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<span>Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_Bronze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Bronze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Late Bronze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Bronze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shasu_of_Yhw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shasu_of_Yhw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shasu of <i>Yhw</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shasu_of_Yhw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="الشاسو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الشاسو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shasu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schasu" title="Schasu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schasu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shasu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="شاسو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاسو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasou" title="Shasou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shasou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shasu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shasu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A1%D7%95" title="שסו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שסו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0asu" title="Šasu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šasu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjasoe" title="Sjasoe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sjasoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szasu" title="Szasu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szasu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shasu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Шасу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шасу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu" title="Shasu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shasu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="சாசூ மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாசூ மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83" title="Шасу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шасу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%BA" title="沙苏人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="沙苏人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q559386#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bronze–Iron Age nomads in the Southern Levant</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg/200px-Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg/300px-Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg/400px-Ramesses_III_captive_tile_from_Medinet_Habu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="8256" /></a><figcaption>Shasu prisoner as depicted in <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Reliefs">reliefs</a> at <a href="/wiki/Medinet_Habu" title="Medinet Habu">Medinet Habu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Shasu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptian language">Ancient Egyptian</a>: <i lang="egy"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1%EA%9C%A3sw" class="extiw" title="wikt:šꜣsw">šꜣsw</a></i>, possibly pronounced <i>šaswə</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1992271_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1992271-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) were <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Nomadic_pastoralism" title="Nomadic pastoralism">pastoral nomads</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> from the late <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to the Early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a>. They were tent dwellers, organized in clans ruled by a tribal chieftain and were described as <a href="/wiki/Brigands" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigands">brigands</a> active from the <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a> to <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200595_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200595-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of them also worked as mercenaries for Asiatic and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> armies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name's etymon may be Egyptian <i>šꜣsw</i>, which originally meant "those who move on foot". Levy, Adams, and Muniz report similar possibilities: the Egyptian word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1%EA%9C%A3s" class="extiw" title="wikt:šꜣs">šꜣs</a> that means "to wander", and an alternative Semitic <a href="/wiki/Triliteral_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Triliteral root">triliteral root</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">שָׁסַס‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">šāsas</i></span>, with the meaning "to plunder".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdamsMuniz200466_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdamsMuniz200466-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land">Land</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though their homeland seems to be in the <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>, the Shasu also appear in Canaan, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999198_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounker1999198-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Bronze">Late Bronze</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Bronze"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known reference to the Shasu occurs in a 16th-century BCE list of peoples in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Jordan_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Jordan (region)">Transjordan region</a>. The first occurrence of Shasu is in the biographical inscription of Admiral Ahmose found in <a href="/wiki/Elkab" title="Elkab">Elkab</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who claims to have taken Shasu prisoners while serving Pharaoh Aakheperenre <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a>. The Shasu were on his way as he led a punitive expedition north. Giveon (1971) argued that the only event that could account for the Shasu' appearance at that date was the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a> (around 1550 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 39 of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a>, during his 14th campaign, the pharaoh fought the Shasu before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Retjenu" title="Retjenu">Retjenu</a>. Shasu are therefore found in southern Canaan. According to the Pharaoh's list, they are more specifically located in the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> (No. 14 of the list). </p><p>The name appears in a list of Egypt's enemies inscribed on column bases at the temple of <a href="/wiki/Soleb" title="Soleb">Soleb</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>. Among the details uncovered at the temple was a reference to a place called "<a href="/wiki/Mount_Seir" title="Mount Seir"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000008-QINU`"'</style><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">sʿrr</span></a>, in the land of Shasu" (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">tꜣ-shꜣsw sʿr</span>), a name thought to be related to or near to <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrosby2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaNuqBgAAQBAJpgPA109_109]_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosby2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaNuqBgAAQBAJpgPA109_109]-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/13th_century_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="13th century BCE">13th century BCE</a>, copies of the column inscriptions ordered by <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a> or by <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> at <a href="/wiki/Amara,_Nubia" title="Amara, Nubia">Amara, Nubia</a>, six groups of Shasu are mentioned: those of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">sʿrr</span>, of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">rbn</span>, of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">smʾt</span>, of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">wrbr</span>, of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">yhw</span>, and of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791" /><span class="smallcaps smallcaps-smaller">pysps</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivertsen2009118_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivertsen2009118-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasel1998219_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasel1998219-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shasu continued to dominate the hill country of Canaan (Cis-Jordan) and Trans-Jordan regions. The Shasu had become so powerful during this period that they could even cut off Egypt's northern routes for a while. This, in turn, prompted vigorous punitive campaigns by <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a>. After Egyptian abandonment, Canaanite city-states came under the mercy of the Shasu and the ʿAbiru, who were seen as 'mighty enemies'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The other documents of the 18th dynasty attest to the increasing importance of the Shasu in Canaan, by the large number of prisoners (at <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a>, a list of prisoners gives about half of those of <a href="/wiki/Khor" title="Khor">Khor/Kharu</a>), and then by their appointment to Egypt's greatest enemies, like Babylon or Tehenou (Libya). </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a>, the origin of the Shasu ("En-Shasus") is given as near the biblical city of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dothan" title="Tel Dothan">Dothan</a>, a place where <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">bedouins</a> brought their flocks. The story of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(Genesis)" title="Joseph (Genesis)">Joseph</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> also mentions nomads who come to water their animals at a source near Dothan. </p><p>During the pharaoh <a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a>'s campaign, primarily attested as a historic event by the presence of victory <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">steles</a> found at <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beth_Shean" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Shean">Beth Shean</a>, the Shasu live in a fertile, mountainous area between <a href="/wiki/Tjaru" title="Tjaru">Sileh</a> and Pa-Canaan (perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">city of Gaza</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introductory text of the relief showing the Shasu under notes: "The Shasu enemies plot a rebellion, their tribal leaders are gathered, standing on the hills of <a href="/wiki/Khor" title="Khor">Khor (Kharu)</a>, and they are engaged in turmoil and tumult. They don't respect their neighbours, they don't consider the laws of the Palace!" In this campaign, the pharaoh confronts the <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a> around Megiddo. </p><p>The Shasu would eventually be eclipsed by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shasu_of_Yhw">Shasu of <i>Yhw</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Shasu of Yhw"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png/250px-Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png/500px-Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png 1.5x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption> Egyptians beating Shasu spies (detail from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kadesh" title="Battle of Kadesh">Battle of Kadesh</a> wall-carving)</figcaption></figure> <p>Two Egyptian texts, one dated to the period of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> (14th century BCE), the other to the age of <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> (13th century BCE), refer to <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%EA%9C%A3_%C5%A1%EA%9C%A3sw_yhw%EA%9C%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:tꜣ šꜣsw yhwꜣ">tꜣ šꜣśw yhwꜣ</a></i></span>, i.e. "The Land of the Shasu <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/yhw%EA%9C%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:yhwꜣ">yhwꜣ</a></i>", in which <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">yhwꜣ</i></span></i> (also rendered as <i><span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">yhw</i></span></i>) or <i>Yahu</i>, is a <a href="/wiki/Toponym" class="mw-redirect" title="Toponym">toponym</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHen2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHen2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N16.png?63a52" height="9" title="N16 [tA]" alt="tA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M8.png?bc894" height="19" title="M8" alt="M8" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O4.png?2d920" height="18" title="O4 [h]" alt="h" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V4.png?e648c" height="36" title="V4" alt="V4" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Hieroglyph</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N16.png?63a52" height="9" title="N16 [tA]" alt="tA" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs#N" title="List of Egyptian hieroglyphs">N16</a></td> <td>tꜣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M8.png?bc894" height="19" title="M8" alt="M8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs#M" title="List of Egyptian hieroglyphs">M8</a></td> <td>šꜣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M23.png?e2674" height="38" title="M23" alt="M23" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs#M" title="List of Egyptian hieroglyphs">M23</a></td> <td>sw </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43 [w]" alt="w" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs" title="Egyptian uniliteral signs">w</a></td> <td>w </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs" title="Egyptian uniliteral signs">y</a></td> <td>y </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O4.png?2d920" height="18" title="O4 [h]" alt="h" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs" title="Egyptian uniliteral signs">h</a></td> <td>h </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V4.png?e648c" height="36" title="V4" alt="V4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_hieroglyphs#V" title="List of Egyptian hieroglyphs">V4</a></td> <td>wꜣ </td></tr> <tr> <td><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1" alt="G1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_uniliteral_signs" title="Egyptian uniliteral signs">G1</a></td> <td>ꜣ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Regarding the name <span title="Ancient Egyptian-language romanization"><i lang="egy-Latn">yhwꜣ</i></span>, Michael Astour observed that the "hieroglyphic rendering corresponds very precisely to the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a> YHWH, or <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, and antedates the hitherto oldest occurrence of that divine name – on the <a href="/wiki/Mesha_Stele" title="Mesha Stele">Mesha Stele</a> – by over five hundred years."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour197918_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour197918-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> K. Van Der Toorn concludes: "By the 14th century BC, before the cult of Yahweh had reached Israel, groups of <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midian" title="Midian">Midianites</a> worshipped Yahweh as their god."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1996282–283_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1996282–283-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Donald_B._Redford" title="Donald B. Redford">Donald B. Redford</a> has argued that the earliest Israelites, semi-nomadic highlanders in central <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> mentioned on the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> at the end of the 13th century BCE, are to be identified as a Shasu enclave. Since later Biblical tradition portrays Yahweh "coming forth from Seʿir",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Shasu, originally from <a href="/wiki/Moab" title="Moab">Moab</a> and northern Edom/Seʿir, went on to form one central element in the amalgam that would constitute the "Israel" which later established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1992272–3,275_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1992272–3,275-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per his analysis of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anson_Rainey" title="Anson Rainey">Anson Rainey</a> concluded that the description of the Shasu best fits that of the early Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey2008_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey2008-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this identification is correct, these Israelites/Shasu would have settled in the uplands in small villages with buildings similar to contemporary <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanite</a> structures towards the end of the 13th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawJameson2008313_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawJameson2008313-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Objections exist to this proposed link between the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and the Shasu, given that a group of people in relief at <a href="/wiki/Karnak" title="Karnak">Karnak</a>, which has been suggested as depicting the victory over the Israelites, are not described or depicted as Shasu.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Yurco" title="Frank J. Yurco">Frank J. Yurco</a> and Michael G. Hasel would distinguish the Shasu in Merneptah's Karnak reliefs from the people of Israel since they wear different clothing and hairstyles and are determined differently by Egyptian scribes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYurco1986195,_207_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYurco1986195,_207-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasel200327–36_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasel200327–36-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shasu are usually depicted hieroglyphically with a <a href="/wiki/Determinative" title="Determinative">determinative</a> indicating a land, not a people;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENestor2010185_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENestor2010185-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most frequent designation for the "foes of Shasu" is the <a href="/wiki/Hill-country_(hieroglyph)" title="Hill-country (hieroglyph)">hill-country determinative</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasel200332–33_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasel200332–33-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, they are differentiated from Israel, which is determined as a people, though not necessarily as a socio-ethnic group; and from (the other) Canaanites, who are defending the fortified cities of Ashkelon, <a href="/wiki/Gezer" title="Gezer">Gezer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yenoam" title="Yenoam">Yenoam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager200192_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager200192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Lawrence Stager</a> also objected to identifying Merneptah's Shasu with Israelites, since the Shasu are shown dressed differently from the Israelites, who are dressed and hairstyled as Canaanites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager200192_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager200192-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars point out that Egyptian scribes tended to bundle up "rather disparate groups of people within a single artificially unifying rubric."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENestor2010186_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENestor2010186-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1998105–106_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1998105–106-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The usefulness of the determinatives has been called into question, though, as in Egyptian writings, including the Merneptah Stele, determinatives are used arbitrarily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200594_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200594-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gösta Werner Ahlström countered Stager's objection by arguing that the contrasting depictions are because the Shasu were the nomads, while the Israelites were sedentary, and added: "The Shasu that later settled in the hills became known as Israelites because they settled in the territory of Israel".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the hill-country determinative is not always used for Shasu, with the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schneider_(Egyptologist)" title="Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)">Egyptologist Thomas Schneider</a> connecting references to "Yah", believed to be a short form of the Tetragrammaton, with the writings in the Shasu-sequence at <a href="/wiki/Soleb" title="Soleb">Soleb</a> and Amarah-West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdromMüller2017_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdromMüller2017-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an Egyptian <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead" title="Book of the Dead">Book of the Dead</a></i> from the late <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">18th</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">19th</a> dynasty, Schneider identifies a <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Semitic">Northwest Semitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophoric_name" title="Theophoric name">theophoric name</a> <i>ʾadōnī-rō‘ē-yāh</i>, meaning "My lord is the shepherd of Yah", which would be the first documented occurrence of the god Yahweh in a theophoric form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Lester_L._Grabbe" title="Lester L. Grabbe">Lester L. Grabbe</a> offers a synthesis of hypotheses, arguing that while the Israelites were a Canaanite people, Shasu contribution cannot be excluded. The highlands were largely uninhabited in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a>, and the settlers would have included former <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralists</a>, farmers moving to less settled areas, migrants from outside <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a> and people in general seeking a new land and life. According to Grabbe, archaeology suggests that those who settled in the hill country had a pastoralist background, but one in which they lived near settled communities, perhaps forming a <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiotic relationship</a> with the agrarian communities whereby they traded their animals for grain.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyksos" title="Hyksos">Hyksos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFApiru" title="ʿApiru">ʿApiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutu" title="Shutu">Shutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irsu" title="Irsu">Irsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ea_(Babylonian_god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ea (Babylonian god)">Ea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Yurco's interpretation of these relief also has been contested. See <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele#Karnak_reliefs" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele § Karnak reliefs</a> for further information.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">If the Egyptian scribe was not clear on the nature of the entity he called "Israel," knowing only that it was "different" from the surrounding modalities, then we can imagine something other than a sociocultural Israel. It is possible that Israel represented a confederation of united, but sociologically distinct, modalities that were joined either culturally or politically via treaties and the like. This interpretation of the evidence would allow for the unity implied by the endonymic evidence and also give our scribe some latitude in his use of the determinative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1998108_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1998108-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1992271-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1992271_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford1992">Redford 1992</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200595-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200595_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2005">Miller 2005</a>, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999203_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYounker1999">Younker 1999</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevyAdamsMuniz200466-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevyAdamsMuniz200466_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevyAdamsMuniz2004">Levy, Adams & Muniz 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYounker1999198-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYounker1999198_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYounker1999">Younker 1999</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Givéon, Les bédouins Shosou des documents égyptiens, Leyde, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Givéon, Les bédouins Shosou des documents égyptiens, Leyde, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrosby2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaNuqBgAAQBAJpgPA109_109]-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrosby2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidaNuqBgAAQBAJpgPA109_109]_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrosby2007">Grosby 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNuqBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109">109</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGibsonHarremoës" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Daniel; Harremoës, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nabataea.net/media/Names%20for%20the%20city%20of%20Petra.pdf">"Names for the city of Petra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Names+for+the+city+of+Petra&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Harremo%C3%ABs%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnabataea.net%2Fmedia%2FNames%2520for%2520the%2520city%2520of%2520Petra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivertsen2009118-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivertsen2009118_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivertsen2009">Sivertsen 2009</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasel1998219-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasel1998219_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasel1998">Hasel 1998</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Givéon, Les bédouins Shosou des documents égyptiens, Leyde, 1971.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHen2022-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHen2022_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHen2022">Hen 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAstour197918-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAstour197918_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAstour1979">Astour 1979</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1996282–283-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_der_Toorn1996282–283_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996">Van der Toorn 1996</a>, p. 282–283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Judges" title="Book of Judges">Book of Judges</a>, 5:4 and <a href="/wiki/Deuteronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteronomy">Deuteronomy</a>, 33:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERedford1992272–3,275-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERedford1992272–3,275_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRedford1992">Redford 1992</a>, p. 272–3,275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERainey2008-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERainey2008_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRainey2008">Rainey 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShawJameson2008313-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShawJameson2008313_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShawJameson2008">Shaw & Jameson 2008</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYurco1986195,_207-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYurco1986195,_207_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFYurco1986">Yurco 1986</a>, p. 195, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasel200327–36-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasel200327–36_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasel2003">Hasel 2003</a>, p. 27–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENestor2010185-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENestor2010185_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNestor2010">Nestor 2010</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHasel200332–33-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHasel200332–33_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHasel2003">Hasel 2003</a>, p. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStager200192-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager200192_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStager200192_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStager2001">Stager 2001</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAhlström1993277–278_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAhlström1993">Ahlström 1993</a>, p. 277–278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1998108-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1998108_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparks1998">Sparks 1998</a>, p. 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENestor2010186-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENestor2010186_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNestor2010">Nestor 2010</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1998105–106-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESparks1998105–106_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSparks1998">Sparks 1998</a>, p. 105–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller200594-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller200594_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2005">Miller 2005</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdromMüller2017-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdromMüller2017_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdromMüller2017">Adrom & Müller 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneider2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneider2007_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneider2007">Schneider 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2022" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (17 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MUGXEAAAQBAJ"><i>The Dawn of Israel: A History of Canaan in the Second Millennium BCE</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">277–</span>279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-66324-5"><bdi>978-0-567-66324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Israel%3A+A+History+of+Canaan+in+the+Second+Millennium+BCE&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E277-%3C%2Fspan%3E279&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022-11-17&rft.isbn=978-0-567-66324-5&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMUGXEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shasu&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhlström1993" class="citation book cs1">Ahlström, Gösta Werner (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cSAlLBZKaAC&pg=PA277"><i>The History of Ancient Palestine</i></a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2770-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2770-6"><bdi>978-0-8006-2770-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Ancient+Palestine&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-2770-6&rft.aulast=Ahlstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6sta+Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cSAlLBZKaAC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAstour1979" class="citation book cs1">Astour, Michael C. (1979). "Yahweh in Egyptian Topographic Lists". In Gorg, M.; Pusch, E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/464504316"><i>Festschrift Elmar Edel</i></a>. Bamberg. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/464504316">464504316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yahweh+in+Egyptian+Topographic+Lists&rft.btitle=Festschrift+Elmar+Edel&rft.pub=Bamberg&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F464504316&rft.aulast=Astour&rft.aufirst=Michael+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F464504316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_G.1997" class="citation journal cs1">William G., Dever (1997). Bartlett, John R. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203135877-7/archaeology-emergence-early-israel-william-dever">"Archaeology and the Emergence of Early Israel"</a>. <i>Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation</i>. Routledge: <span class="nowrap">20–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203135877-7">10.4324/9780203135877-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203135877" title="Special:BookSources/9780203135877"><bdi>9780203135877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+and+Biblical+Interpretation&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Emergence+of+Early+Israel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780203135877-7&rft.isbn=9780203135877&rft.aulast=William+G.&rft.aufirst=Dever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taylorfrancis.com%2Fchapters%2Fedit%2F10.4324%2F9780203135877-7%2Farchaeology-emergence-early-israel-william-dever&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357179">"Israel in the Merneptah Stela"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research">Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</a></i>. <b>296</b> (296): <span class="nowrap">45–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357179">10.2307/1357179</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357179">1357179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164052192">164052192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Israel+in+the+Merneptah+Stela&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=296&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164052192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357179&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cwHL6yzrqLgC&q=Domination+and+resistance:+Egyptian+military+activity+in+the+southern+Levant">"Domination and Resistance: Egyptian Military Activity in the Southern Levant, 1300–1185 BC"</a>. <i>Probleme der Ägyptologie</i>. <b>11</b>. Brill: <span class="nowrap">217–</span>239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004109846" title="Special:BookSources/9004109846"><bdi>9004109846</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Probleme+der+%C3%84gyptologie&rft.atitle=Domination+and+Resistance%3A+Egyptian+Military+Activity+in+the+Southern+Levant%2C+1300%E2%80%931185+BC.&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E217-%3C%2Fspan%3E239&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9004109846&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcwHL6yzrqLgC%26q%3DDomination%2Band%2Bresistance%3A%2BEgyptian%2Bmilitary%2Bactivity%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsouthern%2BLevant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (2003). Nakhai, Beth Alpert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768554">"Merenptah's Inscription and Reliefs and the Origin of Israel (The Near East in the Southwest: Essays in Honor of William G. Dever)"</a>. <i>Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. <b>58</b>. Boston: American Schools of Oriental Research: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0897570650" title="Special:BookSources/0897570650"><bdi>0897570650</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3768554">3768554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Merenptah%27s+Inscription+and+Reliefs+and+the+Origin+of+Israel+%28The+Near+East+in+the+Southwest%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+William+G.+Dever%29&rft.volume=58&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768554%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=0897570650&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3768554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hen, Racheli S. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1258383969/34">"Signs of YHWH, God of the Hebrews, in New Kingdom Egypt?"</a>. <i>Entangled Religions</i>. <b>12</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9463">10.46586/er.12.2021.9463</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2363-6696">2363-6696</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246697144">246697144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entangled+Religions&rft.atitle=Signs+of+YHWH%2C+God+of+the+Hebrews%2C+in+New+Kingdom+Egypt%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A246697144%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2363-6696&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.46586%2Fer.12.2021.9463&rft.aulast=Hen&rft.aufirst=Racheli+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd-nb.info%2F1258383969%2F34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHoffmeier2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffmeier, James K. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4616592">"Ancient Israel in Sinai"</a>. <i>Buried History, 41, 2005, 69-70</i>. Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">240–</span>45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buried+History%2C+41%2C+2005%2C+69-70&rft.atitle=Ancient+Israel+in+Sinai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E240-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Hoffmeier&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4616592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevyAdamsMuniz2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Levy" title="Thomas E. Levy">Levy, Thomas E.</a>; Adams, Russell B.; Muniz, Adolfo (January 2004). "Archaeology and the Shasu Nomads". In <a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Richard Elliott Friedman</a>; William Henry Propp (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BLaEv98ClkC&pg=PA66"><i>Le-David Maskil: A Birthday Tribute for David Noel Freedman</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. pp. 66–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-084-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-084-2"><bdi>978-1-57506-084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeology+and+the+Shasu+Nomads&rft.btitle=Le-David+Maskil%3A+A+Birthday+Tribute+for+David+Noel+Freedman&rft.pages=66-&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2004-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-084-2&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft.au=Adams%2C+Russell+B.&rft.au=Muniz%2C+Adolfo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BLaEv98ClkC%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrosby2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Grosby" title="Steven Grosby">Grosby, Steven</a> (2007). Leoussi, Athena (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aNuqBgAAQBAJ&q=Seir"><i>Nationalism and Ethnosymbolism: History, Culture and Ethnicity in the Formation of Nations</i></a>. 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In Coogan, Michael D.; Cheryl, J.; Stager, Lawrence (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ebaf.edu/bib/359725"><i>Scripture and Other Artifacts: Essays on the Bible and Archaeology in Honor of Philip J. King</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">230–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0664223648" title="Special:BookSources/0664223648"><bdi>0664223648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Early+Edom%3A+The+Relation+between+the+Literary+and+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.btitle=Scripture+and+Other+Artifacts%3A+Essays+on+the+Bible+and+Archaeology+in+Honor+of+Philip+J.+King&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E230-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0664223648&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ebaf.edu%2Fbib%2F359725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Robert D. 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Continuum International Publishing Group: <span class="nowrap">141–</span>143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9418.2011.00993.x">10.1111/j.1467-9418.2011.00993.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Religion+%26+Theology&rft.atitle=Cognitive+Perspectives+on+Israelite+Identity&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E143&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9418.2011.00993.x&rft.aulast=Nestor&rft.aufirst=Dermot+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9418.2011.00993.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRainey2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anson_Rainey" title="Anson Rainey">Rainey, Anson</a> (2008). 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Redford">Redford, Donald B.</a> (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egyptcanaanisrae00redf"><i>Egypt, Canaan and Israel In Ancient Times</i></a></span>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00086-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00086-7"><bdi>0-691-00086-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt%2C+Canaan+and+Israel+In+Ancient+Times&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-00086-7&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegyptcanaanisrae00redf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchneider2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Schneider_(Egyptologist)" title="Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)">Schneider, Thomas</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/156921207783876422">"The First Documented Occurence [sic] of the God Yahweh? (Book of the Dead Princeton "Roll 5")"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">113–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156921207783876422">10.1163/156921207783876422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Religions&rft.atitle=The+First+Documented+Occurence+%5Bsic%5D+of+the+God+Yahweh%3F+%28Book+of+the+Dead+Princeton+%22Roll+5%22%29&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E113-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156921207783876422&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F156921207783876422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShawJameson2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert, eds. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8HKDtlPuM2oC&pg=PA313">"Shasu"</a>. <i>Dictionary of Archaeology</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470751961" title="Special:BookSources/9780470751961"><bdi>9780470751961</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shasu&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Archaeology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780470751961&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8HKDtlPuM2oC%26pg%3DPA313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSivertsen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sivertsen, Barbara J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBNWqXHC0MYC&dq=%22Shasu+of+Seir%22&pg=PA118"><i>The Parting of the Sea: How Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and Plagues Shaped the Story of Exodus</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691137704" title="Special:BookSources/9780691137704"><bdi>9780691137704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parting+of+the+Sea%3A+How+Volcanoes%2C+Earthquakes%2C+and+Plagues+Shaped+the+Story+of+Exodus&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780691137704&rft.aulast=Sivertsen&rft.aufirst=Barbara+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBNWqXHC0MYC%26dq%3D%2522Shasu%2Bof%2BSeir%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSparks1998" class="citation book cs1">Sparks, Kenton L. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1w36q0h"><i>Ethnicity and Identity in Ancient Israel: Prolegomena to the Study of Ethnic Sentiments and Their Expression in the Hebrew Bible</i></a>. Eisenbrauns. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fj.ctv1w36q0h">10.5325/j.ctv1w36q0h</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781575065168" title="Special:BookSources/9781575065168"><bdi>9781575065168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5325/j.ctv1w36q0h">10.5325/j.ctv1w36q0h</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Identity+in+Ancient+Israel%3A+Prolegomena+to+the+Study+of+Ethnic+Sentiments+and+Their+Expression+in+the+Hebrew+Bible&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1w36q0h%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1w36q0h&rft.isbn=9781575065168&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Kenton+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5325%2Fj.ctv1w36q0h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStager2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stager" title="Lawrence Stager">Stager, Lawrence E.</a> (2001). 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Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">90–</span>129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195087070" title="Special:BookSources/0195087070"><bdi>0195087070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forging+an+Identity%3A+The+Emergence+of+Ancient+Israel&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E90-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0195087070&rft.aulast=Stager&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fixtheo.de%2FRecord%2F1589208420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVan_der_Toorn1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karel_van_der_Toorn" title="Karel van der Toorn">Van der Toorn, K.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC"><i>Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life</i></a>. 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(1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5Sm7BOubDYcC">"The Emergence of the Ammonites"</a>. In MacDonald, Burton; Younker, Randall W. (eds.). <i>Ancient Ammon</i>. BRILL. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10762-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10762-5"><bdi>978-90-04-10762-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Ammonites&rft.btitle=Ancient+Ammon&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10762-5&rft.aulast=Younker&rft.aufirst=Randall+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5Sm7BOubDYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYurco1986" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_J._Yurco" title="Frank J. Yurco">Yurco, Frank J.</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40001099">"Merenptah's Canaanite Campaign"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">189–</span>215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40001099">10.2307/40001099</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40001099">40001099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Research+Center+in+Egypt&rft.atitle=Merenptah%27s+Canaanite+Campaign&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40001099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40001099%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yurco&rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40001099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShasu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shasu&oldid=1276762627">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shasu&oldid=1276762627</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_contacts_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Foreign contacts of ancient Egypt">Foreign contacts of ancient Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Category:Semitic-speaking peoples">Semitic-speaking peoples</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_peoples_of_the_Near_East" title="Category:Ancient peoples of the Near East">Ancient peoples of the Near East</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Levant" title="Category:Ancient Levant">Ancient Levant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nomadic_groups_in_Eurasia" title="Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia">Nomadic groups in Eurasia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Category:Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period of Egypt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jezreel_Valley" title="Category:Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_WikiHiero_extension" title="Category:Pages using the WikiHiero extension">Pages using the WikiHiero extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Egyptian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text">Articles containing Ancient Egyptian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 February 2025, at 16:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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