Bales' work as one of the top "100 world-changing discoveries of the last fifty years". Two years later in 2008, Utne Reader named him one of "50 Visionaries Who Are Changing Your World". In 2008 he was also invited to address the Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Paris, and to join in the planning of the 2009 Clinton Global Initiative. The following year he was awarded a Prime Mover fellowship, and in 2010 awarded an honorary doctorate by Loyola University of Chicago for "outstanding service on behalf of human rights and social justice." </p><p>Most recently, Bales received the 2011 <a href="/wiki/University_of_Louisville" title="University of Louisville">University of Louisville</a> <a href="/wiki/Grawemeyer_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grawemeyer Award">Grawemeyer Award</a> for Improving World Order.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bales was appointed <a href="/wiki/Companion_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" class="mw-redirect" title="Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George">Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George</a> (CMG) in the <a href="/wiki/2017_New_Year_Honours" title="2017 New Year Honours">2017 New Year Honours</a> for services to the global antislavery movement.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_2">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bales, Kevin (1999). <i>Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy</i> (2004; 2012) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520243842" title="Special:BookSources/9780520243842">9780520243842</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin (2005). <i>Understanding Global Slavery: A Reader</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520245075" title="Special:BookSources/9780520245075">9780520245075</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin (2005). <i>New Slavery: A Reference Handbook</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781576072394" title="Special:BookSources/9781576072394">9781576072394</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin (2007). <i>Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781435611511" title="Special:BookSources/9781435611511">9781435611511</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin; Trodd, Zoe (2008). <i> To Plead Our Own Cause: Personal Stories by Today's Slaves</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520257962" title="Special:BookSources/9780520257962">9780520257962</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin; Malbert, Roger; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sealy" title="Mark Sealy">Sealy, Mark</a> (2008). <i>Documenting Disposable People: Contemporary Global Slavery</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781853322648" title="Special:BookSources/9781853322648">9781853322648</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin; Soodalter, Ron (2009). <i>The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520268661" title="Special:BookSources/9780520268661">9780520268661</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin; Trodd, Zoe; Williamson, Alex Kent (2009). <i>Modern Slavery: The Secret World of 27 Million People</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851686414" title="Special:BookSources/9781851686414">9781851686414</a></li> <li>Bales, Kevin (2016). <i>Blood and Earth: Modern Slavery, Ecocide, and the Secret to Saving the World</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812995763" title="Special:BookSources/9780812995763">9780812995763</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapters_in_books">Chapters in books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chapters in books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales2003" class="citation cs2">Bales, Kevin (2003), "Because she looks like a child", in <a href="/wiki/Arlie_Russell_Hochschild" title="Arlie Russell Hochschild">Hochschild, Arlie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Ehrenreich, Barbara</a> (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalwomannanni00barb/page/207"><i>Global woman: nannies, maids, and sex workers in the new economy</i></a>, New York: Metropolitan Books, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/globalwomannanni00barb/page/207">207–229</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780805075090" title="Special:BookSources/9780805075090"><bdi>9780805075090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Because+she+looks+like+a+child&rft.btitle=Global+woman%3A+nannies%2C+maids%2C+and+sex+workers+in+the+new+economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=207-229&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780805075090&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fglobalwomannanni00barb%2Fpage%2F207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2007, in response to Kevin Bales' interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i> about Free The Slaves,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Investigative_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Investigative journalist">investigative journalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Parenti" title="Christian Parenti">Christian Parenti</a> wrote a criticism of Bales, alleging he had made false claims about the chocolate industry. Specifically, Parenti argued that "Bales goes around fund raising, flogging his book and promoting himself on the basis that he has successfully reformed the <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate industry">chocolate industry</a> and largely halted its use of <a href="/wiki/Child_labor" class="mw-redirect" title="Child labor">child labor</a> in West Africa. But no such thing has happened... Bales’ organization FTS defended the chocolate industry when the Department of Labor sought to list cocoa as a product tainted by slave and child labor."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bales' work has also come under criticism by sociologist Julia O'Connell Davidson.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hochschild, Adam <i>Bury the Chains: The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery</i>, London:Pan, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBales1994" class="citation thesis cs1">Bales, Kevin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/55/"><i>Early innovations in social research: the Poverty Survey of Charles Booth</i></a> (PhD). London School of Economics and Political Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Early+innovations+in+social+research%3A+the+Poverty+Survey+of+Charles+Booth&rft.inst=London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Bales&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F55%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318162729/http://www.pellandbales.co.uk/?xhtml=pb%2Fxhtml%2Faboutus%2Fdates%2F199012.html&xsl=milestones.xsl">"Pell & Bales - Milestones"</a>. Pellandbales.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pellandbales.co.uk/?xhtml=pb/xhtml/aboutus/dates/199012.html&xsl=milestones.xsl">the original</a> on 2014-03-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pell+%26+Bales+-+Milestones&rft.pub=Pellandbales.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pellandbales.co.uk%2F%3Fxhtml%3Dpb%2Fxhtml%2Faboutus%2Fdates%2F199012.html%26xsl%3Dmilestones.xsl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fundraising.co.uk/news/2011/11/17/pell-amp-bales-raises-its-billionth-pound-charity">"Pell & Bales raises its billionth pound for charity | UK Fundraising"</a>. Fundraising.co.uk. 17 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pell+%26+Bales+raises+its+billionth+pound+for+charity+%26%23124%3B+UK+Fundraising&rft.pub=Fundraising.co.uk&rft.date=2011-11-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fundraising.co.uk%2Fnews%2F2011%2F11%2F17%2Fpell-amp-bales-raises-its-billionth-pound-charity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.powells.com/book/disposable-people-9780520272910">"Disposable People New Slavery in the Global Economy Updated with a New Preface: Kevin Bales: Trade Paperback: 9780520272910: Powell's Books"</a>. <i>www.powells.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.powells.com&rft.atitle=Disposable+People+New+Slavery+in+the+Global+Economy+Updated+with+a+New+Preface%3A+Kevin+Bales%3A+Trade+Paperback%3A+9780520272910%3A+Powell%27s+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.powells.com%2Fbook%2Fdisposable-people-9780520272910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peabody-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-peabody_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/slavery">"Slavery"</a>. <i>www.peabodyawards.com</i>. Peabody Awards<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peabodyawards.com&rft.atitle=Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peabodyawards.com%2Faward-profile%2Fslavery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grawemeyer.org/news-updates/plan-to-end-slavery-earns-grawemeyer-award-1">The Grawemeyer Awards: <i>Plan to end slavery earns Grawemeyer Award</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928224218/http://grawemeyer.org/news-updates/plan-to-end-slavery-earns-grawemeyer-award-1">Archived</a> 2011-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved 14 December 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette61803" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/61803/supplement/N3">"No. 61803"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 December 2016. p. N3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+61803&rft.pages=N3&rft.date=2016-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F61803%2Fsupplement%2FN3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2009/9/9/the_slave_next_door_human_trafficking">"The Slave Next Door: Human Trafficking and Slavery in America Today"</a>. Democracy Now!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Slave+Next+Door%3A+Human+Trafficking+and+Slavery+in+America+Today&rft.pub=Democracy+Now%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2009%2F9%2F9%2Fthe_slave_next_door_human_trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/blog/2009/9/14/free_the_truth_a_response_to_kevin_bales">"Christian Parenti responds to Kevin Bales"</a>. Democracy Now!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christian+Parenti+responds+to+Kevin+Bales&rft.pub=Democracy+Now%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2Fblog%2F2009%2F9%2F14%2Ffree_the_truth_a_response_to_kevin_bales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/us/book/9781137297273"><i>Modern Slavery - The Margins of Freedom | Julia O'Connell Davidson | Palgrave Macmillan</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Slavery+-+The+Margins+of+Freedom+%7C+Julia+O%27Connell+Davidson+%7C+Palgrave+Macmillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palgrave.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2F9781137297273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKevin+Bales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_Bales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freetheslaves.net/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090505165714/http://www.kuow.org/program.php?id=14490">Speaker's Forum: Kevin Bales - How to End Slavery</a> (audio), <a href="/wiki/KUOW-FM" title="KUOW-FM">KUOW-FM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/speakers/kevin_bales">Kevin Bales</a> at <a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1740079#P2611" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <ul><li>TED Talk: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/kevin_bales_how_to_combat_modern_slavery">How to combat modern slavery</a> (TED2010), also on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HUM2rCIUdeI">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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