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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_obscenity_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_obscenity_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>United States obscenity law</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-United_States_obscenity_law-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle United States obscenity law subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-United_States_obscenity_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_U.S." class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_U.S."> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Non image-based obscenity cases in the U.S.</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_U.S.-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Key_U.S._court_cases_on_obscenity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_U.S._court_cases_on_obscenity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Key U.S. court cases on obscenity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_U.S._court_cases_on_obscenity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Child_pornography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Child_pornography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Child pornography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Child_pornography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Censorship_in_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Censorship_in_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Censorship in film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Censorship_in_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Obscenity</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AD%D8%B4" title="فحش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فحش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fxlaqs%C4%B1zl%C4%B1q" title="Əxlaqsızlıq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əxlaqsızlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="অশ্লীলতা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অশ্লীলতা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlladrwydd" title="Anlladrwydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Anlladrwydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsz%C3%B6nit%C3%A4t" title="Obszönität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obszönität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenidad" title="Obscenidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Obscenidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="وقاحت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وقاحت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsc%C3%A9nit%C3%A9" title="Obscénité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Obscénité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenidade" title="Obscenidade – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Obscenidade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EB%9E%80%EC%A3%84" title="음란죄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음란죄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscenit%C3%A0" title="Oscenità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Oscenità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מעשה מגונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעשה מגונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%8F%E3%81%84%E3%81%9B%E3%81%A4" title="わいせつ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="わいせつ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ato_obsceno" title="Ato obsceno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ato obsceno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenitate" title="Obscenitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obscenitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Непристойность – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Непристойность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BA" title="අශිෂ්ටත්වය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අශිෂ්ටත්වය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Obscenity" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenita" title="Obscenita – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obscenita" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blud" title="Blud – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Blud" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obscenitet" title="Obscenitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Obscenitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalaswaan" title="Kalaswaan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kalaswaan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81" title="బూతు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బూతు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCstehcenlik" title="Müstehcenlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müstehcenlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%AB%E7%A7%BD" title="淫秽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="淫秽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q31110#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#5CB3FF;"> Social issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_consent_in_law" title="Sexual consent in law">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Criminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Criminalization of homosexuality">Criminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legality_of_conversion_therapy" title="Legality of conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization_of_homosexuality" title="Decriminalization of homosexuality">Decriminalization</a> · <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">Civil union</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a> · <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_adoption" title="Same-sex adoption">Adoption</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_transgender_people" title="Legal status of transgender people">Transgender</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriageable age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedophile_advocacy_groups" title="Pedophile advocacy groups">Pedophile advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviant_sexual_intercourse" title="Deviant sexual intercourse">Deviant sexual intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">Miscegenation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisexualism" title="Antisexualism">Antisexualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #bbb;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex_and_the_law" title="Template talk:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex_and_the_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex and the law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>obscenity</b> is any <a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterance</a> or act that strongly offends the prevalent <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a> of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-M-W_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M-W-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obscēnus</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">obscaenus</i></span>, "boding ill; disgusting; indecent", of uncertain etymology.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the term can be used to indicate strong moral repugnance and outrage in expressions such as "obscene <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profits</a>" and "the obscenity of war". As a legal term, it usually refers to descriptions and depictions of people engaged in <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Excretory" class="mw-redirect" title="Excretory">excretory</a> activity. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_obscenity_law">United States obscenity law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: United States obscenity law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_obscenity_law" title="United States obscenity law">United States obscenity law</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Obscenity" title="Special:EditPage/Obscenity">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg/220px-Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Fanny_Hill_1910_cover.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Cover of an undated American edition of <i>Fanny Hill</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1910</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, issues of obscenity raise issues of limitations on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">the press</a>, which are otherwise protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>. </p><p>Federal obscenity law in the U.S. is unusual in that there is no uniform national standard. Former Justice <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, in attempting to classify what material constituted exactly "what is obscene", famously wrote, "I shall not today attempt further to define the kinds of material I understand to be embraced ... [b]ut <a href="/wiki/I_know_it_when_I_see_it" title="I know it when I see it">I know it when I see it</a>...."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., the 1973 ruling of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> established a three-tiered <a href="/wiki/Miller_test" title="Miller test">test</a> to determine what was obscene—and thus not protected, versus what was merely erotic and thus protected by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>. Delivering the opinion of the court, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Warren_Burger" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren Burger">Warren Burger</a> wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>The basic guidelines for the trier of fact must be: (a) whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find that the work, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest, (b) whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law; and (c) whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><span class="anchor" id="Non_image_based_obscenity_cases_in_the_USA"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non_image-based_obscenity_cases_in_the_U.S.">Non image-based obscenity cases in the U.S.</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Non image-based obscenity cases in the U.S."><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most recent (2016)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> obscenity cases in the U.S. have revolved around images and films, the first obscenity cases dealt with textual works. </p><p>The classification of "obscene" and thus illegal for production and distribution has been judged on printed text-only stories starting with <i>Dunlop v. U.S.</i>, 165 U.S. 486 (1897), which upheld a conviction for mailing and delivery of a newspaper called the <i>Chicago Dispatch</i>, containing "obscene, lewd, lascivious, and indecent materials", which was later upheld in several cases. One of these was "A Book Named <i>John Cleland's Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure</i>" v. Attorney General of Com. of Massachusetts, "<a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">383 U.S. 413 (1966)</a>" wherein the book "<a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a>", written by John Cleland <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span>, was judged to be obscene in a proceeding that put the book itself on trial rather than its publisher. Another was <i>Kaplan v. California</i>, 413 U.S. 115 (1973) whereby the court most famously determined that "Obscene material in book form is not entitled to any First Amendment protection merely because it has no pictorial content." </p><p>In 2005, the U.S. Department of Justice formed the <a href="/wiki/Obscenity_Prosecution_Task_Force" title="Obscenity Prosecution Task Force">Obscenity Prosecution Task Force</a> in a push to prosecute obscenity cases.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Red Rose Stories, a site dedicated to text-only fantasy stories, became one of many sites targeted by the FBI for shutdown.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government alleged that Red Rose Stories contained depictions of child rape. The publisher pleaded guilty.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extreme pornographer <a href="/wiki/Max_Hardcore" title="Max Hardcore">Max Hardcore</a> served 30 months of a 46-month prison sentence for obscenity. Many U.S. states have had bans on the sale of <a href="/wiki/Sex_toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex toys">sex toys</a>, regulating them as obscene devices. Some states have seen their sex toy bans ruled unconstitutional in the courts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That ruling leaves only Mississippi, Alabama, and Virginia with current bans on the sale of obscene devices.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Literature (non-fiction) communicating <a href="/wiki/Contraceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraceptive">contraceptive</a> information was prohibited by several states. The last such prohibition, in Connecticut, was overturned judicially in 1965.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_U.S._court_cases_on_obscenity">Key U.S. court cases on obscenity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Key U.S. court cases on obscenity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1957, two associates of acclaimed poet Allen Ginsberg were arrested and jailed for selling his book "<a href="/wiki/Howl_and_Other_Poems" title="Howl and Other Poems">Howl and Other Poems</a>" to undercover police officers at a beatnik bookstore in San Francisco. Eventually the California Supreme Court declared the literature to be of "redeeming social value" and therefore <a href="/wiki/Howl_(poem)" title="Howl (poem)">not classifiable as "obscene"</a>. Because the poem "Howl" contains pornographic slang and overt references to drugs and homosexuality, the poem was (and is) frequently censored and confiscated; however, it remains a landmark case.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FCC_v._Pacifica_Foundation" title="FCC v. Pacifica Foundation">FCC v. Pacifica Foundation</a></i> (1978), better known as the landmark "<a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">seven dirty words</a>" case. In that ruling, the Court found that only "repetitive and frequent" use of the words in a time or place when a minor could hear, can be punished.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/State_v._Henry" title="State v. Henry">State v. Henry</a></i> (1987), the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Supreme_Court" title="Oregon Supreme Court">Oregon Supreme Court</a> ruled that the Oregon state law that criminalized obscenity was an unconstitutional restriction of free speech under the free speech provision of the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon Constitution">Oregon Constitution</a>, with the ruling making Oregon the "first state in the nation to abolish the offense of obscenity".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15 (1971), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that the word "fuck", although almost universally considered obscene when used to describe sexual intercourse, is speech-protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution when used to express a political belief. On 26 April 1968, Paul Robert Cohen, then 19 years old, donned a jacket bearing the words "Fuck the Draft" while visiting the Los Angeles Courthouse to testify as a defense witness in a court hearing. Although Cohen removed the jacket before entering the courtroom, he had been observed wearing it in the courthouse corridor by a court officer. When Cohen left the courtroom, the officer arrested him for disturbing the peace. Cohen defended his attire as being an expression of disapproval of the war in Vietnam. Nonetheless, he was convicted of "maliciously and willfully disturbing the peace" and sentenced to 30 days in jail. The conviction was eventually upheld by the Supreme Court of California but reversed by the Supreme Court. In a 5–4 decision, Justice Harlan wrote for the Court that Cohen's conviction was based solely on speech and was protected by the First Amendment. 403 U.S. at 26. In a dissenting opinion, Justice Blackmun countered that Cohen's wearing of the jacket in the courthouse was not speech but conduct amounting to an "absurd and immature antic". </p> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. ACLU</a></i> (1997), the Supreme Court struck down indecency laws applying to the Internet.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i> (1973) – the currently-binding Supreme Court precedent on the issue –, the Court ruled materials were obscene if they appealed "to a prurient interest", showed "<a href="/wiki/Patently_offensive" title="Patently offensive">patently offensive</a> sexual conduct" that was specifically defined by a state obscenity law, and "lacked serious artistic, literary, political, or scientific value." Decisions regarding whether material was obscene should be based on local, not national, standards.</li></ul> <p>Standards superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Miller Test">Miller Test</a> include: </p> <ul><li><i>Wepplo</i> (1947): If material has a substantial tendency to deprave or corrupt its readers by inciting <a href="/wiki/Lascivious" class="mw-redirect" title="Lascivious">lascivious</a> thoughts or arousing lustful desires. (People v. Wepplo, 78 Cal. App.2d Supp. 959, 178 P.2d 853).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin test</a></i> (1868): the effect of isolated passages upon the most susceptible persons. (British common law, cited in Regina v. Hicklin, 1868. LR 3 QB 360 – overturned when Michigan tried to outlaw all printed matter that would 'corrupt the morals of youth' in Butler v. State of Michigan 352 U.S. 380 (1957))</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roth_v._United_States" title="Roth v. United States">Roth Standard</a></i> (1957): "Whether to the average person applying contemporary community standards, the dominant theme of the material, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest". Roth v. United States 354 U.S. 476 (1957) – overturned by Miller</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Roth-Jacobellis</a></i> (1964): "community standards" applicable to an obscenity are national, not local standards. Material is "utterly without redeeming social importance". Jacobellis v. Ohio 378 (1964) – a famous quote from this case saying: "I shall not today attempt further to define <i>[hardcore pornography]</i> ... But I know it when I see it."</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_v._Massachusetts" title="Memoirs v. Massachusetts">Roth-Jacobellis-Memoirs Test</a></i> (1966): Adds that the material possesses "not a modicum of social value". (A Book Named <i>John Cleland's <a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Woman_of_Pleasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure">Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure</a></i> v. Attorney General of Massachusetts, 383 U.S. 413 (1966))</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> rules and federal law govern obscenity in broadcast media. Many historically important works have been described as obscene or prosecuted under obscenity laws, including the works of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Baudelaire" title="Charles Baudelaire">Charles Baudelaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lenny_Bruce" title="Lenny Bruce">Lenny Bruce</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_S._Burroughs" title="William S. Burroughs">William S. Burroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/D._H._Lawrence" title="D. H. Lawrence">D. H. Lawrence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obscenity law has been criticized in the following areas:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Federal law forbids obscenity in certain contexts (such as broadcast);<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the law does not define the term.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The U.S. Supreme Court similarly has had difficulty defining the term. In <i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i>, the court defers definition to two hypothetical entities, "contemporary community standards" and "hypothetical reasonable persons".</li> <li>The courts and the legislature have had similar problems defining this term because it is paradoxical, and thus impossible to define.</li> <li>Because the term "obscenity" is not defined by either the statutes or the case law, this law does not satisfy the <a href="/wiki/Vagueness_doctrine" title="Vagueness doctrine">vagueness doctrine</a>, which states that people must clearly be informed as to the prohibited behavior.</li> <li>Because the determination of what is obscene (offensive) is ultimately a personal preference, alleged violations of obscenity law are not actionable (actions require a right).</li> <li>Because no actual injury occurs when a mere preference is violated, alleged violations of obscenity law are not actionable (actions require an injury).</li></ul> <p>Obscenity laws remain enforceable under Miller despite these criticisms. Some states have passed laws mandating censorship in schools, universities, and libraries even if they are not receiving <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Internet_Protection_Act" title="Children's Internet Protection Act">government aid that would require censorship in these institutions</a>. These include Arizona, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, South Carolina, and Tennessee. Twenty more states were considering such legislation in 2001–2002.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Child_pornography">Child pornography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Child pornography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">Child pornography</a></div> <p><b>Child pornography</b> refers to images or films (also known as <b>child abuse images</b><sup id="cite_ref-Wortley_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanderson_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanderson-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Akdeniz11_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akdeniz11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); as such, visual child pornography is a record of <a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">child sexual abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-finkelhor1994_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelhor1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hobbs_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobbs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon20_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klain_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wortley17_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abuse of the child occurs during the sexual acts that are recorded in the production of child pornography,<sup id="cite_ref-finkelhor1994_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-finkelhor1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hobbs_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hobbs-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon20_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon20-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Klain_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klain-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wortley17_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon9_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several professors of psychology state that memories of the abuse are maintained as long as visual records exist, are accessed, and are "exploited perversely".<sup id="cite_ref-Wortley17_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wortley17-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sheldon9_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sheldon9-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some countries also bans writings<sup id="cite_ref-Akdeniz11_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akdeniz11-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—that depict sexually explicit activities involving a child. </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_458" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 458">458</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/458/747/">747</a> (1982), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that child pornography need not be legally obscene in order to be outlawed. The Court ruled that in contrast to the types of images considered in <i>Miller</i>, images that depicted underlying harm to children need not appeal to "the prurient interest of the average person", portray sexual conduct in "a patently offensive manner", nor be considered holistically, in order to be proscribed. Another difference between U.S. constitutional law concerning obscenity and that governing child pornography is that the Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_394" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 394">394</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/394/557/">557</a> (1969), that possession of obscene material could not be criminalized, while in <i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_495" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 495">495</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/495/103/">103</a> (1990), the high court ruled that possession of child pornography could be criminalized. The reason was that the motive for criminalizing child pornography possession was "to destroy a market for the exploitative use of children" rather than to prevent the material from poisoning the minds of its viewers. The three dissenting justices in that case argued, "While the sexual exploitation of children is undoubtedly a serious problem, Ohio may employ other weapons to combat it." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Censorship_in_film">Censorship in film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Censorship in film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film_censorship_in_the_United_States" title="Film censorship in the United States">Film censorship in the United States</a></div> <p>This is most notably shown with the "X" rating under which some films are categorized. The most notable films given an "X" rating were <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_in_Miss_Jones" title="The Devil in Miss Jones">The Devil in Miss Jones</a></i> (1973). These films show explicit, non-simulated, penetrative sex that was presented as part of a reasonable plot with respectable production values. Some state authorities issued injunctions against such films to protect "local community standards"; in New York, the print of <i>Deep Throat</i> was seized mid-run, and the film's exhibitors were found guilty of promoting obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-filmreference.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmreference.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/This_Film_Is_Not_Yet_Rated" title="This Film Is Not Yet Rated">This Film Is Not Yet Rated</a></i>, films that include gay sex (even if implied) or female pleasure have been more harshly censored than their heterosexual, male counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America">Motion Picture Association of America</a> (MPAA) issues <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America_film_rating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion Picture Association of America film rating system">ratings</a> for motion pictures exhibited and distributed commercially to the public in the United States; the ratings are issued through the Classification and Rating Administration (CARA). The intent of the rating system is to provide information about the content of motion pictures so parents can determine whether an individual motion picture is suitable for viewing by their children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/English_criminal_law#Offences_against_public_morals_and_public_policy" title="English criminal law">English criminal law § Offences against public morals and public policy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pornography in the United Kingdom">Pornography in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>Obscenity law in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> is currently governed by the <a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Obscene Publications Act">Obscene Publications Act</a>, but obscenity law dates back much further into English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>. The conviction in 1727 of <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Curll" title="Edmund Curll">Edmund Curll</a> for the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nun_in_her_Smock" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nun in her Smock">Venus in the Cloister or the Nun in her Smock</a></i> under the common-law offence of <a href="/wiki/Breach_of_the_peace" title="Breach of the peace">disturbing the peace</a> appears to be the first conviction for obscenity in the United Kingdom, and set a <a href="/wiki/Legal_precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal precedent">legal precedent</a> for other convictions. These common-law ideas of obscenity formed the original basis of obscenity law in other common law countries, such as the United States. The classic definition of criminal obscenity is if it "tends to deprave and corrupt", stated in 1868 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Alexander_Cockburn,_12th_Baronet" title="Sir Alexander Cockburn, 12th Baronet">Lord Justice Cockburn</a>, in <i>Regina v. Hicklin</i>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Hicklin_test" title="Hicklin test">Hicklin test</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg/220px-Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg/330px-Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg/440px-Fanny_Hill_1906_image03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>The 18th century book <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Hill" title="Fanny Hill">Fanny Hill</a></i> (1748) has been subject to obscenity trials at various times</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kauffmann" title="Stanley Kauffmann">Stanley Kauffmann</a>'s novel <i>The Philanderer</i> was published by Penguin Books in 1957 and was unsuccessfully prosecuted for obscenity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Obscene Publications Act is famously vague, defining obscenity with reference to material that is likely to "deprave and corrupt". The 1959 act was passed at the point when most <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> countries were about to enter a new phase of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual freedom">sexual freedom</a>. The trial of <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> over their publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_Chatterley%27s_Lover" title="Lady Chatterley's Lover">Lady Chatterley's Lover</a></i> in 1960 failed to secure a conviction and the conviction in the 1971 trial of <a href="/wiki/Oz_(magazine)" title="Oz (magazine)"><i>Oz</i> magazine</a> was overturned on appeal. An attempt to prosecute the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_England" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Central England">University of Central England</a> in 1997 over a copy of a library book by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mapplethorpe" title="Robert Mapplethorpe">Robert Mapplethorpe</a> was abandoned amidst derision from <a href="/wiki/Academic_staff" title="Academic staff">academics</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">the media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For visual works of art the main obscenity law in England and Wales was, until the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Vagrancy_Act_1838" title="Vagrancy Act 1838">Vagrancy Act 1838</a> which was successfully used in prosecutions against D.H. Lawrence for an exhibition of his paintings at the Warren Gallery, London, in 1929,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1966 against the British artist <a href="/wiki/Stass_Paraskos_Obscenity_Trial_1966" class="mw-redirect" title="Stass Paraskos Obscenity Trial 1966">Stass Paraskos</a> for an exhibition of his paintings held that year in the northern English city of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parts of the Act were repealed shortly after the Paraskos trial and it has rarely been used since in relation to visual art. </p><p>Sex crime has generated particular concern. In 1976 the <a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">BBFC</a> said that, in that year, it had viewed 58 films depicting "explicit rape", declaring scenes that glorified it as "obscene". As opposed to questions of "indecency", which have been applied to sexual explicitness, films charged with being obscene have been viewed as having "a tendency to deprave and corrupt" and been liable to prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-filmreference.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmreference.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the UK prosecuted a man for writing a fictional sex story (<i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Walker" title="R v Walker">R v Walker</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the crown prosecution service (CPS) dropped the case.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s and 1970s most Western countries legalised <a href="/wiki/Hardcore_pornography" title="Hardcore pornography">hardcore pornography</a>. By the 1980s the UK was almost the only <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> where the sale of hardcore pornography was still completely illegal, although ownership was not a criminal offence (except <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a>). Home <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a> was a booming market and it was relatively simple for individuals to <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggle</a> hardcore material in from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> or the United States, where it could be purchased legally, either for personal use or to copy it for distribution. This resulted in a considerable <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> of poor quality videotapes. Meanwhile, people attempting to buy pornography legally would often be sold heavily censored <a href="/wiki/R18_(British_Board_of_Film_Classification)" title="R18 (British Board of Film Classification)">R18 certificate</a> material. </p><p>While the authorities tried to prevent the illegal sale of pornography they found that <a href="/wiki/Jury" title="Jury">juries</a>, while not particularly liking the material, were reluctant to convict defendants where the material was intended for private use among consenting adults. During the 1990s the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> made it easier than ever before for British citizens to access hardcore material. Finally, in 2000, following the dismissal of a test case brought by the <a href="/wiki/BBFC" class="mw-redirect" title="BBFC">BBFC</a>, hardcore pornography was effectively legalised, subject to certain conditions and licensing restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still an offence to sell obscene material by <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">mail order</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1984, videotape sellers were more likely to be prosecuted under the <a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_1984" title="Video Recordings Act 1984">Video Recordings Act</a> rather than the OPA. The VRA requires that all videos must have a certificate from the BBFC. If the BBFC refuses a certificate, a video is effectively banned for home viewing, but not necessarily in the <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">cinema</a>. Four films that were originally refused a certificate—<i><a href="/wiki/The_Exorcist_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Exorcist (film)">The Exorcist</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Straw_Dogs_(1971_film)" title="Straw Dogs (1971 film)">Straw Dogs</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Evil_Dead" title="The Evil Dead">The Evil Dead</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Texas_Chain_Saw_Massacre" title="The Texas Chain Saw Massacre">The Texas Chainsaw Massacre</a></i>—were granted a certificate in the late 1990s and have subsequently been screened on mainstream <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_New_Zealand" title="Censorship in New Zealand">Censorship in New Zealand</a></div> <p>According to the Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993, "publication may be age-restricted if it contains highly offensive language likely to cause serious harm".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New Zealand, screening of <i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(film)" title="Deep Throat (film)">Deep Throat</a></i> (1972) was only cleared in 1986. However, the film has not been screened because the only cinema that has tried to organize a screening was thwarted by the city council that owned the building's lease.<sup id="cite_ref-filmreference.com_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-filmreference.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 9 of the Criminal Law provide <a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_China" title="Pornography in China">provisions against pornography</a>, including creation, distribution and organizing public viewing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the Ministry of Culture in China censored 23 companies for hosting obscene content online. The take-down included over 20,000 live feeds from 26 different websites that were hosting a variety of content involving pornography and violence.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Book_and_Art_Emporium_v_Canada" title="Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada">Little Sisters Book and Art Emporium v Canada</a></div> <p>Section 163 of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Criminal Code">Canadian Criminal Code</a> provides the country's legal definition of "obscenity". Officially termed as "Offences Tending to Corrupt Morals",<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Canadian prohibited class of articles that are to be legally included as "obscene things" is very broad, including text-only written material, pictures, models (including statues) records or "any other obscene thing". According to Section 163(8), if "a dominant characteristic of the publication is the undue exploitation of sex, or the combination of sex and at least one of crime, horror, cruelty or violence", that publication is deemed to be "obscene" under the current law.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current law states: </p><p>163. (1) Every person commits an offence who makes, prints, publishes, distributes, circulates or has in their possession for the purpose of publication, distribution or circulation any obscene written matter, picture, model, phonograph record or any other obscene thing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canada_Border_Services_Agency" title="Canada Border Services Agency">Canada Border Services Agency</a> seizes items it labels obscene. </p><p>In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian police">Canadian police</a> arrested the 19-year-old writer of a fictional sex story "The Forestwood Kids";<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, the case was dismissed in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, citing its <i>Policy On The Classification Of Obscene Material</i>, the CBSA banned two <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Entertainment" title="Lucas Entertainment">Lucas Entertainment</a> films because they show the "ingestion of someone else's urine... with a sexual purpose".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DNA_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016 Mark Marek, owner of <a href="/wiki/Bestgore.com" title="Bestgore.com">bestgore.com</a>, pleaded guilty to breaching obscenity legislation for posting the video of the <a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jun_Lin" title="Murder of Jun Lin">murder of Jun Lin</a>. He received a six-month non-custodial sentence in a plea agreement, and left court after sentencing with his mouth covered in duct tape to protest his prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brazil">Brazil</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ever since 1940, in the Title VI of the Penal Code, naming crimes against sexual dignity (until 2009 crimes against social conventions), the fourth chapter is dedicated to a crime named "public outrage related to modesty" (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">ultraje público ao pudor</i>). </p><p>It is composed of two articles, Art. 233 "Obscene Act", "to practice an obscene act in a public place, or open or exposed to the public", punished with arrest of 3 months to 1 year or a fine; and Art. 234 "Obscene Written Piece or Object", to do, import, export, purchase or have in one's property, to ends of trade, distribution or public display, any written, drew, painted, stamped or object piece of obscenity, punished with arrest of 6 months to 1 year or a fine.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism to the legislation have included:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>They do not attack anyone's sexual dignity, instead causing outrage at best, but generally just slight discomfort or embarrassment, that can be easily avoided through not looking to such a scene.</li> <li>The Art. 234 is aside obsolete, unconstitutional, for the 1988 post-military dictatorship Constitution having in its Fifth Chapter: "[the people] are free to the expression of intellectual, artistic, scientific and communicative activity, independently of censorship and license", reason to which, instead of making it suffer penal restriction, gives any distribution of media the right to be fully exerted.</li> <li>The flourishing internet culture of Brazil, where such media is freely shared, as well as its pornographic industry and shops catered to the interests of enhancing apparatus to masturbatory and sexual activity.</li></ul> <p>It is often used against people who expose their nude bodies in public environments that were not warranted a license to cater to the demographic interested in such practice (the first such place was the Praia do Abricó in Rio de Janeiro, in 1994), even if no sexual action took place, and it may include, for example, a double standard for the chest area of women and men in which only women are penalized. Such a thing took place in the 2012 <a href="/wiki/FEMEN" class="mw-redirect" title="FEMEN">FEMEN</a> protests in São Paulo.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various countries have different standings on the types of materials that they as legal bodies permit their citizens to have access to and disseminate among their local populations. The set of these countries' permissible content vary widely accordingly with some having extreme punishment up to and including execution for members who violate their restrictions, as in the case of Iran where the current laws against pornography now include death sentences for those convicted of producing pornography.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In India the Obscenity law is the same as had been framed by the British Government. Charges of obscenity have been levelled against various writers and poets till date; the law has not yet been revised. The famous trials relate to the <a href="/wiki/Hungryalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungryalists">Hungryalists</a> who were arrested and prosecuted in the 1960s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grotesque_body" title="Grotesque body">Grotesque body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecency" class="mw-redirect" title="Indecency">Indecency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insult" title="Insult">Insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lascivious_behavior" title="Lascivious behavior">Lascivious behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Internet_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of Internet pornography">Legal status of Internet pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_libel" title="Obscene libel">Obscene libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_phone_call" title="Obscene phone call">Obscene phone call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Acts" title="Obscene Publications Acts">Obscene Publications Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">Profanity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudeness" title="Rudeness">Rudeness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_dirty_words" title="Seven dirty words">Seven dirty words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">Taboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgarity" title="Vulgarity">Vulgarity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100410221155/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obscene">"Merriam-Webster Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/obscene">the original</a> on 10 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fobscene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlare,_P._G._W.2012" class="citation book cs1">Glare, P. G. W., ed. (8 March 2012). "obscēnus". <i>Oxford Latin dictionary</i> (2 ed.). Oxford. p. 1342. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199580316" title="Special:BookSources/9780199580316"><bdi>9780199580316</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/785944255">785944255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=obsc%C4%93nus&rft.btitle=Oxford+Latin+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=1342&rft.edition=2&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F785944255&rft.isbn=9780199580316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jacobellis v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Edition&rft.atitle=Federal+Government+Renews+Effort+to+Curb+Porn&rft.date=2005-09-27&rft.aulast=Abramson&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Fstory%2Fstory.php%3FstoryId%3D4865348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGellman2005" class="citation news cs1">Gellman, Barton (20 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/19/AR2005091901570.html">"Recruits Sought for Porn Squadn"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020085913/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/19/AR2005091901570.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Recruits+Sought+for+Porn+Squadn&rft.date=2005-09-20&rft.aulast=Gellman&rft.aufirst=Barton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F09%2F19%2FAR2005091901570.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xbiz.com/news/10680">"Red Rose Stories Closed by FBI"</a>. <i>XBiz</i>. 7 October 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425211555/http://www.xbiz.com/news/10680">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XBiz&rft.atitle=Red+Rose+Stories+Closed+by+FBI&rft.date=2005-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbiz.com%2Fnews%2F10680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2008" class="citation web cs1">Ward, Paula Reed (7 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125070621/http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm">"Woman pleads guilty to obscenity for child-sex story site"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08220/902556-100.stm">the original</a> on 25 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post-Gazette&rft.atitle=Woman+pleads+guilty+to+obscenity+for+child-sex+story+site&rft.date=2008-08-07&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Paula+Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.post-gazette.com%2Fpg%2F08220%2F902556-100.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandyba2008" class="citation news cs1">Kandyba, Slav (4 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xbiz.com/news/101202">"Texas AG Drops Adult Toy Case Appeal"</a>. <i>XBiz</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218033914/http://www.xbiz.com/news/101202">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=XBiz&rft.atitle=Texas+AG+Drops+Adult+Toy+Case+Appeal&rft.date=2008-11-04&rft.aulast=Kandyba&rft.aufirst=Slav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xbiz.com%2Fnews%2F101202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamalin2008" class="citation news cs1">Samalin, Zach (14 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newser.com/story/19013/court-lifts-ban-on-sex-toys-in-texas.html">"Court Lifts Ban on Sex Toys in Texas"</a>. <i>Newser</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523142832/http://www.newser.com/story/19013/court-lifts-ban-on-sex-toys-in-texas.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newser&rft.atitle=Court+Lifts+Ban+on+Sex+Toys+in+Texas&rft.date=2008-02-14&rft.aulast=Samalin&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newser.com%2Fstory%2F19013%2Fcourt-lifts-ban-on-sex-toys-in-texas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson,_David1998" class="citation web cs1">Hudson, David (28 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091104093910/http://www.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=9446">"Wisconsin high court could strike down obscenity law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_Center" title="First Amendment Center">First Amendment Center</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wisconsin+high+court+could+strike+down+obscenity+law&rft.pub=First+Amendment+Center&rft.date=1998-10-28&rft.au=Hudson%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstamendmentcenter.org%2Fnews.aspx%3Fid%3D9446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuston2004" class="citation journal cs1">Huston, William (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060218210623/http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf">"Under Color of Law, Obscenity vs. the First Amendment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nexus Journal</i>. <b>10</b> (75) (published 2005): 82. 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FCC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131209153728/http://www.fcc.gov/guides/obscenity-indecency-and-profanity">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Obscene%2C+Indecent+and+Profane+Broadcasts&rft.pub=FCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fguides%2Fobscenity-indecency-and-profanity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclu.org/issues/cyber/hmcl.html">"Technology and Liberty | American Civil Liberties Union"</a>. Aclu.org. 14 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021015042228/http://www.aclu.org/issues/cyber/hmcl.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Technology+and+Liberty+%26%23124%3B+American+Civil+Liberties+Union&rft.pub=Aclu.org&rft.date=2008-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclu.org%2Fissues%2Fcyber%2Fhmcl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wortley-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wortley_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortleySmallbone2006" class="citation book cs1">Wortley, Richard; Smallbone, Stephen (2006). <i>Situational Prevention Of Child Sexual Abuse, Volume 19 of Crime prevention studies</i>. 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Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84310-248-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84310-248-X"><bdi>1-84310-248-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+seduction+of+children%3A+empowering+parents+and+teachers+to+protect+children+from+child+sexual+abuse&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Jessica+Kingsley+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84310-248-X&rft.aulast=Sanderson&rft.aufirst=Christiane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akdeniz11-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Akdeniz11_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Akdeniz11_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkdeniz2008" class="citation book cs1">Akdeniz, Yaman (2008). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internetchildpor00akde"><i>Internet child pornography and the law: national and international responses</i></a></span>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/internetchildpor00akde/page/n29">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2297-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-2297-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-2297-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internet+child+pornography+and+the+law%3A+national+and+international+responses&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-2297-0&rft.aulast=Akdeniz&rft.aufirst=Yaman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finternetchildpor00akde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-finkelhor1994-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-finkelhor1994_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-finkelhor1994_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelhor1994" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelhor, David (Summer–Fall 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eric.ed.gov:80/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ497143&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ497143">"Current Information on the Scope and Nature of Child Sexual Abuse"</a>. <i>Future of Children</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 31–53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1602522">10.2307/1602522</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1602522">1602522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7804768">7804768</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106134457/http://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=EJ497143&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=EJ497143">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+of+Children&rft.atitle=Current+Information+on+the+Scope+and+Nature+of+Child+Sexual+Abuse&rft.chron=summer%E2%80%93fall&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=31-53&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7804768&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1602522%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1602522&rft.aulast=Finkelhor&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%3A80%2FERICWebPortal%2Fcustom%2Fportlets%2FrecordDetails%2Fdetailmini.jsp%3F_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_%26ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DEJ497143%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dno%26accno%3DEJ497143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hobbs-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hobbs_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hobbs_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsHanksWynne1999" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, Christopher James; Hanks, Helga G. I.; Wynne, Jane M. (1999). <i>Child Abuse and Neglect: A Clinician's Handbook</i>. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-443-05896-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-443-05896-2"><bdi>0-443-05896-2</bdi></a>. <q>Child pornography is part of the violent continuum of child sexual abuse</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Abuse+and+Neglect%3A+A+Clinician%27s+Handbook&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Elsevier+Health+Sciences&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-443-05896-2&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+James&rft.au=Hanks%2C+Helga+G.+I.&rft.au=Wynne%2C+Jane+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_Milner2007" class="citation book cs1">Claire Milner, Ian O'Donnel. (2007). <i>Child Pornography: Crime, computers and society</i>. Willan Publishing. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84392-357-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84392-357-2"><bdi>978-1-84392-357-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Pornography%3A+Crime%2C+computers+and+society&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Willan+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84392-357-2&rft.aulast=Claire+Milner&rft.aufirst=Ian+O%27Donnel.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheldon20-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon20_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon20_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldonDennis_Howitt2007" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi"><i>Sex Offenders and the Internet</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi/page/n32">20</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1"><bdi>978-0-470-02800-1</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Child pornography is not pornography in any real sense; simply the evidence recorded on film or video tape - of serious sexual assaults on young children' (Tate, 1992, p. 203) ... 'Every piece of child pornography, therefore, is a record of the sexual use/abuse of the children involved.' Kelly and Scott (1993, p. 116) ... '...the record of the systematic rape, abuse, and torture of children on film and photograph, and other electronic means.' Edwards(2000, p.1)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Offenders+and+the+Internet&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02800-1&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Dennis+Howitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexoffendersinte00howi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klain-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klain_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klain_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlainDaviesHicksABA_Center_on_Children_and_the_Law2001" class="citation book cs1">Klain, Eva J.; Davies, Heather J.; Hicks, Molly A.; ABA Center on Children and the Law (2001). <i>Child Pornography: The Criminal-justice-system Response</i>. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. <q>Because the children depicted in child pornography are often shown while engaged in sexual activity with adults or other children, they are first and foremost victims of child sexual abuse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Child+Pornography%3A+The+Criminal-justice-system+Response&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Missing+%26+Exploited+Children&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Klain&rft.aufirst=Eva+J.&rft.au=Davies%2C+Heather+J.&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Molly+A.&rft.au=ABA+Center+on+Children+and+the+Law&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wortley17-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wortley17_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wortley17_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wortley17_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWortleyStephen_Smallbone" class="citation journal cs1">Wortley, Richard; Stephen Smallbone. "Child Pornography on the Internet". <i>Problem-Oriented Guides for Police</i>. <b>41</b>: 17. <q>The children portrayed in child pornography are first victimized when their abuse is perpetrated and recorded. They are further victimized each time that record is accessed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Problem-Oriented+Guides+for+Police&rft.atitle=Child+Pornography+on+the+Internet&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=17&rft.aulast=Wortley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Stephen+Smallbone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sheldon9-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon9_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheldon9_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheldonDennis_Howitt2007" class="citation book cs1">Sheldon, Kerry; Dennis Howitt (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi"><i>Sex Offenders and the Internet</i></a></span>. John Wiley and Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sexoffendersinte00howi/page/n21">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02800-1"><bdi>978-0-470-02800-1</bdi></a>. <q>...supplying the material to meet this demand results in the further abuse of children. Pictures, films and videos function as a permanent record of the original sexual abuse. Consequently, memories of the trauma and abuse are maintained as long as the record exists. Victims filmed and photographed many years ago will nevertheless be aware throughout their lifetimes that their childhood victimization continues to be exploited perversely.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sex+Offenders+and+the+Internet&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02800-1&rft.aulast=Sheldon&rft.aufirst=Kerry&rft.au=Dennis+Howitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsexoffendersinte00howi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO1999-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO1999_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnes_Fournier_de_Saint_Maur1999" class="citation web cs1">Agnes Fournier de Saint Maur (January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001147/114734eo.pdf">"Sexual Abuse of Children on the Internet: A New Challenge for INTERPOL"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Expert Meeting on Sexual Abuse of Children, Child Pornography and Paedophilia on the Internet: an international challenge</i>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110408205629/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0011/001147/114734eo.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expert+Meeting+on+Sexual+Abuse+of+Children%2C+Child+Pornography+and+Paedophilia+on+the+Internet%3A+an+international+challenge&rft.atitle=Sexual+Abuse+of+Children+on+the+Internet%3A+A+New+Challenge+for+INTERPOL&rft.date=1999-01&rft.au=Agnes+Fournier+de+Saint+Maur&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fimages%2F0011%2F001147%2F114734eo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/cc/cc.163.1.html">"Definition of 'Child Pornography'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Criminal Code of Canada, Section 163.1</i>. Electronic Frontier Canada. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302020551/http://efc.ca/pages/law/cc/cc.163.1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Criminal+Code+of+Canada%2C+Section+163.1&rft.atitle=Definition+of+%27Child+Pornography%27&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efc.ca%2Fpages%2Flaw%2Fcc%2Fcc.163.1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/sharpe-not-guilty-of-possessing-written-child-pornography-1.339142">"Sharpe Not Guilty of Possessing Written Child Pornography"</a>. CBC News. 26 March 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080508232255/http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2002/03/26/sharpe020326.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sharpe+Not+Guilty+of+Possessing+Written+Child+Pornography&rft.date=2002-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fsharpe-not-guilty-of-possessing-written-child-pornography-1.339142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-filmreference.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-filmreference.com_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmreference.com_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-filmreference.com_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/Censorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html">"Sex and violence - Censorship - actor, film, movie, show, cinema, scene"</a>. Filmreference.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185451/http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/Censorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sex+and+violence+-+Censorship+-+actor%2C+film%2C+movie%2C+show%2C+cinema%2C+scene&rft.pub=Filmreference.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.filmreference.com%2Fencyclopedia%2FAcademy-Awards-Crime-Films%2FCensorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><i>This Film Is Not Yet Rated</i>. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Film+Is+Not+Yet+Rated&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauffmann1957" class="citation book cs1">Kauffmann, S. (1957). <i>The Philanderer</i>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <q>When first published in 1954, this book was the subject of an unsuccessful prosecution for obscene libel. Mr. Justice Stable's historic summing-up on that occasion is included as an appendix.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philanderer&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Kauffmann&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060823022442/http://www.uce.ac.uk/mapplethorpe/">"After a year out on loan Mapplethorpe book is set to return to library shelves"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uce.ac.uk/mapplethorpe/">the original</a> on 23 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=After+a+year+out+on+loan+Mapplethorpe+book+is+set+to+return+to+library+shelves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uce.ac.uk%2Fmapplethorpe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.W._Earp1929" class="citation news cs1">T.W. Earp (17 August 1929). "The Paintings of DH Lawrence". <i>The New Statesman</i>. London. p. 578.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Statesman&rft.atitle=The+Paintings+of+DH+Lawrence&rft.pages=578&rft.date=1929-08-17&rft.au=T.W.+Earp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorbert_Lynton2003" class="citation book cs1">Norbert Lynton (2003). <i>Stass Paraskos</i>. Mitcham: Orage Press. p. 7f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stass+Paraskos&rft.place=Mitcham&rft.pages=7f&rft.pub=Orage+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Norbert+Lynton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ozimek2008" class="citation web cs1">John Ozimek (6 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810135145/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/06/obscene_publication_girls_aloud/">"The Obscene Publications Act rides again: Girls Aloud case heads for court - net holds its breath"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/06/obscene_publication_girls_aloud/">the original</a> on 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=The+Obscene+Publications+Act+rides+again%3A+Girls+Aloud+case+heads+for+court+-+net+holds+its+breath&rft.date=2008-10-06&rft.au=John+Ozimek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2008%2F10%2F06%2Fobscene_publication_girls_aloud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ozimek2008" class="citation web cs1">John Ozimek (22 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810131927/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/22/obscene_publications_trial/">"Date set for internet 'obscene' publications trial. Man in court over 'Girls Aloud' story"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/10/22/obscene_publications_trial/">the original</a> on 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Date+set+for+internet+%27obscene%27+publications+trial.+Man+in+court+over+%27Girls+Aloud%27+story&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft.au=John+Ozimek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2008%2F10%2F22%2Fobscene_publications_trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Hughes2009" class="citation web cs1">Mark Hughes (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/blogger-who-wrote-about-killing-girls-aloud-cleared-1724457.html">"Blogger who wrote about killing Girls Aloud cleared"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Blogger+who+wrote+about+killing+Girls+Aloud+cleared&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft.au=Mark+Hughes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fcrime%2Fblogger-who-wrote-about-killing-girls-aloud-cleared-1724457.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/faqvideo.htm">"FAQ: Buying Adult Films: Is it legal?"</a>. Melonfarmers.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130808192607/http://melonfarmers.co.uk/faqvideo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Buying+Adult+Films%3A+Is+it+legal%3F&rft.pub=Melonfarmers.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.melonfarmers.co.uk%2Ffaqvideo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4573507.stm">"UK | High Court blocks web porn sales"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 23 May 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140620115419/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4573507.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+%26%23124%3B+High+Court+blocks+web+porn+sales&rft.date=2005-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F4573507.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0094/latest/DLM313410.html">"Films, Videos, and Publications Classification Act 1993 No 94 (as at 05 April 2023), Public Act 3A Publication may be age-restricted if it contains highly offensive language likely to cause serious harm – New Zealand Legislation"</a>. <i>www.legislation.govt.nz</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Films%2C+Videos%2C+and+Publications+Classification+Act+1993+No+94+%28as+at+05+April+2023%29%2C+Public+Act+3A+Publication+may+be+age-restricted+if+it+contains+highly+offensive+language+likely+to+cause+serious+harm+%E2%80%93+New+Zealand+Legislation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.govt.nz%2Fact%2Fpublic%2F1993%2F0094%2Flatest%2FDLM313410.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npc.gov.cn/zgrdw/englishnpc/Law/2007-12/13/content_1384075.htm">"laws"</a>. <i>www.npc.gov.cn</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.npc.gov.cn&rft.atitle=laws&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npc.gov.cn%2Fzgrdw%2Fenglishnpc%2FLaw%2F2007-12%2F13%2Fcontent_1384075.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXinhua_News_Agency2016" class="citation web cs1">Xinhua News Agency (12 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A457691696/WHIC?u=mcc_pv&sid=WHIC&xid=3d82c2a4.">"China punishes firms for spreading obscenity, violence on Internet"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+punishes+firms+for+spreading+obscenity%2C+violence+on+Internet.&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.au=Xinhua+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.galegroup.com%2Fapps%2Fdoc%2FA457691696%2FWHIC%3Fu%3Dmcc_pv%26sid%3DWHIC%26xid%3D3d82c2a4.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/page-78.html">Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233603/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/c-46/page-78.html">Archived</a> 26 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (19 September 2014) Justice Laws Website. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-163.html">(Criminal Code (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-46)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407230646/http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-46/section-163.html">Archived</a> 7 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efc.ca/pages/media/id.25jan96.html">"Child-less Pornography"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100310121053/http://www.efc.ca/pages/media/id.25jan96.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Child-less+Pornography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efc.ca%2Fpages%2Fmedia%2Fid.25jan96.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/court/R.v.Pecciarich.html">"Regina v. Pecciarich"</a>. <i>efc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923234100/http://www.efc.ca/pages/law/court/R.v.Pecciarich.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=efc.ca&rft.atitle=Regina+v.+Pecciarich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efc.ca%2Fpages%2Flaw%2Fcourt%2FR.v.Pecciarich.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.avn.com/company-news/31059.html">Michael Lucas Implores Obama, Harper to Talk About Porn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415080356/http://business.avn.com/company-news/31059.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AVN News, 20 February 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DNA-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DNA_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnamagazine.com.au/articles/news.asp?news_id=8073&c=1990">Lucas Porn Films Detained At Border</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100820045244/http://www.dnamagazine.com.au/articles/news.asp?news_id=8073&c=1990">Archived</a> 20 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>DNA</i> magazine, 13 February 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReith" class="citation news cs1">Reith, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/marek-trial-opens-1.3416408">"Mark Marek, who posted Magnotta murder video, pleads guilty to corrupting morals"</a>. <i>CBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160129115830/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/marek-trial-opens-1.3416408">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Mark+Marek%2C+who+posted+Magnotta+murder+video%2C+pleads+guilty+to+corrupting+morals&rft.aulast=Reith&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fedmonton%2Fmarek-trial-opens-1.3416408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130918053011/http://www.dji.com.br/codigos/1940_dl_002848_cp/cp233a234.htm">"DJi -233 a 234- DL-002.848-1940 - Còdigo Penal - Ultraje Público ao Pudor"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dji.com.br/codigos/1940_dl_002848_cp/cp233a234.htm">the original</a> on 18 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DJi+-233+a+234-+DL-002.848-1940+-+C%C3%B2digo+Penal+-+Ultraje+P%C3%BAblico+ao+Pudor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dji.com.br%2Fcodigos%2F1940_dl_002848_cp%2Fcp233a234.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulo_Queiroz" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Paulo Queiroz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221225924/http://pauloqueiroz.net/a-proposito-dos-crimes-de-ultraje-publico-ao-pudor/">"A propósito dos crimes de ultraje público ao pudor"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pauloqueiroz.net/a-proposito-dos-crimes-de-ultraje-publico-ao-pudor/">the original</a> on 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+prop%C3%B3sito+dos+crimes+de+ultraje+p%C3%BAblico+ao+pudor&rft.au=Paulo+Queiroz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpauloqueiroz.net%2Fa-proposito-dos-crimes-de-ultraje-publico-ao-pudor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027063340/http://direito.folha.uol.com.br/1/category/ato%20obsceno/1.html">"Category: Ato Obsceno - Para Entender Direito - Folha Uol"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://direito.folha.uol.com.br/1/category/ato%20obsceno/1.html">the original</a> on 27 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Category%3A+Ato+Obsceno+-+Para+Entender+Direito+-+Folha+Uol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdireito.folha.uol.com.br%2F1%2Fcategory%2Fato%2520obsceno%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObscenity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saeed Kamali Dehghan (18 January 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/18/iran-death-sentence-porn-programmer">"Iran confirms death sentence for 'porn site' web programmer"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170904152548/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/jan/18/iran-death-sentence-porn-programmer">Archived</a> 4 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Guardian</i>. Retrieved 21 December 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Henderson, Jeffrey <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aBsR2BEuAq0C">The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy</a></i> 1991 Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506685-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-506685-5">0-19-506685-5</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melonfarmers.co.uk/index.htm">The Melon Farmers (UK)</a></li> <li>O'Toole, L. (1998) <i>Pornocopia: Porn, Sex, Technology and Desire</i>. London: Serpent's Tail <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85242-395-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85242-395-1">1-85242-395-1</a></li> <li>Silver, Judith, of Coollawyer.com, "Movie Day at the Supreme Court or 'I Know It When I See It': A History of the Definition of Obscenity", on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corporate.findlaw.com/litigation-disputes/movie-day-at-the-supreme-court-or-i-know-it-when-i-see-it-a.html">findlaw.com</a></li> <li>Slater, W. J., review of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087300">"The Maculate Muse: Obscene Language in Attic Comedy"</a> by Jeffrey Henderson. <i>Phoenix</i>, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 291–293. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1087300">10.2307/1087300</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210125732/http://www.fepproject.org/">FEPP</a></li> <li><i>Regina v. Hicklin</i>, 3 Queens Bench 360, 362 (1868).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._One_Book_Called_Ulysses" title="United States v. One Book Called Ulysses">United States v. One Book Called Ulysses</a></i>, 5 F. Supp. 182, 183–185 (S.D.N.Y. 1933) affirmed, <i>United States v. One Book Entitled Ulysses</i> by James Joyce, 72 F.2d 705, 706–707 (2d Cir. 1934)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aclu.org/issues/privacy-technology">American Civil Liberties Union report</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncac.org/fepp-articles/free-expression-in-arts-funding-a-public-policy-report">Cho, Christina, Commerato, Kim & Heins, Marjorie (2003) <i>Free Expression in Arts and Funding: a public policy report</i>. New York: FEPP; pp. 38–39</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmreference.com/encyclopedia/Academy-Awards-Crime-Films/Censorship-SEX-AND-VIOLENCE.html">Sex and violence in crime films</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i>, 413 U.S. 15, 24 (1973)</li> <li>Bachman, Erik M. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AIJSDwAAQBAJ&q=literary+obscenities">Literary Obscenities: U.S. Case Law and Naturalism after Modernism</a></i> 2018 Pennsylvania State University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271080051" title="Special:BookSources/0271080051">0271080051</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obscenity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Obscenity" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Obscenity">Obscenity</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/obscenity" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/obscenity">obscenity</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/18/part-I/chapter-71">Chapter 71</a> of Part I of Title 18 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>, relating to obscenity. Hosted by the Legal Information Institute.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823030146/http://www.obscenitycrimes.org/">"A resource for educating the public and reporting violations of internet obscenity laws"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060516093323/http://inside.c-spanarchives.org:8080/cspan/cspan.csp?command=dprogram&record=190192705">2005, Senate Commerce, Science & Transportation Cmte. Hearing on Decency in the Media</a> archive at <a href="/wiki/C-Span" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Span">C-Span</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spectacle.org/296/obscene.html">Ethical Spectacle</a> article on problems with definition of obscenity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928002640/http://www.nexusjournal.org/2005obscenity/75-82.pdf">"Under Color of Law: Obscenity vs. First Amendment"</a> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nexusjournal.org">Nexus Journal</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a> Law School) article on problems with definition of obscenity.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Censorship" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Censorship" title="Template:Censorship"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Censorship" title="Template talk:Censorship"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Censorship"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Censorship" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">books banned</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">banned films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_circumvention" title="Internet censorship circumvention">circumvention</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_censorship" title="Music censorship">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_censorship" title="Postal censorship">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech and expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_student_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of student media">Student media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Televisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">banned televisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">banned video games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleep_censor" title="Bleep censor">Bleeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_delay" title="Broadcast delay">Broadcast delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censor_bars" title="Censor bars">Censor bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">Chilling effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collateral_censorship" title="Collateral censorship">Collateral censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concision_(media_studies)" title="Concision (media studies)">Concision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_silence_(expression)" title="Conspiracy of silence (expression)">Conspiracy of silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content-control_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Content-control software">Content-control software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">Damnatio memoriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minced_oath" title="Minced oath">Minced oath</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expurgation" title="Expurgation">Expurgation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fogging_(censorship)" title="Fogging (censorship)">Fogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_order" title="Gag order">Gag order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler" title="Heckler">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckler%27s_veto" title="Heckler's veto">Heckler's veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_police" title="Internet police">Internet police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_hole" title="Memory hole">Memory hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_intranet" title="National intranet">National intranet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_theft" title="Newspaper theft">Newspaper theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixelization" title="Pixelization">Pixelization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_restraint" title="Prior restraint">Prior restraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitization_(classified_information)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitization (classified information)">Sanitization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_code" title="Speech code">Speech code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">Surveillance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_and_network_surveillance" title="Computer and network surveillance">computer and network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_surveillance" title="Mass surveillance">mass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewashing_(censorship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitewashing (censorship)">Whitewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordfilter" title="Wordfilter">Word filtering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contexts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal speech">Criminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Apple" title="Censorship by Apple">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Facebook" title="Censorship by Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_Google" title="Censorship by Google">Google</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_hate_speech" title="Online hate speech">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression" title="Ideological repression">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalistic_fallacy" title="Naturalistic fallacy">Naturalistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_model" title="Propaganda model">Propaganda model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissent" title="Dissent">Suppression of dissent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">Systemic bias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_censorship_of_Chinese_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas censorship of Chinese issues">Chinese issues overseas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_by_country" title="Freedom of speech by country">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">Internet censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Jyllands-Posten_Muhammad_cartoons_controversy" title="International reactions to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy">Muhammad controversy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sex" title="Template:Sex"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sex" title="Template talk:Sex"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sex" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sex"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outline_of_human_sexuality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_human_sexuality" title="Outline of human sexuality">Outline</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clitoral_erection" title="Clitoral erection">Clitoral erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erogenous_zone" title="Erogenous zone">Erogenous zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insemination" title="Insemination">Insemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">Libido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocturnal_emission" title="Nocturnal emission">Nocturnal emission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm" title="Orgasm">Orgasm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_ejaculation" title="Female ejaculation">Female</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ejaculation" title="Ejaculation">male ejaculation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_thrust" title="Pelvic thrust">Pelvic thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">Penile erection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-ejaculate" title="Pre-ejaculate">Pre-ejaculate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy" title="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Sexual arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_response_cycle" title="Human sexual response cycle">Sexual response cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_stimulation" title="Sexual stimulation">Sexual stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_lubrication" title="Vaginal lubrication">Vaginal lubrication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health" title="Sexual and reproductive health">Health</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condom" title="Condom">Condom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">Male contraceptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_and_Johnson" title="Masters and Johnson">Masters and Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_and_sexuality" title="Obesity and sexuality">Obesity and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_sex" title="Safe sex">Safe sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_education" title="Sex education">Sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_therapy" title="Sex therapy">Sex therapy</a> (<a href="/wiki/PLISSIT_model" title="PLISSIT model">PLISSIT model</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dysfunction" title="Sexual dysfunction">Sexual dysfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">Erectile dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoactive_sexual_desire_disorder" title="Hypoactive sexual desire disorder">Hyposexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_infection" title="Sexually transmitted infection">Sexually transmitted infection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_diversity" title="Sexual diversity">diversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_binary" title="Gender binary">Gender binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">Gender identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Men who have sex with men">Men who have sex with men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_identity" title="Sexual identity">Sexual identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_who_have_sex_with_women" title="Women who have sex with women">Women who have sex with women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_the_law" title="Sex and the law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Age of consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_transmission_of_HIV" title="Criminal transmission of HIV">Criminal transmission of HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse" title="Child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">Rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">Sexual misconduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">Sexual slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_violence" title="Sexual violence">Sexual violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenge_pornography" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge pornography">Revenge pornography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_human_sexuality" title="History of human sexuality">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Movie" title="Blue Movie">Blue Movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Feminist sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Porn" title="Golden Age of Porn">Golden Age of Porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_erotic_depictions" title="History of erotic depictions">History of erotic depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Relationships</a><br /> and <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_and_issues_related_to_love_and_sex" title="Anarchism and issues related to love and sex">Anarchism and love/sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extramarital_sex" title="Extramarital sex">Extramarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgasm_gap" title="Orgasm gap">Orgasm gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premarital_sex" title="Premarital sex">Premarital sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_slang" title="Sexual slang">Sexual slang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sexuality_by_country" title="Category:Sexuality by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_ancient_Rome" title="Sexuality in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_India" title="Sexuality in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Japan" title="Sexuality in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Sexual activities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_sex" title="Anal sex">Anal sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bareback_(sexual_act)" title="Bareback (sexual act)">Bareback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_sexuality" title="Child sexuality">Child sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creampie_(sexual_act)" title="Creampie (sexual act)">Creampie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edging_(sexual_practice)" title="Edging (sexual practice)">Edging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_sexual_denial" title="Erotic sexual denial">Erotic sexual denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_(sexual_act)" title="Facial (sexual act)">Facial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisting" title="Fisting">Fisting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_fetishism" title="Foot fetishism">Foot fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footjob" title="Footjob">Footjob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_orgasm" title="Forced orgasm">Forced orgasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frot" title="Frot">Frot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_bang" title="Gang bang">Gang bang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammary_intercourse" title="Mammary intercourse">Mammary intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex#Manual_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Manual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)#Anus" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Anal fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fingering_(sexual_act)" title="Fingering (sexual act)">Fingering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handjob" title="Handjob">Handjob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masturbation" title="Masturbation">Masturbation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanics_of_human_sexuality" title="Mechanics of human sexuality">Mechanics of sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_stimulation" title="Nipple stimulation">Nipple stimulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-penetrative_sex" title="Non-penetrative sex">Non-penetrative sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_sex" title="Oral sex">Oral sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/69_(sex_position)" title="69 (sex position)">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anilingus" title="Anilingus">Anilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunnilingus" title="Cunnilingus">Cunnilingus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellatio" title="Fellatio">Fellatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrumatio" title="Irrumatio">Irrumatio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphilia" title="Paraphilia">Paraphilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompoir" title="Pompoir">Pompoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quickie_(sex)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quickie (sex)">Quickie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexercise" title="Sexercise">Sexercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_space" title="Sex in space">Sex in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_position" title="Sex position">Sex positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Sexual fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fetishism" title="Sexual fetishism">Sexual fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">Sexual intercourse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_penetration" title="Sexual penetration">Sexual penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumata" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumata">Sumata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribadism" title="Tribadism">Tribadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urethral_intercourse" title="Urethral intercourse">Urethral intercourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urolagnia" title="Urolagnia">Urolagnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_sex" title="Virtual sex">Virtual sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybersex" title="Cybersex">Cybersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_talk" title="Erotic talk">Erotic talk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_T-shirt_contest" title="Wet T-shirt contest">Wet T-shirt contest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Adult video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotica" title="Erotica">Erotica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pornographic_film_actor" title="Pornographic film actor">Film actor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">Prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survival_sex" title="Survival sex">Survival sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-light_district" title="Red-light district">Red-light district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sex_museums" title="List of sex museums">Sex museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_shop" title="Sex shop">Sex shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_tourism" title="Sex tourism">Sex tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_sex_tourism" title="Child sex tourism">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_sex_tourism" title="Female sex tourism">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_worker" title="Sex worker">Sex worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_toy" title="Sex toy">Sex toy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_doll" title="Sex doll">Doll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_club" title="Strip club">Strip club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam_model" title="Webcam model">Webcam model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Religion and<br />sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_sexuality" title="Buddhism and sexuality">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_sexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and sexuality">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Christian demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Buddhist monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Clerical celibacy in the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Hindu monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monasticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Daoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_sexuality" title="Judaism and sexuality">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and LGBT people">LGBT people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT-affirming_religious_groups" title="LGBT-affirming religious groups">LGBT-affirming religious groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_Mormonism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuality and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution" title="Sacred prostitution">Sacred prostitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Sacred prostitution in ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisexuality_symbol_(bold,_color).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/16px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/24px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg/32px-Bisexuality_symbol_%28bold%2C_color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="25" data-file-height="16" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Human_sexuality" title="Portal:Human sexuality">Human sexuality portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Human_sexuality" title="Template talk:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Human_sexuality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Human sexuality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_sexuality_and_sexology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Human sexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">sexology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Sexual_relationship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual relationship">Sexual relationship</a><br />phenomena</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanticism" title="Aromanticism">Aromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asexuality" title="Asexuality">Asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray_asexuality" title="Gray asexuality">Gray asexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demisexuality" title="Demisexuality">Demisexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictosexuality" title="Fictosexuality">Fictosexuality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisexuality" title="Bisexuality">Bisexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pansexuality" title="Pansexuality">Pansexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_dating" title="Casual dating">Casual relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_sex" title="Casual sex">Casual sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_shyness" class="mw-redirect" title="Love shyness">Love shyness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy_syndrome" title="Celibacy syndrome">Celibacy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivore_men" title="Herbivore men">Herbivore men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committed_relationship" title="Committed relationship">Committed relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conventional_sex" title="Conventional sex">Conventional sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flirting" title="Flirting">Flirting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreplay" title="Foreplay">Foreplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_with_benefits_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Friends with benefits relationships">Friends with benefits relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_sex" title="Group sex">Group sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexuality" title="Heterosexuality">Heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">Hypersexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-night_stand" title="One-night stand">One-night stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">Polyamory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">Promiscuity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_promiscuity" title="Female promiscuity">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_(love)" title="Romance (love)">Romantic love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_orientation" title="Romantic orientation">Romantic orientation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queer_heterosexuality" title="Queer heterosexuality">Queer heterosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_life" title="Sex life">Sex life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abstinence" title="Sexual abstinence">Sexual abstinence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">Sexual partner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_repression" title="Sexual repression">Sexual repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_person" title="Single person">Single person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_attraction_model" title="Split attraction model">Split attraction model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinging_(sexual_practice)" title="Swinging (sexual practice)">Swinging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Sexual dynamics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypergamy" title="Hypergamy">Hypergamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical attractiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_capital" title="Sexual capital">Sexual capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_ethics" title="Sexual ethics">Sexual ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_frustration" title="Sexual frustration">Sexual frustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociosexuality" title="Sociosexuality">Sociosexuality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">Human female sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">Human male sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_sexuality" title="Right to sexuality">Right to sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_addiction" title="Sexual addiction">Sexual addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_and_reproductive_health_and_rights" title="Sexual and reproductive health and rights">Sexual and reproductive health and rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_Addicts_Anonymous" title="Sex Addicts Anonymous">Sex Addicts Anonymous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Sexual jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_norm" title="Sexual norm">Sexual norm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_movement" title="Sex-positive movement">Sex-positive movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_surrogate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual surrogate">Sexual surrogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nudity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nudity" title="Template:Nudity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nudity" title="Template talk:Nudity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nudity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nudity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nudity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nudity" title="Nudity">Nudity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nakedness and clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nudity" title="History of nudity">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_nakedness_and_clothing" title="Prehistory of nakedness and clothing">Prehistory of nakedness and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakedness_and_colonialism" title="Nakedness and colonialism">Nakedness and colonialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_nudity" title="Childhood nudity">Childhood nudity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_religion" title="Nudity in religion">Nudity in religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_parts_in_Islam" title="Intimate parts in Islam">Awrah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding_in_public" title="Breastfeeding in public">Breastfeeding in public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauna" title="Sauna">Sauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_sauna" title="Finnish sauna">Finnish sauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massage" title="Massage">Massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toplessness" title="Toplessness">Toplessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom" title="Topfreedom">Topfreedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_toplessness_in_Canada" title="Female toplessness in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topfreedom_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Topfreedom in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_protest" title="Nudity and protest">Nudity and protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dress_code" title="Dress code">Dress code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_laws_by_country" title="Clothing laws by country">Clothing laws by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nudity_and_sexuality" title="Nudity and sexuality">Nudity and sexuality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_part" title="Intimate part">Intimate part</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibitionism" title="Exhibitionism">Exhibitionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mooning" title="Mooning">Mooning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking" title="Streaking">Streaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striptease" title="Striptease">Striptease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper" title="Stripper">Stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_stripper" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist stripper">Feminist stripper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyeurism" title="Voyeurism">Voyeurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anasyrma" title="Anasyrma">Anasyrma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candaulism" title="Candaulism">Candaulism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Issues_in_social_nudity" title="Issues in social nudity">Issues in social nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexualization" title="Sexualization">Sexualization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornification" title="Pornification">Pornification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indecent_exposure" title="Indecent exposure">Indecent exposure</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obscenity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardrobe_malfunction" title="Wardrobe malfunction">Wardrobe malfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">Strip search</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">Naturism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturist_resort" title="Naturist resort">Naturist resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_naturism" title="Christian naturism">Christian naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freik%C3%B6rperkultur" title="Freikörperkultur">Freikörperkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_naturism" title="Gay naturism">Gay naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosophy" title="Gymnosophy">Gymnosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturist_magazines" title="Category:Naturist magazines">Naturist magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_organizations" title="List of social nudity organizations">Social nudity organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-naturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-naturism">Anarchist naturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_social_nudity" title="Timeline of social nudity">Timeline of social nudity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nude_recreation" title="Nude recreation">Nude recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_beach" title="Nude beach">Nude beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming" title="Nude swimming">Nude swimming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_swimming_in_US_indoor_pools" title="Nude swimming in US indoor pools">Nude swimming classes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_yoga" title="Naked yoga">Naked yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_party" title="Naked party">Naked party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_wedding" title="Nude wedding">Nude wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nude_beaches" title="Category:Nude beaches">Nude beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clothing-optional_events" title="Category:Clothing-optional events">Clothing-optional events</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_social_nudity_is_practised" title="List of places where social nudity is practised">By location</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Africa" title="List of social nudity places in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Asia" title="List of social nudity places in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Europe" title="List of social nudity places in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_North_America" title="List of social nudity places in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_nudity_in_Seattle" class="mw-redirect" title="Social nudity in Seattle">Seattle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_Oceania" title="List of social nudity places in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_nudity_places_in_South_America" title="List of social nudity places in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_nudity_advocates" title="Category:Social nudity advocates">Social nudity advocates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Barthel" title="Kurt Barthel">Kurt Barthel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Baxandall" title="Lee Baxandall">Lee Baxandall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bindrim" title="Paul Bindrim">Paul Bindrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilsley_Boone" title="Ilsley Boone">Ilsley Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Huntington" title="Henry S. Huntington">Henry S. Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pudor" title="Heinrich Pudor">Heinrich Pudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elton_Raymond_Shaw" title="Elton Raymond Shaw">Elton Raymond Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Ungewitter" title="Richard Ungewitter">Richard Ungewitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_nudity" title="Depictions of nudity">Depictions of nudity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nude_(art)" title="Nude (art)">Nude (art)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_nude_in_art" title="History of the nude in art">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Nude modeling (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography_(art)" title="Nude photography (art)">Nude photography (art)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_live_performance" title="Nudity in live performance">Nudity in live performance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_painting" title="Body painting">Body painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_film" title="Nudity in film">Nudity in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_American_television" title="Nudity in American television">Nudity in American television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_music_videos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nudity in music videos">Nudity in music videos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_print_media" title="Nudity in print media">Nudity in print media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Nudity in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude photography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic photography</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imagery_of_nude_celebrities" title="Imagery of nude celebrities">Imagery of nude celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_calendar" title="Nude calendar">Nude calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_News" title="Naked News">Naked News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_in_combat" title="Nudity in combat">Nudity in combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudity_clause" title="Nudity clause">Nudity clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nude_psychotherapy" title="Nude psychotherapy">Nude psychotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softcore_pornography" title="Softcore pornography">Softcore pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nudity" title="Category:Nudity">Category</a></b> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Nudity" title="Portal:Nudity">Portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pornography_legality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FBAED2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pornography_legality" title="Template:Pornography legality"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pornography_legality" title="Template talk:Pornography legality"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pornography_legality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pornography legality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pornography_legality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pornography#Legality_and_regulations" title="Pornography">Pornography legality</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_film_industry_regulations" title="Adult film industry regulations">Adult film industry regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_objections_to_pornography_in_the_United_States" title="Legal objections to pornography in the United States">Legal objections to pornography in the United States</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Nigeria" title="Motion picture content rating system">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Films_and_Publications_Act,_1996" title="Films and Publications Act, 1996">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_advisory_rating_system" title="Brazilian advisory rating system">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Chile" title="Motion picture content rating system">Chile</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Colombia" title="Motion picture content rating system">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Jamaica" title="Motion picture content rating system">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Mexico" title="Motion picture content rating system">Mexico</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;text-align:center;;width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipornography_Civil_Rights_Ordinance" title="Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance">Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Online_Protection_Act" title="Child Online Protection Act">Child Online Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protection_and_Obscenity_Enforcement_Act" title="Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act">Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement Act</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_Records" title="Custodian of Records">Custodian of Records</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Protection_Restoration_and_Penalties_Enhancement_Act_of_1990" title="Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990">Child Protection Restoration and Penalties Enhancement Act of 1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Decency_Act" title="Communications Decency Act">Communications Decency Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_Victims_Compensation_Act" title="Pornography Victims Compensation Act">Pornography Victims Compensation Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Radio_and_Television_Administration" title="National Radio and Television Administration">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Certification" title="Central Board of Film Certification">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_Law_(Indonesia)" title="Pornography Law (Indonesia)">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_motion_picture_rating_system#Legal_requirements" title="Hong Kong motion picture rating system">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Kazakhstan" title="Motion picture content rating system">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eirin" title="Eirin">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Censorship_Board_of_Malaysia" title="Film Censorship Board of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Maldives" title="Motion picture content rating system">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Film_Censors" title="Central Board of Film Censors">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Communications_and_Information#Statutory_boards" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Communications and Information">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Media_Rating_Board" title="Korea Media Rating Board">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Information_Office" title="Government Information Office">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_constitution_of_Thailand" title="2007 constitution of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_in_Turkey#Legal_status" title="Pornography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#United_Arab_Emirates" title="Motion picture content rating system">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Bulgaria" title="Motion picture content rating system">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Demark" title="Motion picture content rating system">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Estonia" title="Motion picture content rating system">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Finland" title="Motion picture content rating system">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Greece" title="Motion picture content rating system">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Iceland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Film_Classification_Office" title="Irish Film Classification Office">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Latvia" title="Motion picture content rating system">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Malta" title="Motion picture content rating system">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_the_Classification_of_Audiovisual_Media" title="Netherlands Institute for the Classification of Audiovisual Media">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Media_Authority" title="Norwegian Media Authority">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Poland" title="Motion picture content rating system">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Portugal" title="Motion picture content rating system">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Spain" title="Motion picture content rating system">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_picture_content_rating_system#Sweden" title="Motion picture content rating system">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_by_region#Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornography by region">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UK" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;text-align:center;;width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiovisual_Media_Services_Regulations_2014" title="Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014">Audiovisual Media Services Regulations 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Obscenity_and_Film_Censorship" title="Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship">Committee on Obscenity and Film Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscene_Publications_Act_1959" title="Obscene Publications Act 1959">Obscene Publications Act 1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008" title="Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008">Possession of Extreme Pornographic Images</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Recordings_Act_2010" title="Video Recordings Act 2010">Video Recordings Act 2010</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Classification_Board#Organizations" title="Australian Classification Board">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Film_and_Literature_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Film and Literature Classification">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Booksellers_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Hudnut" title="American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut">American Booksellers v. Hudnut</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People_v._Freeman" title="People v. Freeman">California v. Freeman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jacobellis_v._Ohio" title="Jacobellis v. Ohio">Jacobellis v. Ohio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miller_v._California" title="Miller v. California">Miller v. California</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Butler" title="R v Butler">R v Butler</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Glad_Day_Bookshops_Inc" title="R v Glad Day Bookshops Inc">R v Glad Day Bookshops Inc</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Peacock" title="R v Peacock">R v Peacock</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reno_v._American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union">Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renton_v._Playtime_Theatres,_Inc." title="Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.">Renton v. Playtime Theatres, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanley_v._Georgia" title="Stanley v. Georgia">Stanley v. Georgia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Extreme_Associates,_Inc." title="United States v. Extreme Associates, Inc.">United States v. Extreme Associates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Playboy_Entertainment_Group,_Inc." title="United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group, Inc.">United States v. Playboy Entertainment Group</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meese_Report" title="Meese Report">Meese Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Obscenity_and_Pornography" title="President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography">President's Commission on Obscenity and Pornography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FBAED2;;width:1%;background: #FFA6C9;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Child<br />pornography<br />laws</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Australia" title="Child pornography laws in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Canada" title="Child pornography laws in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Technology_Act,_2000" title="Information Technology Act, 2000">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Japan" title="Child pornography laws in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_Netherlands" title="Child pornography laws in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_in_the_Philippines" title="Child pornography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_Portugal" title="Child pornography laws in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Child pornography laws in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_pornography_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child pornography laws in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Child_Pornography_Prevention_Act_of_1996" title="Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996">Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996</a></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_v._Ferber" title="New York v. Ferber">New York v. Ferber</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Osborne_v._Ohio" title="Osborne v. Ohio">Osborne v. Ohio</a></i></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/PROTECT_Act_of_2003" title="PROTECT Act of 2003">PROTECT Act of 2003</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Williams_(2008)" title="United States v. Williams (2008)"><i>United States v. Williams</i></a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFBCD9;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COPINE_scale" title="COPINE scale">COPINE scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Debate regarding child pornography laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_test" title="Dost test"><i>Dost</i> test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Legal status of drawn pornography depicting minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Sale_of_Children,_Child_Prostitution_and_Child_Pornography" title="Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography">Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/Optional_Protocol_on_the_Sale_of_Children,_Child_Prostitution_and_Child_Pornography" title="Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography">Child Prostitution and Child Pornography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._X-Citement_Video,_Inc." title="United States v. X-Citement Video, Inc.">United States v. 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