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id="toc-Origin_of_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Contemporary usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Andalusian_and_Islamic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andalusian_and_Islamic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Andalusian and Islamic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andalusian_and_Islamic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_convention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_convention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literary convention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literary_convention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literary convention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literary_convention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lyric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lyric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Romance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allegory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allegory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Allegory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allegory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span><span><i>Midons</i></span></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Later influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Points_of_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Points_of_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Points of controversy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Points_of_controversy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Points of controversy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Points_of_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Sexuality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-world_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-world_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Real-world practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-world_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts_of_love" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts_of_love"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Courts of love</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts_of_love-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courtly_love_as_a_response_to_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courtly_love_as_a_response_to_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Courtly love as a response to religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courtly_love_as_a_response_to_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Stages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Medieval sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Courtly love</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofse_liefde" title="Hoofse liefde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hoofse liefde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minne" title="Minne – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Minne" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84" title="حب نبيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حب نبيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Куртоазна любов – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Куртоазна любов" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_cort%C3%A8s" title="Amor cortès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amor cortès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serch_llys" title="Serch llys – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Serch llys" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minne" title="Minne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αυλικός έρωτας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυλικός έρωτας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_cort%C3%A9s" title="Amor cortés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amor cortés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korteza_amo" title="Korteza amo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Korteza amo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%82_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="عشق شهسوارانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عشق شهسوارانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amour_courtois" title="Amour courtois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amour courtois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_cort%C3%A9s" title="Amor cortés – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amor cortés" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B6%81%EC%A0%95%EC%97%B0%EC%95%A0" title="궁정연애 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="궁정연애" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorska_ljubav" title="Dvorska ljubav – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dvorska ljubav" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinta_bahaduri" title="Cinta bahaduri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cinta bahaduri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_cortese" title="Amor cortese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amor cortese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კურტუაზია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კურტუაზია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurtuazin%C4%97_literat%C5%ABra" title="Kurtuazinė literatūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kurtuazinė literatūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_cortes" title="Amor cortes – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Amor cortes" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoofse_liefde" title="Hoofse liefde – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hoofse liefde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8D" title="ミンネ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミンネ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fin%27_amor" title="Fin' amor – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Fin' amor" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trubadurzy_(literatura)#Fin'_amors_–_miłość_dworska" title="Trubadurzy (literatura) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Trubadurzy (literatura)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amor_cort%C3%AAs" title="Amor cortês – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amor cortês" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragoste_de_curte" title="Dragoste de curte – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dragoste de curte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Courtly love" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%99%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Дворска љубав – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дворска љубав" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvorska_ljubav" title="Dvorska ljubav – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dvorska ljubav" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hovikirjallisuus" title="Hovikirjallisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hovikirjallisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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</nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg/220px-Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg/330px-Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg/440px-Leighton-God_Speed%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2904" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/God_Speed_(painting)" title="God Speed (painting)"><i>God Speed!</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Blair_Leighton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Blair Leighton">Edmund Blair Leighton</a>, 1900: a late Victorian view of a lady giving a favor to a knight about to go into battle</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Courtly love</b> (<a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a>: <i lang="oc">fin'amor</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="oc-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">[finaˈmuɾ]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">amour courtois</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[amuʁ<span class="wrap"> </span>kuʁtwa]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval European</a> literary conception of love that emphasized nobility and <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>. Medieval literature is filled with examples of knights setting out on adventures and performing various deeds or services for ladies because of their "courtly love". This kind of love was originally a <a href="/wiki/Literary_fiction" title="Literary fiction">literary fiction</a> created for the entertainment of the nobility, but as time passed, these ideas about love spread to popular culture and attracted a larger literate audience. In the high Middle Ages, a "game of love" developed around these ideas as a set of social practices. "Loving nobly" was considered to be an enriching and improving practice.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1968_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1968-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Courtly love began in the <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">ducal and princely courts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Aquitaine" title="Duchy of Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Provence" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Provence">Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">ducal Burgundy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Kingdom_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Kingdom of Sicily">Norman Kingdom of Sicily</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ousby,_p._213_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ousby,_p._213-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the end of the eleventh century. In essence, courtly love was an experience between <a href="/wiki/Eroticism" title="Eroticism">erotic desire</a> and spiritual attainment, "a love at once illicit and morally elevating, passionate and <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">disciplined</a>, humiliating and exalting, human and <a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1968vii_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1968vii-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The topic was prominent with both musicians and poets, being frequently used by <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvères</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Minnes%C3%A4nger" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesänger">Minnesänger</a></i></span>. The topic was also popular with major writers, including <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Love" title="Category:Love">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;padding:0 0.2em 0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0 0 1.0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Red-outline heart icon"><img alt="Red-outline heart icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/45px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/68px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg/90px-Heart_icon_red_hollow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Red-outline heart icon</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Types of love</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affection" title="Affection">Affection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_heart" title="Broken heart">Broken heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_love" title="Compassionate love">Compassionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjugal_love" title="Conjugal love">Conjugal love</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Courtly love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Courtship" title="Courtship">courtship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falling_in_love" title="Falling in love">Falling in love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship" title="Friendship">Friendship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-sex_friendship" title="Cross-sex friendship">cross-sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_friendship" title="Romantic friendship">romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_zone" title="Friend zone">zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" title="Interpersonal attraction">Interpersonal attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limerence" title="Limerence">Limerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_addiction" title="Love addiction">Love addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" title="Love at first sight">Love at first sight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">Love triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">Lovesickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovestruck" title="Lovestruck">Lovestruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionate_and_companionate_love" title="Passionate and companionate love">Passionate and companionate love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_love" title="Platonic love">Platonic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_love" title="Puppy love">Puppy love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queerplatonic_relationship" title="Queerplatonic relationship">Queerplatonic relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Self-love</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amour_de_soi" title="Amour de soi">Amour de soi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_love" title="Unconditional love">Unconditional love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unrequited_love" title="Unrequited love">Unrequited love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Social views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Ren_(Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ren (Confucianism)">Ren</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language text"><i lang="zh"><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>French <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Amour-propre" title="Amour-propre">Amour-propre</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_love" title="Greek love">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_words_for_love" title="Greek words for love">words for love</a></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">Eros</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Ludus" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Ludus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Mania" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Mania</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Self-love" title="Self-love">Philautia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">Philia</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Philos</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love#Pragma" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Pragma</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">Storgḗ</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Xenia_(Greek)" title="Xenia (Greek)">Xenia</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Indian <ul><li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Sanskrit-language text"><i lang="sa"><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Maitrī</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Islamic <ul><li><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_love" title="Jewish views on love">Jewish</a> <ul><li><span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he"><a href="/wiki/Chesed" title="Chesed">Chesed</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Latin <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Amor</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Caritas</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="/wiki/Saudade" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li>Yaghan <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mamihlapinatapai" title="Mamihlapinatapai">Mamihlapinatapai</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cee0f2;background:none;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_wheel_theory_of_love" class="mw-redirect" title="Color wheel theory of love">Color wheel theory of love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_of_romantic_love" title="Biology of romantic love">Biology of romantic love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_letter" title="Love letter">Love letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">Love of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentine%27s_Day" title="Valentine's Day">Valentine's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love" title="Philosophy of love">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_love" title="Religious views on love">Religious views</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_love_and_lust_deities" title="List of love and lust deities">love deities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere-exposure_effect" title="Mere-exposure effect">Mere-exposure effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Heart" title="Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Similarity_(psychology)" title="Similarity (psychology)">Similarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_theory_of_love" title="Triangular theory of love">Triangular theory of love</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Love_sidebar" title="Template talk:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Love_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Love sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_term">Origin of term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_usage">Contemporary usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contemporary usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "courtly love" appears in only one extant source: <a href="/wiki/Old_Occitan" title="Old Occitan">Provençal</a> <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">cortez amors</i></span> in a late 12th-century poem by <a href="/wiki/Peire_d%27Alvernhe" title="Peire d'Alvernhe">Peire d'Alvernhe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Provençal language">Provençal</a> term <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">fin'amor</i></span> ("fine love") which appears frequently in poetry, as well as its German translation <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">hohe Minne</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provençal also uses the terms <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">verai'amors</i></span>, <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">bon'amors</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoase1977_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase1977-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_usage">Modern usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:16.15em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:25em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1880 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.92em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1885 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.88em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.83em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1890 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.75em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1895 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.71em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1900 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.62em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1905 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1910 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.46em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.42em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1915 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1920 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1925 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.21em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1930 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.12em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1935 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">1940 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:0em;height:25em;float:left;border:none"></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:25em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:23.750em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1883_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1883-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:18.333em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Freeman_Mott" title="Lewis Freeman Mott">Lewis Freeman Mott</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMott1896_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMott1896-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:17.083em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/William_Allan_Neilson" title="William Allan Neilson">William Allan Neilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeilson1899_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeilson1899-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.500em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jeanroy" title="Alfred Jeanroy">Alfred Jeanroy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanroy1934_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanroy1934-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.667em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1936_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1936-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:13em">Formation of the modern usage of the term</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The modern use of the term "courtly love" comes from <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Gaston Paris</a>. He used the term <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">amour courtois</i></span> ("courtly love") in a 1883 article discussing the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1181).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1883_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1883-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his article, Paris outlined four principal characteristics of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">amour courtois</i></span>: </p> <ol><li>The love is illegitimate, furtive (ie. <a href="/wiki/Adulterous" class="mw-redirect" title="Adulterous">adulterous</a>).</li> <li>The male lover is in an inferior position and the woman in an elevated one.</li> <li>The man does quests, tests, or trials in the woman's name.</li> <li>There is an art to it, it has rules, in the same vein as chivalry or courtesy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1883_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1883-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Paris used it as a descriptive phrase, not a technical term, and used it interchangeably with the phrase <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">amour chevaleresque</i></span>. Nonetheless, other scholars began using it as a technical term after him. </p><p>In 1896, <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Freeman_Mott" title="Lewis Freeman Mott">Lewis Freeman Mott</a> applied the term "courtly love" to <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>'s love for Beatrice in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Vita_Nuova" title="La Vita Nuova">La Vita Nuova</a></i> (1294).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMott1896_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMott1896-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two relationships are very different — Lancelot and Guinevere are secret adulterous lovers, while Dante and Beatrice had no actual romantic relationship and only met twice in their whole lives. Nonetheless, the manner in which the two men describe their devotion to and quasi-religious adoration of their ladies is similar. </p><p>In 1936, <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Allegory_of_Love" title="The Allegory of Love">The Allegory of Love</a></i> which popularized the term "courtly love". He defined it as a "love of a highly specialized sort, whose characteristics may be enumerated as Humility, Courtesy, Adultery, and the Religion of Love".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis19362_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19362-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1964, Mosché Lazar differentiated three separate categories within "courtly love."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazar1964_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazar1964-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars debate whether "courtly love" constitutes a coherent idea. </p><p><a href="/wiki/D._W._Robertson_Jr." title="D. W. Robertson Jr.">D. W. Robertson Jr.</a> said, "the connotations of the term <i>courtly love</i> are so vague and flexible that its utility for purposes of definition has become questionable."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1962_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1962-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John C. Moore called it "a term used for a number of different, in some cases contradictory, conceptions" and called it "a mischievous term which should be abandoned".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1979_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger Boase admitted the term "has been subjected to a bewildering variety of uses and definitions", but nonetheless defended the concept of courtly love as real and useful.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoase1977_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase1977-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/E._Talbot_Donaldson" title="E. Talbot Donaldson">E. Talbot Donaldson</a> criticized its usage as a technical term as an <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1970_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1970-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Richard Trachsler says that "the concept of courtly literature is linked to the idea of the existence of courtly texts, texts produced and read by men and women sharing some kind of elaborate culture they all have in common". He argues that many of the texts that scholars claim to be courtly also include "uncourtly" texts, and argues that there is no clear way to determine "where courtliness ends and uncourtliness starts" because readers would enjoy texts which were supposed to be entirely courtly without realizing they were also enjoying texts which were uncourtly. This presents a clear problem in the understanding of courtliness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrachsler2006_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrachsler2006-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png/220px-Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png/330px-Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png/440px-Court_of_Love_in_Provence_in_the_Fourteenth_Century_Manuscript_of_the_National_Library_of_Paris.png 2x" data-file-width="824" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Court of Love in Provence in the 14th century (after a manuscript in the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale">Bibliothèque Nationale</a>, Paris)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg/220px-Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg/330px-Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg/440px-Siege_castle_love_Louvre_OA6933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2525" /></a><figcaption>Warfare imagery: the <i><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_the_Castle_of_Love" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of the Castle of Love">Siege of the Castle of Love</a></i> on an ivory mirror-back, possibly Paris, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350–1370 (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of courtly love developed in the <a href="/wiki/Noble_court" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble court">castle life</a> of four regions: <a href="/wiki/Aquitaine" title="Aquitaine">Aquitaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Burgundy" title="Duchy of Burgundy">ducal Burgundy</a>, from around the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> (1099). <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a> (1124–1204) brought ideals of courtly love from Aquitaine first to the court of France, then to England (she became queen-consort in each of these two realms in succession). Her daughter <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Champagne" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie de Champagne">Marie, Countess of Champagne</a> (1145–1198) brought courtly behavior to the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Champagne" title="Count of Champagne">Count of Champagne</a>'s court. Courtly love found expression in the lyric poems written by <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/William_IX_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="William IX of Aquitaine">William IX, Duke of Aquitaine</a> (1071–1126), one of the first troubadour poets. </p><p>Poets adopted the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudalism</a>, declaring themselves the <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> of the lady. The troubadour's model of the ideal lady was the wife of his employer or lord, a lady of higher status, usually the rich and powerful female head of the castle. When her husband was away on <a href="/wiki/Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusade">Crusade</a> or elsewhere she dominated the household and cultural affairs; sometimes this was the case even when the husband was at home. The poet gave voice to the aspirations of the <a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">courtier</a> class, for only those who were noble could engage in courtly love. This new kind of love saw nobility not based on wealth and family history, but on character and actions; such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devotion" class="extiw" title="wikt:devotion">devotion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knightly_piety" class="mw-redirect" title="Knightly piety">piety</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gallantry" class="extiw" title="wikt:gallantry">gallantry</a>, thus appealing to poorer knights who saw an avenue for advancement. </p><p>By the late 12th century <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Capellanus" title="Andreas Capellanus">Andreas Capellanus</a>' highly influential work <i><a href="/wiki/De_amore_(Andreas_Capellanus)" title="De amore (Andreas Capellanus)">De amore</a></i> had codified the rules of courtly love. <i>De amore</i> lists such rules as:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_amore_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_amore-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Marriage is no real excuse for not loving."</li> <li>"He who is not jealous cannot love."</li> <li>"No one can be bound by a double love."</li> <li>"When made public love rarely endures."</li></ul> <p>Much of its structure and its sentiments derived from <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ars_amatoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ars amatoria">Ars amatoria</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ousby,_p._214_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ousby,_p._214-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andalusian_and_Islamic_influence">Andalusian and Islamic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Andalusian and Islamic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One theory holds that courtly love in Southern France was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Arabic_poetry" title="Arabic poetry">Arabic poetry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. </p><p>In contemporary Andalusian writing, <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACawq_al-%E1%B8%A4am%C4%81mah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawq al-Ḥamāmah">Ṭawq al-Ḥamāmah</a></i> (<i>The Ring of the Dove</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a> is a treatise on love which emphasizes restraint and chastity. <i><a href="/wiki/Tarjum%C4%81n_al-Ashw%C4%81q" title="Tarjumān al-Ashwāq">Tarjumān al-Ashwāq</a></i> (<i>The Translator of Desires</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> is a collection of love poetry. Outside of Al-Andalus, <i>Kitab al-Zahra</i> (<i>Book of the Flower</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri#Divine_Love" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Ibn Dawud</a> and <i>Risala fi'l-Ishq</i> (<i>Treatise of Love</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina</a> are roughly contemporary treaties on love. Ibn Arabi and Ibn Sina both weave together themes of sensual love with divine love.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoase197765–66_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase197765–66-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gustave_E._von_Grunebaum" title="Gustave E. von Grunebaum">Gustave E. von Grunebaum</a>, notions of "love for love's sake" and "exaltation of the beloved lady" can be traced back to Arabic literature of the 9th and 10th centuries. The ennobling power of love is overtly discussed in <i>Risala fi'l-Ishq</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum1952233-4_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum1952233-4-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an argument outlined by <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">María Rosa Menocal</a> in <i>The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History</i> (1987), in 11th-century Spain, a group of wandering poets appeared who would go from court to court, and sometimes travel to Christian courts in southern France, a situation closely mirroring what would happen in southern France about a century later. Contacts between these Spanish poets and the French troubadours were frequent. The metrical forms used by the Spanish poets resembled those later used by the troubadours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenocal1987_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenocal1987-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The historic analysis of courtly love varies between different schools of historians. That sort of history which views the early Middle Ages dominated by a prudish and patriarchal theocracy views courtly love as a "humanist" reaction to the puritanical views of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-O'Siodhachain_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Siodhachain-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars who endorse this view value courtly love for its exaltation of femininity as an ennobling, spiritual, and moral force, in contrast to the ironclad chauvinism of the first and second estates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The condemnation of courtly love in the beginning of the 13th century by the church as heretical, is seen by these scholars as the Church's attempt to put down this "sexual rebellion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Siodhachain_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Siodhachain-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, other scholars note that courtly love was certainly tied to the Church's effort to civilize the crude Germanic feudal codes in the late 11th century. It has also been suggested that the prevalence of arranged marriages required other outlets for the expression of more personal occurrences of romantic love, and thus it was not in reaction to the prudery or patriarchy of the Church but to the nuptial customs of the era that courtly love arose.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougemont1956_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougemont1956-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Germanic cultural world, a special form of courtly love can be found, namely <i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Minne#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Minne">Minne</a></i>. </p><p>At times, the lady could be a <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Princesse_lointaine" title="Princesse lointaine">princesse lointaine</a></i></span>, a far-away princess, and some tales told of men who had fallen in love with women whom they had never seen, merely on hearing their perfection described, but normally she was not so distant. As the <a href="/wiki/Etiquette" title="Etiquette">etiquette</a> of courtly love became more complicated, the knight might wear the colors of his lady: where blue or black were sometimes the colors of faithfulness, green could be a sign of unfaithfulness. Salvation, previously found in the hands of the priesthood, now came from the hands of one's lady. In some cases, there were also women troubadours who expressed the same sentiment for men. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_convention">Literary convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Literary convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The literary convention of courtly love can be found in most of the major authors of the Middle Ages, such as <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Chaucer" title="Geoffrey Chaucer">Geoffrey Chaucer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Gower" title="John Gower">John Gower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_de_France" title="Marie de France">Marie de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chretien_de_Troyes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chretien de Troyes">Chretien de Troyes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Malory" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>. The medieval <a href="/wiki/Genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Genres">genres</a> in which courtly love conventions can be found include the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_poetry" title="Lyric poetry">lyric</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">romance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyric">Lyric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lyric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courtly love was born in the lyric, first appearing with Provençal poets in the 11th century, including itinerant and courtly <a href="/wiki/Minstrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrels">minstrels</a> such as the French troubadours and <a href="/wiki/Trouv%C3%A8re" title="Trouvère">trouvères</a>, as well as the writers of lays. Texts about courtly love, including lays, were often set to music by troubadours or minstrels. According to scholar Ardis Butterfield, courtly love is "the air which many genres of troubadour song breathe".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not much is known about how, when, where, and for whom these pieces were performed, but we can infer that the pieces were performed at court by troubadours, trouvères, or the courtiers themselves. This can be inferred because people at court were encouraged or expected to be "courtly" and be proficient in many different areas, including music. Several troubadours became extremely wealthy playing the fiddle and singing their songs about courtly love for a courtly audience. </p><p>It is difficult to know how and when these songs were performed because most of the information on these topics is provided in the music itself. One lay, the "Lay of Lecheor", says that after a lay was composed, "Then the lay was preserved / Until it was known everywhere / For those who were skilled musicians / On viol, harp and rote / Carried it forth from that region…"<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars have to then decide whether to take this description as truth or fiction. </p><p>Period examples of performance practice, of which there are few, show a quiet scene with a household servant performing for the king or lord and a few other people, usually unaccompanied. According to scholar Christopher Page, whether or not a piece was accompanied depended on the availability of instruments and people to accompany—in a courtly setting.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For troubadours or minstrels, pieces were often accompanied by fiddle, also called a <a href="/wiki/Vielle" title="Vielle">vielle</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>. Courtly musicians also played the vielle and the harp, as well as different types of <a href="/wiki/Viol" title="Viol">viols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flute" title="Flute">flutes</a>. </p><p>This French tradition spread later to the German <a href="/wiki/Minnes%C3%A4nger" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesänger">Minnesänger</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also influenced the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_School" title="Sicilian School">Sicilian School</a> of Italian vernacular poetry, as well as <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance">Romance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Romance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png/170px-Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png/255px-Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png/340px-Sir_Launcelot_greets_Queen_Guinevere.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a> in <a href="/wiki/Howard_Pyle" title="Howard Pyle">Howard Pyle</a>'s illustration for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Champions_of_the_Round_Table" title="The Story of the Champions of the Round Table">The Story of the Champions of the Round Table</a></i> (1905)</figcaption></figure> <p>The vernacular poetry of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">romans courtois</i></span>, or <a href="/wiki/Romance_(heroic_literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance (heroic literature)">courtly romances</a>, included many examples of courtly love. Some of them are set within the cycle of poems celebrating <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a>'s court. This was a literature of leisure, directed to a largely female audience for the first time in European history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allegory">Allegory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Allegory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allegory_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegory in the Middle Ages">Allegory in the Middle Ages</a></div> <p>Allegory is common in the romantic literature of the Middle Ages, and it was often used to interpret what was already written. There is a strong connection between religious imagery and human sexual love in medieval writings. </p><p>The tradition of medieval allegory began in part with the interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a> in the Bible. Some medieval writers thought that the book should be taken literally as an erotic text; others believed that the Song of Songs was a metaphor for the relationship between Christ and the church and that the book could not even exist without that as its metaphorical meaning. Still others claimed that the book was written literally about sex but that this meaning must be "superseded by meanings related to Christ, to the church and to the individual Christian soul".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marie de France's <a href="/wiki/Lais_of_Marie_de_France" title="Lais of Marie de France">lai</a> "<a href="/wiki/Eliduc" title="Eliduc">Eliduc</a>" toys with the idea that human romantic love is a symbol for God's love when two people love each other so fully and completely that they leave each other for God, separating and moving to different religious environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Potkay,_135_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potkay,_135-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the main character's first wife leaves her husband and becomes a nun so that he can marry his new lover.<sup id="cite_ref-Potkay,_135_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potkay,_135-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allegorical treatment of courtly love is also found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lorris" title="Guillaume de Lorris">Guillaume de Lorris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walters_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, a man becomes enamored with an individual rose on a rosebush, attempting to pick it and finally succeeding. The rose represents the female body, but the romance also contains lengthy digressive "discussions on free will versus determinism as well as on optics and the influence of heavenly bodies on human behavior".<sup id="cite_ref-Walters_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walters-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midons"><span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">Midons</i></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Midons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Courtly love in <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadour</a> poetry is associated with the word <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">midons</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1936_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1936-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">Midons</i></span> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> phrase "my lord", <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mihi#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:mihi">mihi</a></i> <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dominus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:dominus">dominus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonson2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonson2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mi</i></span> part is alternatively interpreted as coming from <i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meus#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:meus">meus</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonson2007_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonson2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mia</i></span>, though the meaning is unchanged regardless.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198050_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198050-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Troubadours beginning with <a href="/wiki/William_IX,_Duke_of_Aquitaine" title="William IX, Duke of Aquitaine">Guilhem de Poitou</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would address the lady as <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">midons</i></span>, flattering her by addressing her as his lord and also serving as an ambiguous code-name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By refusing to disclose his lady's name, the troubadour permitted every woman in the audience, notably the patron's wife, to think that it was she; then, besides making her the object of a secret passion—it was <i>always</i> covert romance—by making her his lord he flashed her an aggrandized image of herself. She was more than "just" a woman: She was a man. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Meg Bogin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>These points of multiple meaning and ambiguity facilitated a "coquetry of class", allowing the male troubadours to use the images of women as a means to gain social status with other men, but simultaneously, Bogin suggests, voiced deeper longings for the audience: "In this way, the sexual expressed the social and the social the sexual; and in the poetry of courtly love the static hierarchy of feudalism was uprooted and transformed to express a world of motion and transformation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198056_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198056-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_influence">Later influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through such routes as Capellanus's record of the Courts of Love<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the later works of <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_love#Petrarchism" title="Philosophy of love">Petrarchism</a> (as well as the continuing influence of Ovid),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the themes of courtly love were not confined to the medieval, but appear both in serious and comic forms in early modern Europe. Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i>, for example, shows Romeo attempting to love Rosaline in an almost contrived courtly fashion while Mercutio mocks him for it; and both in his plays and his sonnets the writer can be seen appropriating the conventions of courtly love for his own ends.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gallico" title="Paul Gallico">Paul Gallico</a>'s 1939 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Hiram_Holliday" title="The Adventures of Hiram Holliday">The Adventures of Hiram Holliday</a></i> depicts a Romantic modern American consciously seeking to model himself on the ideal medieval knight. Among other things, when finding himself in Austria in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>, he saves a <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> princess who is threatened by the Nazis, acts towards her in strict accordance with the maxims of courtly love and finally wins her after fighting a duel with her aristocratic betrothed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Points_of_controversy">Points of controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Points of controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexuality">Sexuality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sexuality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A point of ongoing controversy about courtly love is to what extent it was sexual. All courtly love was erotic to some degree, and not purely platonic—the troubadours speak of the physical beauty of their ladies and the feelings and desires the ladies arouse in them. However, it is unclear what a poet should do: live a life of perpetual desire channeling his energies to higher ends, or physically consummate. Scholars have seen it both ways. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont" title="Denis de Rougemont">Denis de Rougemont</a> said that the troubadours were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a> doctrines which rejected the pleasures of the flesh and that they were metaphorically addressing the spirit and soul of their ladies. Rougemont also said that courtly love subscribed to the code of <a href="/wiki/Chivalry" title="Chivalry">chivalry</a>, and therefore a knight's loyalty was always to his King before his mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougemont1956_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERougemont1956-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Edmund Reiss claimed it was also a spiritual love, but a love that had more in common with Christian love, or <i><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">caritas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, scholars such as Mosché Lazar claim it was adulterous sexual love with physical possession of the lady the desired end.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazar1964_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazar1964-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many scholars identify courtly love as the "pure love" described in 1184 by Capellanus in <i><a href="/wiki/De_amore_(Andreas_Capellanus)" title="De amore (Andreas Capellanus)">De amore</a></i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is the pure love which binds together the hearts of two lovers with every feeling of delight. This kind consists in the contemplation of the mind and the affection of the heart; it goes as far as the kiss and the embrace and the modest contact with the nude lover, omitting the final solace, for that is not permitted for those who wish to love purely.... That is called mixed love which gets its effect from every delight of the flesh and culminates in the final act of Venus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_amore_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_amore-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>On the other hand, continual references to beds and sleeping in the lover's arms in medieval sources such as the troubador <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro"><a href="/wiki/Alba_(poetry)" title="Alba (poetry)">albas</a></i></span> and romances such as <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart">Lancelot</a></i> imply at least in some cases a context of actual sexual intercourse. </p><p>Within the corpus of troubadour poems there is a wide range of attitudes, even across the works of individual poets. Some poems are physically sensual, even bawdily imagining nude embraces, while others are highly spiritual and border on the platonic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-world_practice">Real-world practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Real-world practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A continued point of controversy is whether courtly love was purely literary or was actually practiced in real life. There are no historical records that offer evidence of its presence in reality. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_F._Benton" title="John F. Benton">John F. Benton</a> found no documentary evidence in law codes, court cases, chronicles or other historical documents.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Benton_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Benton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the existence of the non-fiction genre of <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_book" title="Courtesy book">courtesy books</a> is perhaps evidence for its practice. For example, according to <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>'s courtesy book <i>Book of the Three Virtues</i> (c. 1405), which expresses disapproval of courtly love, the convention was being used to justify and cover up illicit love affairs. Courtly love probably found expression in the real world in customs such as the crowning of Queens of Love and Beauty at <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Good" title="Philip the Good">Philip le Bon</a>, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Pheasant" title="Feast of the Pheasant">Feast of the Pheasant</a></i> in 1454, relied on <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parables</a> drawn from courtly love to incite his nobles to swear to participate in an anticipated crusade, while well into the 15th century numerous actual political and social conventions were largely based on the formulas dictated by the "rules" of courtly love.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts_of_love">Courts of love</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Courts of love"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A point of controversy was the existence of "courts of love", first mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Capellanus" title="Andreas Capellanus">Andreas Capellanus</a>. These were supposed courts made up of tribunals staffed by 10 to 70 women who would hear a case of love and rule on it based on the rules of love. In the 19th century, historians took the existence of these courts as fact, but later historians such as Benton noted "none of the abundant letters, chronicles, songs and pious dedications" suggest they ever existed outside of the poetic literature.<sup id="cite_ref-John_Benton_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Benton-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminist</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Emily_James_Smith_Putnam" title="Emily James Smith Putnam">Emily James Putnam</a> wrote in 1910 that, secrecy being "among the lover's first duties" in the ideology of courtly love, it is "manifestly absurd to suppose that a sentiment which depended on concealment for its existence should be amenable to public inquiry".<sup id="cite_ref-Putnam_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Putnam-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Diane Bornstein, one way to reconcile the differences between the references to courts of love in the literature, and the lack of documentary evidence in real life, is that they were like literary salons or social gatherings, where people read poems, debated questions of love, and played word games of flirtation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courtly_love_as_a_response_to_religion">Courtly love as a response to religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Courtly love as a response to religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theologians of the time emphasized love as more of a spiritual rather than sexual connection.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a possibility that writings about courtly love were made as a response to the <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> ideas about love. Many scholars believe that Andreas Capellanus' work <i><a href="/wiki/De_amore_(Andreas_Capellanus)" title="De amore (Andreas Capellanus)">De amore</a></i> was a satire poking fun at doctors and theologians. In that work, Capellanus is supposedly writing to a young man named Walter, and he spends the first two books telling him how to achieve love and setting forth the rules of love. However, in the third book he tells Walter that the only way to live his life correctly is to shun love in favor of God. This sudden change is what has sparked the interest of many scholars,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1979_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1979-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading some to regard the first two books as satirizing courtly love and only the third book as expressing Capellanus' actual beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stages">Stages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Stages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg/220px-Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg/330px-Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg/440px-Courtly_scenes_Louvre_MRR197.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Courtly vignettes on an ivory mirror-case, first third of the 14th century (<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>(Adapted from <a href="/wiki/Barbara_W._Tuchman" title="Barbara W. Tuchman">Barbara W. Tuchman</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Attraction to the lady, usually via eyes/glance</li> <li>Worship of the lady from afar</li> <li>Declaration of passionate devotion</li> <li>Virtuous rejection by the lady</li> <li>Renewed wooing with oaths of virtue and eternal fealty</li> <li>Moans of approaching death from unsatisfied desire (and other physical manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Lovesickness" title="Lovesickness">lovesickness</a>)</li> <li>Heroic deeds of valor which win the lady's heart</li> <li>Consummation of the secret love</li> <li>Endless adventures and subterfuges avoiding detection</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cicisbeo" title="Cicisbeo">Cicisbeo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Domnei" title="Domnei">Domnei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulcinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulcinea">Dulcinea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This analysis is heavily informed by the Chivalric–Matriarchal reading of courtly love, put forth by critics such as Thomas Warton and Karl Vossler. This theory considers courtly love as the intersection between the theocratic Catholic Church and "Germanic/Celtic/Pictish" matriarchy. For more on this theory, see <a href="#CITEREFBoase1977">Boase 1977</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevens1979" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, John (1979). <i>Music & Poetry in the Early Tudor Court</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29417-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29417-7"><bdi>0-521-29417-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music+%26+Poetry+in+the+Early+Tudor+Court&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-521-29417-7&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1968-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1968_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman1968">Newman 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ousby,_p._213-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ousby,_p._213_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusby1995" class="citation book cs1">Ousby, I., ed. (1995). "Courtly Love". <i>The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English</i>. p. 213.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courtly+Love&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1968vii-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1968vii_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewman1968">Newman 1968</a>, p. vii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoaseBornstein1983_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoaseBornstein1983">Boase & Bornstein 1983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase1977-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoase1977_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoase1977_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoase1977">Boase 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParis1883-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1883_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1883_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParis1883_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParis1883">Paris 1883</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMott1896-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMott1896_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMott1896_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMott1896">Mott 1896</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeilson1899-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeilson1899_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNeilson1899">Neilson 1899</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeanroy1934-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeanroy1934_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJeanroy1934">Jeanroy 1934</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1936-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1936_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1936_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1936">Lewis 1936</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19362-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis19362_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1936">Lewis 1936</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazar1964-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazar1964_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazar1964_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLazar1964">Lazar 1964</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson1962-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson1962_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRobertson1962">Robertson 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1979-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1979_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1979_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1979">Moore 1979</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1970-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonaldson1970_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1970">Donaldson 1970</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrachsler2006-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrachsler2006_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrachsler2006">Trachsler 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_amore-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_amore_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_amore_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_amore">De amore</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ousby,_p._214-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ousby,_p._214_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOusby1995" class="citation book cs1">Ousby, I., ed. (1995). "Courtly Love". <i>The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English</i>. p. 214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courtly+Love&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Literature+in+English&rft.pages=214&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoase197765–66-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoase197765–66_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoase1977">Boase 1977</a>, pp. 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum1952233-4-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrunebaum1952233-4_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrunebaum1952">Grunebaum 1952</a>, p. 233-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenocal1987-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenocal1987_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenocal1987">Menocal 1987</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Siodhachain-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-O'Siodhachain_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-O'Siodhachain_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Siodhachain" class="citation web cs1">O'Siodhachain, Deirdre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080820155345/http://www.eleanorofaquitaine.net/The%20Practice%20of%20Courtly%20Love.htm">"The Practice of Courtly Love"</a>. Eleanorofaquitaine.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eleanorofaquitaine.net/The%20Practice%20of%20Courtly%20Love.htm">the original</a> on 2008-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Practice+of+Courtly+Love&rft.pub=Eleanorofaquitaine.net&rft.aulast=O%27Siodhachain&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eleanorofaquitaine.net%2FThe%2520Practice%2520of%2520Courtly%2520Love.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERougemont1956-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougemont1956_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERougemont1956_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRougemont1956">Rougemont 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butterfield, Ardis. "Vernacular poetry and music". <i><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Companions_to_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge Companions to Music">Cambridge Companion to Medieval Music</a></i>. Ed. Mark Everist. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burgess, Glyn S.. "C'est le Lay dou Lecheor." <i>Three old French narrative lays: Trot, Lecheor, Nabaret</i>. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, Department of French, 1999. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1987" class="citation book cs1">Page, Christopher (1987). <i>Voices and Instruments of the Middle Ages</i>. London: J. M. Dent & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04607-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04607-1"><bdi>0-460-04607-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+and+Instruments+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Sons&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-460-04607-1&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorothy Sayers trans, <i>Dante:Purgatory</i> (1971) p. 260 and 279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDove1996" class="citation journal cs1">Dove, Mary (1996). "Sex, Allegory and Censorship: A Reconsideration of Medieval Commentaries on the Song of Songs". <i>Literature and Theology</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 317, 319–320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Flitthe%2F10.4.317">10.1093/litthe/10.4.317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Literature+and+Theology&rft.atitle=Sex%2C+Allegory+and+Censorship%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Medieval+Commentaries+on+the+Song+of+Songs&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=317%2C+319-320&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Flitthe%2F10.4.317&rft.aulast=Dove&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potkay,_135-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potkay,_135_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potkay,_135_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotkay1994" class="citation journal cs1">Potkay, Monica Brzezinsky (1994). "The Limits of Romantic Allegory in Marie de France's <i>Eliduc</i>". <i>Medieval Perspectives</i>. <b>9</b>: 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Limits+of+Romantic+Allegory+in+Marie+de+France%27s+Eliduc&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=135&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Potkay&rft.aufirst=Monica+Brzezinsky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walters-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walters_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walters_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters" class="citation web cs1">Walters, Lori J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521033310/https://dlmm.library.jhu.edu/en/romandelarose/rose-summary/">"History and Summary of the Text"</a>. <i>Digital Library of Medieval Manuscripts</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dlmm.library.jhu.edu/en/romandelarose/rose-summary/">the original</a> on May 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Library+of+Medieval+Manuscripts&rft.atitle=History+and+Summary+of+the+Text&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Lori+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdlmm.library.jhu.edu%2Fen%2Fromandelarose%2Frose-summary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonson2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonson2007_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonson2007_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMonson2007">Monson 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198050-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198050_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBogin1980">Bogin 1980</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198049–50_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBogin1980">Bogin 1980</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBogin198056-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBogin198056_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBogin1980">Bogin 1980</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helen Waddell, <i>The Wandering Scholars</i> (1968) p. 311</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William C. Carroll ed., <i>The Two Gentlemen of Verona</i> (2004) p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReiss1979" class="citation journal cs1">Reiss, Edmund (1979). "Fin'amors: Its History and Meaning in Medieval Literature". <i>Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies</i>. <b>8</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Studies&rft.atitle=Fin%27amors%3A+Its+History+and+Meaning+in+Medieval+Literature&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Reiss&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Benton-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John_Benton_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John_Benton_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Benton" title="John F. Benton">Benton, John F.</a> (1962). "The Evidence for Andreas Capellanus Re-examined Again". <i>Studies in Philology</i>. <b>59</b> (3): 471–478. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173386">4173386</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=The+Evidence+for+Andreas+Capellanus+Re-examined+Again&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-478&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4173386%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span>; and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenton1961" class="citation journal cs1">Benton, John F. (1961). "The Court of Champagne as a Literary Center". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>36</b> (4): 551–591. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2856785">10.2307/2856785</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2856785">2856785</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Court+of+Champagne+as+a+Literary+Center&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=551-591&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2856785&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2856785%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Benton&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Putnam-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Putnam_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPutnam1910" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emily_James_Smith_Putnam" title="Emily James Smith Putnam">Putnam, Emily James</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlantic106bostuoft/page/357/mode/1up?view=theater">"The Lady of the Castle"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. Vol. CVI. p. 357<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Lady+of+the+Castle&rft.volume=CVI&rft.pages=357&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Putnam&rft.aufirst=Emily+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlantic106bostuoft%2Fpage%2F357%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrundage1996" class="citation book cs1">Brundage, James A. (1996). <i>Sex and Canon Law</i>. Bullough & Brundage. pp. 33–50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+and+Canon+Law&rft.pages=33-50&rft.pub=Bullough+%26+Brundage&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Brundage&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinoli1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Finoli (1999). "Andreas Capellanus. I. Theorien über Verfasser und Werk" [Andreas Capellanus. I. Theories about author and work]. <i>Lexikon des Mittelalters</i> (in German). <b>10</b>. Stuttgart: 604–605.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lexikon+des+Mittelalters&rft.atitle=Andreas+Capellanus.+I.+Theorien+%C3%BCber+Verfasser+und+Werk&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=604-605&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Finoli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tuchman, Barbara Wertheim, <i>A Distant Mirror: the Calamitous Fourteenth Century</i> (New York: Knopf, 1978). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-40026-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-40026-7">0-394-40026-7</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoase1977" class="citation book cs1">Boase, Roger (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/originmeaningofc0000boas/"><i>The Origin and Meaning of Courtly Love</i></a></span>. Manchester: Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-0656-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-0656-2"><bdi>0-7190-0656-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Meaning+of+Courtly+Love&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-7190-0656-2&rft.aulast=Boase&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foriginmeaningofc0000boas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoaseBornstein1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Boase, Roger; Bornstein, Diane (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmidd0003unse_c1r9/page/667">"Courtly Love"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_the_Middle_Ages" title="Dictionary of the Middle Ages">Dictionary of the Middle Ages</a></i>. Vol. 3. pp. 667–674.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courtly+Love&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=667-674&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Boase&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Bornstein%2C+Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofmidd0003unse_c1r9%2Fpage%2F667&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBogin1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Magda_Bogin" title="Magda Bogin">Bogin, Meg</a> (1980). "Courtly Love: A New Interpretation". <i>The Women Troubadours</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00965-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00965-3"><bdi>0-393-00965-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courtly+Love%3A+A+New+Interpretation&rft.btitle=The+Women+Troubadours&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-393-00965-3&rft.aulast=Bogin&rft.aufirst=Meg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Talbot_Donaldson" title="E. Talbot Donaldson">Donaldson, E. Talbot</a> (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/speakingofchauce00dona/page/154/">"The Myth of Courtly Love"</a></span>. <i>Speaking of Chaucer</i>. New York: Norton. pp. 154–163.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Courtly+Love&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+Chaucer&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154-163&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=E.+Talbot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspeakingofchauce00dona%2Fpage%2F154%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunebaum1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustave_E._von_Grunebaum" title="Gustave E. von Grunebaum">Grunebaum, G. E. von</a> (1952). "Avicenna's <i>Risâla Fîʾl-ʿišq</i> and Courtly Love". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Near_Eastern_Studies" title="Journal of Near Eastern Studies">Journal of Near Eastern Studies</a></i>. <b>11</b> (4): 233–238. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F371098">10.1086/371098</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/542686">542686</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Avicenna%27s+Ris%C3%A2la+F%C3%AE%CA%BEl-%CA%BFi%C5%A1q+and+Courtly+Love&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=233-238&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F371098&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F542686%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grunebaum&rft.aufirst=G.+E.+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeanroy1934" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jeanroy" title="Alfred Jeanroy">Jeanroy, Alfred</a> (1934). <i>La poésie lyrique des troubadours</i> [<i>The lyrical poetry of the troubadours</i>] (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+po%C3%A9sie+lyrique+des+troubadours&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Jeanroy&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazar1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lazar" title="Moshe Lazar">Lazar, Mosché</a> (1964). <i>Amour courtois et "fin'amors" dans le littérature du XII siècle</i> [<i>Courtly love and "fin'amors" in 12th century literature</i>] (in French). Librairie C. Klincksieck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amour+courtois+et+%22fin%27amors%22+dans+le+litt%C3%A9rature+du+XII+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Librairie+C.+Klincksieck&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Lazar&rft.aufirst=Mosch%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1936" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis, C. S.</a> (1936). "Courtly Love". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Allegory_of_Love" title="The Allegory of Love">The Allegory of Love</a>: A Study in Medieval Tradition</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-281220-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-281220-3"><bdi>0-19-281220-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Courtly+Love&rft.btitle=The+Allegory+of+Love%3A+A+Study+in+Medieval+Tradition&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1936&rft.isbn=0-19-281220-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenocal1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Rosa_Menocal" title="María Rosa Menocal">Menocal, María Rosa</a> (1987). <i>The Arabic Role in Medieval Literary History: A Forgotten Heritage</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812213249" title="Special:BookSources/9780812213249"><bdi>9780812213249</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhrf7">j.ctt3fhrf7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabic+Role+in+Medieval+Literary+History%3A+A+Forgotten+Heritage&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt3fhrf7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9780812213249&rft.aulast=Menocal&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Rosa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonson2007" class="citation journal cs1">Monson, Don A. (2007). "The Problem of 'Midons' Revisited". <i>Romania</i>. <b>125</b> (499/500 (3/4)): 283–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.2007.1404">10.3406/roma.2007.1404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45039194">45039194</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+%27Midons%27+Revisited&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=499%2F500+%283%2F4%29&rft.pages=283-305&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.2007.1404&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45039194%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Monson&rft.aufirst=Don+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1979" class="citation journal cs1">Moore, John C. (October 1979). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Courtly Love': A Problem of Terminology". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_Ideas" title="Journal of the History of Ideas">Journal of the History of Ideas</a></i>. <b>40</b> (4): 621–632. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2709362">10.2307/2709362</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2709362">2709362</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Ideas&rft.atitle=%27Courtly+Love%27%3A+A+Problem+of+Terminology&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=621-632&rft.date=1979-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2709362&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2709362%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMott1896" class="citation book cs1">Mott, Lewis Freeman (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H66xMKbQ8AkC"><i>The System of Courtly Love</i></a>. Athenaeum Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+System+of+Courtly+Love&rft.pub=Athenaeum+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Mott&rft.aufirst=Lewis+Freeman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH66xMKbQ8AkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilson1899" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Allan_Neilson" title="William Allan Neilson">Neilson, William Allan</a> (1899). <i>Origins and Sources of the Courts of Love</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Sources+of+the+Courts+of+Love&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Neilson&rft.aufirst=William+Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman1968" class="citation book cs1">Newman, Francis X., ed. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/meaningofcourtly0000unse"><i>The Meaning of Courtly Love</i></a></span>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-038-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-038-0"><bdi>0-87395-038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Courtly+Love&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-87395-038-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmeaningofcourtly0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParis1883" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Paris" title="Gaston Paris">Paris, Gaston</a> (1883). "Études sur les romans de la Table Ronde: Lancelot du Lac, II: Le <i>conte de la charrette</i>" [Studies on the romances of the Round Table: Lancelot du Lac, II: The <i>tale of the cart</i>]. <i>Romania</i> (in French). <b>12</b> (48): 459–534. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Froma.1883.6277">10.3406/roma.1883.6277</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/45041910">45041910</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Romania&rft.atitle=%C3%89tudes+sur+les+romans+de+la+Table+Ronde%3A+Lancelot+du+Lac%2C+II%3A+Le+conte+de+la+charrette&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=459-534&rft.date=1883&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Froma.1883.6277&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F45041910%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Paris&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._W._Robertson_Jr." title="D. W. Robertson Jr.">Robertson, D. W. Jr.</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prefacetochaucer0000unse/page/390/">"Some Medieval Doctrines of Love"</a></span>. <i>A Preface to Chaucer</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Medieval+Doctrines+of+Love&rft.btitle=A+Preface+to+Chaucer&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=D.+W.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprefacetochaucer0000unse%2Fpage%2F390%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrachsler2006" class="citation book cs1">Trachsler, Richard (2006). "Uncourtly Texts in Courtly Books: Observations on MS Chantilly, Musee Conde 475". In Busby, Keith; Kleinhenz, Christopher (eds.). <i>Courtly Arts and the Art of Courtliness: Selected Papers from the Eleventh Triennial Congress of the International Courtly Literature Society</i>. Cambridge, MA: D.S. Brewer. pp. 679–692.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Uncourtly+Texts+in+Courtly+Books%3A+Observations+on+MS+Chantilly%2C+Musee+Conde+475&rft.btitle=Courtly+Arts+and+the+Art+of+Courtliness%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+Eleventh+Triennial+Congress+of+the+International+Courtly+Literature+Society&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=679-692&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Trachsler&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_sources">Medieval sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Medieval sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArs_Amatoria" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> (1885) [2]. <a href="/wiki/Ars_Amatoria" title="Ars Amatoria"><i>Ars amatoria</i></a> [<i>The Art of Love</i>] (in Latin). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Thomas_Riley" title="Henry Thomas Riley">Henry Thomas Riley</a>. <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47677">47677</a> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_access#Free_access" title="Free to read"><img alt="Free access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></a></span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ars+amatoria&rft.date=1885&rft.au=Ovid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight_of_the_Cart" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>; <a href="/wiki/Godefroi_de_Leigni" title="Godefroi de Leigni">Godefroi de Leigni</a> (1997) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1176–1182]. <a href="/wiki/Lancelot,_the_Knight_of_the_Cart" title="Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart"><i>Lancelot, le Chevalier de la charrette</i></a> [<i>Lancelot, the Knight of the Cart</i>] (in Old French). Translated by <a href="/wiki/Burton_Raffel" title="Burton Raffel">Burton Raffel</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07120-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-07120-7"><bdi>978-0-300-07120-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1nq9x7">j.ctt1nq9x7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lancelot%2C+le+Chevalier+de+la+charrette&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1nq9x7%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-300-07120-7&rft.au=Chr%C3%A9tien+de+Troyes&rft.au=Godefroi+de+Leigni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_amore" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Capellanus" title="Andreas Capellanus">Andreas Capellanus</a> (1941) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1184]. <a href="/wiki/De_amore_(Andreas_Capellanus)" title="De amore (Andreas Capellanus)"><i>De amore</i></a> [<i>About Love</i>] (in Latin). Translated by John Jay Parry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/artofcourtlylove0000andr_b8m2"><i>The art of courtly love</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+amore&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Andreas+Capellanus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoman_de_la_Rose" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_de_Lorris" title="Guillaume de Lorris">Guillaume de Lorris</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Meun" title="Jean de Meun">Jean de Meun</a> (1995) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1230]. <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose"><i>Le roman de la rose</i></a> [<i>The Romance of the Rose</i>] (in Old French). Translated by Charles Dahlberg. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.3716014">jj.3716014</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+roman+de+la+rose&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.3716014%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Guillaume+de+Lorris&rft.au=Jean+de+Meun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Courtly_love&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuby1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Duby, Georges</a> (1983). <i>The Knight, the Lady, and the Priest: the Making of Modern Marriage in Medieval France</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Bray" title="Barbara Bray">Barbara Bray</a>. New York: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-16768-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-16768-2"><bdi>0-226-16768-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Knight%2C+the+Lady%2C+and+the+Priest%3A+the+Making+of+Modern+Marriage+in+Medieval+France&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-226-16768-2&rft.aulast=Duby&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisardi2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Frisardi" title="Andrew Frisardi">Frisardi, Andrew</a> (2013). <i>The Young Dante and the One Love: Two Lectures on the Vita Nova</i>. Temenos Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9564078-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9564078-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9564078-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Young+Dante+and+the+One+Love%3A+Two+Lectures+on+the+Vita+Nova&rft.pub=Temenos+Academy&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9564078-8-7&rft.aulast=Frisardi&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaunt1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Gaunt" title="Simon Gaunt">Gaunt, Simon</a> (1990). "Marginal Men, Marcabru, and Orthodoxy: The Early Troubadours and Adultery". <i>Medium Aevum</i>. <b>59</b>: 55–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medium+Aevum&rft.atitle=Marginal+Men%2C+Marcabru%2C+and+Orthodoxy%3A+The+Early+Troubadours+and+Adultery&rft.volume=59&rft.pages=55-71&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gaunt&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLupack2005" class="citation book cs1">Lupack, Alan (2005). <i>The Oxford Guide to Arthurian Literature and Legend</i>. Oxford: University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Arthurian+Literature+and+Legend&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lupack&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Murray" title="Jacqueline Murray">Murray, Jacqueline</a> (2001). <i>Love, Marriage, and Family in the Middle Ages</i>. Canada: Broadview Press Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love%2C+Marriage%2C+and+Family+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Canada%3A+Broadview+Press+Ltd.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougemont1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Denis_de_Rougemont" title="Denis de Rougemont">Rougemont, Denis de</a> (1956). <i>Love in the Western World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Love+in+the+Western+World&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Rougemont&rft.aufirst=Denis+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2006" class="citation book cs1">Schultz, James A (2006). <i>Courtly Love, the Love of Courtliness, and the History of Sexuality</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-74089-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-74089-7"><bdi>0-226-74089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courtly+Love%2C+the+Love+of+Courtliness%2C+and+the+History+of+Sexuality&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-226-74089-7&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=James+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACourtly+love" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 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