CINXE.COM

Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab

<!doctype html> <!--[if lt IE 7]><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 7)&!(IEMobile)]><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><![endif]--> <!--[if (IE 8)&!(IEMobile)]><html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><![endif]--> <!--[if gt IE 8]><!--> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"><!--<![endif]--> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <title>Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab</title> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="True"> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="320"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/apple-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/android-icon-192x192.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/favicon-96x96.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <!--[if IE]> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/favicon.ico"> <![endif]--> <link rel="pingback" href="https://citizenlab.ca/xmlrpc.php"> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style> <!-- Search Engine Optimization by Rank Math PRO - https://rankmath.com/ --> <meta name="description" content="The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy, University of Toronto. As an academic"/> <meta name="robots" content="follow, index, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1, max-image-preview:large"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab" /> <meta property="og:description" content="The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy, University of Toronto. As an academic" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Citizen Lab" /> <meta property="og:updated_time" content="2024-09-05T16:47:09-04:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png" /> <meta property="og:image:secure_url" content="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="490" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="326" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Citizen Lab logo" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/png" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2020-11-18T13:02:18-05:00" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-09-05T16:47:09-04:00" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy, University of Toronto. As an academic" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@citizenlab" /> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@citizenlab" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Time to read" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="1 minute" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="rank-math-schema-pro">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":["CollegeOrUniversity","Organization"],"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#organization","name":"The Citizen Lab","url":"https://citizenlab.ca","sameAs":["https://twitter.com/citizenlab"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#logo","url":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/citlablogo.png","contentUrl":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/citlablogo.png","caption":"The Citizen Lab","inLanguage":"en-US","width":"7824","height":"5216"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#website","url":"https://citizenlab.ca","name":"The Citizen Lab","publisher":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#organization"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png","url":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png","width":"490","height":"326","caption":"Citizen Lab logo","inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/#webpage","url":"https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/","name":"Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab","datePublished":"2020-11-18T13:02:18-05:00","dateModified":"2024-09-05T16:47:09-04:00","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/author/mari/","name":"Mari Zhou","url":"https://citizenlab.ca/author/mari/","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/72f4596237397ca9746be85b709c00aa?s=96&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g","url":"https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/72f4596237397ca9746be85b709c00aa?s=96&amp;d=mm&amp;r=g","caption":"Mari Zhou","inLanguage":"en-US"},"worksFor":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#organization"}},{"@type":"Article","headline":"Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab","datePublished":"2020-11-18T13:02:18-05:00","dateModified":"2024-09-05T16:47:09-04:00","author":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/author/mari/","name":"Mari Zhou"},"publisher":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/#organization"},"description":"The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy, University of Toronto. As an academic","name":"Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities - The Citizen Lab","@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/#richSnippet","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/#webpage"},"image":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/citizenlab_logo_thumb.png"},"inLanguage":"en-US","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/#webpage"}}]}</script> <!-- /Rank Math WordPress SEO plugin --> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Citizen Lab &raquo; Feed" href="https://citizenlab.ca/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="The Citizen Lab &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://citizenlab.ca/comments/feed/" /> <script type="text/javascript"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/15.0.3\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js"}}; /*! This file is auto-generated */ !function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83d\udc26\u200d\u2b1b","\ud83d\udc26\u200b\u2b1b")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings); /* ]]> */ </script> <style id='wp-emoji-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> img.wp-smiley, img.emoji { display: inline !important; border: none !important; box-shadow: none !important; height: 1em !important; width: 1em !important; margin: 0 0.07em !important; vertical-align: -0.1em !important; background: none !important; padding: 0 !important; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='co-authors-plus-coauthors-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow [class*=wp-block-co-authors-plus]{display:inline} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-avatar-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-avatar.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='co-authors-plus-image-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){height:auto;max-width:100%;vertical-align:bottom}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-coauthors.is-layout-flow .wp-block-co-authors-plus-image :where(img){vertical-align:middle}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignfull,.alignwide) :where(img){width:100%}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image:is(.alignleft,.alignright){display:table}.wp-block-co-authors-plus-image.aligncenter{display:table;margin-inline:auto} </style> <style id='rank-math-toc-block-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol{counter-reset:item}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li{display:block}.wp-block-rank-math-toc-block nav ol li:before{content:counters(item, ".") ". ";counter-increment:item} </style> <style id='rank-math-rich-snippet-style-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! * Plugin: Rank Math * URL: https://rankmath.com/wordpress/plugin/seo-suite/ * Name: rank-math-review-snippet.css */@-webkit-keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(-360deg)}}@keyframes spin{0%{-webkit-transform:rotate(0deg)}100%{-webkit-transform:rotate(-360deg)}}@keyframes bounce{from{-webkit-transform:translateY(0px);transform:translateY(0px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px)}}@-webkit-keyframes bounce{from{-webkit-transform:translateY(0px);transform:translateY(0px)}to{-webkit-transform:translateY(-5px);transform:translateY(-5px)}}@-webkit-keyframes loading{0%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 50% ,20% 50%}20%{background-size:20% 20% ,20% 50% ,20% 50%}40%{background-size:20% 100%,20% 20% ,20% 50%}60%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 100%,20% 20%}80%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 50% ,20% 100%}100%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 50% ,20% 50%}}@keyframes loading{0%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 50% ,20% 50%}20%{background-size:20% 20% ,20% 50% ,20% 50%}40%{background-size:20% 100%,20% 20% ,20% 50%}60%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 100%,20% 20%}80%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 50% ,20% 100%}100%{background-size:20% 50% ,20% 50% ,20% 50%}}:root{--rankmath-wp-adminbar-height: 0}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper{overflow:hidden}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper h5.rank-math-title{display:block;font-size:18px;line-height:1.4}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-review-image{float:right;max-width:40%;margin-left:15px}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-review-data{margin-bottom:15px}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper{width:100%;padding:0 0 20px 0;float:left;clear:both;position:relative;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-total{border:0;display:block;margin:0;width:auto;float:left;text-align:left;padding:0;font-size:24px;line-height:1;font-weight:700;-webkit-box-sizing:border-box;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star{float:left;margin-left:15px;margin-top:5px;position:relative;z-index:99;line-height:1}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star .rank-math-review-result-wrapper{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;position:relative;color:#e7e7e7}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star .rank-math-review-result-wrapper .rank-math-review-result{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;overflow:hidden;white-space:nowrap;color:#ffbe01}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star .rank-math-review-result-wrapper i{font-size:18px;-webkit-text-stroke-width:1px;font-style:normal;padding:0 2px;line-height:inherit}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star .rank-math-review-result-wrapper i:before{content:"\2605"}body.rtl #rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-review-image{float:left;margin-left:0;margin-right:15px}body.rtl #rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-total{float:right}body.rtl #rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star{float:right;margin-left:0;margin-right:15px}body.rtl #rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-total-wrapper .rank-math-review-star .rank-math-review-result{left:auto;right:0}@media screen and (max-width: 480px){#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-review-image{display:block;max-width:100%;width:100%;text-align:center;margin-right:0}#rank-math-rich-snippet-wrapper .rank-math-review-data{clear:both}}.clear{clear:both} </style> <style id='classic-theme-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> /*! This file is auto-generated */ .wp-block-button__link{color:#fff;background-color:#32373c;border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;text-decoration:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);font-size:1.125em}.wp-block-file__button{background:#32373c;color:#fff;text-decoration:none} </style> <style id='global-styles-inline-css' type='text/css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: #000000;--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: #ffffff;--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);}:where(.is-layout-flex){gap: 0.5em;}:where(.is-layout-grid){gap: 0.5em;}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;} :where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-flex){gap: 1.25em;}:where(.wp-block-post-template.is-layout-grid){gap: 1.25em;} :where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-flex){gap: 2em;}:where(.wp-block-columns.is-layout-grid){gap: 2em;} :root :where(.wp-block-pullquote){font-size: 1.5em;line-height: 1.6;} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bigfoot-number-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot-number.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='__EPYT__style-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/youtube-embed-plus/styles/ytprefs.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <style id='__EPYT__style-inline-css' type='text/css'> .epyt-gallery-thumb { width: 33.333%; } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bones-base-stylesheet-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/css/tachyons.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bones-stylesheet-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/css/style.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <!--[if lt IE 9]> <link rel='stylesheet' id='bones-ie-only-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/css/ie.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <![endif]--> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/fontawesome/css/fontawesome.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-brands-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/fontawesome/css/brands.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='fontawesome-solid-css' href='https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/fontawesome/css/solid.min.css' type='text/css' media='all' /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="__ytprefs__-js-extra"> /* <![CDATA[ */ var _EPYT_ = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","security":"728e3bf4cf","gallery_scrolloffset":"20","eppathtoscripts":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-content\/plugins\/youtube-embed-plus\/scripts\/","eppath":"https:\/\/citizenlab.ca\/wp-content\/plugins\/youtube-embed-plus\/","epresponsiveselector":"[\"iframe.__youtube_prefs__\",\"iframe[src*='youtube.com']\",\"iframe[src*='youtube-nocookie.com']\",\"iframe[data-ep-src*='youtube.com']\",\"iframe[data-ep-src*='youtube-nocookie.com']\",\"iframe[data-ep-gallerysrc*='youtube.com']\"]","epdovol":"1","version":"14.2.1.2","evselector":"iframe.__youtube_prefs__[src], iframe[src*=\"youtube.com\/embed\/\"], iframe[src*=\"youtube-nocookie.com\/embed\/\"]","ajax_compat":"","maxres_facade":"eager","ytapi_load":"light","pause_others":"","stopMobileBuffer":"1","facade_mode":"","not_live_on_channel":"","vi_active":"","vi_js_posttypes":[]}; /* ]]> */ </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/youtube-embed-plus/scripts/ytprefs.min.js" id="__ytprefs__-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/js/libs/modernizr.custom.min.js" id="bones-modernizr-js"></script> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://citizenlab.ca/?p=74531' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcitizenlab.ca%2Fdisclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcitizenlab.ca%2Fdisclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities%2F&#038;format=xml" /> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs" src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-RCDQQLPVF0" async="async"></script> <script type="text/javascript" id="google_gtagjs-inline"> /* <![CDATA[ */ window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}gtag('js', new Date());gtag('config', 'G-RCDQQLPVF0', {'anonymize_ip': true} ); /* ]]> */ </script> </head> <body itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"> <!-- <div class="mw-12 pv3 ph3 pv3-l ph6-l bg-lab-dark-brown"> --> <header id="header" role="banner" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPHeader"> <div id="header__inner" class="flex-ns items-center justify-between"> <div class="v-mid flex justify-between items-center"> <div class="mr-auto"> <a href="https://citizenlab.ca" rel="nofollow" id="logo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization"> <img src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/CL-logo-3-headed.png" alt="The Citizen Lab"/> </a> <img src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/MunkSchool-WHT.png" class="munk-logo" alt="Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy | University of Toronto" /> </div> <!-- Visible on mobile --> <a href="#main-menu" id="homepage" aria-label="Open main menu"> <span class="fa-solid fa-bars-staggered white dib" title="Open Menu"></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Open main menu</span> </a> </div> <!-- Main navigation menu --> <a class="skip-main" href="#main">Skip to main content</a> <div class="flex-ns main-menu" id="main-menu"> <a href="#homepage" id="homepage" class="menu-close" aria-label="Close main menu"> <span class="fa-solid fa-x white dib" title="Close Menu"></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Close main menu</span> </a> <nav id="nav-main" role="navigation" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement" class="tc tl-l"> <ul id="menu-top-menu" class="list ma0 mt2 mt0-ns pa0 b dib-ns"><li id="menu-item-29705" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-29705 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2 ml0">Research</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-72358" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72358 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/targeted-threats/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Targeted Threats</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72357" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72357 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2 mr0">Free Expression Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72359" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72359 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/transparency/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Transparency and Accountability</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72360" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72360 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/app-privacy-and-security/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">App Privacy and Controls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72362" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72362 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/global-research-network/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Global Research Network</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72385" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72385 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/tools-resources/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Tools &amp; Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72361" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-72361 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/publications/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Publications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-29706" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-has-children menu-item-29706 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">News</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-72363" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72363 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/mentions/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">In the Media</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72364" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72364 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/events/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72365" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72365 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/opportunities/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Opportunities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-29707" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-ancestor current-menu-parent current_page_parent current_page_ancestor menu-item-has-children menu-item-29707 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/about/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">About</a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-72367" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-72367 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/about/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">About The Citizen Lab</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72368" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-72368 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/media/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Media Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72369" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-72369 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/people/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">People</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72370" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-72370 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/teaching/" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Teaching</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72387" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-72387 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://engage.utoronto.ca/site/SPageServer?pagename=donate#/fund/847" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Donate</a></li> <li id="menu-item-74537" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-74531 current_page_item menu-item-74537 dib-ns f5-l f4 ttu pv2 "><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/disclosure-of-security-vulnerabilities/" aria-current="page" class="white no-underline h-underline pr2">Security Vulnerabilities</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </nav> <!-- Search bar --> <div class="flex items-start justify-center searchbar"> <form class="db-l ma0 pa0 b0 lh0 f5" role="search" method="get" id="menuSearchform" action="https://citizenlab.ca/"> <div id="menuSearchContainer" class="ml3 dib w0 transition-width overflow-hidden"> <input type="search" id="menuSearch" name="s" value="" class="b--none ma0 pa1 w-100" placeholder="Search"/> </div> <!--end of menuSearchContainer--> </form> <div id="menuSearchButton" class="db-l ml3 pointer items-end"> <span class="fa-solid fa-magnifying-glass white f5" aria-label="Search" title="Search"></span> </div> </div> <!--end of searchbar--> </div> <!--end of main-menu --> </div> <!-- end of header__inner --> </header> <!-- </div> --> <div id="container" class="pa3 pv4-l ph5-l"> <!--TODO move to stylesheet --> <div id="content"> <div id="inner-content"> <main id="main" role="main" itemscope itemprop="mainContentOfPage" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog" class="container"> <article id="post-74531" dir="ltr" class="cf post-74531 page type-page status-publish hentry" role="article" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <header> <h1 itemprop="headline" class="ma0 lh-title">Disclosure of Security Vulnerabilities</h1> </header> <section itemprop="articleBody" class="article-body mb4 mt4 pt2 bt b--light-gray lh-copy"> <p>The Citizen Lab is an interdisciplinary laboratory based at the Munk School of Global Affairs &amp; Public Policy, University of Toronto. As an academic research institution, The Citizen Lab is committed to the public reporting of all security vulnerabilities that it discovers in the course of its research mandate and will publish all such vulnerabilities on its <a href="https://citizenlab.ca" class="pointer">website</a> after a certain period of time has elapsed.</p> <h3 class="lh-solid mb3">Initial disclosure to software vendor or other relevant party</h3> <p class="mt0">Before publicly reporting such vulnerabilities, The Citizen Lab undertakes to generally initially disclose the security vulnerability to an appropriate party (such as the vendor that designed and manages the relevant software) as expeditiously as possible so that it may be addressed.</p> <h3 class="lh-solid mb3">Timeline to public disclosure</h3> <p class="mt0">The Citizen Lab will provide responsive parties with 45 calendar days (which begins from the initial alert sent by The Citizen Lab to the party regarding the existence of the vulnerability) to fix the identified vulnerability. After this period of time, and regardless of whether the vulnerability is addressed in whole or in part by the relevant party, The Citizen Lab will aim to publish details regarding the vulnerability on <a href="https://citizenlab.ca" class="pointer">its website</a>. Note that this timeline to general disclosure of the vulnerability may be accelerated or extended in certain circumstances, such as where the third party has since disclosed the vulnerability to the general public, the third party has patched the vulnerability, the third party has taken the position that there is no security vulnerability, or The Citizen Lab observes the vulnerability under active exploitation.</p> <h3 class="lh-solid mb3">Questions or concerns</h3> <p class="mt0">Any questions or concerns regarding vulnerability disclosure by The Citizen Lab should be addressed to <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#c4adaab5b1adb6ada1b784a7adb0adbea1aaa8a5a6eaa7a5" class="pointer"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="c8a1a6b9bda1baa1adbb88aba1bca1b2ada6a4a9aae6aba9">[email&#160;protected]</span></a>. The Citizen Lab maintains a <a href="https://github.com/citizenlab/vuln-disclosures" class="pointer" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GitHub repository</a> with details of publicly reported vulnerabilities.</p> <p><strong>Last updated: November 19, 2020</strong></p> </section> <footer> </footer> </article> </main> </div> </div> </div> <footer role="contentinfo" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WPFooter" class="footer"> <div class="footer__container"> <nav role="navigation" class="footer__nav"> <h2>Research</h2> <div class="footer-links cf"><ul id="menu-research" class="list pa0"><li id="menu-item-29711" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29711"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/targeted-threats/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Targeted Threats</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29709" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29709"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Free Expression Online</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29712" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29712"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/transparency/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Transparency and Accountability</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29708" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29708"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/app-privacy-and-security/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">App Privacy and Controls</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29710" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29710"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/global-research-network/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Global Research Network</a></li> <li id="menu-item-72386" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-72386"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/tools-resources/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Tools &#038; Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29713" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-29713"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/publications/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">All Publications</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <nav role="navigation" class="footer__nav"> <h2>News</h2> <div class="footer-links cf"><ul id="menu-news" class="list pa0"><li id="menu-item-29714" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29714"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/mentions/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">In the Media</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29715" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29715"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/events/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Events</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29716" class="menu-item menu-item-type-taxonomy menu-item-object-category menu-item-29716"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/lab-news/opportunities/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Opportunities</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29717" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-29717"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/newsletter/archives/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Newsletter Archives</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> <nav role="navigation" class="footer__nav"> <h2>About</h2> <div class="footer-links cf"><ul id="menu-about" class="list pa0"><li id="menu-item-29718" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-29718"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/about/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">About The Citizen Lab</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29720" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-29720"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/people/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">People</a></li> <li id="menu-item-68022" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-68022"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/media/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Media Resources</a></li> <li id="menu-item-29721" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-29721"><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/teaching/" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Teaching</a></li> <li id="menu-item-68345" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-68345"><a href="https://donate.utoronto.ca/give/show/84" class="lh-title mb2 db white b no-underline underline-hover">Donate</a></li> </ul></div> </nav> </div> <!-- Social Media & Newletter --> <div class="footer__container mt4 relative pt3-ns bt b--gray"> <div class="flex-ns justify-between w-100"> <div class="w-30-ns w-100 mb3 mr3-ns pt3"> <h2 class="ttu mt0 mb2 f4">Connect</h2> <div class="social-media"> <a class="dim" href="https://x.com/citizenlab" aria-label="Visit our Twitter/X account"><span class="fa-brands fa-twitter white" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <a class="dim" rel="me" href="https://mastodon.social/@citizenlab" aria-label="Follow our Mastodon account"><span class="fa-brands fa-mastodon white" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <a class="dim" href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCf5Aunw7xvt3lAFrLhiCA5w" aria-label="Visit our Youtube page"><span class="fa-brands fa-youtube white" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <a class="dim" href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#e78e8996928e958e8294a7848e938e9d82898b8685c98486" aria-label="Email us"><span class="fa-solid fa-envelope white" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <a class="dim" href="https://github.com/citizenlab" aria-label="Visit oour Github"><span class="fa-brands fa-github white" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> </div> </div> <div class="w-60-ns f6 w-100 pt3"> <h2 class="f4 ttu mb2 mt3 mt0-ns">Newsletter</h2> <div id="text-3"> <div class="textwidget"><script data-cfasync="false" src="/cdn-cgi/scripts/5c5dd728/cloudflare-static/email-decode.min.js"></script><script>(function() { window.mc4wp = window.mc4wp || { listeners: [], forms: { on: function(evt, cb) { window.mc4wp.listeners.push( { event : evt, callback: cb } ); } } } })(); </script><!-- Mailchimp for WordPress v4.9.19 - https://wordpress.org/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/ --><form id="mc4wp-form-1" class="mc4wp-form mc4wp-form-29703" method="post" data-id="29703" data-name="" ><div class="mc4wp-form-fields"><input type="email" name="EMAIL" placeholder="Your email address" required class="dib pv1 mr2 mv1 lh-solid mw4"/><input type="submit" value="Sign up" class="link br1 b--none lh-solid cta-button-orange b pointer"/></div><label style="display: none !important;">Leave this field empty if you're human: <input type="text" name="_mc4wp_honeypot" value="" tabindex="-1" autocomplete="off" /></label><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_timestamp" value="1732837606" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_id" value="29703" /><input type="hidden" name="_mc4wp_form_element_id" value="mc4wp-form-1" /><div class="mc4wp-response"></div></form><!-- / Mailchimp for WordPress Plugin --> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> <div id="privacy-footer"> <div class="mv0 dib"> <div id="text-5"> <div class="textwidget"><p><a class="db white dim" href="https://citizenlab.ca/privacy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mv0 dib ph3-l"> <div id="text-4"> <div class="textwidget"><p>Unless otherwise noted this site and its contents are licensed under a <a class="white dim" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ca/">Creative聽Commons Attribution 2.5 Canada</a> license.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="dib mv0 mt2 lh0 mw5"> <a href="http://munkschool.utoronto.ca/" target="blank"> <img src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/images/MunkSchool-WHT.png" alt="Munk School of Global Affairs & Public Policy | University of Toronto" /> </a> </div> </div> <script>(function() {function maybePrefixUrlField () { const value = this.value.trim() if (value !== '' && value.indexOf('http') !== 0) { this.value = 'http://' + value } } const urlFields = document.querySelectorAll('.mc4wp-form input[type="url"]') for (let j = 0; j < urlFields.length; j++) { urlFields[j].addEventListener('blur', maybePrefixUrlField) } })();</script><script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot.js" id="bigfoot-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot.min.js" id="bigfoot-min-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/bigfoot_footnotes/library/bigfoot-function.js" id="bigfoot-function-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/youtube-embed-plus/scripts/fitvids.min.js" id="__ytprefsfitvids__-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/js/search-menu.js" id="search-menu-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.2/library/js/jquery-details/jquery.details.min.js" id="jquery-details-js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" defer src="https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/plugins/mailchimp-for-wp/assets/js/forms.js" id="mc4wp-forms-api-js"></script> </body> </html> <!-- end of site. what a ride! --> <!-- Performance optimized by Redis Object Cache. Learn more: https://wprediscache.com Retrieved 2264 objects (1 MB) from Redis using PhpRedis (v6.1.0). -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10