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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"My_Irish_life""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 "My Irish life" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"My_Irish_life"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War_and_Oxford_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War_and_Oxford_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 First World War and Oxford University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War_and_Oxford_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Janie_Moore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Janie_Moore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Janie Moore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Janie_Moore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Return to Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honour_declined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honour_declined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Honour declined </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honour_declined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chair_at_Cambridge_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chair_at_Cambridge_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Chair at Cambridge University </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chair_at_Cambridge_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joy_Davidman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joy_Davidman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Joy Davidman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joy_Davidman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Illness and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scholar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Scholar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Novelist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Other works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_apologist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_apologist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Christian apologist </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_apologist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Trilemma"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Trilemma""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 "Trilemma" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Trilemma"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universal_morality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_morality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Universal morality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_morality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Political views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">C. S. Lewis</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 96 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-96" aria-hidden="true" > 96 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%AD%E1%89%AD_%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A%E1%88%B5" title="ክላይቭ ሉዊስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክላይቭ ሉዊስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A._%D8%A5%D8%B3._%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سي. إس. لويس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سي. إس. لويس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klayv_Steyplz_Lyuis" title="Klayv Steyplz Lyuis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Klayv Steyplz Lyuis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سی. اس. لوئیس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سی. اس. لوئیس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF._%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8._%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8" title="সি. এস. লিউইস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সি. এস. লিউইস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Клайв Стэйплз Льюіс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клайв Стэйплз Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81" title="Клайв Стэйплз Льюіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клайв Стэйплз Льюіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D1%8A%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Клайв Стейпълс Луис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клайв Стейпълс Луис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%B2_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%80%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9%CF%82" title="Κλάιβ Στέιπλς Λιούις – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλάιβ Στέιπλς Λιούις" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سی. اس. لوئیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سی. اس. لوئیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="C. S. 루이스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="C. S. 루이스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BE_%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B5%D6%83%D5%AC%D5%BD_%D4%BC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD" title="Քլայվ Սթեյփլս Լյուիս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քլայվ Սթեյփլս Լյուիս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7.%D7%A1._%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1" title="ק.ס. לואיס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ק.ס. לואיס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%95_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კლაივ ლუისი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლაივ ლუისი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Клайв Стайплс Луис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клайв Стайплс Луис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A._%D0%A1._%D0%9B%D2%AF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="К. С. Лүис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="К. С. Лүис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaivs_Steiplss_L%C5%ABiss" title="Klaivs Steiplss Lūiss – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Klaivs Steiplss Lūiss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A._%D0%A1._%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="К. С. Луис – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="К. С. Луис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80.%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8" title="सी.एस. लुईस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सी.एस. लुईस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%95_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="კლაივ სტეიპლზ ლუისი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლაივ სტეიპლზ ლუისი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%89._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3" title="سى. اس. لويس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سى. اس. لويس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF._%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8._%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D" title="सि. यस. लिविस् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सि. यस. लिविस्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E3%83%BBS%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9" title="C・S・ルイス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="C・S・ルイス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸੀ ਐਸ ਲੂਇਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੀ ਐਸ ਲੂਇਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A._%D8%A7%D8%B3._%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سي. اس. لوئیس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سي. اس. لوئیس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81,_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Льюис, Клайв Стейплз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис, Клайв Стейплз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Staples_Lewis" title="Clive Staples Lewis – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Clive Staples Lewis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B3_%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="سی ئێس لویس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سی ئێس لویس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A._%D0%A1._%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81" title="К. С. Луис – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="К. С. Луис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="C. S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.S._Lewis" title="C.S. Lewis – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="C.S. Lewis" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="C. S. 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British writer, lay theologian, and scholar (1898–1963)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Anglo-Irish poet, see <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Day-Lewis" title="Cecil Day-Lewis">Cecil Day-Lewis</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">C. S. Lewis</div> <div class="honorific-suffix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:C.s.lewis3.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lewis in 1947"><img alt="Monochrome head-and-left-shoulder photo portrait of 50-year-old Lewis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/C.s.lewis3.JPG/220px-C.s.lewis3.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/C.s.lewis3.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="379" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Lewis in 1947</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Clive Staples Lewis (1898-11-29)29 November 1898 <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, Ireland</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">22 November 1963(1963-11-22) (aged 64) <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Headington_Quarry" title="Holy Trinity Church, Headington Quarry">Holy Trinity Church, Headington Quarry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;">Clive Hamilton, N. W. Clerk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist, scholar, broadcaster</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a>, fantasy, science fiction, children's literature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Allegory_of_Love" title="The Allegory of Love">The Allegory of Love</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">The Screwtape Letters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Trilogy" title="The Space Trilogy">The Space Trilogy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Till_We_Have_Faces" title="Till We Have Faces">Till We Have Faces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy:_The_Shape_of_My_Early_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life">Surprised by Joy</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Joy_Davidman" title="Joy Davidman">Joy Davidman</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1956; died 1960)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">2 step-sons, including <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas Gresham</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a> (brother) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service / branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1917–18 1940–44</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers' Training Corps">Oxford University Training Corps</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry" title="Somerset Light Infantry">Somerset Light Infantry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Oxford Home Guard</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrai_(1917)" title="Battle of Cambrai (1917)">First Battle of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Michael" title="Operation Michael">Operation Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1918)" title="Battle of the Lys (1918)">Battle of Lys</a> (WIA)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Clive Staples Lewis <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a> (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British writer, literary scholar, and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Lay_theologian" title="Lay theologian">lay theologian</a>. He held academic positions in English literature at both <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a> (1925–1954), and <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a> (1954–1963). He is best known as the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>, but he is also noted for his other works of fiction, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">The Screwtape Letters</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Space_Trilogy" title="The Space Trilogy">The Space Trilogy</a>, and for his non-fiction <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologetics</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miracles_(book)" title="Miracles (book)">Miracles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Pain" title="The Problem of Pain">The Problem of Pain</a>. Lewis was a close friend of <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>. Both men served on the English faculty at Oxford University and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the <a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>. According to Lewis's 1955 memoir <a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy</a>, he was baptized in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> but fell away from his faith during adolescence. Lewis returned to <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> at the age of 32, owing to the influence of Tolkien and other friends, and he became an "ordinary layman of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>".<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Lewis's faith profoundly affected his work, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim. Lewis wrote more than 30 books which have been translated into more than 30 languages and have sold millions of copies. The books that make up The Chronicles of Narnia have sold the most and have been popularized on stage, TV, radio, and cinema. His philosophical writings are widely cited by Christian scholars from many denominations. In 1956, Lewis married American writer <a href="/wiki/Joy_Davidman" title="Joy Davidman">Joy Davidman</a>; she died of cancer four years later at the age of 45. Lewis died on 22 November 1963 from kidney failure, at age 64. In 2013, on the 50th anniversary of his death, Lewis was honoured with a memorial in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Childhood">Childhood</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Lea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Little_Lea.JPG/220px-Little_Lea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Little_Lea.JPG/330px-Little_Lea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Little_Lea.JPG/440px-Little_Lea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Little Lea, home of the Lewis family from 1905 to 1930</figcaption></figure> Clive Staples Lewis was born in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, Ireland (before <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition</a>), on 29 November 1898.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> His father was Albert James Lewis (1863–1929), a solicitor whose father Richard Lewis had come to Ireland from <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> during the mid-19th century. Lewis's mother was Florence Augusta Lewis <a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> Hamilton (1862–1908), known as Flora, the daughter of Thomas Hamilton, a <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> priest, and the great-granddaughter of both Bishop <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hamilton_(bishop)" title="Hugh Hamilton (bishop)">Hugh Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Staples" title="John Staples">John Staples</a>. She was the first female mathematics graduate to study at <a href="/wiki/Queen%E2%80%99s_College_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen’s College Belfast">Queen’s College Belfast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Lewis had an elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Hamilton Lewis</a> (known as "Warnie").<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> He was baptized on 29 January 1899 by his maternal grandfather in <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Church,_Dundela" title="St Mark's Church, Dundela">St Mark's Church, Dundela</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> When his dog Jacksie was fatally struck by a horse-drawn carriage,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the four-year-old Lewis adopted the name Jacksie. At first, he would answer to no other name, but later accepted Jack, the name by which he was known to friends and family for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> When he was seven, his family moved into "Little Lea", the family home of his childhood, in the <a href="/wiki/Strandtown" title="Strandtown">Strandtown</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">East Belfast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> As a boy, Lewis was fascinated with <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> animals; he fell in love with <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Potter" title="Beatrix Potter">Beatrix Potter</a>'s stories and often wrote and illustrated his own animal tales. Along with his brother Warnie, he created the world of <a href="/wiki/Boxen_(C._S._Lewis)" title="Boxen (C. S. Lewis)">Boxen</a>, a fantasy land inhabited and run by animals. Lewis loved to read from an early age. His father's house was filled with books; he later wrote that finding something to read was as easy as walking into a field and "finding a new blade of grass".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b10-9">[9]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> The New House is almost a major character in my story. I am the product of long corridors, empty sunlit rooms, upstair indoor silences, attics explored in solitude, distant noises of gurgling cisterns and pipes, and the noise of wind under the tiles. Also, of endless books. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy</a></cite> </div> Lewis was schooled by private tutors until age nine, when his mother died in 1908 from cancer. His father then sent him to England to live and study at <a href="/wiki/Wynyard_School" title="Wynyard School">Wynyard School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>. Lewis's brother had enrolled there three years previously. Not long after, the school was closed due to a lack of pupils. Lewis then attended <a href="/wiki/Campbell_College" title="Campbell College">Campbell College</a> in the east of Belfast about a mile from his home, but left after a few months due to <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_disease" title="Respiratory disease">respiratory problems</a>. He was then sent back to England to the health-resort town of <a href="/wiki/Malvern,_Worcestershire" title="Malvern, Worcestershire">Malvern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a>, where he attended the <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory school</a> Cherbourg House, which Lewis referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Chartres" title="Chartres">Chartres</a>" in his <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>. It was during this time that he abandoned the Christianity he was taught as a child and became an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a>. During this time he also developed a fascination with European <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">mythology</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b56-10">[10]</a> In September 1913, Lewis enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Malvern_College" title="Malvern College">Malvern College</a>, where he remained until the following June. He found the school socially competitive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966a107-11">[11]</a> After leaving Malvern, he studied privately with <a href="/wiki/William_T._Kirkpatrick" title="William T. Kirkpatrick">William T. Kirkpatrick</a>, his father's old tutor and former headmaster of <a href="/wiki/Lurgan_College" title="Lurgan College">Lurgan College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-12">[12]</a> As a teenager, Lewis was wonderstruck by the songs and legends of what he called Northernness, the <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">ancient literature of Scandinavia</a> preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_sagas" class="mw-redirect" title="Icelandic sagas">Icelandic sagas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> These legends intensified an inner longing that he would later call "joy". He also grew to love nature; its beauty reminded him of the stories of the North, and the stories of the North reminded him of the beauties of nature. His teenage writings moved away from the tales of Boxen, and he began experimenting with different art forms such as <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> to try to capture his new-found interest in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a> and the natural world. Studying with Kirkpatrick ("The Great Knock", as Lewis afterward called him) instilled in him a love of <a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Greek literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">mythology</a> and sharpened his debate and reasoning skills. In 1916, Lewis was awarded a scholarship at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""My_Irish_life"">"My Irish life"</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSLewisPlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CSLewisPlaque.jpg/220px-CSLewisPlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CSLewisPlaque.jpg/330px-CSLewisPlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/CSLewisPlaque.jpg/440px-CSLewisPlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Plaque on a park-bench in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor, County Down</a></figcaption></figure> Lewis experienced a certain <a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">cultural shock</a> on first arriving in England: "No Englishman will be able to understand my first impressions of England," Lewis wrote in <a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy</a>. "The strange <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional accents of English speakers">English accents</a> with which I was surrounded seemed like the voices of demons. But what was worst was the English landscape ... I have made up the quarrel since; but at that moment I conceived a hatred for England which took many years to heal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b24-15">[15]</a> From boyhood, Lewis had immersed himself in <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> mythology, and later in <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Irish_literature" title="Early Irish literature">literature</a>. He also expressed an interest in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1984118-17">[17]</a> though there is not much evidence that he laboured to learn it. He developed a particular fondness for <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a>, in part because of Yeats's use of Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic heritage</a> in poetry. In a letter to a friend, Lewis wrote, "I have here discovered an author exactly after my own heart, whom I am sure you would delight in, W. B. Yeats. He writes plays and poems of rare spirit and beauty about our old Irish mythology."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200059-18">[18]</a> In 1921, Lewis met Yeats twice, since Yeats had moved to Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004564–65-19">[19]</a> Lewis was surprised to find his English peers indifferent to Yeats and the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Revival" title="Celtic Revival">Celtic Revival</a> movement, and wrote: "I am often surprised to find how utterly ignored Yeats is among the men I have met: perhaps his appeal is purely Irish – if so, then thank the gods that I am Irish."<a href="#cite_note-On_Yeats-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Early in his career, Lewis considered sending his work to the major <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> publishers, writing: "If I do ever send my stuff to a publisher, I think I shall try <a href="/wiki/George_Roberts_(publisher)" title="George Roberts (publisher)">Maunsel</a>, those Dublin people, and so tack myself definitely onto the Irish school."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200059-18">[18]</a> After his <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">conversion to Christianity</a>, his interests gravitated towards <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> and away from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">pagan Celtic mysticism</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic Christian mysticism</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-22">[22]</a> Lewis occasionally expressed a somewhat <a href="/wiki/Tongue-in-cheek" title="Tongue-in-cheek">tongue-in-cheek</a> <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">chauvinism</a> towards the English. Describing an encounter with a fellow Irishman, he wrote: "Like all <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> who meet in England, we ended by criticisms on the invincible flippancy and dullness of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> race. After all, there is no doubt, ami, that the Irish are the only people: with all their faults, I would not gladly live or die among another folk."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004310-23">[23]</a> Throughout his life, he sought out the company of other Irish people living in England<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClare201021–22-24">[24]</a> and visited Northern Ireland regularly. In 1958 he spent his honeymoon there at the Old Inn, <a href="/wiki/Crawfordsburn" title="Crawfordsburn">Crawfordsburn</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Old_Inn2007-25">[25]</a> which he called "my Irish life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199393-26">[26]</a> Various critics have suggested that it was Lewis's dismay over the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">sectarian conflict</a> in his native Belfast which led him to eventually adopt such an <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical</a> brand of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1991xi-27">[27]</a> As one critic has said, Lewis "repeatedly extolled the virtues of all branches of the Christian faith, emphasising a need for unity among Christians around what the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Catholic Church in the United Kingdom">Catholic</a> writer G. K. Chesterton called 'Mere Christianity', the core doctrinal beliefs that all <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations</a> share".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClare201024-28">[28]</a> Paul Stevens of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> wrote an opinion that "Lewis' mere Christianity masked many of the political prejudices of an old-fashioned <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestant</a>, a native of middle-class Belfast for whom British withdrawal from Northern Ireland even in the 1950s and 1960s was unthinkable."<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War_and_Oxford_University">First World War and Oxford University</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Undergraduates_of_University_College,_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Undergraduates_of_University_College%2C_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg/260px-Undergraduates_of_University_College%2C_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Undergraduates_of_University_College%2C_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg/390px-Undergraduates_of_University_College%2C_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Undergraduates_of_University_College%2C_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg/520px-Undergraduates_of_University_College%2C_Trinity_Term_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>The undergraduates of University College, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_term" title="Trinity term">Trinity term</a> 1917. C. S. Lewis standing on the right-hand side of the back row.</figcaption></figure> Lewis entered Oxford in the 1917 summer term, studying at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a>, and shortly after, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Officers%27_Training_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Officers' Training Corps">Officers' Training Corps</a> at the university as his "most promising route into the army".<a href="#cite_note-Joy-30">[30]</a> From there, he was drafted into a Cadet Battalion for training.<a href="#cite_note-Joy-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sayer-31">[31]</a> After his training, he was <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned</a> into the 3rd Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Light_Infantry" title="Somerset Light Infantry">Somerset Light Infantry</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Second_Lieutenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a>, and was later transferred to the 1st Battalion of the regiment, then serving in France (he would not remain with the 3rd Battalion as it moved to Northern Ireland). Within months of entering Oxford, he was shipped by the British Army to France to fight in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-12">[12]</a> On his 19th birthday (29 November 1917), Lewis arrived at the front line in the <a href="/wiki/River_Somme" class="mw-redirect" title="River Somme">Somme</a> Valley in France, where he experienced <a href="/wiki/Trench_warfare" title="Trench warfare">trench warfare</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-Joy-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sayer-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-secret-32">[32]</a> On 15 April 1918, as 1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry assaulted the village of Riez du Vinage in the midst of the German spring offensive, Lewis was wounded and two of his colleagues were killed by a <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(projectile)" title="Shell (projectile)">shell</a> falling short of its target.<a href="#cite_note-secret-32">[32]</a> He was depressed and homesick during his convalescence and, upon his recovery in October, he was assigned to duty in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Hampshire" title="Andover, Hampshire">Andover</a>, England. He was <a href="/wiki/Demobilized" class="mw-redirect" title="Demobilized">demobilized</a> in December 1918 and soon restarted his studies.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2007One-33">[33]</a> In a later letter, Lewis stated that his experience of the horrors of war, along with the loss of his mother and unhappiness in school, were the basis of his pessimism and atheism.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> After Lewis returned to Oxford University, he received a <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">First</a> in <a href="/wiki/Honour_Moderations" title="Honour Moderations">Honour Moderations</a> (Greek and <a href="/wiki/Latin_literature" title="Latin literature">Latin literature</a>) in 1920, a First in <a href="/wiki/Literae_Humaniores" class="mw-redirect" title="Literae Humaniores">Greats</a> (Philosophy and Ancient History) in 1922, and a <a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">First</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> in 1923. In 1924 he became a Philosophy tutor at <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Oxford" title="University College, Oxford">University College</a> and, in 1925, was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a> and Tutor in English Literature at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College</a>, where he served for 29 years until 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Edwards2007Two-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Janie_Moore">Janie Moore</h3></div> During his army training, Lewis shared a room with another cadet, Edward Courtnay Francis "Paddy" Moore (1898–1918). Maureen Moore, Paddy's sister, said that the two made a mutual pact<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2007133-36">[36]</a> that if either died during the war, the survivor would take care of both of their families. Paddy was killed in action in 1918 and Lewis kept his promise. Paddy had earlier introduced Lewis to his mother, Janie King Moore, and a friendship quickly sprang up between Lewis, who was 18 when they met, and Janie, who was 45. The friendship with Moore was particularly important to Lewis while he was recovering from his wounds in hospital, as his father did not visit him. Lewis lived with and cared for Moore until she was hospitalized in the late 1940s. He routinely introduced her as his mother, referred to her as such in letters, and developed a deeply affectionate friendship with her. Lewis's own mother had died when he was a child, while his father was distant, demanding, and eccentric. Speculation regarding their relationship resurfaced with the 1990 publication of <a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">A. N. Wilson</a>'s biography of Lewis. Wilson (who never met Lewis) attempted to make a case for their having been lovers for a time. Wilson's biography was not the first to address the question of Lewis's relationship with Moore. <a href="/wiki/George_Sayer_(biographer)" title="George Sayer (biographer)">George Sayer</a> knew Lewis for 29 years, and he had sought to shed light on the relationship during the period of 14 years before Lewis's conversion to Christianity. In his biography Jack: A Life of C. S. Lewis, he wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Were they lovers? Owen Barfield, who knew Jack well in the 1920s, once said that he thought the likelihood was "fifty-fifty". Although she was twenty-six years older than Jack, she was still a handsome woman, and he was certainly infatuated with her. But it seems very odd, if they were lovers, that he would call her "mother". We know, too, that they did not share the same bedroom. It seems most likely that he was bound to her by the promise he had given to Paddy and that his promise was reinforced by his love for her as his second mother.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></blockquote> Later Sayer changed his mind. In the introduction to the 1997 edition of his biography of Lewis he wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have had to alter my opinion of Lewis's relationship with Mrs. Moore. In chapter eight of this book I wrote that I was uncertain about whether they were lovers. Now after conversations with Mrs. Moore's daughter, Maureen, and a consideration of the way in which their bedrooms were arranged at The Kilns, I am quite certain that they were.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></blockquote> However, the romantic nature of the relationship is doubted by other writers; for example, Philip Zaleski and Carol Zaleski write in The Fellowship that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When—or whether—Lewis commenced an affair with Mrs. Moore remains unclear.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></blockquote> Lewis spoke well of Mrs. Moore throughout his life, saying to his friend George Sayer, "She was generous and taught me to be generous, too." In December 1917, Lewis wrote in a letter to his childhood friend Arthur Greeves that Janie and Greeves were "the two people who matter most to me in the world". In 1930, Lewis moved into <a href="/wiki/The_Kilns" title="The Kilns">The Kilns</a> with his brother Warnie, Mrs. Moore, and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dunbar" title="Maureen Dunbar">Maureen</a>. The Kilns was a house in the district of <a href="/wiki/Headington_Quarry" title="Headington Quarry">Headington Quarry</a> on the outskirts of Oxford, now part of the suburb of <a href="/wiki/Risinghurst" title="Risinghurst">Risinghurst</a>. They all contributed financially to the purchase of the house, which eventually passed to Maureen, who by then was <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dunbar" title="Maureen Dunbar">Dame Maureen Dunbar</a>, when Warren died in 1973. Moore had <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> in her later years and was eventually moved into a <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing home</a>, where she died in 1951. Lewis visited her every day in this home until her death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Christianity">Return to Christianity</h3></div> Lewis was raised in a religious family that attended the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. He became an atheist at age 15, though he later described his young self as being paradoxically "very angry with God for not existing" and "equally angry with him for creating a world".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b115-40">[40]</a> His early separation from Christianity began when he started to view his religion as a chore and a duty; around this time, he also gained an interest in the occult, as his studies expanded to include such topics.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Lewis quoted <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> (De rerum natura, 5.198–9) as having one of the <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_poor_design" title="Argument from poor design">strongest arguments</a> for atheism:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b65-42">[42]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> Nequaquam nobis divinitus esse paratam Naturam rerum; tanta stat praedita culpa </div></blockquote> which he translated poetically as follows: <blockquote><div class="poem"> Had God designed the world, it would not be A world so frail and faulty as we see. </div></blockquote> (This is a highly poetic, rather than a literal translation. A more literal translation, by William Ellery Leonard,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucretius1916-43">[43]</a> reads: "That in no wise the nature of all things / For us was fashioned by a power divine – / So great the faults it stands encumbered with.") Lewis's interest in the works of the Scottish writer <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> was part of what turned him from atheism. This can be seen particularly well through this passage in Lewis's <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divorce" title="The Great Divorce">The Great Divorce</a>, chapter nine, when the semi-autobiographical <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">main character</a> meets MacDonald in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... I tried, trembling, to tell this man all that his writings had done for me. I tried to tell how a certain frosty afternoon at <a href="/wiki/Leatherhead_railway_station" title="Leatherhead railway station">Leatherhead Station</a> when I had first bought a copy of <a href="/wiki/Phantastes" title="Phantastes">Phantastes</a> (being then about sixteen years old) had been to me what the first sight of <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Portinari" title="Beatrice Portinari">Beatrice</a> had been to <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a>: Here begins the new life. I started to confess how long that Life had delayed in the region of imagination merely: how slowly and reluctantly I had come to admit that his Christendom had more than an accidental connexion with it, how hard I had tried not to see the true name of the quality which first met me in his books is Holiness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002b66–67-44">[44]</a></blockquote> He eventually returned to Christianity, having been influenced by arguments with his Oxford colleague and friend <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, whom he seems to have met for the first time on 11 May 1926, as well as the book <a href="/wiki/The_Everlasting_Man" title="The Everlasting Man">The Everlasting Man</a> by <a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a>. Lewis vigorously resisted conversion, noting that he was brought into Christianity like a <a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Prodigal_Son" title="Parable of the Prodigal Son">prodigal</a>, "kicking, struggling, resentful, and darting his eyes in every direction for a chance to escape".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b229-45">[45]</a> He described his last struggle in <a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">You must picture me alone in that room in Magdalen [College, Oxford], night after night, feeling, whenever my mind lifted even for a second from my work, the steady, unrelenting approach of Him whom I so earnestly desired not to meet. That which I greatly feared had at last come upon me. In the Trinity Term of 1929<a href="#cite_note-46">[a]</a> I gave in, and admitted that God was God, and knelt and prayed: perhaps, that night, the most dejected and reluctant convert in all England.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b228,_229-47">[46]</a></blockquote> After his conversion to <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a> in 1929, Lewis converted to Christianity in 1931, following a long discussion during a late-night walk along <a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_Walk" title="Addison's Walk">Addison's Walk</a> with close friends Tolkien and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Dyson" title="Hugo Dyson">Hugo Dyson</a>. He records making a specific commitment to Christian belief while on his way to the zoo with his brother. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> – somewhat to the disappointment of Tolkien, who had hoped that he would join the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2006-48">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Lewis was a committed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Anglican</a> who upheld a largely orthodox <a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican theology</a>, though in his <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetic</a> writings, he made an effort to avoid espousing any one denomination. In his later writings, some believe that he proposed ideas such as purification of <a href="/wiki/Venial_sin" title="Venial sin">venial sins</a> after death in <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divorce" title="The Great Divorce">The Great Divorce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Malcolm" title="Letters to Malcolm">Letters to Malcolm</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">The Screwtape Letters</a>), which are generally considered to be Roman Catholic teachings, although they are also widely held in Anglicanism (particularly in <a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">high church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> circles). Regardless, Lewis considered himself an entirely orthodox Anglican to the end of his life, reflecting that he had initially attended church only to receive <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a> and had been repelled by the hymns and the poor quality of the sermons. He later came to consider himself honoured by worshipping with men of faith who came in shabby clothes and work boots and who sang all the verses to all the hymns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2002147-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3></div> After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in 1939, the Lewises took <a href="/wiki/Evacuations_of_civilians_in_Britain_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II">child evacuees from London</a> and other cities into <a href="/wiki/The_Kilns" title="The Kilns">The Kilns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tst-50">[49]</a> Lewis was only 40 when the war began, and he tried to re-enter military service, offering to instruct cadets; however, his offer was not accepted. He rejected the recruiting office's suggestion of writing columns for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a> in the press, as he did not want to "write lies"<a href="#cite_note-tst2-51">[50]</a> to deceive the enemy. He later served in the local <a href="/wiki/Home_Guard_(United_Kingdom)" title="Home Guard (United Kingdom)">Home Guard</a> in Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-tst2-51">[50]</a> From 1941 to 1943, Lewis spoke on religious programmes broadcast by <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">the BBC</a> from London while the city was under periodic <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">air raids</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tst3-52">[51]</a> These broadcasts were appreciated by civilians and servicemen at that stage. For example, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Hardman" title="Donald Hardman">Air Chief Marshal Sir Donald Hardman</a> wrote: <dl><dd>"The war, the whole of life, everything tended to seem pointless. We needed, many of us, a key to the meaning of the universe. Lewis provided just that."<a href="#cite_note-tst4-53">[52]</a></dd></dl> The youthful <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Cooke" title="Alistair Cooke">Alistair Cooke</a> was less impressed, and in 1944 described "the alarming vogue of Mr. C.S. Lewis" as an example of how wartime tends to "spawn so many quack religions and Messiahs".<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> The broadcasts were anthologized in Mere Christianity. From 1941, Lewis was occupied at his summer holiday weekends visiting <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">R.A.F.</a> stations to speak on his faith, invited by <a href="/wiki/Chaplain-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaplain-in-Chief">Chaplain-in-Chief</a> <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Edwards" title="Maurice Edwards">Maurice Edwards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tst5-55">[54]</a> It was also during the same wartime period that Lewis was invited to become first President of the <a href="/wiki/Socratic_Club" title="Socratic Club">Oxford Socratic Club</a> in January 1942,<a href="#cite_note-tst6-56">[55]</a> a position that he enthusiastically held until he resigned on appointment to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honour_declined">Honour declined</h3></div> Lewis was named on the last list of honours by <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in December 1951 as a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) but declined so as to avoid association with any political issues.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letters_of_C.S._Lewis-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chair_at_Cambridge_University">Chair at Cambridge University</h3></div> In 1954, Lewis accepted the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Professor_of_Medieval_and_Renaissance_English_(Cambridge)" title="Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English (Cambridge)">chair in Mediaeval and Renaissance Literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College, Cambridge</a>, where he finished his career. He maintained a strong attachment to the city of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, keeping a home there and returning on weekends until his death in 1963. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Joy_Davidman">Joy Davidman</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:20%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote right-aligned" style=""> She was my daughter and my mother, my pupil and my teacher, my subject and my sovereign; and always, holding all these in solution, my trusty comrade, friend, shipmate, fellow-soldier. My mistress; but at the same time all that any man friend (and I have good ones) has ever been to me. Perhaps more. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">C. S. Lewis<a href="#cite_note-washtimes-60">[59]</a></cite> </div> In later life, Lewis corresponded with <a href="/wiki/Joy_Gresham" class="mw-redirect" title="Joy Gresham">Joy Davidman Gresham</a>, an American writer of <a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish background</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a>, and a convert from atheism to Christianity. She was separated from her alcoholic and abusive husband, novelist <a href="/wiki/William_Lindsay_Gresham" title="William Lindsay Gresham">William L. Gresham</a>, and came to England with her two sons, David and <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaven2006-61">[60]</a> Lewis at first regarded her as an agreeable intellectual companion and personal friend, and it was on this level that he agreed to enter into a <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">civil marriage</a> contract with her so that she could continue to live in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperGreen2002268-62">[61]</a> They were married at the <a href="/wiki/Register_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Register office">register office</a>, 42 <a href="/wiki/St_Giles%27,_Oxford" title="St Giles', Oxford">St Giles', Oxford</a>, on 23 April 1956.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Lewis's brother Warren wrote: "For Jack the attraction was at first undoubtedly intellectual. Joy was the only woman whom he had met ... who had a brain which matched his own in suppleness, in width of interest, and in analytical grasp, and above all in humour and a sense of fun."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaven2006-61">[60]</a> After complaining of a painful hip, she was diagnosed with terminal <a href="/wiki/Bone_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bone cancer">bone cancer</a>, and the relationship developed to the point that they sought a Christian marriage. Since she was divorced, this was not straightforward in the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_England_and_Wales" title="Marriage in England and Wales">Church of England</a> at the time, but a friend, the Rev. Peter Bide, performed the ceremony at her bed in the <a href="/wiki/Churchill_Hospital" title="Churchill Hospital">Churchill Hospital</a> on 21 March 1957.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Gresham's cancer soon went into <a href="/wiki/Remission_(medicine)" title="Remission (medicine)">remission</a>, and the couple lived together as a family with <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a> until 1960, when her cancer recurred. She died on 13 July 1960. Earlier that year, the couple took a brief holiday in Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a>; Lewis was fond of walking but not of travel, and this marked his only crossing of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> after 1918. Lewis's book <a href="/wiki/A_Grief_Observed" title="A Grief Observed">A Grief Observed</a> describes his experience of bereavement in such a raw and personal fashion that he originally released it under the pseudonym N. W. Clerk to keep readers from associating the book with him. Ironically, many friends recommended the book to Lewis as a method for dealing with his own grief. After Lewis's death, his authorship was made public by <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber</a>, with the permission of the <a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">executors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1961jacket_notes-66">[65]</a> Lewis had adopted Gresham's two sons and continued to raise them after her death. <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas Gresham</a> is a Christian like Lewis and his mother,<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> while David Gresham turned to his mother's ancestral faith, becoming <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jewish</a> in his beliefs. His mother's writings had featured the Jews in an unsympathetic manner, particularly on <a href="/wiki/Shechita" title="Shechita">shechita</a> (ritual slaughter). David informed Lewis that he was going to become a <a href="/wiki/Shohet" class="mw-redirect" title="Shohet">shohet</a>, a ritual slaughterer, to present this type of Jewish religious <a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">functionary</a> to the world in a more favourable light. In a 2005 interview, Douglas Gresham acknowledged that he and his brother were not close, although they had corresponded via email.<a href="#cite_note-theage.com.au-68">[67]</a> David died on 25 December 2014.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In 2020, Douglas revealed that his brother had died at a Swiss <a href="/wiki/Mental_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental hospital">mental hospital</a>, and that when David was a young man he had been diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid schizophrenia">paranoid schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg/170px-20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg/255px-20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg/340px-20210418_C.S._Lewis_grave-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="5760" /></a><figcaption>Lewis's grave at <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Headington_Quarry" title="Holy Trinity Church, Headington Quarry">Holy Trinity Church, Headington Quarry</a></figcaption></figure> In early June 1961, Lewis began experiencing <a href="/wiki/Nephritis" title="Nephritis">nephritis</a>, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">blood poisoning</a>. His illness caused him to miss the autumn term at Cambridge, though his health gradually began improving in 1962 and he returned that April. His health continued to improve and, according to his friend <a href="/wiki/George_Sayer_(biographer)" title="George Sayer (biographer)">George Sayer</a>, Lewis was fully himself by early 1963. On 15 July that year, Lewis fell ill and was admitted to the hospital; he had a heart attack at 5:00 pm the next day and lapsed into a coma, but unexpectedly woke the following day at 2:00 pm. After he was discharged from the hospital, Lewis returned to the Kilns, though he was too ill to return to work. As a result, he resigned from his post at Cambridge in August 1963. Lewis's condition continued to decline, and he was diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/End-stage_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="End-stage kidney failure">end-stage kidney failure</a> in mid-November. He collapsed in his bedroom at 5:30 pm on 22 November, at age 64, and died a few minutes later.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> He is buried in the churchyard of <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_Headington_Quarry" title="Holy Trinity Church, Headington Quarry">Holy Trinity Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headington" title="Headington">Headington</a>, Oxford.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoHTC-72">[71]</a> His brother <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren</a> died on 9 April 1973 and was buried in the same grave.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Media coverage of Lewis's death was almost completely overshadowed by news of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, which occurred on the same day (approximately 55 minutes following Lewis's collapse), as did the death of English writer <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/Brave_New_World" title="Brave New World">Brave New World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> This coincidence was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Peter Kreeft</a>'s book <a href="/wiki/Between_Heaven_and_Hell_(novel)" title="Between Heaven and Hell (novel)">Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis, & Aldous Huxley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreeft1982-75">[74]</a> Lewis is commemorated on 22 November in the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">church calendar</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholar">Scholar</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg/220px-Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg/330px-Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg/440px-Magdalen_College_Oxford_20040613.jpg 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption>Magdalen College, Oxford</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg/220px-MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg/330px-MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg/440px-MagdaleneCollegeCam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1502" data-file-height="774" /></a><figcaption>Magdalene College, Cambridge</figcaption></figure> Lewis began his academic career as an undergraduate student at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, where he won a triple first, the highest honours in three areas of study.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> He was then elected a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" title="Magdalen College, Oxford">Magdalen College, Oxford</a>, where he worked for nearly thirty years, from 1925 to 1954.<a href="#cite_note-WWW-78">[77]</a> In 1954, he was awarded the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Professor_of_Medieval_and_Renaissance_English_(Cambridge)" title="Professor of Medieval and Renaissance English (Cambridge)">chair of Mediaeval and Renaissance Literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a>, and was elected a fellow of <a href="/wiki/Magdalene_College,_Cambridge" title="Magdalene College, Cambridge">Magdalene College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WWW-78">[77]</a> Concerning his appointed academic field, he argued that there was no such thing as an <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ohel-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Much of his scholarly work concentrated on the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">later Middle Ages</a>, especially its use of allegory. His <a href="/wiki/The_Allegory_of_Love" title="The Allegory of Love">The Allegory of Love</a> (1936) helped reinvigorate the serious study of late medieval narratives such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_de_la_Rose" title="Roman de la Rose">Roman de la Rose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_and_Child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eagle_and_Child.jpg/170px-Eagle_and_Child.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eagle_and_Child.jpg/255px-Eagle_and_Child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Eagle_and_Child.jpg/340px-Eagle_and_Child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" title="The Eagle and Child">The Eagle and Child</a> pub in Oxford where the Inklings met on Tuesday mornings in 1939</figcaption></figure> Lewis was commissioned to write the volume English Literature in the Sixteenth Century (Excluding Drama) for the Oxford History of English Literature.<a href="#cite_note-ohel-79">[78]</a> His book A Preface to Paradise Lost<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> is still cited as a criticism of that work. His last <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academic work</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Discarded_Image" title="The Discarded Image">The Discarded Image</a>: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature (1964), is a summary of the medieval world view, a reference to the "discarded image" of the cosmos.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Lewis was a prolific writer, and his circle of literary friends became an informal discussion society known as the "<a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">Inklings</a>", including <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Coghill" title="Nevill Coghill">Nevill Coghill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_David_Cecil" title="Lord David Cecil">Lord David Cecil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(British_writer)" title="Charles Williams (British writer)">Charles Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a>, and his brother <a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a>. Glyer points to December 1929 as the Inklings' beginning date.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlyer2007-84">[83]</a> Lewis's friendship with Coghill and Tolkien grew during their time as members of the Kolbítar, an Old Norse reading group that Tolkien founded and which ended around the time of the inception of the Inklings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELazo2004191–226-85">[84]</a> At Oxford, he was the tutor of poet <a href="/wiki/John_Betjeman" title="John Betjeman">John Betjeman</a>, critic <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Tynan" title="Kenneth Tynan">Kenneth Tynan</a>, mystic <a href="/wiki/Bede_Griffiths" title="Bede Griffiths">Bede Griffiths</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a> and Sufi scholar <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lings" title="Martin Lings">Martin Lings</a>, among many other undergraduates. The religious and conservative Betjeman detested Lewis, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Anti-establishment" title="Anti-establishment">anti-establishment</a> Tynan retained a lifelong admiration for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonkin2005-86">[85]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Of Tolkien, Lewis writes in <a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When I began teaching for the English Faculty, I made two other friends, both Christians (these queer people seemed now to pop up on every side) who were later to give me much help in getting over the last stile. They were HVV Dyson ... and JRR Tolkien. Friendship with the latter marked the breakdown of two old prejudices. At my first coming into the world I had been (implicitly) warned never to trust a <a href="/wiki/Papist" class="mw-redirect" title="Papist">Papist</a>, and at my first coming into the English Faculty (explicitly) never to trust a <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a>. Tolkien was both.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b216-87">[86]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novelist">Novelist</h3></div> In addition to his scholarly work, Lewis wrote several popular novels, including the science fiction <a href="/wiki/Space_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Trilogy">Space Trilogy</a> for adults and the <a href="/wiki/Narnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Narnia">Narnia</a> fantasies for children. Most deal implicitly with Christian themes such as sin, humanity's <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">fall from grace</a>, and redemption.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> His first novel after becoming a Christian was <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Regress" title="The Pilgrim's Regress">The Pilgrim's Regress</a> (1933), which depicted his journey to Christianity in the allegorical style of <a href="/wiki/John_Bunyan" title="John Bunyan">John Bunyan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a>. The book was poorly received by critics at the time,<a href="#cite_note-Thomas-22">[22]</a> although David <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Lloyd-Jones" title="Martyn Lloyd-Jones">Martyn Lloyd-Jones</a>, one of Lewis's contemporaries at Oxford, gave him much-valued encouragement. Asked by Lloyd-Jones when he would write another book, Lewis replied, "When I understand the meaning of prayer."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1990-90">[89]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Space_Trilogy" class="mw-redirect" title="Space Trilogy">Space Trilogy</a> (also called the Cosmic Trilogy or Ransom Trilogy) dealt with what Lewis saw as the dehumanizing trends in contemporary science fiction. The first book, <a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet" title="Out of the Silent Planet">Out of the Silent Planet</a>, was apparently written following a conversation with his friend J. R. R. Tolkien about these trends. Lewis agreed to write a "space travel" story and Tolkien a "time travel" one, but Tolkien never completed "<a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Road_and_Other_Writings" title="The Lost Road and Other Writings">The Lost Road</a>", linking his <a href="/wiki/Middle-earth" title="Middle-earth">Middle-earth</a> to the modern world. Lewis's main character <a href="/wiki/Elwin_Ransom" title="Elwin Ransom">Elwin Ransom</a> is based in part on Tolkien, a fact to which Tolkien alludes in his letters.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The second novel, <a href="/wiki/Perelandra" title="Perelandra">Perelandra</a>, depicts a new <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a> on the planet Venus, a new <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a>, and a new "serpent figure" to tempt Eve. The story can be seen as an account of what might have happened if the terrestrial Adam had defeated the serpent and avoided the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall of Man</a>, with Ransom intervening in the novel to "ransom" the new Adam and Eve from the deceptions of the enemy. The third novel, <a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a>, develops the theme of nihilistic science threatening traditional human values, embodied in Arthurian legend.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many ideas in the trilogy, particularly opposition to dehumanization as portrayed in the third book, are presented more formally in <a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a>, based on a series of lectures by Lewis at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> in 1943. Lewis stayed in Durham, where he says he was overwhelmed by the magnificence of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">the cathedral</a>. That Hideous Strength is in fact set in the environs of "Edgestow" university, a small English university like Durham, though Lewis disclaims any other resemblance between the two.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19457-92">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hooper" title="Walter Hooper">Walter Hooper</a>, Lewis's literary executor, discovered a fragment of another science-fiction novel apparently written by Lewis called <a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(1977_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dark Tower (1977 novel)">The Dark Tower</a>. Ransom appears in the story but it is not clear whether the book was intended as part of the same series of novels. The manuscript was eventually published in 1977, though Lewis scholar <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Lindskoog" title="Kathryn Lindskoog">Kathryn Lindskoog</a> doubts its authenticity.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mourne_mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mourne_mountains.jpg/220px-Mourne_mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mourne_mountains.jpg/330px-Mourne_mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mourne_mountains.jpg/440px-Mourne_mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">The Mountains of Mourne</a> inspired Lewis to write The Chronicles of Narnia. About them, Lewis wrote "I have seen landscapes ... which, under a particular light, make me feel that at any moment a giant might raise his head over the next ridge."<a href="#cite_note-The_great_British_weekend:_The_Mourne_Mountains-94">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>, considered a classic of children's literature, is a series of seven fantasy novels. Written between 1949 and 1954 and illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Baynes" title="Pauline Baynes">Pauline Baynes</a>, the series is Lewis's most popular work, having sold over 100 million copies in 41 languages (<a href="#CITEREFKelly2006">Kelly 2006</a>) (<a href="#CITEREFGuthmann2005">Guthmann 2005</a>). It has been adapted several times, complete or in part, for radio, television, stage and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> In 1956, the final novel in the series, <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Battle" title="The Last Battle">The Last Battle</a>, won the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Medal_(literary_award)" title="Carnegie Medal (literary award)">Carnegie Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The books contain Christian ideas intended to be easily accessible to young readers. In addition to Christian themes, Lewis also borrows characters from <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>, as well as traditional British and Irish fairy tales.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Lewis's last novel, <a href="/wiki/Till_We_Have_Faces" title="Till We Have Faces">Till We Have Faces</a>, a retelling of the myth of Cupid and Psyche, was published in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-99">[98]</a> Although Lewis called it "far and away my best book", it was not as well-reviewed as his previous work.<a href="#cite_note-britannica.com-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_works">Other works</h4></div> Lewis wrote several works on <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a>. One of these, <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divorce" title="The Great Divorce">The Great Divorce</a>, is a short novella in which a few residents of Hell take a bus ride to Heaven, where they are met by people who dwell there. The proposition is that they can stay if they choose, in which case they can call the place where they had come from "<a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>", instead of "Hell", but many find it not to their taste. The title is a reference to <a href="/wiki/William_Blake" title="William Blake">William Blake</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Heaven_and_Hell" title="The Marriage of Heaven and Hell">The Marriage of Heaven and Hell</a>, a concept that Lewis found a "disastrous error". This work deliberately echoes two other more famous works with a similar theme: the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">Divine Comedy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, and Bunyan's <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a>. Another short work, <a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">The Screwtape Letters</a>, which he dedicated to J. R. R. Tolkien, consists of letters of advice from senior <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demon</a> Screwtape to his nephew Wormwood on the best ways to tempt a particular human and secure his <a href="/wiki/Damnation#Religious" title="Damnation">damnation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Lewis's last novel was <a href="/wiki/Till_We_Have_Faces" title="Till We Have Faces">Till We Have Faces</a>, which he thought of as his most mature and masterly work of fiction but which was never a popular success. It is a retelling of the myth of <a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Cupid and Psyche</a> from the unusual perspective of Psyche's sister. It is deeply concerned with religious ideas, but the setting is entirely <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a>, and the connections with specific Christian beliefs are left implicit.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Before Lewis's conversion to Christianity, he published two books: <a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_Bondage" title="Spirits in Bondage">Spirits in Bondage</a>, a collection of poems, and <a href="/wiki/Dymer_(poem)" title="Dymer (poem)">Dymer</a>, a single <a href="/wiki/Narrative_poetry" title="Narrative poetry">narrative poem</a>. Both were published under the pen name Clive Hamilton. Other narrative poems have since been published posthumously, including Launcelot, The Nameless Isle, and <a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Drum" title="The Queen of Drum">The Queen of Drum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> He also wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Four_Loves" title="The Four Loves">The Four Loves</a>, which rhetorically explains four categories of love: <a href="/wiki/Philia" title="Philia">friendship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eros_(concept)" title="Eros (concept)">eros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storge" title="Storge">affection</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agape" title="Agape">charity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In 2009, a partial draft was discovered of <a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a>, which Lewis had begun co-writing with J. R. R. Tolkien, but which was never completed.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In 2024 an original poem was discovered in a collection of documents in Special Collections at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[104]</a> Its Old English title, "Mód Þrýþe Ne Wæg", is not easily translated into modern English and references the epic poem <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The poem was addressed to professor of English <a href="/wiki/E._V._Gordon" title="E. V. Gordon">Eric Valentine Gordon</a> and his wife Dr Ida Gordon.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[104]</a> It was written under the pen name Nat Whilk, meaning "someone" in Old English.<a href="#cite_note-:0-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_apologist">Christian apologist</h3></div> Lewis is also regarded by many as one of the most influential <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologists</a> of his time, in addition to his career as an English professor and an author of fiction. <a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a> was voted best book of the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> He has been called "The Apostle to the Skeptics" due to his approach to religious belief as a sceptic, and his following conversion.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Lewis was very interested in presenting an <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_reason" title="Argument from reason">argument from reason</a> against <a href="/wiki/Metaphysical_naturalism" title="Metaphysical naturalism">metaphysical naturalism</a> and for the <a href="/wiki/Existence_of_God" title="Existence of God">existence of God</a>. Mere Christianity, <a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Pain" title="The Problem of Pain">The Problem of Pain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miracles_(book)" title="Miracles (book)">Miracles</a> were all concerned, to one degree or another, with refuting popular objections to Christianity, such as the question, "How could a good God allow pain to exist in the world?" He also became a popular lecturer and broadcaster, and some of his writing originated as scripts for radio talks or lectures (including much of Mere Christianity).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1997-109">[108]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] According to George Sayer, losing a 1948 debate with <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Elizabeth Anscombe</a>, also a Christian, led Lewis to re-evaluate his role as an apologist, and his future works concentrated on devotional literature and children's books.<a href="#cite_note-rilstone-refuted-110">[109]</a> Anscombe had a completely different recollection of the debate's outcome and its emotional effect on Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-rilstone-refuted-110">[109]</a> Victor Reppert also disputes Sayer, listing some of Lewis's post-1948 apologetic publications, including the second and revised edition of his Miracles in 1960, in which Lewis addressed Anscombe's criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Reppert_2005_https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA266_266-111">[110]</a> Noteworthy too is Roger Teichman's suggestion in The Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe that the intellectual impact of Anscombe's paper on Lewis's philosophical self-confidence should not be over-rated: "... it seems unlikely that he felt as irretrievably crushed as some of his acquaintances have made out; the episode is probably an inflated legend, in the same category as the affair of <a href="/wiki/Wittgenstein%27s_Poker" title="Wittgenstein's Poker">Wittgenstein's Poker</a>. Certainly, Anscombe herself believed that Lewis's argument, though flawed, was getting at something very important; she thought that this came out more in the improved version of it that Lewis presented in a subsequent edition of Miracles – though that version also had 'much to criticize in it'."<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Lewis wrote an autobiography titled Surprised by Joy, which places special emphasis on his own conversion.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-12">[12]</a> He also wrote many essays and public speeches on Christian belief, many of which were collected in <a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Dock" title="God in the Dock">God in the Dock</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Weight_of_Glory_and_Other_Addresses" title="The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses">The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> His most famous works, the Chronicles of Narnia, contain many strong Christian messages and are often considered <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>. Lewis, an expert on the subject of allegory, maintained that the books were not allegory, and preferred to call the Christian aspects of them "<a href="/wiki/Supposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supposition">suppositional</a>". As Lewis wrote in a letter to a Mrs. Hook in December 1958: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If Aslan represented the immaterial Deity in the same way in which Giant Despair [a character in <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a>] represents despair, he would be an allegorical figure. In reality, he is an invention giving an imaginary answer to the question, "What might Christ become like, if there really were a world like Narnia and He chose to be incarnate and die and rise again in that world as He actually has done in ours?" This is not allegory at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleRoot1990-115">[114]</a></blockquote> Prior to his conversion, Lewis used the word "Moslem" to refer to Muslims, adherents of Islam; following his conversion, however, he started using "<a href="/wiki/Mohammedan" title="Mohammedan">Mohammedans</a>" and described Islam as a Christian heresy rather than an independent religion.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Trilemma"">"Trilemma"</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s_trilemma" title="Lewis's trilemma">Lewis's trilemma</a></div> In a much-cited passage from Mere Christianity, Lewis challenged the view that Jesus was a great moral teacher but not God. He argued that Jesus made several implicit claims to divinity, which would logically exclude that claim: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I am trying here to prevent anyone saying the really foolish thing that people often say about Him: 'I'm ready to accept Jesus as a great moral teacher, but I don't accept his claim to be God.' That is the one thing we must not say. A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said would not be a great moral teacher. He would either be a lunatic – on the level with the man who says he is a poached egg – or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God, or else a madman or something worse. You can shut him up for a fool, you can spit at him and kill him as a demon or you can fall at his feet and call him Lord and God, but let us not come with any patronising nonsense about his being a great human teacher. He has not left that open to us. He did not intend to.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199743-117">[116]</a></blockquote> Although this argument is sometimes called "Lewis's trilemma", Lewis did not invent it but rather developed and popularized it. It has also been used by Christian apologist <a href="/wiki/Josh_McDowell" title="Josh McDowell">Josh McDowell</a> in his book More Than a Carpenter.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> It has been widely repeated in Christian apologetic literature but largely ignored by professional theologians and biblical scholars.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Lewis's Christian apologetics, and this argument in particular, have been criticized. Philosopher John Beversluis described Lewis's arguments as "textually careless and theologically unreliable",<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and this particular argument as logically unsound and an example of a <a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">false dilemma</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> New Testament scholar <a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">N. T. Wright</a> criticizes Lewis for failing to recognize the significance of Jesus's Jewish identity and setting – an oversight which "at best, drastically short-circuits the argument" and which lays Lewis open to criticism that his argument "doesn't work as history, and it backfires dangerously when historical critics question his reading of the gospels", although he argues that this "doesn't undermine the eventual claim".<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Lewis used a similar argument in <a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Digory_Kirke" title="Digory Kirke">the old Professor</a> advises his young guests that their sister's claims of a magical world must logically be taken as either lies, madness, or truth.<a href="#cite_note-Reppert_2005_https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA266_266-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Universal_morality">Universal morality</h4></div> One of the main theses in Lewis's apologia is that there is a common morality known throughout humanity, which he calls "<a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>". In the first five chapters of Mere Christianity, Lewis discusses the idea that people have a standard of behaviour to which they expect people to adhere. Lewis claims that people all over the earth know what this law is and when they break it. He goes on to claim that there must be someone or something behind such a universal set of principles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001144-123">[122]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">These then are the two points that I wanted to make. First, that human beings, all over the earth, have this curious idea that they ought to behave in a certain way, and cannot really get rid of it. Secondly, that they do not in fact behave in that way. They know the Law of Nature; they break it. These two facts are the foundation of all clear thinking about ourselves and the universe we live in.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199721-124">[123]</a></blockquote> Lewis also portrays Universal Morality in his works of fiction. In The Chronicles of Narnia he describes Universal Morality as the "deep magic" which everyone knew.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001146-125">[124]</a> In the second chapter of Mere Christianity, Lewis recognizes that "many people find it difficult to understand what this Law of Human Nature ... is." And he responds first to the idea "that the Moral Law is simply our herd instinct" and second to the idea "that the Moral Law is simply a social convention". In responding to the second idea Lewis notes that people often complain that one set of moral ideas is better than another, but that this actually argues for there existing some "Real Morality" to which they are comparing other moralities. Finally, he notes that sometimes differences in moral codes are exaggerated by people who confuse differences in beliefs about morality with differences in beliefs about facts: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I have met people who exaggerate the differences, because they have not distinguished between differences of morality and differences of belief about facts. For example, one man said to me, "Three hundred years ago people in England were putting witches to death. Was that what you call the Rule of Human Nature or Right Conduct?" But surely the reason we do not execute witches is that we do not believe there are such things. If we did – if we really thought that there were people going about who had sold themselves to the devil and received supernatural powers from him in return and were using these powers to kill their neighbours or drive them mad or bring bad weather, surely we would all agree that if anyone deserved the death penalty, then these filthy <a href="/wiki/Quisling" title="Quisling">quislings</a> did. There is no difference of moral principle here: the difference is simply about matter of fact. It may be a great advance in knowledge not to believe in witches: there is no moral advance in not executing them when you do not think they are there. You would not call a man humane for ceasing to set mousetraps if he did so because he believed there were no mice in the house.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199726-126">[125]</a></blockquote> Lewis also had fairly progressive views on the topic of "animal morality", in particular the suffering of animals, as is evidenced by several of his essays: most notably, On Vivisection<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> and "On the Pains of Animals".<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a></div> Lewis eschewed political involvement and partisan poltics, took little interest in transitory political issues, and held many politicians in disdain. He refused a knighthood for fear that his detractors might then use it to accuse him of holding a political viewpoint, and he saw his role as a Christian apologist. His worldview was Christian, but he also did not believe in establishment of Christian parties. He avoided the political sphere, although he was not ignorant of it.<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_and_Watson_2016-130">[129]</a>: 238  He did not see himself as a political philosopher, but his work, The Abolition of Man (1943) defends objective value and the concept of natural law. Lewis referred to this work as amost his own favourite, although he felt it had been largely ignored.<a href="#cite_note-Michelson-131">[130]</a>: 3  The Abolition of Man was not presented as something new. Instead, he paid attention to ideas, with the intent of recovering them. In The Abolition of Man, "Lewis offered the postmodern world a vision of reality that could make sense of our lived moral experiences, and he put forth a powerful defense of natural law as a necessary basis for "the very idea of a rule which is not tyranny or an obedience which is not slavery".<a href="#cite_note-Dyer_and_Watson_2016-130">[129]</a>: 4876  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_C.S._Lewis,_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/170px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/255px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg/340px-Statue_of_C.S._Lewis%2C_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ross_Wilson_(artist)" title="Ross Wilson (artist)">Ross Wilson</a>'s statue of Professor Kirke (Digory) in front of the wardrobe from The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in East Belfast</figcaption></figure> Lewis continues to attract a wide readership. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> ranked him eleventh on their list of "the 50 greatest British writers since 1945".<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Readers of his fiction are often unaware of what Lewis considered the Christian themes of his works. His Christian apologetics are read and quoted by members of many <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt1998-133">[132]</a> In 2013, on the 50th anniversary of his death, Lewis joined some of Britain's greatest writers recognized at <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The dedication service, at noon on 22 November 2013, included a reading from <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Battle" title="The Last Battle">The Last Battle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas Gresham</a>, younger stepson of Lewis. Flowers were laid by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hooper" title="Walter Hooper">Walter Hooper</a>, trustee and literary advisor to the Lewis Estate. An address was delivered by former Archbishop of Canterbury <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>.<a href="#cite_note-memorial_booklet-135">[134]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The floor stone inscription is a quotation from an address by Lewis: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I believe in Christianity as I believe that the Sun has risen, not only because I see it but because by it I see everything else.<a href="#cite_note-memorial_booklet-135">[134]</a></blockquote> Lewis has been the subject of several biographies, a few of which were written by close friends, such as <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a> and George Sayer.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> In 1985, the screenplay <a href="/wiki/Shadowlands_(TV_Movie)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadowlands (TV Movie)">Shadowlands</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(writer)" title="William Nicholson (writer)">William Nicholson</a> dramatized Lewis's life and relationship with Joy Davidman Gresham.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> It was aired on British television starring <a href="/wiki/Joss_Ackland" title="Joss Ackland">Joss Ackland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claire_Bloom" title="Claire Bloom">Claire Bloom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> This was also staged as a theatre play starring <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Hawthorne" title="Nigel Hawthorne">Nigel Hawthorne</a> in 1989<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> and made into the 1993 feature film <a href="/wiki/Shadowlands_(1993_film)" title="Shadowlands (1993 film)">Shadowlands</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debra_Winger" title="Debra Winger">Debra Winger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Many books have been inspired by Lewis, including <a href="/wiki/A_Severe_Mercy" title="A Severe Mercy">A Severe Mercy</a> by his correspondent and friend <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Vanauken" title="Sheldon Vanauken">Sheldon Vanauken</a>. The Chronicles of Narnia has been particularly influential. Modern children's literature has been more or less influenced by Lewis's series, such as <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Handler" title="Daniel Handler">Daniel Handler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A_Series_of_Unfortunate_Events" title="A Series of Unfortunate Events">A Series of Unfortunate Events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eoin_Colfer" title="Eoin Colfer">Eoin Colfer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Fowl_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis Fowl (series)">Artemis Fowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pullman" title="Philip Pullman">Philip Pullman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/His_Dark_Materials" title="His Dark Materials">His Dark Materials</a>, and <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilliard2005-142">[141]</a> Pullman is an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> and is known to be sharply critical of C. S. Lewis's work,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> accusing Lewis of featuring religious propaganda, misogyny, racism, and emotional sadism in his books.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2005-144">[143]</a> However, he has also modestly praised The Chronicles of Narnia for being a "more serious" work of literature in comparison with Tolkien's "trivial" <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Authors of adult fantasy literature such as <a href="/wiki/Tim_Powers" title="Tim Powers">Tim Powers</a> have also testified to being influenced by Lewis's work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2007305–307-146">[145]</a> Most of Lewis's posthumous work has been edited by his literary executor <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hooper" title="Walter Hooper">Walter Hooper</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Lindskoog" title="Kathryn Lindskoog">Kathryn Lindskoog</a>, an independent Lewis scholar, argued that Hooper's scholarship is not reliable and that he has made false statements and attributed forged works to Lewis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001-147">[146]</a> Lewis's stepson, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas Gresham</a>, denies the forgery claims, saying that "[t]he whole controversy thing was engineered for very personal reasons ... Her fanciful theories have been pretty thoroughly discredited."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGresham2007-148">[147]</a> A bronze statue of Lewis's character Digory from <a href="/wiki/The_Magician%27s_Nephew" title="The Magician's Nephew">The Magician's Nephew</a> stands in Belfast's <a href="/wiki/Holywood,_County_Down" title="Holywood, County Down">Holywood</a> Arches in front of the Holywood Road Library.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2004-149">[148]</a> Several C. S. Lewis Societies exist around the world, including one which was founded in Oxford in 1982. The C.S. Lewis Society at the University of Oxford meets at <a href="/wiki/Pusey_House,_Oxford" title="Pusey House, Oxford">Pusey House</a> during term time to discuss papers on the life and works of Lewis and the other Inklings, and generally appreciate all things Lewisian.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Live-action film adaptations have been made of three of The Chronicles of Narnia: <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch,_and_the_Wardrobe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe</a> (2005), <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_Prince_Caspian" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian">Prince Caspian</a> (2008) and <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader">The Voyage of the Dawn Treader</a> (2010). Lewis is featured as a main character in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_the_Imaginarium_Geographica" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica">The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica</a> series by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Owen" title="James A. Owen">James A. Owen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> He is one of two characters in <a href="/wiki/Mark_St._Germain" title="Mark St. Germain">Mark St. Germain</a>'s 2009 play Freud's Last Session, which imagines a meeting between Lewis, aged 40, and <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, aged 83, at Freud's house in Hampstead, London, in 1939, as the Second World War is about to break out.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> In 2023, <a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_Last_Session" title="Freud's Last Session">Freud's Last Session</a> was released as a movie starring <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> as Freud and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Goode" title="Matthew Goode">Matthew Goode</a> as Lewis. The movie had additional characters as well, including <a href="/wiki/Anna_Freud" title="Anna Freud">Anna Freud</a>, played by <a href="/wiki/Liv_Lisa_Fries" title="Liv Lisa Fries">Liv Lisa Fries</a>. In 2021, <a href="/wiki/The_Most_Reluctant_Convert" title="The Most Reluctant Convert">The Most Reluctant Convert</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biographical_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Biographical drama">biographical drama</a> about Lewis's life and conversion, was released.<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/CS_Lewis_Nature_Reserve" title="CS Lewis Nature Reserve">CS Lewis Nature Reserve</a>, on ground owned by Lewis, lies behind his house, The Kilns.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is public access.<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis_bibliography" title="C. S. Lewis bibliography">C. S. Lewis bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">Alister McGrath</a> sees the 1929 date as an error, and dates it to 1930. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alister_McGrath" title="Alister McGrath">McGrath, Alister</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Z-sjP6E8lsC&pg=PA146">C. S. Lewis—A Life: Eccentric Genius, Reluctant Prophet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tyndale_House" title="Tyndale House">Tyndale House</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781414382524" title="Special:BookSources/9781414382524"><bdi>9781414382524</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%E2%80%94A+Life%3A+Eccentric+Genius%2C+Reluctant+Prophet&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Tyndale+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781414382524&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Z-sjP6E8lsC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/27px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/41px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/54px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marion_E._Wade_Center" title="Marion E. Wade Center">Marion E. Wade Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a>, has the world's largest collection of works by and about Lewis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtly_love" title="Courtly love">Courtly love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Huizinga" title="Johan Huizinga">Johan Huizinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Robertson_Jr." title="D. W. Robertson Jr.">D. W. Robertson Jr.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_2">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1952" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C.S. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OF-YSMKCVwMC">Mere Christianity</a>. New York: Harper Collins. p. viii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061947438" title="Special:BookSources/9780061947438"><bdi>9780061947438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mere+Christianity&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=9780061947438&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOF-YSMKCVwMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettPlaskitt2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bennett, Jack Arthur Walter; Plaskitt, Emma Lisa (2008) [2004]. "Lewis, Clive Staples (1898–1963)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34512">10.1093/ref:odnb/34512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lewis%2C+Clive+Staples+%281898%E2%80%931963%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F34512&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Jack+Arthur+Walter&rft.au=Plaskitt%2C+Emma+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2024" class="citation journal cs1">McCartney, Mark (2024). "The Lion, the Witch and the Graduate". Mathematics Today. 60 (2): 58–60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematics+Today&rft.atitle=The+Lion%2C+the+Witch+and+the+Graduate&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=58-60&rft.date=2024&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cslewis.org/resource/chronocsl/">"The Life of C.S. Lewis Timeline"</a>. C.S. Lewis Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516172911/http://www.cslewis.org/resource/chronocsl/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018. Retrieved 11 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=C.S.+Lewis+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Life+of+C.S.+Lewis+Timeline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewis.org%2Fresource%2Fchronocsl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2014/02/a-personalised-tour-of-church-and.html">"A personalised tour of the church and rectory that inspired CS Lewis and Aslan the Lion"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228051352/http://www.patrickcomerford.com/2014/02/a-personalised-tour-of-church-and.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2020. Retrieved 28 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+personalised+tour+of+the+church+and+rectory+that+inspired+CS+Lewis+and+Aslan+the+Lion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.patrickcomerford.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fa-personalised-tour-of-church-and.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresham2005" class="citation book cs1">Gresham, Douglas (2005). Jack's Life: The Life of C.S. Lewis. Nashville, Tennessee: Broadman & Holman Publishers. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-3246-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-3246-9"><bdi>0-8054-3246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack%27s+Life%3A+The+Life+of+C.S.+Lewis&rft.place=Nashville%2C+Tennessee&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Broadman+%26+Holman+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8054-3246-9&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowat2006" class="citation book cs1">Howat, Irene (2006). Ten Boys Who Used Their Talents. Great Britain: Christian Focus Publications Ltd. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84550-146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84550-146-4"><bdi>978-1-84550-146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ten+Boys+Who+Used+Their+Talents&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Christian+Focus+Publications+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84550-146-4&rft.aulast=Howat&rft.aufirst=Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Sandy (18 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/Surprised_by_Belfast_Significant_Sites_in_the_Land_and_Life_of_CS_Lewis_Part_I_Little_Lea_FullArticle">"Surprised by Belfast: Significant Sites in the Land and Life of C.S. Lewis, Part 1, Little Lea"</a>. C.S. Lewis Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701145722/http://www.cslewisinstitute.org/Surprised_by_Belfast_Significant_Sites_in_the_Land_and_Life_of_CS_Lewis_Part_I_Little_Lea_FullArticle">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=C.S.+Lewis+Institute&rft.atitle=Surprised+by+Belfast%3A+Significant+Sites+in+the+Land+and+Life+of+C.S.+Lewis%2C+Part+1%2C+Little+Lea&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Sandy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewisinstitute.org%2FSurprised_by_Belfast_Significant_Sites_in_the_Land_and_Life_of_CS_Lewis_Part_I_Little_Lea_FullArticle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b10-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b10_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b56-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b56_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966a107-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966a107_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966a">Lewis 1966a</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1955" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C.S. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisedbyjoysh00lewi/page/128">Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace_Jovanovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace Jovanovich">Harcourt Brace Jovanovich</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisedbyjoysh00lewi/page/128">128–186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-687011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-687011-5"><bdi>978-0-15-687011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprised+by+Joy%3A+The+Shape+of+My+Early+Life&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=128-186&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace+Jovanovich&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-15-687011-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurprisedbyjoysh00lewi%2Fpage%2F128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2006" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Harold (2006). C. S. Lewis. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791093191" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791093191"><bdi>978-0791093191</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Chelsea+House+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0791093191&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406171245/https://www.cslewis.com/us/about-cs-lewis">"About C.S. Lewis"</a>. CSLewis.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cslewis.com/us/about-cs-lewis">the original</a> on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 4 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+C.S.+Lewis&rft.pub=CSLewis.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewis.com%2Fus%2Fabout-cs-lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b24-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b24_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindale2005" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, Wayne (2005). Beyond the Shadowlands: C. S. Lewis on Heaven and Hell. Crossway. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1581345131" title="Special:BookSources/978-1581345131"><bdi>978-1581345131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Shadowlands%3A+C.+S.+Lewis+on+Heaven+and+Hell&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=Crossway&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1581345131&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1984118-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1984118_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1984">Lewis 1984</a>, p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis200059-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200059_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis200059_18-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2000">Lewis 2000</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004564–65-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004564–65_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2004">Lewis 2004</a>, pp. 564–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-On_Yeats-20"><a href="#cite_ref-On_Yeats_20-0">^</a> Yeats's appeal wasn't exclusively Irish; he was also a major "magical opponent" of famed English occultist <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>, as noted extensively throughout Lawrence Sutin's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dowhatthouwiltli0000suti/page/69">Do what thou wilt: a life of Aleister Crowley</a>. New York: MacMillan (St. Martins). cf. pp. 56–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1978" class="citation book cs1">King, Francis (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magicalworldofal00king">The Magical World of Aleister Crowley</a>. New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10884-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-10884-4"><bdi>978-0-698-10884-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magical+World+of+Aleister+Crowley&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Coward%2C+McCann+%26+Geoghegan&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-698-10884-4&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagicalworldofal00king&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1997" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Thomas C. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplycslewisbeg0000pete/page/70">Simply C. S. Lewis: A Beginner's Guide to the Life and Works of C. S. Lewis</a>. Crossway Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplycslewisbeg0000pete/page/70">70</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0891079484" title="Special:BookSources/978-0891079484"><bdi>978-0891079484</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Simply+C.+S.+Lewis%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide+to+the+Life+and+Works+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0891079484&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimplycslewisbeg0000pete%2Fpage%2F70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2004310-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2004310_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2004">Lewis 2004</a>, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClare201021–22-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClare201021–22_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClare2010">Clare 2010</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Old_Inn2007-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Old_Inn2007_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThe_Old_Inn2007">The Old Inn 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199393-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199393_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1993">Lewis 1993</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1991xi-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson1991xi_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson1991">Wilson 1991</a>, p. xi. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClare201024-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClare201024_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClare2010">Clare 2010</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Paul Stevens, review of "Reforming Empire: Protestant Colonialism and Conscience in British Literature" by Christopher Hodgkins, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Philology" title="Modern Philology">Modern Philology</a>, Vol. 103, Issue 1 (August 2005), pp. 137–38, citing Humphrey Carpenter, The Inklings (London: Allen & Unwin, 1978), pp. 50–52, 206–207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joy-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joy_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joy_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joy_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1955" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisedbyjoysh00lewi/page/186">Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life</a>. Orlando, FL: Harvest Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/surprisedbyjoysh00lewi/page/186">186–88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-687011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-687011-5"><bdi>978-0-15-687011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprised+by+Joy%3A+The+Shape+of+My+Early+Life&rft.place=Orlando%2C+FL&rft.pages=186-88&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-15-687011-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsurprisedbyjoysh00lewi%2Fpage%2F186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sayer-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sayer_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sayer_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayer1994" class="citation book cs1">Sayer, George (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacklifeofcslewi0000saye/page/122">Jack: A Life of C. S. Lewis</a> (2nd ed.). Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jacklifeofcslewi0000saye/page/122">122–130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89107-761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89107-761-9"><bdi>978-0-89107-761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack%3A+A+Life+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=Wheaton%2C+IL&rft.pages=122-130&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-89107-761-9&rft.aulast=Sayer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjacklifeofcslewi0000saye%2Fpage%2F122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-secret-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secret_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secret_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnott1975" class="citation book cs1">Arnott, Anne (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretcountryofc00anne">The Secret Country of C. S. Lewis</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802834683" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802834683"><bdi>978-0802834683</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Country+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0802834683&rft.aulast=Arnott&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretcountryofc00anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2007One-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2007One_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_L._Edwards2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce L. Edwards (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OskozFVBMYC&pg=PA134">C.S. Lewis: An examined life</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99117-3"><bdi>978-0-275-99117-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307131821/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OskozFVBMYC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis%3A+An+examined+life&rft.pages=134-135&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99117-3&rft.au=Bruce+L.+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OskozFVBMYC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConn2008" class="citation book cs1">Conn, Marie (2008). C.S. Lewis and Human Suffering: Light Among the Shadows. Mahwah, NJ: HiddenSpring. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781587680441" title="Special:BookSources/9781587680441"><bdi>9781587680441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis+and+Human+Suffering%3A+Light+Among+the+Shadows&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=HiddenSpring&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781587680441&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edwards2007Two-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Edwards2007Two_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce_L._Edwards2007" class="citation book cs1">Bruce L. Edwards (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OskozFVBMYC&pg=PA197">C.S. Lewis: An examined life</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 150–151, 197–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99117-3"><bdi>978-0-275-99117-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170307131821/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OskozFVBMYC">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis%3A+An+examined+life&rft.pages=150-151%2C+197-199&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99117-3&rft.au=Bruce+L.+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8OskozFVBMYC%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards2007133-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwards2007133_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEdwards2007">Edwards 2007</a>, p. 133. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayer1997" class="citation book cs1">Sayer, George (1997). Jack: A Life of C. S. Lewis. London: Hodder & Stoughton. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340690680" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340690680"><bdi>978-0340690680</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack%3A+A+Life+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0340690680&rft.aulast=Sayer&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170622015143/http://www.impalapublications.com/blog/index.php?%2Farchives%2F5185-C.S.-Lewis-and-Mrs-Janie-Moore%2C-by-James-OFee.html">"C.S. Lewis and Mrs. Janie Moore, by James O'Fee"</a>. impalapublications.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.impalapublications.com/blog/index.php?/archives/5185-C.S.-Lewis-and-Mrs-Janie-Moore,-by-James-OFee.html">the original</a> on 22 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis+and+Mrs.+Janie+Moore%2C+by+James+O%27Fee&rft.pub=impalapublications.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.impalapublications.com%2Fblog%2Findex.php%3F%2Farchives%2F5185-C.S.-Lewis-and-Mrs-Janie-Moore%2C-by-James-OFee.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaleski2015" class="citation book cs1">Zaleski, Philip and Carol (2015). The Fellowship. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374154097" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374154097"><bdi>978-0374154097</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fellowship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus%2C+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0374154097&rft.aulast=Zaleski&rft.aufirst=Philip+and+Carol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b115-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b115_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> The Critic, Volume 32, Thomas More Association, 1973. Original from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b65-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b65_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELucretius1916-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELucretius1916_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLucretius1916">Lucretius 1916</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002b66–67-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002b66–67_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis2002b">Lewis 2002b</a>, pp. 66–67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b229-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b229_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b228,_229-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b228,_229_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, pp. 228, 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarpenter2006-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarpenter2006_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarpenter2006">Carpenter 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson2002147-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson2002147_49-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilson2002">Wilson 2002</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-tst-50"><a href="#cite_ref-tst_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Derick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing">C. S. Lewis: The Story Teller</a>. Trailblazers. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Focus_Publications" title="Christian Focus Publications">Christian Focus Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing/page/102">102-104</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85792-487-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85792-487-9"><bdi>978-1-85792-487-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Story+Teller&rft.series=Trailblazers&rft.pages=102-104&rft.pub=Christian+Focus+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-85792-487-9&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisshiverofw0000bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tst2-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tst2_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tst2_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Derick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing">C. S. Lewis: The Story Teller</a>. Trailblazers. CF4Kids. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing/page/105">105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857924879" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857924879"><bdi>978-1857924879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Story+Teller&rft.series=Trailblazers&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=CF4Kids&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1857924879&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisshiverofw0000bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tst3-52"><a href="#cite_ref-tst3_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Derick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing">C. S. Lewis: The Story Teller</a>. Christian Focus. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing/page/111">109-111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857924879" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857924879"><bdi>978-1857924879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Story+Teller&rft.pages=109-111&rft.pub=Christian+Focus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1857924879&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisshiverofw0000bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tst4-53"><a href="#cite_ref-tst4_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Derick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing">C. S. Lewis: The Story Teller</a>. Christian Focus. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing/page/111">111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857924879" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857924879"><bdi>978-1857924879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Story+Teller&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Christian+Focus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1857924879&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisshiverofw0000bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> "Mr. Anthony at Oxford", New Republic, 110 (24 April 1944): 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-tst5-55"><a href="#cite_ref-tst5_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Derick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing">C. S. Lewis: The Story Teller</a>. Christian Focus. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing/page/112">112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857924879" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857924879"><bdi>978-1857924879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Story+Teller&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Christian+Focus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1857924879&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisshiverofw0000bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tst6-56"><a href="#cite_ref-tst6_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2004" class="citation book cs1">Bingham, Derick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing">C. S. Lewis: The Story Teller</a>. Christian Focus. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cslewisshiverofw0000bing/page/114">114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1857924879" title="Special:BookSources/978-1857924879"><bdi>978-1857924879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+The+Story+Teller&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Christian+Focus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1857924879&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=Derick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcslewisshiverofw0000bing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cs-lewis-50-years-after-his-death-a-new-scholarship-will-honour-his-literary-career">"CS Lewis: 50 years after his death a new scholarship will honour his literary career"</a>. University of Cambridge. 8 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203183601/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/cs-lewis-50-years-after-his-death-a-new-scholarship-will-honour-his-literary-career">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CS+Lewis%3A+50+years+after+his+death+a+new+scholarship+will+honour+his+literary+career&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Fcs-lewis-50-years-after-his-death-a-new-scholarship-will-honour-his-literary-career&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206021046/http://www.cslewis.org/resources/chronocsl.html">"Chronology of the Life of C.S. Lewis"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cslewis.org/resources/chronocsl.html">the original</a> on 6 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+Life+of+C.S.+Lewis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cslewis.org%2Fresources%2Fchronocsl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letters_of_C.S._Lewis-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Letters_of_C.S._Lewis_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1994). W. H. Lewis; Walter Hooper (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0156508710/heroesofhistory">Letters of C. S. Lewis</a>. New York: Mariner Books. p. 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-650871-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-650871-1"><bdi>978-0-15-650871-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210314033853/https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0156508710/heroesofhistory">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Mariner+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-15-650871-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fexec%2Fobidos%2FASIN%2F0156508710%2Fheroesofhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-washtimes-60"><a href="#cite_ref-washtimes_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerson2009" class="citation news cs1">Person, James E. Jr. (16 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/16/books-out-my-bone-letters-joy-davidman/">"BOOKS: 'Out of My Bone: The Letters of Joy Davidman'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120111101154/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/aug/16/books-out-my-bone-letters-joy-davidman/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Times&rft.atitle=BOOKS%3A+%27Out+of+My+Bone%3A+The+Letters+of+Joy+Davidman%27&rft.date=2009-08-16&rft.aulast=Person&rft.aufirst=James+E.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Faug%2F16%2Fbooks-out-my-bone-letters-joy-davidman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaven2006-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaven2006_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaven2006_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaven2006">Haven 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHooperGreen2002268-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHooperGreen2002268_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHooperGreen2002">Hooper & Green 2002</a>, p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1998" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Walter (23 June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LWK59Z68ZGoC&pg=PA79">C. S. Lewis: A Complete Guide to His Life and Works</a>. Zondervan. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060638801" title="Special:BookSources/9780060638801"><bdi>9780060638801</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131231124331/http://books.google.com/books?id=LWK59Z68ZGoC&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+His+Life+and+Works&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=1998-06-23&rft.isbn=9780060638801&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLWK59Z68ZGoC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/stgiles/tour/west/42.html">"No. 42"</a>. St Giles', Oxford. 7 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016124557/http://www.oxfordhistory.org.uk/stgiles/tour/west/42.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Giles%27%2C+Oxford&rft.atitle=No.+42&rft.date=2011-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhistory.org.uk%2Fstgiles%2Ftour%2Fwest%2F42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Schultz and West (eds), The C. S. Lewis Reader's Encyclopedia (Zondervan, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1988), p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1961jacket_notes-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1961jacket_notes_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1961">Lewis 1961</a>, jacket notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/books/at-home-in-narnia/2005/12/03/1133422143366.html?page=fullpage">"At home in Narnia"</a>. The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 3 December 2005. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090803000509/http://www.theage.com.au/news/books/at-home-in-narnia/2005/12/03/1133422143366.html?page=fullpage">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2009. Retrieved 4 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=At+home+in+Narnia&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbooks%2Fat-home-in-narnia%2F2005%2F12%2F03%2F1133422143366.html%3Fpage%3Dfullpage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-theage.com.au-68"><a href="#cite_ref-theage.com.au_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/news/books/at-home-in-narnia/2005/12/03/1133422143366.html?page=4">"At home in Narnia"</a>. The Age. Melbourne, Australia. 3 December 2005. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160829072433/http://www.theage.com.au/news/books/at-home-in-narnia/2005/12/03/1133422143366.html?page=4">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=At+home+in+Narnia&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2005-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2Fbooks%2Fat-home-in-narnia%2F2005%2F12%2F03%2F1133422143366.html%3Fpage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantamaria2015" class="citation journal cs1">Santamaria, Abigail (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48600470">"David Gresham (1944 - 2014)"</a>. VII: Journal of the Marion E. Wade Center. 32: 11–13. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/48600470">48600470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=VII%3A+Journal+of+the+Marion+E.+Wade+Center&rft.atitle=David+Gresham+%281944+-+2014%29&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48600470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Santamaria&rft.aufirst=Abigail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F48600470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstthings.com/web-exclusives/2020/09/c-s-lewis-and-his-stepsons">"C.S. Lewis and His Stepsons"</a>. First Things. 3 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Things&rft.atitle=C.S.+Lewis+and+His+Stepsons&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstthings.com%2Fweb-exclusives%2F2020%2F09%2Fc-s-lewis-and-his-stepsons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGrath2013" class="citation book cs1">McGrath, Alister (2013). C. S. Lewis – A Life: Eccentric Genius, Reluctant Prophet. Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. p. 358.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis+%E2%80%93+A+Life%3A+Eccentric+Genius%2C+Reluctant+Prophet&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=Tyndale+House+Publishers%2C+Inc&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=McGrath&rft.aufirst=Alister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoHTC-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoHTC_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoHTC">FoHTC</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cslewis.drzeus.net/multimedia/">"Picture Album"</a>. Into the Wardrobe. Dr Zeus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527054913/http://cslewis.drzeus.net/multimedia/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Into+the+Wardrobe&rft.atitle=Picture+Album&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcslewis.drzeus.net%2Fmultimedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuddick1993" class="citation book cs1">Ruddick, Nicholas (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateislandon0000rudd">Ultimate Island: On the Nature of British Science Fiction</a>. Greenwood Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ultimateislandon0000rudd/page/28">28</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313273735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313273735"><bdi>978-0313273735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ultimate+Island%3A+On+the+Nature+of+British+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0313273735&rft.aulast=Ruddick&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fultimateislandon0000rudd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreeft1982-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreeft1982_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKreeft1982">Kreeft 1982</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman2006" class="citation news cs1">Grossman, Cathy Lynn (27 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2006-01-26-marshall-sainthood_x.htm">"Parish to push sainthood for Thurgood Marshall"</a>. USA Today. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100831072608/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2006-01-26-marshall-sainthood_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Parish+to+push+sainthood+for+Thurgood+Marshall&rft.date=2006-01-27&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Cathy+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F2006-01-26-marshall-sainthood_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholi2003" class="citation book cs1">Nicholi, Armand (2003). The Question of God: C. S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex, and the Meaning of Life. Free Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743247856" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743247856"><bdi>978-0743247856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Question+of+God%3A+C.+S.+Lewis+and+Sigmund+Freud+Debate+God%2C+Love%2C+Sex%2C+and+the+Meaning+of+Life&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0743247856&rft.aulast=Nicholi&rft.aufirst=Armand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WWW-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WWW_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WWW_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-48011">"Lewis, Clive Staples"</a>. Who Was Who. Oxford University Press. 1 December 2007. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U48011">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U48011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-954089-1"><bdi>978-0-19-954089-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409043654/http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540891.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-48011">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lewis%2C+Clive+Staples&rft.btitle=Who+Was+Who&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U48011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-954089-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540891.001.0001%2Fww-9780199540884-e-48011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohel-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ohel_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ohel_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1954" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishliteratur00lewi">English Literature in the Sixteenth Century: excluding drama</a>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Literature+in+the+Sixteenth+Century%3A+excluding+drama&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishliteratur00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1969" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1969) [1955]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedliterary0000lewi">"De Descriptione Temporum"</a>. In Hooper, Walter (ed.). Selected Literary Essays. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selectedliterary0000lewi/page/2">2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+Descriptione+Temporum&rft.btitle=Selected+Literary+Essays&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselectedliterary0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1977" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1977) [1936]. The Allegory of Love. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Allegory+of+Love&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1961) [1942]. A Preface to "Paradise Lost": Being the Ballard Matthews Lectures, Delivered at University College, North Wales, 1941. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Preface+to+%22Paradise+Lost%22%3A+Being+the+Ballard+Matthews+Lectures%2C+Delivered+at+University+College%2C+North+Wales%2C+1941&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1994" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1994) [1964]. The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discarded+Image%3A+An+Introduction+to+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlyer2007-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlyer2007_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlyer2007">Glyer 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELazo2004191–226-85"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELazo2004191–226_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLazo2004">Lazo 2004</a>, pp. 191–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETonkin2005-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonkin2005_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTonkin2005">Tonkin 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1966b216-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1966b216_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1966b">Lewis 1966b</a>, p. 216. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShumaker1955" class="citation journal cs1">Shumaker, Wayne (1955). "The Cosmic Trilogy of C. S. Lewis". The Hudson Review. 8 (2): 240–254. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3847687">10.2307/3847687</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-702X">0018-702X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3847687">3847687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hudson+Review&rft.atitle=The+Cosmic+Trilogy+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=240-254&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0018-702X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3847687%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3847687&rft.aulast=Shumaker&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuasa2017" class="citation book cs1">Yuasa, Kyoko (25 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F7emDwAAQBAJ&q=%22cs+lewis%22++christian+fiction&pg=PP1">C.S. Lewis and Christian Postmodernism: Word, Image, and Beyond</a>. Lutterworth Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4608-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7188-4608-4"><bdi>978-0-7188-4608-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102146/https://books.google.com/books?id=F7emDwAAQBAJ&q=%22cs+lewis%22++christian+fiction&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis+and+Christian+Postmodernism%3A+Word%2C+Image%2C+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Lutterworth+Press&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7188-4608-4&rft.aulast=Yuasa&rft.aufirst=Kyoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF7emDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522cs%2Blewis%2522%2B%2Bchristian%2Bfiction%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurray1990-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurray1990_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurray1990">Murray 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolkien2014" class="citation book cs1">Tolkien, J. R. R. (21 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eLCAgAAQBAJ">The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-36379-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-36379-3"><bdi>978-0-544-36379-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102146/https://books.google.com/books?id=9eLCAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+J.R.R.+Tolkien&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2014-02-21&rft.isbn=978-0-544-36379-3&rft.aulast=Tolkien&rft.aufirst=J.+R.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eLCAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis19457-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis19457_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1945">Lewis 1945</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWashburn1993" class="citation news cs1">Washburn, Jim (1 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-09-01-vw-30166-story.html">"Literary Sleuth : Scholar Kathryn Lindskoog of Orange, author of 'Fakes, Frauds and Other Malarkey,' opened a can of worms by claiming a C.S. Lewis hoax"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180118162322/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-09-01/news/vw-30166_1_lewis-hoax/2">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Literary+Sleuth+%3A+Scholar+Kathryn+Lindskoog+of+Orange%2C+author+of+%27Fakes%2C+Frauds+and+Other+Malarkey%2C%27+opened+a+can+of+worms+by+claiming+a+C.S.+Lewis+hoax&rft.date=1993-09-01&rft.aulast=Washburn&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-09-01-vw-30166-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_great_British_weekend:_The_Mourne_Mountains-94"><a href="#cite_ref-The_great_British_weekend:_The_Mourne_Mountains_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation news cs1">Knight, Jane (12 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article6828822.ece">"The great British weekend The Mourne Mountains"</a>. The Times. London. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+great+British+weekend+The+Mourne+Mountains&rft.date=2009-09-12&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Ftravel%2Fholiday_type%2Fbreaks%2Farticle6828822.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.narniaweb.com/movies/adaptations/">"Other Narnia Adaptations"</a>. NarniaWeb | Netflix's Narnia Movies. 26 May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810043802/https://www.narniaweb.com/movies/adaptations/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NarniaWeb+%7C+Netflix%27s+Narnia+Movies&rft.atitle=Other+Narnia+Adaptations&rft.date=2018-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.narniaweb.com%2Fmovies%2Fadaptations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEccleshare2016" class="citation news cs1">Eccleshare, Julia (13 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2016/jun/13/carnegie-medal-winners-1936">"Eighty years of children's books: the best Carnegie medal winners"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 31 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eighty+years+of+children%27s+books%3A+the+best+Carnegie+medal+winners&rft.date=2016-06-13&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Eccleshare&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fchildrens-books-site%2F2016%2Fjun%2F13%2Fcarnegie-medal-winners-1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbert2005" class="citation book cs1">Colbert, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2eo4B--jyqoC&q=roman+mythology+chronicles+of+narnia&pg=PR1">The Magical Worlds of Narnia: The Symbols, Myths, and Fascinating Facts Behind The Chronicles</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-20563-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-20563-1"><bdi>978-0-425-20563-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102147/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eo4B--jyqoC&q=roman+mythology+chronicles+of+narnia&pg=PR1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magical+Worlds+of+Narnia%3A+The+Symbols%2C+Myths%2C+and+Fascinating+Facts+Behind+The+Chronicles&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-425-20563-1&rft.aulast=Colbert&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2eo4B--jyqoC%26q%3Droman%2Bmythology%2Bchronicles%2Bof%2Bnarnia%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCostello2009" class="citation journal cs1">Costello, Alicia D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/a?id=69">"Examining Mythology in 'The Chronicles of Narnia' by C.S. Lewis"</a>. Inquiries Journal/Student Pulse. 1 (11).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiries+Journal%2FStudent+Pulse&rft.atitle=Examining+Mythology+in+%27The+Chronicles+of+Narnia%27+by+C.S.+Lewis&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Costello&rft.aufirst=Alicia+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquiriesjournal.com%2Fa%3Fid%3D69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica.com-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica.com_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchakel" class="citation web cs1">Schakel, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Till-We-Have-Faces">"Till We Have Faces: A Novel by CS Lewis"</a>. Brittannica. Retrieved 19 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brittannica&rft.atitle=Till+We+Have+Faces%3A+A+Novel+by+CS+Lewis&rft.aulast=Schakel&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTill-We-Have-Faces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Screwtape-Letters">"The Screwtape Letters | novel by Lewis"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902190549/https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Screwtape-Letters">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=The+Screwtape+Letters+%7C+novel+by+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FThe-Screwtape-Letters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Till-We-Have-Faces">"Till We Have Faces | novel by Lewis"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902181253/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Till-We-Have-Faces">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2019. Retrieved 14 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Till+We+Have+Faces+%7C+novel+by+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTill-We-Have-Faces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1969" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1969). Narrative Poems (Walter Hooper ed.). London: Fount Paperbacks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+Poems.&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Walter+Hooper&rft.pub=Fount+Paperbacks&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1960" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fourloves00lewi">The Four Loves</a>. New York: Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780156329309" title="Special:BookSources/9780156329309"><bdi>9780156329309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Four+Loves.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=9780156329309&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffourloves00lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2009/07/CSLewis070809.html">"Beebe discovers unpublished C.S. Lewis manuscript : University News Service : Texas State University"</a>. Texas State University. 8 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100602064824/http://www.txstate.edu/news/news_releases/news_archive/2009/07/CSLewis070809.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beebe+discovers+unpublished+C.S.+Lewis+manuscript+%3A+University+News+Service+%3A+Texas+State+University&rft.pub=Texas+State+University&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txstate.edu%2Fnews%2Fnews_releases%2Fnews_archive%2F2009%2F07%2FCSLewis070809.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_105-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-leeds-68890548">"CS Lewis poem unearthed in University of Leeds collection"</a>. BBC News. 28 April 2024. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=CS+Lewis+poem+unearthed+in+University+of+Leeds+collection&rft.date=2024-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-leeds-68890548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeds2024" class="citation web cs1">Leeds, University of (22 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leeds.ac.uk/news-arts-culture/news/article/5553/uncovering-a-cs-lewis-poem-in-special-collections">"Uncovering a CS Lewis poem in Special Collections"</a>. www.leeds.ac.uk. Retrieved 2 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.leeds.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Uncovering+a+CS+Lewis+poem+in+Special+Collections&rft.date=2024-04-22&rft.aulast=Leeds&rft.aufirst=University+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.leeds.ac.uk%2Fnews-arts-culture%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F5553%2Funcovering-a-cs-lewis-poem-in-special-collections&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/april24/5.92.html">"Books of the Century"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Christianity_Today" title="Christianity Today">Christianity Today</a>. Vol. 44, no. 5. 24 April 2000. p. 92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203084913/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/april24/5.92.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 7 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Books+of+the+Century&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=92&rft.date=2000-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2000%2Fapril24%2F5.92.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh1949" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Chad (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qANAQAAMAAJ">C. S. Lewis: Apostle to the Skeptics</a>. Norwood Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780883057797" title="Special:BookSources/9780883057797"><bdi>9780883057797</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102147/https://books.google.com/books?id=3qANAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+Apostle+to+the+Skeptics&rft.pub=Norwood+Editions&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=9780883057797&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3qANAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1997-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1997_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1997">Lewis 1997</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-rilstone-refuted-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rilstone-refuted_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rilstone-refuted_110-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRilstone" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rilstone" title="Andrew Rilstone">Rilstone, Andrew</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021202084439/http://www.aslan.demon.co.uk/cslfaq.htm#_Toc5085891">"Were Lewis's proofs of the existence of God from 'Miracles' refuted by Elizabeth Anscombe?"</a>. Frequently Asked Questions. Alt.books.cs-lewis. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aslan.demon.co.uk/cslfaq.htm#_Toc5085891">the original</a> on 2 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.atitle=Were+Lewis%27s+proofs+of+the+existence+of+God+from+%27Miracles%27+refuted+by+Elizabeth+Anscombe%3F&rft.aulast=Rilstone&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aslan.demon.co.uk%2Fcslfaq.htm%23_Toc5085891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reppert_2005_https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA266_266-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reppert_2005_https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA266_266_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reppert_2005_https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA266_266_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReppert2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Reppert" title="Victor Reppert">Reppert, Victor</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA260">"The Green Witch and the Great Debate: Freeing Narnia from the Spell of the Lewis-Anscombe Legend"</a>. In Gregory Bassham and Jerry L. Walls (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofnarn00bass/page/">The Chronicles of Narnia and Philosophy: The Lion, the Witch, and the Worldview</a>. <a href="/wiki/LaSalle,_Illinois" title="LaSalle, Illinois">La Salle</a>, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/Open_Court_Publishing_Company" title="Open Court Publishing Company">Open Court Publishing Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chroniclesofnarn00bass/page/">266 </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hn1gaNlri1cC&pg=PA266">[1]</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9588-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8126-9588-5"><bdi>978-0-8126-9588-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60557454">60557454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Green+Witch+and+the+Great+Debate%3A+Freeing+Narnia+from+the+Spell+of+the+Lewis-Anscombe+Legend&rft.btitle=The+Chronicles+of+Narnia+and+Philosophy%3A+The+Lion%2C+the+Witch%2C+and+the+Worldview&rft.place=La+Salle%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=266+https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhn1gaNlri1cC%26pg%3DPA266&rft.pub=Open+Court+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60557454&rft.isbn=978-0-8126-9588-5&rft.aulast=Reppert&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhn1gaNlri1cC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeichman2008" class="citation book cs1">Teichman, Roger (2008). The Philosophy of Elizabeth Anscombe. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199299331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199299331"><bdi>978-0199299331</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+Elizabeth+Anscombe&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0199299331&rft.aulast=Teichman&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2014" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (15 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=loE7BAAAQBAJ">God in the Dock</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7183-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7183-1"><bdi>978-0-8028-7183-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102148/https://books.google.com/books?id=loE7BAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+in+the+Dock&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2014-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7183-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DloE7BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2001" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (20 March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WNTT_8NW_qwC&q=the+weight+of+glory">Weight of Glory</a>. Zondervan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065320-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-065320-0"><bdi>978-0-06-065320-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102148/https://books.google.com/books?id=WNTT_8NW_qwC&q=the+weight+of+glory">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weight+of+Glory&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2001-03-20&rft.isbn=978-0-06-065320-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWNTT_8NW_qwC%26q%3Dthe%2Bweight%2Bof%2Bglory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartindaleRoot1990-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartindaleRoot1990_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMartindaleRoot1990">Martindale & Root 1990</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImam2017" class="citation news cs1">Imam, Jacob Fareed (May–June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=30-03-042-f&readcode=&readtherest=true#therest">"Not Merely Islam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Touchstone_(magazine)" title="Touchstone (magazine)">Touchstone</a>. Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Touchstone&rft.atitle=Not+Merely+Islam&rft.date=2017-05%2F2017-06&rft.aulast=Imam&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Fareed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.touchstonemag.com%2Farchives%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D30-03-042-f%26readcode%3D%26readtherest%3Dtrue%23therest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199743-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199743_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1997">Lewis 1997</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFMcDowell2001">McDowell 2001</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2004" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Stephen T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xLtu0IwjK5oC">"Was Jesus Mad, Bad, or God?"</a>. In Stephen T. Davis, Daniel Kendall and Gerald O'Collins (ed.). The incarnation: an interdisciplinary symposium on the incarnation of the Son of God. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927577-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927577-9"><bdi>978-0-19-927577-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56656427">56656427</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102202/https://books.google.com/books?id=xLtu0IwjK5oC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Was+Jesus+Mad%2C+Bad%2C+or+God%3F&rft.btitle=The+incarnation%3A+an+interdisciplinary+symposium+on+the+incarnation+of+the+Son+of+God&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=222-223&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56656427&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927577-9&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Stephen+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxLtu0IwjK5oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeversluis1985" class="citation book cs1">Beversluis, John (1985). C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion. Grand Rapids, Michigan: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Eerdmans" class="mw-redirect" title="W. B. Eerdmans">W. B. Eerdmans</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0046-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0046-6"><bdi>978-0-8028-0046-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis+and+the+Search+for+Rational+Religion&rft.place=Grand+Rapids%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=W.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0046-6&rft.aulast=Beversluis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeversluis2007" class="citation book cs1">Beversluis, John (2007) [1985]. C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion. Buffalo, New York: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-531-3"><bdi>978-1-59102-531-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/85899079">85899079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis+and+the+Search+for+Rational+Religion&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F85899079&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-531-3&rft.aulast=Beversluis&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2007" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Wright, N. T.</a> (March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=20-02-028-f">"Simply Lewis: Reflections on a Master Apologist After 60 Years"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Touchstone_(magazine)" title="Touchstone (magazine)">Touchstone</a>. Vol. 20, no. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531004731/https://www.touchstonemag.com/archives/article.php?id=20-02-028-f">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Touchstone&rft.atitle=Simply+Lewis%3A+Reflections+on+a+Master+Apologist+After+60+Years&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2007-03&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=N.+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.touchstonemag.com%2Farchives%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D20-02-028-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001144-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001144_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindskoog2001">Lindskoog 2001</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199721-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199721_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1997">Lewis 1997</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001146-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELindskoog2001146_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLindskoog2001">Lindskoog 2001</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis199726-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis199726_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLewis1997">Lewis 1997</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis" class="citation web cs1">Lewis, C. S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516055451/http://www.irishantivivisection.org/cslewis.html">"Vivisection by CS Lewis"</a>. Irish Anti-Vivisection Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishantivivisection.org/cslewis.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2008. Retrieved 2 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vivisection+by+CS+Lewis&rft.pub=Irish+Anti-Vivisection+Society&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishantivivisection.org%2Fcslewis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinzey1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Linzey, Andrew (Winter 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-26637068/c-s-lewis-s-theology-of-animals">"C. S. Lewis's theology of animals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Theological_Review" title="Anglican Theological Review">Anglican Theological Review</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922045243/https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-26637068/c-s-lewis-s-theology-of-animals">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 1 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=C.+S.+Lewis%27s+theology+of+animals&rft.ssn=winter&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Linzey&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Flibrary%2Fjournal%2F1P3-26637068%2Fc-s-lewis-s-theology-of-animals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">(subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/people/cslewis_1.shtml">"C.S. Lewis: Animal theology"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030131929/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/people/cslewis_1.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=C.S.+Lewis%3A+Animal+theology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fchristianity%2Fpeople%2Fcslewis_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dyer_and_Watson_2016-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_and_Watson_2016_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dyer_and_Watson_2016_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyerWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Dyer, Justin Buckley; Watson, Micah Joel (2016). C.S. Lewis on politics and the natural law (kindle ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107108240" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107108240"><bdi>978-1107108240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.S.+Lewis+on+politics+and+the+natural+law&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=kindle&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1107108240&rft.aulast=Dyer&rft.aufirst=Justin+Buckley&rft.au=Watson%2C+Micah+Joel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michelson-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Michelson_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichelson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Michelson, Paul E. 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Retrieved 1 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+50+greatest+British+writers+since+1945&rft.date=2008-01-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fbooks%2Farticle3127837.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt1998-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt1998_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPratt1998">Pratt 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterkin2012" class="citation news cs1">Peterkin, Tom (22 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9694561/CS-Lewis-Chronicles-of-Narnia-author-honoured-in-Poets-corner.html">"CS Lewis, Chronicles of Narnia author, honoured in Poets' corner"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205173259/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/9694561/CS-Lewis-Chronicles-of-Narnia-author-honoured-in-Poets-corner.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=CS+Lewis%2C+Chronicles+of+Narnia+author%2C+honoured+in+Poets%27+corner&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft.aulast=Peterkin&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F9694561%2FCS-Lewis-Chronicles-of-Narnia-author-honoured-in-Poets-corner.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-memorial_booklet-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-memorial_booklet_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-memorial_booklet_135-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A service to dedicate a memorial to C. S. Lewis, writer, scholar, apologist. 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Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-623205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-623205-0"><bdi>978-0-15-623205-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102149/https://books.google.com/books?id=QC3PMUQZrKsC">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. 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Crossway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-739-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58134-739-5"><bdi>978-1-58134-739-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102149/https://books.google.com/books?id=uV7FwAEACAAJ&q=george+sayer+cs+lewis">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. 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Revell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8007-3070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8007-3070-3"><bdi>978-0-8007-3070-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102150/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jpbAAAACAAJ&q=shadowlands">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. 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Retrieved 8 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason&rft.atitle=A+Secular+Fantasy+%E2%80%93+The+flawed+but+fascinating+fiction+of+Philip+Pullman&rft.date=2008-03&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reason.com%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F124392.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2005-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBBC_News2005_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBBC_News2005">BBC News 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVineyard2007" class="citation news cs1">Vineyard, Jennifer (31 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603053455/http://www.mtv.com/news/1573211/his-dark-materials-writer-philip-pullman-takes-narnia-lord-of-the-rings-to-task/">"'His Dark Materials' Writer Philip Pullman Takes 'Narnia,' 'Lord Of The Rings' To Task"</a>. MTV News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtv.com/news/1573211/his-dark-materials-writer-philip-pullman-takes-narnia-lord-of-the-rings-to-task/">the original</a> on 3 June 2020. 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Simon and Schuster. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781416951377" title="Special:BookSources/9781416951377"><bdi>9781416951377</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529102150/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4L2Eo7hGjgC&q=here+there+be+dragons%2C+owen">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. 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Retrieved 5 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freud%27s+Last+Session&rft.pub=Dramatists+Play+Service%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8222-2493-8&rft.aulast=Germain&rft.aufirst=Mark+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtu95z2HrufQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith2021" class="citation web cs1">Goldsmith, Jill (4 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deadline.com/2021/11/c-s-lewis-most-reluctant-convert-box-office-1234867567/">"C.S. Lewis Biopic 'The Most Reluctant Convert' Sees $1.2M+ Box Office For One Night Event, Adds Shows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deadline_Hollywood" title="Deadline Hollywood">Deadline Hollywood</a>. Retrieved 26 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deadline+Hollywood&rft.atitle=C.S.+Lewis+Biopic+%27The+Most+Reluctant+Convert%27+Sees+%241.2M%2B+Box+Office+For+One+Night+Event%2C+Adds+Shows&rft.date=2021-11-04&rft.aulast=Goldsmith&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeadline.com%2F2021%2F11%2Fc-s-lewis-most-reluctant-convert-box-office-1234867567%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbowt.org.uk/nature-reserves/cs-lewis-nature-reserve">"CS Lewis Nature Reserve"</a>. www.bbowt.org.uk. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbowt.org.uk&rft.atitle=CS+Lewis+Nature+Reserve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbowt.org.uk%2Fnature-reserves%2Fcs-lewis-nature-reserve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2004" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3533797.stm">"City that inspired Narnia fantasy"</a>. BBC News. 5 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060709025231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3533797.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2006. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=City+that+inspired+Narnia+fantasy&rft.date=2004-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F3533797.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_News2005" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4347226.stm">"Pullman attacks Narnia film plans"</a>. BBC News. 16 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123105614/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4347226.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Pullman+attacks+Narnia+film+plans&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4347226.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarpenter2006" class="citation book cs1">Carpenter, Humphrey (2006) [1978]. The Inklings of Oxford: C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, and Their Friends. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-774869-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-774869-3"><bdi>978-0-00-774869-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Inklings+of+Oxford%3A+C.+S.+Lewis%2C+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien%2C+and+Their+Friends&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-774869-3&rft.aulast=Carpenter&rft.aufirst=Humphrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClare2010" class="citation journal cs1">Clare, David (February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dspace.mic.ul.ie/handle/10395/2941">"C. S. Lewis: An Irish Writer"</a>. Irish Studies Review. 18 (1): 17–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09670880903533409">10.1080/09670880903533409</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0967-0882">0967-0882</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144348160">144348160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+An+Irish+Writer&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17-38&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144348160%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0967-0882&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09670880903533409&rft.aulast=Clare&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdspace.mic.ul.ie%2Fhandle%2F10395%2F2941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiddes1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fiddes" title="Paul Fiddes">Fiddes, Paul</a> (1990). "C. S. Lewis the myth-maker". In Andrew Walker; James Patrick (eds.). A Christian for all Christians: essays in honour of C. S. Lewis. London: Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 132–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340513842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340513842"><bdi>978-0340513842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=C.+S.+Lewis+the+myth-maker&rft.btitle=A+Christian+for+all+Christians%3A+essays+in+honour+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=London&rft.pages=132-55&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0340513842&rft.aulast=Fiddes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"> [reprinted as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rumours of Heaven: essays in celebration of C. S. Lewis. Guildford: Eagle. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0863472503" title="Special:BookSources/978-0863472503"><bdi>978-0863472503</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumours+of+Heaven%3A+essays+in+celebration+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=Guildford&rft.pub=Eagle&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0863472503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoHTC" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122052703/http://www.friendsofholytrinity.org.uk/History1.html">"History of the Building"</a>. Friends of Holy Trinity Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friendsofholytrinity.org.uk/History1.html">the original</a> on 22 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Building&rft.pub=Friends+of+Holy+Trinity+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friendsofholytrinity.org.uk%2FHistory1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthmann2005" class="citation news cs1">Guthmann, Edward (11 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Narnia-tries-to-appeal-to-the-religious-and-2589072.php">"'Narnia' tries to appeal to the religious and secular"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161021064000/http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Narnia-tries-to-appeal-to-the-religious-and-2589072.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=%27Narnia%27+tries+to+appeal+to+the+religious+and+secular&rft.date=2005-12-11&rft.aulast=Guthmann&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FNarnia-tries-to-appeal-to-the-religious-and-2589072.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaven2006" class="citation news cs1">Haven, Cynthia (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/ESSAY-Lost-in-the-shadow-of-C-S-Lewis-fame-2524646.php">"Lost in the shadow of C.S. Lewis' fame / Joy Davidman was a noted poet, a feisty Communist and a free spirit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411010950/http://www.sfgate.com/books/article/ESSAY-Lost-in-the-shadow-of-C-S-Lewis-fame-2524646.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Lost+in+the+shadow+of+C.S.+Lewis%27+fame+%2F+Joy+Davidman+was+a+noted+poet%2C+a+feisty+Communist+and+a+free+spirit&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.aulast=Haven&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbooks%2Farticle%2FESSAY-Lost-in-the-shadow-of-C-S-Lewis-fame-2524646.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilliard2005" class="citation news cs1">Hilliard, Juli Cragg (9 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805202127/http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20051209%2FFEATURES%2F512090692%2F1376">"Hear the Roar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sarasota_Herald-Tribune" title="Sarasota Herald-Tribune">Sarasota Herald-Tribune</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldtribune.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051209/FEATURES/512090692/1376">the original</a> on 5 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sarasota+Herald-Tribune&rft.atitle=Hear+the+Roar&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft.aulast=Hilliard&rft.aufirst=Juli+Cragg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldtribune.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F20051209%2FFEATURES%2F512090692%2F1376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Kelly, Clint (Winter 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spu.edu/depts/uc/response/winter2k6/features/lewis.asp">"Dear Mr. Lewis: The Narnia Author and His Young Readers"</a>. Response. Vol. 29, no. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309035139/http://www.spu.edu/depts/uc/response/winter2k6/features/lewis.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Response&rft.atitle=Dear+Mr.+Lewis%3A+The+Narnia+Author+and+His+Young+Readers&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spu.edu%2Fdepts%2Fuc%2Fresponse%2Fwinter2k6%2Ffeatures%2Flewis.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreeft1982" class="citation book cs1">Kreeft, Peter (1982). <a href="/wiki/Between_Heaven_and_Hell_(novel)" title="Between Heaven and Hell (novel)">Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialogue Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis & Aldous Huxley</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87784-389-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87784-389-4"><bdi>978-0-87784-389-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Heaven+and+Hell%3A+A+Dialogue+Somewhere+Beyond+Death+with+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+C.+S.+Lewis+%26+Aldous+Huxley&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-87784-389-4&rft.aulast=Kreeft&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLazo2004" class="citation book cs1">Lazo, Andrew (2004). <a href="/wiki/Jane_Chance" title="Jane Chance">Chance, Jane</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Tolkien_and_the_Invention_of_Myth" title="Tolkien and the Invention of Myth">Gathered Round Northern Fires: The Imaginative Impact of the Kolbítar. Tolkien and the Invention of Myth: A Reader</a>. Lexington, KY: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kentucky_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kentucky Press">University of Kentucky Press</a>. pp. 191–226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-2301-1"><bdi>978-0-8131-2301-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gathered+Round+Northern+Fires%3A+The+Imaginative+Impact+of+the+Kolb%C3%ADtar.+Tolkien+and+the+Invention+of+Myth%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=Lexington%2C+KY&rft.pages=191-226&rft.pub=University+of+Kentucky+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-2301-1&rft.aulast=Lazo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1945" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1945) [1943]. "Preface". That Hideous Strength.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=That+Hideous+Strength&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002b" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (2002b) [1946]. <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divorce" title="The Great Divorce">The Great Divorce</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060652951" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060652951"><bdi>978-0060652951</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Divorce&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0060652951&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1997) [1952]. <a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060652920" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060652920"><bdi>978-0060652920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mere+Christianity&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0060652920&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1961" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1961). <a href="/wiki/A_Grief_Observed" title="A Grief Observed">A Grief Observed</a>. London: Faber & Faber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grief+Observed&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1966a" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1966a). Studies in Medieval and Renaissance Literature.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Literature&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1966b" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1966b) [1955]. <a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life</a>. London: Harvest Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-15-687011-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-15-687011-5"><bdi>978-0-15-687011-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprised+by+Joy%3A+The+Shape+of+My+Early+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harvest+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-15-687011-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1984" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1984) [1966, 1955]. <a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy: The Shape of My Early Life</a>. New York: Harcourt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprised+by+Joy%3A+The+Shape+of+My+Early+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1993" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (1993). Hooper, Walter (ed.). All My Road Before Me: The Diary of C. S. Lewis 1922–27. London: HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+My+Road+Before+Me%3A+The+Diary+of+C.+S.+Lewis+1922%E2%80%9327&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lewis, C. S. (2000). Collected Letters. Vol. 1: Family Letters, 1905–1931. London: HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Lewis, C. S. (2004) [2000]. Hooper, Walter (ed.). The Collected Letters. Vol. 1: Family Letters, 1905–1931. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-072763-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-072763-5"><bdi>978-0-06-072763-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Letters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-06-072763-5&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindskoog2001" class="citation book cs1">Lindskoog, Kathyrn (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sleuthingcslewis0000lind">Sleuthing C. S. Lewis: More Light In The Shadowlands</a>. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-730-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-730-8"><bdi>978-0-86554-730-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sleuthing+C.+S.+Lewis%3A+More+Light+In+The+Shadowlands&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-730-8&rft.aulast=Lindskoog&rft.aufirst=Kathyrn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsleuthingcslewis0000lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucretius1916" class="citation book cs1">Lucretius, Titus (1916) [Composed 1st century BCE]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0550.phi001.perseus-eng1:5.195-5.234">De Rerum Natura</a>. Translated by Leonard, William Ellery. V:200–203. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225071213/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:latinLit:phi0550.phi001.perseus-eng1:5.195-5.234">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 20 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Rerum+Natura&rft.pages=V%3A200-203&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Lucretius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AlatinLit%3Aphi0550.phi001.perseus-eng1%3A5.195-5.234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGresham2007" class="citation book cs1">Gresham, Douglas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.narniafans.com/?id=1235">Behind The Wardrobe: An Interview Series with Douglas Gresham</a>. Narnia Fans. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223233343/http://narniafans.com/?id=1235">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+The+Wardrobe%3A+An+Interview+Series+with+Douglas+Gresham&rft.pub=Narnia+Fans&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Gresham&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.narniafans.com%2F%3Fid%3D1235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleRoot1990" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, Wayne; Root, Jerry (1990). The Quotable Lewis. Tyndale House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8423-5115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8423-5115-7"><bdi>978-0-8423-5115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quotable+Lewis&rft.pub=Tyndale+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8423-5115-7&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft.au=Root%2C+Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2001" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, Josh (2001). More Than a Carpenter. Kingsway Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85476-906-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85476-906-3"><bdi>978-0-85476-906-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=More+Than+a+Carpenter&rft.pub=Kingsway+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85476-906-3&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=Josh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray1990" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Iain (1990). David Martyn Lloyd-Jones: The Fight of Faith, 1939–1981. The Banner of Truth Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-564-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85151-564-9"><bdi>978-0-85151-564-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Martyn+Lloyd-Jones%3A+The+Fight+of+Faith%2C+1939%E2%80%931981&rft.pub=The+Banner+of+Truth+Trust&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-85151-564-9&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Iain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Old_Inn2007" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213131036/http://www.theoldinn.com/about-us/history-of-the-old-inn/">History of the Old Inn</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theoldinn.com/about-us/history-of-the-old-inn/">the original</a> on 13 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Old+Inn&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoldinn.com%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory-of-the-old-inn%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1998" class="citation news cs1">Pratt, Alf (6 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071007120657/http://www.crlamppost.org/BYU.htm">"LDS Scholars Salute Author C.S. Lewis at BYU Conference"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune" title="The Salt Lake Tribune">The Salt Lake Tribune</a>. Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 28 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Salt+Lake+Tribune&rft.atitle=LDS+Scholars+Salute+Author+C.S.+Lewis+at+BYU+Conference&rft.date=1998-12-06&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crlamppost.org%2FBYU.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonkin2005" class="citation news cs1">Tonkin, Boyd (11 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070430182311/http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/article326179.ece">"CS Lewis: The literary lion of Narnia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/article326179.ece">the original</a> on 30 April 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=CS+Lewis%3A+The+literary+lion+of+Narnia&rft.date=2005-11-11&rft.aulast=Tonkin&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenjoyment.independent.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Ffeatures%2Farticle326179.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Aeschliman, Michael D. (1983). The Restitution of Man: C. S. Lewis and the Case Against Scientism. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1950-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-1950-5">978-0-8028-1950-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon.2005" class="citation news cs1">Anon. (4 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2005/dec/04/unitedkingdom.cslewis.booksforchildrenandteenagers">"If you didn't find Narnia in your own wardrobe ..."</a> The Guardian. No. 4–12. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506173613/https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2005/dec/04/unitedkingdom.cslewis.booksforchildrenandteenagers">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=If+you+didn%27t+find+Narnia+in+your+own+wardrobe+...&rft.issue=4%E2%80%9312&rft.date=2005-12-04&rft.au=Anon.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2005%2Fdec%2F04%2Funitedkingdom.cslewis.booksforchildrenandteenagers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker1992" class="citation book cs1">Barker, Dan (1992). Losing Faith in Faith: From Preacher to Atheist. Madison: Freedom from Religion Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877733-07-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877733-07-9"><bdi>978-1-877733-07-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Losing+Faith+in+Faith%3A+From+Preacher+to+Atheist&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=Freedom+from+Religion+Foundation&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-877733-07-9&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Beversluis, John (1985), C. S. Lewis and the Search for Rational Religion. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0046-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0046-7">0-8028-0046-7</a></li> <li>Bresland, Ronald W. (1999), The Backward Glance: C. S. Lewis and Ireland. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies at <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University of Belfast">Queen's University of Belfast</a>.</li> <li>Brown, Devin (2013), A Life Observed: A Spiritual Biography of C. S. Lewis. Grand Rapids: Brazos Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1587433351" title="Special:BookSources/978-1587433351">978-1587433351</a></li> <li>Christopher, Joe R. & <a href="/wiki/Joan_K._Ostling" class="mw-redirect" title="Joan K. Ostling">Joan K. Ostling</a> (1972), C. S. Lewis: An Annotated Checklist of Writings About Him and His Works. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, n.d. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-138-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-138-6">0-87338-138-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Como" title="James Como">Como, James</a> (1998), Branches to Heaven: The Geniuses of C. S. Lewis. Spence</li> <li>Como, James (2006), Remembering C. S. Lewis (3rd edn. of C. S. Lewis at the Breakfast Table). Ignatius Press</li> <li>Connolly, Sean (2007), Inklings of Heaven: C. S. Lewis and Eschatology. Gracewing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-659-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85244-659-1">978-0-85244-659-1</a></li> <li>Coren, Michael (1994), The Man Who Created Narnia: The Story of C. S. Lewis. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, reprint edition 1996 (First published 1994 in Canada by Lester Publishing Limited). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3822-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3822-7">0-8028-3822-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Derrick" title="Christopher Derrick">Derrick, Christopher</a> (1981) C. S. Lewis and the Church of Rome: A Study in Proto-Ecumenism. Ignatius Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99917-1-850-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-99917-1-850-7">978-99917-1-850-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodd2004" class="citation news cs1">Dodd, Celia (8 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529103443/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/">"Human nature: Universally acknowledged"</a>. The Times. Vol. 2004, no. 5–08. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0,1-100-1100513,00.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Human+nature%3A+Universally+acknowledged&rft.volume=2004&rft.issue=5%E2%80%9308&rft.date=2004-05-08&rft.aulast=Dodd&rft.aufirst=Celia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2FprintFriendly%2F0%2C1-100-1100513%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Downing, David C. (1992), Planets in Peril: A Critical Study of C. S. Lewis's Ransom Trilogy. Amherst: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts_Press" title="University of Massachusetts Press">University of Massachusetts Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87023-997-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87023-997-X">0-87023-997-X</a></li> <li>Downing, David C. (2002), The Most Reluctant Convert: C. S. Lewis's Journey to Faith. InterVarsity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-3271-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-3271-8">0-8308-3271-8</a></li> <li>Downing, David C. (2005), Into the Region of Awe: Mysticism in C. S. Lewis. InterVarsity. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-3284-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-3284-X">0-8308-3284-X</a></li> <li>Downing, David C. (2005), Into the Wardrobe: C. S. Lewis and the Narnia Chronicles. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7879-7890-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7879-7890-6">0-7879-7890-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrennan1999" class="citation magazine cs1">Drennan, Miriam (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205210612/http://bookpage.com/9903bp/douglas_gresham.html">"Back into the wardrobe with The Complete Chronicles of Narnia"</a>. BookPage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookpage.com/9903bp/douglas_gresham.html">the original</a> on 5 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BookPage&rft.atitle=Back+into+the+wardrobe+with+The+Complete+Chronicles+of+Narnia&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Drennan&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bookpage.com%2F9903bp%2Fdouglas_gresham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duriez" title="Colin Duriez">Duriez, Colin</a> (2003), Tolkien and C. S. Lewis: The Gift of Friendship. Paulist Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58768-026-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58768-026-2">1-58768-026-2</a></li> <li>Duriez, Colin (2015), Bedeviled: Lewis, Tolkien and the Shadow of Evil. InterVarsity Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-3417-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-3417-6">0-8308-3417-6</a></li> <li>Duriez, Colin & David Porter (2001), The Inklings Handbook: The Lives, Thought and Writings of C. S. Lewis, J. R. R. Tolkien, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and Their Friends. London: Azure. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902694-13-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-902694-13-9">1-902694-13-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Edwards" title="Bruce L. Edwards">Edwards, Bruce L.</a> (1986). A Rhetoric of Reading: C. S. Lewis's Defense of Western Literacy. Center for the Study of Christian Values in Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-939555-01-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-939555-01-7"><bdi>978-0-939555-01-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Rhetoric+of+Reading%3A+C.+S.+Lewis%27s+Defense+of+Western+Literacy&rft.pub=Center+for+the+Study+of+Christian+Values+in+Literature&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-939555-01-7&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards,_Bruce_L.1988" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Bruce L., ed. (1988). The Taste of the Pineapple: Essays on C. S. Lewis as Reader, Critic, and Imaginative Writer. The Popular Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-407-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87972-407-8"><bdi>978-0-87972-407-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Taste+of+the+Pineapple%3A+Essays+on+C.+S.+Lewis+as+Reader%2C+Critic%2C+and+Imaginative+Writer&rft.pub=The+Popular+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87972-407-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Edwards, Bruce L. (2005), Further Up and Further In: Understanding C. S. Lewis's The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe. Broadman and Holman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-4070-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-4070-4">0-8054-4070-4</a></li> <li>Edwards, Bruce L. (2005), Not a Tame Lion: The Spiritual World of Narnia. Tyndale. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4143-0381-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4143-0381-5">1-4143-0381-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2007" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Bruce L. (2007). Bruce L. Edwards (ed.). C. S. Lewis: Life, Works, and Legacy. Praeger Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99116-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99116-6"><bdi>978-0-275-99116-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+Life%2C+Works%2C+and+Legacy&rft.pub=Praeger+Perspectives&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99116-6&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Bruce+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Fowler" title="Alastair Fowler">Fowler, Alastair</a>, "C. S. Lewis: Supervisor", Yale Review; Vol. 91, No. 4 (October 2003).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEzard2002" class="citation news cs1">Ezard, John (3 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk_news/story/0,3604,726739,00.html">"Narnia books attacked as racist and sexist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529103444/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2002/jun/03/gender.hayfestival2002">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Narnia+books+attacked+as+racist+and+sexist&rft.date=2002-06-03&rft.aulast=Ezard&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk_news%2Fstory%2F0%2C3604%2C726739%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Gardner_(critic)" title="Helen Gardner (critic)">Gardner, Helen</a> (1966) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928233055/http://www.proc.britac.ac.uk/cgi-bin/somsid.cgi?page=51p417&session=3E&type=header">"† Clive Staples Lewis, 1898–1963"</a>. Biographical memoir, in Proceedings of the British Academy 51 (1966), 417–28.</li> <li>Gibb, Jocelyn (ed.) (1965), Light on C. S. Lewis. Geoffrey Bles, 1965, & Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-652000-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-652000-1">0-15-652000-1</a></li> <li>Gilbert, Douglas & <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kilby" class="mw-redirect" title="Clyde Kilby">Clyde Kilby</a> (1973) C. S. Lewis: Images of His World. Eerdmans, 1973 & 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2800-0">0-8028-2800-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlyer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Diana_Glyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Diana Glyer">Glyer, Diana</a> (2007). The Company They Keep: C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien as Writers in Community. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-890-0"><bdi>978-0-87338-890-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Company+They+Keep%3A+C.+S.+Lewis+and+J.+R.+R.+Tolkien+as+Writers+in+Community&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-890-0&rft.aulast=Glyer&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopnik2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Gopnik, Adam (21 November 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/11/21/prisoner-of-narnia">"Prisoner of Narnia: How C. S. Lewis escaped"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502013226/http://www.newyorker.com/critics/content/articles/051121crat_atlarge">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Prisoner+of+Narnia%3A+How+C.+S.+Lewis+escaped&rft.date=2005-11-21&rft.aulast=Gopnik&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2005%2F11%2F21%2Fprisoner-of-narnia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham,_David2001" class="citation book cs1">Graham, David, ed. (2001). We Remember C. S. Lewis. Broadman & Holman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-2299-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8054-2299-3"><bdi>978-0-8054-2299-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Remember+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.pub=Broadman+%26+Holman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8054-2299-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Gresham, Douglas</a> (1994), Lenten Lands: My Childhood with Joy Davidman and C. S. Lewis. HarperSanFrancisco. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-063447-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-063447-2">0-06-063447-2</a></li> <li>Gresham, Douglas (2005), Jack's Life: A Memory of C. S. Lewis. Broadman & Holman Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8054-3246-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8054-3246-9">0-8054-3246-9</a></li> <li>Griffin, William (2005), C. S. Lewis: The Authentic Voice (formerly C. S. Lewis: A Dramatic Life). Lion. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7459-5208-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7459-5208-9">0-7459-5208-9</a></li> <li>Hart, Dabney Adams (1984), Through the Open Door: A New Look at C. S. Lewis. University of Alabama Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-0187-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-0187-9">0-8173-0187-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_D._Heck" title="Joel D. Heck">Heck, Joel D.</a> (2006), Irrigating Deserts: C. S. Lewis on Education. Concordia Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7586-0044-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7586-0044-5">0-7586-0044-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hooper" title="Walter Hooper">Hooper, Walter</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theystandtogethe0000lewi">They stand together: The letters of C.S. Lewis to Arthur Greeves (1914–1963)</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215828-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-215828-2"><bdi>978-0-00-215828-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=They+stand+together%3A+The+letters+of+C.S.+Lewis+to+Arthur+Greeves+%281914%E2%80%931963%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-00-215828-2&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheystandtogethe0000lewi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1982" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Walter (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/throughjoybeyond00hoop">Through Joy and Beyond: A Pictorial Biography of C. S. Lewis</a>. London: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-553670-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-553670-8"><bdi>978-0-02-553670-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Joy+and+Beyond%3A+A+Pictorial+Biography+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-02-553670-8&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthroughjoybeyond00hoop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1988" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Walter, ed. (1988). Letters of C. S. Lewis (paperback) (expanded ed.). Fount. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-627329-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-627329-5"><bdi>978-0-00-627329-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=Fount&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-00-627329-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooper1996" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Walter (1996). C. S. Lewis: A Companion and Guide. London: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-627800-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-627800-9"><bdi>978-0-00-627800-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+A+Companion+and+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-627800-9&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooperGreen2002" class="citation book cs1">Hooper, Walter; Green, Roger Lancelyn (2002) [1974]. C. S. Lewis: A Biography. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-628164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-628164-1"><bdi>978-0-00-628164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-628164-1&rft.aulast=Hooper&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.au=Green%2C+Roger+Lancelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Alan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/narnianlifean00jaco">The Narnian: The Life and Imagination of C. S. Lewis</a>. San Francisco: Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-076690-0"><bdi>978-0-06-076690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Narnian%3A+The+Life+and+Imagination+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-06-076690-0&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnarnianlifean00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Keefe, Carolyn (1979), C. S. Lewis: Speaker & Teacher. Zondervan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-26781-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-26781-1">0-310-26781-1</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Jon (2008), The Everything Guide to C. S. Lewis and Narnia. Adams Media. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59869-427-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-59869-427-8">1-59869-427-8</a></li> <li>Kennedy, Jon (2012), C. S. Lewis Themes and Threads. Amazon Kindle ASIN B00ATSY3AQ</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_S._Kilby" title="Clyde S. Kilby">Kilby, Clyde S.</a> (1964), The Christian World of C. S. Lewis. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1964, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-0871-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-0871-9">0-8028-0871-9</a></li> <li>King, Don W. (2001), C. S. Lewis, Poet: The Legacy of His Poetic Impulse. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-681-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-681-7">0-87338-681-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002a" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, C. S. (2002a) [1942]. <a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">The Screwtape Letters</a>. London: Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-767240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-767240-0"><bdi>978-0-00-767240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Screwtape+Letters&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-00-767240-0&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis,_W._H.1966" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, W. H., ed. (1966). Letters of C. S. Lewis. London: Geoffrey Bles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-242457-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-242457-8"><bdi>978-0-00-242457-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+of+C.+S.+Lewis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Geoffrey+Bles&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-00-242457-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lindskoog, Kathryn (1994), Light in the Shadowlands: Protecting the Real C. S. Lewis. Multnomah Pub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88070-695-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-88070-695-3">0-88070-695-3</a></li> <li>Lowenberg, Susan (1993), C. S. Lewis: A Reference Guide, 1972–1988. Hall & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8161-1846-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8161-1846-9">0-8161-1846-9</a></li> <li>Mardindale, Wayne & Jerry Root (1990), The Quotable Lewis. Tyndale House Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8423-5115-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8423-5115-9">0-8423-5115-9</a></li> <li>Martin, Thomas L. (ed.) (2000), Reading the Classics with C. S. Lewis. Baker Academic. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84227-073-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84227-073-7">1-84227-073-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Miller_(writer)" title="Laura Miller (writer)">Miller, Laura</a> (2008) "The Magician's Book", Little, Brown & Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-01763-3">978-0-316-01763-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mills_(editor)" title="David Mills (editor)">Mills, David</a> (ed) (1998) The Pilgrim's Guide: C. S. Lewis and the Art of Witness. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4689-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4689-0">0-8028-4689-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihan1998" class="citation book cs1">Moynihan, Martin, ed. (1998). The Latin Letters of C. S. Lewis: C. S. Lewis & Don <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Calabria" title="Giovanni Calabria">Giovanni Calabria</a>. Indiana: St. Augustine's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-890-31834-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-890-31834-5"><bdi>978-1-890-31834-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Latin+Letters+of+C.+S.+Lewis%3A+C.+S.+Lewis+%26+Don+Giovanni+Calabria&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pub=St.+Augustine%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-890-31834-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühling2005" class="citation book cs1">Mühling, Markus (2005). A Theological Journey into Narnia: An Analysis of the Message Beneath the Text. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-525-60423-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-525-60423-6"><bdi>978-3-525-60423-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theological+Journey+into+Narnia%3A+An+Analysis+of+the+Message+Beneath+the+Text&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-525-60423-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChling&rft.aufirst=Markus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeven2001" class="citation web cs1">Neven, Tom (17 December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120721203945/http://www.mrrena.com/2001/Lewis.shtml">"In Lenten Lands"</a>. Le Penseur Réfléchit. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrrena.com/2001/Lewis.shtml">the original</a> on 21 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Lenten+Lands&rft.pub=Le+Penseur+R%C3%A9fl%C3%A9chit&rft.date=2001-12-17&rft.aulast=Neven&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrrena.com%2F2001%2FLewis.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pearce" title="Joseph Pearce">Pearce, Joseph</a> (1999), C. S. Lewis and the Catholic Church. HarperCollins, 1999; then Ignatius Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-979-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-979-2">0-89870-979-2</a></li> <li>Peters, Thomas C. (1998), Simply C. S. Lewis: A Beginner's Guide to His Life and Works. Kingsway Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85476-762-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85476-762-2">0-85476-762-2</a></li> <li>Phillips, Justin (2003), C. S. Lewis at the BBC: Messages of Hope in the Darkness of War. Marshall Pickering. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-710437-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-710437-5">0-00-710437-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Lee_Poe" title="Harry Lee Poe">Poe, Harry Lee</a> & Rebecca Whitten Poe (eds) (2006), C. S. Lewis Remembered: Collected Reflections of Students, Friends & Colleagues. Zondervan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26509-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-26509-2">978-0-310-26509-2</a></li> <li>Reppert, Victor (2003), C. S. Lewis's Dangerous Idea: In Defense of the Argument from Reason. InterVarsity Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8308-2732-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8308-2732-3">0-8308-2732-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sayer_(biographer)" title="George Sayer (biographer)">Sayer, George</a> (1988), Jack: C. S. Lewis and His Times. London: Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-43362-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-43362-9">0-333-43362-9</a></li> <li>Schakel, Peter J. (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hope.edu/academic/english/schakel/tillwehavefaces/">Reason and Imagination in C. S. Lewis: A Study of "Till We Have Faces"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070108191515/http://www.hope.edu/academic/english/schakel/tillwehavefaces/">Archived</a> 8 January 2007 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-1998-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-1998-2">0-8028-1998-2</a></li> <li>Schakel, Peter J. (2002), Imagination and the Arts in C. S. Lewis: Journeying to Narnia and Other Worlds. University of Missouri Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-1407-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-1407-X">0-8262-1407-X</a></li> <li>Schakel, Peter J. (ed.) (1977), The Longing for a Form: Essays on the Fiction of C. S. Lewis. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-204-8">0-87338-204-8</a></li> <li>Schakel, Peter J. & <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Huttar" title="Charles A. Huttar">Charles A. Huttar</a> (eds.) (1991), Word and Story in C. S. Lewis. University of Missouri Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8262-0760-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8262-0760-X">0-8262-0760-X</a></li> <li>Schofield, Stephen (1983), In Search of C. S. Lewis. Bridge Logos Pub. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88270-544-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-88270-544-X">0-88270-544-X</a></li> <li>Schultz, Jeffrey D. & John G. West Jr. (eds) (1998), The C. S. Lewis Readers' Encyclopedia. Zondervan Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-21538-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-21538-2">0-310-21538-2</a></li> <li>Schwartz, Sanford (2009), C. S. Lewis on the Final Frontier: Science and the Supernatural in the Space Trilogy. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537472-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537472-8">978-0-19-537472-8</a>.</li> <li>Tennyson, G. B. (ed.) (1989), Owen Barfield on C. S. Lewis. Wesleyan University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8195-5233-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8195-5233-X">0-8195-5233-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToynbee2005" class="citation news cs1">Toynbee, Polly (5 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/religion/Story/0,2763,1657759,00.html">"Narnia represents everything that is most hateful about religion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529103444/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/dec/05/cslewis.booksforchildrenandteenagers">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 28 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Narnia+represents+everything+that+is+most+hateful+about+religion&rft.date=2005-12-05&rft.aulast=Toynbee&rft.aufirst=Polly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Freligion%2FStory%2F0%2C2763%2C1657759%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Wagner, Richard J. (2005) C. S. Lewis and Narnia for Dummies. For Dummies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7645-8381-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7645-8381-6">0-7645-8381-6</a></li> <li>Walker, Andrew & Patrick James (eds.) (1998), Rumours of Heaven: Essays in Celebration of C. S. Lewis, Guildford: Eagle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86347-250-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86347-250-8">0-86347-250-8</a></li> <li>Walsh, Chad (1949), C. S. Lewis: Apostle to the Skeptics. London: Macmillan</li> <li>Walsh, Chad (1979), The Literary Legacy of C. S. Lewis. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-652785-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-652785-5">0-15-652785-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ward_(scholar)" title="Michael Ward (scholar)">Ward, Michael</a> (2008), Planet Narnia. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531387-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531387-1">978-0-19-531387-1</a></li> <li>Watson, George (ed.) (1992), Critical Essays on C. S. Lewis. Menston: Scolar Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85967-853-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85967-853-9">0-85967-853-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_White_(author)" title="Michael White (author)">White, Michael</a> (2005), C. S. Lewis: The Boy Who Chronicled Narnia. Abacus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11625-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11625-3">0-349-11625-3</a></li> <li>Wielenberg, Erik J. (2007), God and the Reach of Reason. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70710-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-70710-7">978-0-521-70710-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._N._Wilson" title="A. N. Wilson">Wilson, A. N.</a> (2002) [1990]. C. S. Lewis: A Biography. W. W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32340-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32340-5"><bdi>978-0-393-32340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32340-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1991" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, A. N. (1991) [1990]. C. S. Lewis: A Biography. London: Harper Perennial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+S.+Lewis%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=A.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+S.+Lewis" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> C. S. Lewis at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:C._S._Lewis" class="extiw" title="c:Category:C. S. 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Lewis">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:C._S._Lewis" class="extiw" title="s:Author:C. S. 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S. Lewis in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/782">Works by Clive Staples Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Lewis%2C%20C.%20S.%20%28Clive%20Staples%29">Works by C. S. (Clive Staples) Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Clive%20Staples%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Clive%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lewis%2C%20C%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Clive%20Staples%20Lewis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Clive%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Clive%20Staples%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Clive%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Staples%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Clive%20Staples%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Clive%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%2C%20C%2E%20S%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%2C%20C%2E%20Staples%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Clive%20Staples%20Lewis%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Clive%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Clive%20Staples%20Lewis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Clive%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20S%2E%20Lewis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Clive%20Staples%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lewis%2C%20Clive%20S%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221898-1963%22%20AND%20Lewis%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about C. S. Lewis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/1540">Works by C. S. Lewis</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113045902/https://inklings-studies.org/">Journal of Inklings Studies</a> peer-reviewed journal on Lewis and his literary circle, based at Oxford</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/theology/lewis">C. S. Lewis Reading Room</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828103421/https://www.tyndale.ca/seminary/mtsmodular/reading-rooms/theology/lewis">Archived</a> 28 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, with extensive links to online primary and secondary literature (Tyndale Seminary)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wheaton.edu/academics/academic-centers/wadecenter/authors/cs-lewis/">C. S. Lewis research collection</a> at The Marion E. Wade Center at <a href="/wiki/Wheaton_College_(Illinois)" title="Wheaton College (Illinois)">Wheaton College</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/lewis_c_s">C. S. Lewis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/lewis_c_s">C. S. Lewis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b086s76k">BBC Radio 4 – Great Lives – Suzannah Lipscomb on CS Lewis – 3 January 2017</a> Step though the wardrobe on Great Lives as CS Lewis – creator of the Narnia Chronicles – is this week's choice</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?301">C. S. Lewis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C._S._Lewis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:C._S._Lewis" title="Template:C. S. Lewis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:C._S._Lewis" title="Template talk:C. S. Lewis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:C._S._Lewis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:C. S. Lewis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="C._S._Lewis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. S. Lewis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis_bibliography" title="C. S. Lewis bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poetry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirits_in_Bondage" title="Spirits in Bondage">Spirits in Bondage</a> (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reason_(poem)" title="Reason (poem)">Reason</a>" (c. 1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dymer_(poem)" title="Dymer (poem)">Dymer</a> (1926)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Regress" title="The Pilgrim's Regress">The Pilgrim's Regress</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Screwtape_Letters" title="The Screwtape Letters">The Screwtape Letters</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Divorce" title="The Great Divorce">The Great Divorce</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_We_Have_Faces" title="Till We Have Faces">Till We Have Faces</a> (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Screwtape_Proposes_a_Toast" class="mw-redirect" title="Screwtape Proposes a Toast">Screwtape Proposes a Toast</a>" (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Malcolm" title="Letters to Malcolm">Letters to Malcolm</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxen_(C._S._Lewis)" title="Boxen (C. S. Lewis)">Boxen</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Space_Trilogy" title="The Space Trilogy">The Space Trilogy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet" title="Out of the Silent Planet">Out of the Silent Planet</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perelandra" title="Perelandra">Perelandra</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(Lewis_novel)" title="The Dark Tower (Lewis novel)">The Dark Tower</a> (manuscript) (1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Caspian" title="Prince Caspian">Prince Caspian</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader" title="The Voyage of the Dawn Treader">The Voyage of the Dawn Treader</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Chair" title="The Silver Chair">The Silver Chair</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse_and_His_Boy" title="The Horse and His Boy">The Horse and His Boy</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magician%27s_Nephew" title="The Magician's Nephew">The Magician's Nephew</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Battle" title="The Last Battle">The Last Battle</a> (1956)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Allegory_of_Love" title="The Allegory of Love">The Allegory of Love</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Personal_Heresy" title="The Personal Heresy">The Personal Heresy</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Problem_of_Pain" title="The Problem of Pain">The Problem of Pain</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Preface_to_Paradise_Lost" title="A Preface to Paradise Lost">A Preface to Paradise Lost</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Abolition_of_Man" title="The Abolition of Man">The Abolition of Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_(book)" title="Miracles (book)">Miracles</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weight_of_Glory_and_Other_Addresses" title="The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses">The Weight of Glory and Other Addresses</a> (1949/1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_Christianity" title="Mere Christianity">Mere Christianity</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprised_by_Joy" title="Surprised by Joy">Surprised by Joy</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reflections_on_the_Psalms&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reflections on the Psalms (page does not exist)">Reflections on the Psalms</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Loves" title="The Four Loves">The Four Loves</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studies_in_Words" title="Studies in Words">Studies in Words</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Last_Night_and_Other_Essays" title="The World's Last Night and Other Essays">The World's Last Night and Other Essays</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Experiment_in_Criticism" title="An Experiment in Criticism">An Experiment in Criticism</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Grief_Observed" title="A Grief Observed">A Grief Observed</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/They_Asked_for_a_Paper" title="They Asked for a Paper">They Asked for a Paper</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layamon%27s_Brut" title="Layamon's Brut">Selections from Layamon's Brut</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_Malcolm" title="Letters to Malcolm">Letters to Malcolm</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Discarded_Image" title="The Discarded Image">The Discarded Image</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Other_Worlds" title="Of Other Worlds">Of Other Worlds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Dock" title="God in the Dock">God in the Dock</a> (1970–1971)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Davidman" title="Joy Davidman">Joy Davidman</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gresham" title="Douglas Gresham">Douglas Gresham</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kilns" title="The Kilns">The Kilns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis%27s_trilemma" title="Lewis's trilemma">Lewis's trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_and_Human_Nature" title="Language and Human Nature">Language and Human Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_Lewis_Nature_Reserve" title="CS Lewis Nature Reserve">CS Lewis Nature Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowlands_(1985_film)" title="Shadowlands (1985 film)">Shadowlands</a> (1985 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowlands_(play)" title="Shadowlands (play)">Shadowlands</a> (1989 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadowlands_(1993_film)" title="Shadowlands (1993 film)">Shadowlands</a> (1993 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Most_Reluctant_Convert" title="The Most Reluctant Convert">The Most Reluctant Convert</a> (2021 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freud%27s_Last_Session" title="Freud's Last Session">Freud's Last Session</a> (2023 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="C._S._Lewis&#039;s_The_Space_Trilogy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CSL_Space_Trilogy" title="Template:CSL Space Trilogy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CSL_Space_Trilogy" title="Template talk:CSL Space Trilogy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CSL_Space_Trilogy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CSL Space Trilogy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="C._S._Lewis&#039;s_The_Space_Trilogy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. S. Lewis</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Space_Trilogy" title="The Space Trilogy">The Space Trilogy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_the_Silent_Planet" title="Out of the Silent Planet">Out of the Silent Planet</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perelandra" title="Perelandra">Perelandra</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Hideous_Strength" title="That Hideous Strength">That Hideous Strength</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dark_Tower_(Lewis_novel)" title="The Dark Tower (Lewis novel)">The Dark Tower</a> (manuscript; 1977)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elwin_Ransom" title="Elwin Ransom">Elwin Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professor_Weston" title="Professor Weston">Professor Weston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.2em;">Universe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edgestow" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Edgestow">University of Edgestow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Inklings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inklings" title="Template:Inklings"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Inklings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Inklings (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inklings" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inklings"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Inklings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inklings" title="Inklings">The Inklings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Barfield" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_A._W._Bennett" title="Jack A. W. Bennett">Jack A. W. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_David_Cecil" title="Lord David Cecil">Lord David Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevill_Coghill" title="Nevill Coghill">Nevill Coghill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Dyson" title="Hugo Dyson">Hugo Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fox_(poet)" title="Adam Fox (poet)">Adam Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Havard" title="Robert Havard">Robert Havard</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. S. Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Lewis" title="Warren Lewis">Warren Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tolkien" title="Christopher Tolkien">Christopher Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(British_writer)" title="Charles Williams (British writer)">Charles Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Dundas-Grant" title="James Dundas-Grant">James Dundas-Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Hardie" title="Colin Hardie">Colin Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gervase_Mathew" title="Gervase Mathew">Gervase Mathew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._B._McCallum" title="R. B. McCallum">R. B. McCallum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtenay_Edward_Stevens" title="Courtenay Edward Stevens">Courtenay Edward Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wain" title="John Wain">John Wain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leslie_Wrenn" title="Charles Leslie Wrenn">Charles Leslie Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child" title="The Eagle and Child">The Eagle and Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamb_%26_Flag,_Oxford" title="Lamb & Flag, Oxford">Lamb & Flag, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_E._Wade_Center" title="Marion E. Wade Center">Marion E. Wade Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_by_C._S._Lewis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Narnia" title="Template:Narnia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Narnia" title="Template talk:Narnia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Narnia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Narnia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_by_C._S._Lewis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. S. Lewis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Caspian" title="Prince Caspian">Prince Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader" title="The Voyage of the Dawn Treader">The Voyage of the Dawn Treader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Chair" title="The Silver Chair">The Silver Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horse_and_His_Boy" title="The Horse and His Boy">The Horse and His Boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magician%27s_Nephew" title="The Magician's Nephew">The Magician's Nephew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Battle" title="The Last Battle">The Last Battle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="Adaptations of The Chronicles of Narnia">Adaptations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe_(1967_TV_serial)" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1967 TV serial)">1967 TV serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe_(1979_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1979 film)">1979 animated special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(TV_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (TV series)">1988–1990 BBC series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe_(1988_TV_serial)" title="The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (1988 TV serial)">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Caspian_and_The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader_(1989_TV_serial)" title="Prince Caspian and The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (1989 TV serial)">Prince Caspian and the Voyage of the Dawn Treader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Chair_(1990_TV_serial)" title="The Silver Chair (1990 TV serial)">The Silver Chair</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia (film series)">Film series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe">The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe_(soundtrack)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Narnia:_Creating_The_Lion,_the_Witch,_and_the_Wardrobe" title="Journey into Narnia: Creating The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe">attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe_(video_game)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe (video game)">video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_Prince_Caspian" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian">Prince Caspian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_Prince_Caspian_(soundtrack)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Narnia:_Prince_Caspian" title="Journey into Narnia: Prince Caspian">attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_Prince_Caspian_(video_game)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian (video game)">video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader">The Voyage of the Dawn Treader</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia:_The_Voyage_of_the_Dawn_Treader_(soundtrack)" title="The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_(film_series)_cast_members" title="List of The Chronicles of Narnia (film series) cast members">Cast list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_film_series" title="Music of The Chronicles of Narnia film series">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_film_series" title="List of accolades received by The Chronicles of Narnia film series">Accolades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia_characters" title="List of The Chronicles of Narnia characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aravis" title="Aravis">Aravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aslan" title="Aslan">Aslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bree_(Narnia)" title="Bree (Narnia)">Bree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Caspian_(character)" title="Prince Caspian (character)">Caspian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriakin" title="Coriakin">Coriakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digory_Kirke" title="Digory Kirke">Digory Kirke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Drinian" title="Lord Drinian">Lord Drinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pevensie" title="Edmund Pevensie">Edmund Pevensie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emeth" title="Emeth">Emeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Scrubb" title="Eustace Scrubb">Eustace Scrubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwin" title="Hwin">Hwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Pole" title="Jill Pole">Jill Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Green_Kirtle" title="Lady of the Green Kirtle">Lady of the Green Kirtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Pevensie" title="Lucy Pevensie">Lucy Pevensie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maugrim" title="Maugrim">Maugrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miraz" title="Miraz">Miraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pevensie" title="Peter Pevensie">Peter Pevensie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polly_Plummer" title="Polly Plummer">Polly Plummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puddleglum" title="Puddleglum">Puddleglum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramandu" title="Ramandu">Ramandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramandu%27s_daughter" title="Ramandu's daughter">Ramandu's daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reepicheep" title="Reepicheep">Reepicheep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rilian" title="Rilian">Rilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Great_Lords_of_Narnia" title="Seven Great Lords of Narnia">Seven Great Lords of Narnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(Narnia)" title="Shasta (Narnia)">Shasta/Cor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_(Narnia)" title="Shift (Narnia)">Shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Pevensie" title="Susan Pevensie">Susan Pevensie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tash_(Narnia)" title="Tash (Narnia)">Tash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmarines" title="Telmarines">Telmarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirian" title="Tirian">Tirian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpkin" title="Trumpkin">Trumpkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._Tumnus" title="Mr. Tumnus">Mr. Tumnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Witch" title="White Witch">White Witch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narnia_(world)" title="Narnia (world)">Narnia (world)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Table" title="Stone Table">Aslan's How</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calormen" title="Calormen">Calormen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charn" title="Charn">Charn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underland_(Narnia)" title="Underland (Narnia)">Underland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Narnia" title="Outline of Narnia">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deplorable_Word" title="Deplorable Word">Deplorable Word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_in_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="Food in The Chronicles of Narnia">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_creatures_in_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="Magical creatures in The Chronicles of Narnia">Magical creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="Religion in The Chronicles of Narnia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="Category:The Chronicles of Narnia">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Narnia" title="Outline of Narnia">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9204#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9204#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121235691">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000036863861X">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368638628">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22144877">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/29827/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxcVmh674FRqkGd9vPPcP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118640526">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79003974">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912889b">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11912889b">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00447571">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV022462">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36121078">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990005046&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1100994">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/32985">Portugal</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1160737">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068367295">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90089794">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000015016&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000024703&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000052426">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=61385">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058336">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199616517">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfg61k1x78f73">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810690073705606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/82095">Vatican</a><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/357773">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fad434cc-5fae-411c-918e-096f1adfa37d">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/336605">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.004823.v1">Ireland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118640526.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118640526">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026988879">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6tn81c6">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fb57fx">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._S._Lewis&oldid=1259114992">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._S._Lewis&oldid=1259114992</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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S. Lewis\"] = 1,\n [\"CSL Space Trilogy\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 94,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 26,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 25,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Lewis, C. S.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"FadedPage\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvard citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 54,\n [\"Infobox military person\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox writer\"] = 1,\n [\"Inklings\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Isfdb name\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Narnia\"] = 1,\n [\"Nee\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 49,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sisterlinks\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"StandardEbooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 2,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","320","22.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","17.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","10.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","7.1"],["type","80","5.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","40","2.9"],["pairsfunc \u003Cmw.lua:676\u003E","40","2.9"],["(for generator)","40","2.9"],["gsub","40","2.9"],["mw.executeFunction \u003Cmw.lua:507\u003E","40","2.9"],["[others]","320","22.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-zvhvk","timestamp":"20241125142837","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/C._S._Lewis","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9204","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q9204","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-07T01:35:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T12:59:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/1\/1e\/C.s.lewis3.JPG","headline":"British writer, lay theologian and scholar (1898\u20131963)"}</script> </body> </html>