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Free Expression Online Archives - The Citizen Lab

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container"> <div class="lh-copy"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Studies of Internet filtering, network interference, and other technologies and practices that impact freedom of expression online. </span></p> </div> </section> <!-- Featured posts--> <section id="featuredpubs" class="mw8 center"> <h2 class="small-label">Featured in Free Expression Online</h2> <div class="flex-ns mr1 bt pt4 b--light-silver"> <!-- If statement that counts the number of posts --> <article id="post-81192" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--column w-third-ns w-100-m mr3-ns"> <div class="w-100-ns"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--16x9" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2024/11/analysis-of-censorship-on-amazon-com/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/maybebuy-featured-605x340.png) center;"></div> </a> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--column"> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2024-11-25" itemprop="datePublished">November 25, 2024</time></div></div> <header dir="ltr"> <h1> <a class="link" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2024/11/analysis-of-censorship-on-amazon-com/" rel="bookmark"> Banned Books: Analysis of Censorship on Amazon.com </a> </h1> </header> </div> </article> <article id="post-79694" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--column w-third-ns w-100-m mr3-ns"> <div class="w-100-ns"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--16x9" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/07/an-analysis-of-in-platform-censorship-on-russias-vkontakte/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/featured-image-605x340.jpg) center;"></div> </a> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--column"> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2023-07-26" itemprop="datePublished">July 26, 2023</time></div></div> <header dir="ltr"> <h1> <a class="link" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/07/an-analysis-of-in-platform-censorship-on-russias-vkontakte/" rel="bookmark"> Not OK on VK: An Analysis of In-Platform Censorship on Russia’s VKontakte </a> </h1> </header> </div> </article> <article id="post-79316" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--column w-third-ns w-100-m ml0-ns"> <div class="w-100-ns"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--16x9" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/04/a-comparison-of-search-censorship-in-china/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/China-Search-report-605x340.png) center;"></div> </a> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--column"> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2023-04-26" itemprop="datePublished">April 26, 2023</time></div></div> <header dir="ltr"> <h1> <a class="link" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/04/a-comparison-of-search-censorship-in-china/" rel="bookmark"> Missing Links: A comparison of search censorship in China </a> </h1> </header> </div> </article> </div> </section> <!--Video section--> <!-- query the posts--> <section id="latestresearch" class="mt4 container"> <div class="mb4 mt4 pv4"> <h2 class="mt0 mb3 small-label">Latest Research</h2> <article id="post-81477" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--horizontal "> <div class="article__thumbnail w-third-ns"> <div class="w-100"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--6x4" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2024/11/analysis-censorship-amazon-com-ar/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/maybebuy-featured-297x167.png) center;"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--horizontal"> <header dir="rtl" > <h1><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2024/11/analysis-censorship-amazon-com-ar/" rel="bookmark">كتب محظورة: تحليل الرقابة على موقع Amazon.com</a></h1> </header> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2024-11-25" itemprop="datePublished">November 25, 2024</time></div></div> <div dir="rtl" class="article__excerpt excerpt"> <p>&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1572;&#1604;&#1601;&#1608;&#1606;: &#1580;&#1610;&#1601;&#1585;&#1610; &#1606;&#1608;&#1603;&#1604;&#1548; &#1580;&#1575;&#1603;&#1608;&#1576; &#1583;&#1575;&#1604;&#1610;&#1603;&#1548; &#1606;&#1608;&#1585;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1580;&#1610;&#1586;&#1575;&#1608;&#1610;&#1548; &#1605;&#1581;&#1605;&#1583; &#1571;&#1581;&#1605;&#1583;&#1548; &#1604;&#1610;&#1601;&#1610; &#1605;&#1610;&#1604;&#1610;&#1578;&#1610;&#1548; &#1608;&#1580;&#1575;&#1587;&#1578;&#1606; &#1604;&#1575;&#1608;. &#1605;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1592;&#1577; &#1604;&#1604;&#1602;&#1585;&#1575;&#1569;: &#1607;&#1584;&#1575; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1587;&#1578;&#1606;&#1583; &#1607;&#1608; &#1578;&#1585;&#1580;&#1605;&#1577; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1585;&#1587;&#1605;&#1610;&#1577; &#1608;&#1607;&#1608; &#1606;&#1587;&#1582;&#1577; &#1605;&#1582;&#1578;&#1589;&#1585;&#1577; &#1605;&#1606; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1602;&#1585;&#1610;&#1585; &#1575;&#1604;&#1603;&#1575;&#1605;&#1604; &#1578;&#1578;&#1590;&#1605;&#1606; &#1571;&#1602;&#1587;&#1575;&#1605;&#1575;&#1611; &#1605;&#1582;&#1578;&#1575;&#1585;&#1577;. &#1604;&#1584;&#1575; &#1610;&#1585;&#1580;&#1609; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1604;&#1575;&#1581;&#1592;&#1577; &#1571;&#1606;&#1607; &#1604;&#1575; &#1610;&#1588;&#1605;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1581;&#1604;&#1610;&#1604; &#1575;&#1604;&#1588;&#1575;&#1605;&#1604; &#1608;&#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1606;&#1575;&#1602;&#1588;&#1575;&#1578; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1601;&#1589;&#1610;&#1604;&#1610;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1605;&#1608;&#1580;&#1608;&#1583;&#1577; &#1601;&#1610; &#1575;&#1604;&#1606;&#1587;&#1582;&#1577; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1589;&#1604;&#1610;&#1577;. &#1608;&#1603;&#1608;&#1606;&#1607; &#1578;&#1585;&#1580;&#1605;&#1577; &#1594;&#1610;&#1585; &#1585;&#1587;&#1605;&#1610;&#1577;&#1548; &#1602;&#1583; &#1610;&#1581;&#1578;&#1608;&#1610; &#1593;&#1604;&#1609; &#1576;&#1593;&#1590; &#1575;&#1604;&#1571;&#1582;&#1591;&#1575;&#1569; &#1571;&#1608; &#1575;&#1604;&#1578;&#1601;&#1587;&#1610;&#1585;&#1575;&#1578;&#8230; <a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2024/11/analysis-censorship-amazon-com-ar/" title="Read كتب محظورة: تحليل الرقابة على موقع Amazon.com">Read more &raquo;</a></p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-80230" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--horizontal "> <div class="article__thumbnail w-third-ns"> <div class="w-100"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--6x4" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/11/chinese-censorship-following-the-death-of-li-keqiang/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/lkq-featuredimage-297x167.png) center;"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--horizontal"> <header dir="ltr" > <h1><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/11/chinese-censorship-following-the-death-of-li-keqiang/" rel="bookmark">Chinese censorship following the death of Li Keqiang</a></h1> </header> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2023-11-21" itemprop="datePublished">November 21, 2023</time></div></div> <div dir="ltr" class="article__excerpt excerpt"> <p>As part of our ongoing project monitoring changes to Chinese search censorship, we tracked changes to censorship following Li Keqiang’s death across seven Internet platforms: Baidu, Baidu Zhidao, Bilibili, Microsoft Bing, Jingdong, Sogou, and Weibo. We found that some keyword combinations in search queries triggers hard censorship whereas others trigger soft censorship. Our results demonstrate China’s ongoing efforts to push state-sanctioned narratives concerning politically sensitive topics, impacting the integrity of the online information environment.</p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-79698" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--horizontal "> <div class="article__thumbnail w-third-ns"> <div class="w-100"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--6x4" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/07/%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%8f%d1%82%d0%bd%d0%be-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%b2%d0%ba-%d0%bf%d1%80%d1%8f%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%82-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82-%d0%be%d1%82-%d1%80/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/featured-image-297x167.jpg) center;"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--horizontal"> <header dir="ltr" > <h1><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2023/07/%d1%81%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%b5-%d0%bf%d1%8f%d1%82%d0%bd%d0%be-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%b2%d0%ba-%d0%bf%d1%80%d1%8f%d1%87%d0%b5%d1%82-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82-%d0%be%d1%82-%d1%80/" rel="bookmark">Слепое пятно: как ВК прячет контент от российских пользователей</a></h1> </header> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2023-07-26" itemprop="datePublished">July 26, 2023</time></div></div> <div dir="ltr" class="article__excerpt excerpt"> <p>В данном отчете рассматривается доступность некоторых видов контента в ВК для пользователей из Канады, Украины и России.</p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-78364" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--horizontal "> <div class="article__thumbnail w-third-ns"> <div class="w-100"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--6x4" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2022/05/bada-bing-bada-boom-microsoft-bings-chinese-political-censorship-autosuggestions-north-america/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/bing-searchbar-400-265x199.gif) center;"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--horizontal"> <header dir="ltr" > <h1><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2022/05/bada-bing-bada-boom-microsoft-bings-chinese-political-censorship-autosuggestions-north-america/" rel="bookmark">Bada Bing, Bada Boom: Microsoft Bing’s Chinese Political Censorship of Autosuggestions in North America</a></h1> </header> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2022-05-19" itemprop="datePublished">May 19, 2022</time></div></div> <div dir="ltr" class="article__excerpt excerpt"> <p>We consistently found that Bing censors politically sensitive Chinese names over time, that their censorship spans multiple Chinese political topics, consists of at least two languages—English and Chinese—and applies to different world regions, including China, the United States, and Canada.</p> </div> </div> </article> <article id="post-78447" role="article" class="article__preview article__preview--horizontal "> <div class="article__thumbnail w-third-ns"> <div class="w-100"> <a class="no-underline db aspect-ratio aspect-ratio--6x4" href="https://citizenlab.ca/2022/05/%e5%be%ae%e8%bb%9f%e5%bf%85%e6%87%89%e8%87%aa%e5%8b%95%e5%bb%ba%e8%ad%b0%e5%9c%a8%e5%8c%97%e7%be%8e%e5%af%a9%e6%9f%a5%e8%88%87%e4%b8%ad%e5%9c%8b%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e7%9b%b8%e9%97%9c%e7%9a%84%e9%97%9c/" rel="bookmark"> <div class="aspect-ratio--object cover" style="background:url( https://citizenlab.ca/wp-content/themes/citizenlab-2.1.5/library/images/thumbnail_fallbacks/binary-wall-green.jpg) center;"></div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="article__previewtext article__previewtext--horizontal"> <header dir="ltr" > <h1><a href="https://citizenlab.ca/2022/05/%e5%be%ae%e8%bb%9f%e5%bf%85%e6%87%89%e8%87%aa%e5%8b%95%e5%bb%ba%e8%ad%b0%e5%9c%a8%e5%8c%97%e7%be%8e%e5%af%a9%e6%9f%a5%e8%88%87%e4%b8%ad%e5%9c%8b%e6%94%bf%e6%b2%bb%e7%9b%b8%e9%97%9c%e7%9a%84%e9%97%9c/" rel="bookmark">微軟必應自動建議在北美審查與中國政治相關的關鍵詞</a></h1> </header> <div class="article__date"><div class="f6 article__date"> <time class="ma0 gray" datetime="2022-05-19" itemprop="datePublished">May 19, 2022</time></div></div> <div dir="ltr" class="article__excerpt excerpt"> <p>本報告研究微軟必應自動建議功能(autosuggestion)針對人名的審查。我們發現,除了審查與色情相關的人名,第二大被微軟必應審查的人名類別是與中國領導人,異議人士相關以及其他在中國被認為是政治敏感的人名。</p> </div> </div> </article> </div> <nav><ul class="list pa0"> <li class="dib black"><span aria-current="page" class="pa2">1</span></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/2/">2</a></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/3/">3</a></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/4/">4</a></li> <li class="dib black"><span class="pa2">&hellip;</span></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/10/">10</a></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/11/">11</a></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/12/">12</a></li> <li class="dib black"><a class="pa2 blue no-underline underline-hover" href="https://citizenlab.ca/category/research/free-expression-online/page/2/">&rarr;</a></li> </ul> </nav> </section> </main> </div> 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