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.ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Convening_authority_(court-martial)&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Convening_authority_(court-martial)" title="Talk:Convening authority (court-martial)">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_justice" title="Military justice">military law</a>, a <b>convening authority</b> is an individual with certain legal powers granted under either the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (i.e. the regular military justice system) or the <a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2009" title="Military Commissions Act of 2009">Military Commissions Act of 2009</a> (for the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo military commissions">Guantanamo military commissions</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convening_authority_(court-martial)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uniform Code of Military Justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "convening authority" is used in the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a> (UCMJ) when referring to an individual whose function is of critical importance in the US military justice system. The persons who may exercise this authority are defined in article 22 (<a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/822">§ 822</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial_of_the_United_States#General_court-martial" title="Courts-martial of the United States">general court-martial</a>, article 23 (<a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/823">§ 823</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial_of_the_United_States#Special_court-martial" title="Courts-martial of the United States">special court-martial</a>, and article 24 (<a href="/wiki/Title_10_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 10 of the United States Code">10 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/824">§ 824</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Courts-martial_of_the_United_States#Summary_court-martial" title="Courts-martial of the United States">summary court-martial</a>. The convening authority decides on the disposition of cases to investigation and trial, and also selects the members of a court-martial.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The appointees serve as the military judge and members of the "panel", which decides the guilt or innocence of a person standing trial before the court-martial or military commission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Doesn't the convening authority ALSO appoint individuals to article 15 hearings -- which are not courts martial (March 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Convening_authority_(court-martial)#what_about_article_15_hearings..." title="Talk:Convening authority (court-martial)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Enlisted members on trial may demand that enlisted members be included on the panel. The court-martial then reports back to the convening authority their recommended verdict.<sup id="cite_ref-UsCodeConveningAuthority_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UsCodeConveningAuthority-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike a civilian trial, the convening authority's "command prerogative" entitles them to amend or overturn the sentence of a court-martial. However, the convening authority may not set aside a finding of not guilty or increase the severity of a recommended punishment. </p><p>While normally only exercised in practice by members of the armed forces, six civilian officials can also act as a convening authority: the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a>, the three "service secretaries" (the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Army">Secretary of the Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a> (when the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> is under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> and has not been transferred to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">Department of the Navy</a> under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_Commissions_Act">Military Commissions Act</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convening_authority_(court-martial)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military Commissions Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The individual in overall charge of the <a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Guantanamo military commissions">Guantanamo military commissions</a> is also called the convening authority. Their position broadly mirrors the provisions found in the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (July 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Convening_authority_(court-martial)#Dubious" title="Talk:Convening authority (court-martial)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> The first three incumbents were civilian officials, although the first and third incumbents, <a href="/wiki/John_D._Altenburg" title="John D. Altenburg">John D. Altenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruce_MacDonald_(American_lawyer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruce MacDonald (American lawyer)">Bruce MacDonald</a>, were retired military <a href="/wiki/Flag_officer" title="Flag officer">flag officers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ-Altenburg-Quit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-Altenburg-Quit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newsweek-2010-03-24_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-2010-03-24-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Susan_J._Crawford" title="Susan J. Crawford">Susan J. Crawford</a>, the second convening authority, had been a long-term senior civilian lawyer for the Department of Defense, eventually serving as the <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General">Inspector General</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AppointMil20070207_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AppointMil20070207-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convening_authority_(court-martial)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Commissions_Act_of_2006" title="Military Commissions Act of 2006">Military Commissions Act of 2006</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Convening_authority_(court-martial)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.military.com/benefits/military-legal-matters/commanding-officers-convening-authority.html">"Commanding Officers Convening Authority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Military.com" title="Military.com">Military.com</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span></span>. <q>In referring a matter to court-martial, the CO becomes the convening authority. As such, the CO decides what charges to refer to the court-martial; what type of courts-martial; and selects the court-martial members (jury).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Commanding+Officers+Convening+Authority&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.military.com%2Fbenefits%2Fmilitary-legal-matters%2Fcommanding-officers-convening-authority.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvening+authority+%28court-martial%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UsCodeConveningAuthority-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UsCodeConveningAuthority_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/860-">"§ 860. Art. 60. Action by the convening authority"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell University Law School">Cornell University Law School</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span></span>. <q>The findings and sentence of a court-martial shall be reported promptly to the convening authority after the announcement of the sentence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C2%A7+860.+Art.+60.+Action+by+the+convening+authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F10%2F860-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvening+authority+%28court-martial%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ-Altenburg-Quit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WSJ-Altenburg-Quit_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2006/11/15/head-of-military-commissions-quits/?mod=blogs">"Head of Military Commissions Quits"</a>. Wall Street Journal. November 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Head+of+Military+Commissions+Quits&rft.date=2006-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fwashwire%2F2006%2F11%2F15%2Fhead-of-military-commissions-quits%2F%3Fmod%3Dblogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvening+authority+%28court-martial%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek-2010-03-24-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek-2010-03-24_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Isikoff2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Isikoff" title="Michael Isikoff">Michael Isikoff</a> (2010-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328122319/http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/archive/2010/03/24/pentagon-to-name-new-chief-for-military-commissions-in-sign-that-gitmo-trials-may-move-forward.aspx">"Pentagon to Name New Chief for Military Commissions in Sign That Gitmo Trials May Move Forward"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.newsweek.com/blogs/declassified/archive/2010/03/24/pentagon-to-name-new-chief-for-military-commissions-in-sign-that-gitmo-trials-may-move-forward.aspx">the original</a> on 2010-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-14</span></span>. <q>The appointment of retired Admiral Bruce MacDonald, who formerly served as the chief Judge Advocate of the Navy, as the new "convening authority" for the Office of Military Commissions is among the most important moves in an apparent gearing up for the expected new wave of trials.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pentagon+to+Name+New+Chief+for+Military+Commissions+in+Sign+That+Gitmo+Trials+May+Move+Forward&rft.date=2010-03-24&rft.au=Michael+Isikoff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.newsweek.com%2Fblogs%2Fdeclassified%2Farchive%2F2010%2F03%2F24%2Fpentagon-to-name-new-chief-for-military-commissions-in-sign-that-gitmo-trials-may-move-forward.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvening+authority+%28court-martial%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AppointMil20070207-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AppointMil20070207_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080710192619/http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=10493">"Seasoned Judge Tapped to Head Detainee Trials"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a>. February 7, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=10493">the original</a> on 2008-07-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seasoned+Judge+Tapped+to+Head+Detainee+Trials&rft.pub=Department+of+Defense.&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenselink.mil%2FReleases%2FRelease.aspx%3FReleaseID%3D10493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConvening+authority+%28court-martial%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_Military_Judicial_Authority" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8:_Powers_of_Congress" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">United States Constitution, Article I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Code_of_Military_Justice" title="Uniform Code of Military Justice">Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/40px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/60px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/80px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Manual_for_Courts-Martial" title="Manual for Courts-Martial">Manual for Courts-Martial</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Convening authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps (JAG)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Army</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps, Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Judge Advocate General of the United States Army">Army JAG</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Marine Corps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_Judge_Advocate_Division" title="United States Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division">Marine Corps Judge Advocate Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Navy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps, Navy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General_of_the_Navy" title="Judge Advocate General of the Navy">Navy JAG</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Air Force</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Corps" title="United States Air Force Judge Advocate General's Corps">Judge Advocate General's Corps, Air Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coast Guard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard_Legal_Division" title="United States Coast Guard Legal Division">Coast Guard Legal Division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Non-judicial punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-judicial_punishment" title="Non-judicial punishment">UCMJ Article 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Military tribunals in the United States">Military tribunals in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Court systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Trial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courts-martial_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Courts-martial in the United States">Courts-martial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guantanamo_military_commission" title="Guantanamo military commission">Guantanamo military commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Appeal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals">Army Court of Criminal Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals">Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coast_Guard_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals">Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy-Marine_Corps_Court_of_Criminal_Appeals" title="Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals">Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Military_Commission_Review" title="United States Court of Military Commission Review">Court of Military Commission Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Discretionary<br 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