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id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsch-iranische_Beziehungen" title="Deutsch-iranische Beziehungen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Deutsch-iranische Beziehungen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="روابط آلمان و ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط آلمان و ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_l%27Allemagne_et_l%27Iran" title="Relations entre l'Allemagne et l'Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre l'Allemagne et l'Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F%E2%80%93%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="יחסי איראן–גרמניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי איראן–גרמניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/50px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/75px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/100px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/53px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/79px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/105px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center">Embassy of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;">Embassy of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Germany–Iran relations</b> are the <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral relations">bilateral relations</a> between <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. Official diplomatic relations between Iran and Germany after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> began in 1939, when Iran opened its first diplomatic mission office in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, both countries′ <a href="/wiki/Predecessor_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Predecessor states">predecessor states</a> had maintained formal diplomatic relations since the end of 19th century. Germany has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, which was originally established in the court of <a href="/wiki/Naser_al-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Naser al-Din Shah Qajar">Naser al-Din Shah Qajar</a> in October 1884 and has been in the present building since 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran opened its embassy in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> in 1885.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany and Iran continued to have political relations well into World War II. In December 2022, Germany said it was "suspending state incentives to promote trade with Iran due to the repression of <a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 Iranian protests">demonstrators</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qajar_era">Qajar era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Qajar era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unofficial relations between the <a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> and Iran date to the early 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s dedication of his <i><a href="/wiki/West-%C3%B6stlicher_Divan" class="mw-redirect" title="West-östlicher Divan">West-östlicher Divan</a></i> (West-Eastern Divan) to <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> in 1819 is an illustration of how far back such cultural ties go.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar era</a>, with the increasing unpopularity of world powers in Persia such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, especially after the Treaties of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Turkmenchay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Gulistan</a> and the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Ayatollah_Mirza_Hassan_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi">Grand Ayatollah Mirza Hassan Shirazi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tobacco movement">Tobacco movement</a>, many Iranian intellectuals began searching for a "third force", which could be relied upon as a potential ally: Germany, which had largely remained out of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Great Game</a>. </p><p>When Iran's first modern university was first established, <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> preferred the hiring of Austrian and German professors for <a href="/wiki/Dar_ul-Funun_(Persia)" title="Dar ul-Funun (Persia)">Darolfonoon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even <a href="/wiki/Nasereddin_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasereddin Shah">Nasereddin Shah</a> supported the idea of hiring them to serve as Darolfonoon's faculty, despite political pressures towards the contrary.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that regard, it is even written that <a href="/wiki/Amir_Kabir" title="Amir Kabir">Amir Kabir</a> always showed interest in discussing the structural system of Germany's government and society as a model for modernizing his country.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_movement_of_Guilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist movement of Guilan">Constitutionalist movement of Guilan</a>, German soldiers were actively involved in training the popular army of <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Kuchak_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Kuchak Khan">Mirza Kuchak Khan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mirza's field commander was a German officer by the name <i>Major Von Pashen</i> who had joined the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_movement_of_Gilan" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist movement of Gilan">Jangal movement</a> after being released from a British prison in <a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a>: he was Mirza's closest ally. Another famous German agent in Iran (especially during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>) was <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wassmuss" title="Wilhelm Wassmuss">Wilhelm Wassmuss</a>, nicknamed the "German Lawrence". </p><p>Among commercial treaties, one can mention the June 6th, 1873 treaty signed in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> between <a href="/wiki/Prince_Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Bismarck">Prince Bismarck</a> and Mirza Hussein Khan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Pahlavi_era_and_Nazi_Germany">First Pahlavi era and Nazi Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: First Pahlavi era and Nazi Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936 head of Reichbank and the financial mastermind of Nazi Germany travelled to Tehran and many important commercial agreements were signed between the two countries. In 1939, Nazi Germany sent over 7500 books with racial tones advocating for greater collaboration between Aryan <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and Germans. In 1936, Iranians were classified as "pure blood Aryans" and thus were excluded from the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler himself declared Iran to be an "Aryan country."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Iranian railways were constructed by German engineers. Railway companies were specifically ordered to avoid employing any person of Jewish descent in any of its subdivisions. Many gentile anti-Semites were preparing for the Johoudkoshan (Massacre of the Jews) and were warning Jews in the streets to leave Iran while they could. Nazi Germany had nightly broadcasts in Persian and was calling many leading Iranian politicians who had anti-German tendencies "<a href="/wiki/Crypto-jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-jews">Crypto-jews</a>". Bahram Shahrukh, who was employed by German radio, performed fiery anti-Jewish broadcasts every night. In Purim 1941, Shahrukh promoted the idea of revenge for the massacre of the Purim in biblical times and suggested his Iranian followers attack the Jews. Nightly newspapers were distributed in Tehran and swastikas were often painted on Jewish homes and shops. In that time, Iranians had a very similar anti-Semitic worldview. While the Nazis villainized the Jews, Persians had a deep rooted hatred towards Arabs. </p><p>In order to fight the growing racial <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> among the Iranian population, many Jews and Arabs joined the Tudeh party and advocated for <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Even though Jews comprised less than 2 percent of the Iranian population, almost fifty percent of the members of the Tudeh party were Jewish. The Tudeh party was the only Iranian political party to accept Jews. Most writers for publications of the party were Jewish. Furthermore, many Iranian Jews viewed communism as a Jewish movement since many leading members of the communist revolution in Russia were Jewish and were looked upon favorably by Persian Jews. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg/220px-Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg/330px-Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg/440px-Iran_Parliament_speaker_Hitler_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Hassan_Khan_Esfandiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Hassan Khan Esfandiary">Hassan Esfandiary</a> and Mussa Nuri Esfandiari, the Iranian ambassador to the German Reich, meeting <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The shelling of Iran's parliament by the Russians and the signing of the 1919 treaty firmly planted the roots of suspicion against Britain and Russia. Many people were aware of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>'s speech in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> in 1898 calling on all Muslims to rely on him as a true friend.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> or the elder Reza Pahlavi's economic ties with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> began worrying the Allied states. Germany's modern state and economy highly impressed the Shah, and there were hundreds of Germans involved in every aspect of the state from setting up factories to building roads, railroads and bridges.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1936, the Hitler cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the Nuremberg Laws, as they were considered to be "pure Aryans".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdol_Hossein_Sardari" title="Abdol Hossein Sardari">Abdol Hossein Sardari</a>, an Iranian junior diplomat, tried to save many <a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a> from extermination by convincing many Nazi officials to leave them alone.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sardari was stationed in Paris at the time of the Nazi occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts led the Nazis to issue a directive that Iranian Jews should be exempt from wearing the yellow star of David. It is said that Sardari gave out between 500 and 1,000 Iranian passports, without the consent of his superiors. His actions are believed to have saved 2,000 to 3,000 Jewish lives, as passports were issued for entire families.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939, Germany provided Iran with the so-called German Scientific Library. The library contained over 7500 books selected "to convince Iranian readers... of the kinship between the National Socialist Reich and the Aryan culture of Iran".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn between the Shah and Hitler, and praises were given to the charisma and the virtue of the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many decades, Iran and Germany had cultivated ties, partly as a counter to the imperial ambitions of Britain and Russia (later the Soviet Union). Trading with the Germans appealed to Iran because they did not have a history of imperialism in the region, unlike the British and the Russians. </p><p>From 1939 to 1941, Iran's top foreign trade partner (nearly 50% of its total trade) was Germany, which helped Iran in opening modern sea and air communications with the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demands from the Allies for the expulsion of German residents in Iran, mostly workers and diplomats, were refused by the Shah. A British embassy report in 1940, estimated that there were almost 1,000 German nationals in Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Iran's <i><a href="/wiki/Ettelaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ettelaat">Ettelaat</a></i> newspaper, there were actually 690 German nationals in Iran (out of a total of 4,630 foreigners, including 2,590 British).<sup id="cite_ref-fouman.com_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fouman.com-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jean Beaumont estimates that "probably more than 3,000" Germans actually lived in Iran, but they were believed to have a disproportionate influence because of their employment in strategic government industries and Iran's transport and communications network".<sup id="cite_ref-JCH_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JCH-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 215–216">: 215–216 </span></sup> </p><p>However, the Iranians also began to reduce their trade with the Germans under Allied demands.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reza Shah even though in close ties with Axis, sought to appear neutral and to keep the Allies close, which was becoming increasingly difficult with the British and Soviet demands on Iran. Many British forces were already present in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a> earlier in 1941. Thus, British troops were stationed on the western border of Iran prior to the invasion. </p><p>In 1941, Because of his heavy Nazi tendencies, and out of fear of another genocide of semites taking place, the Allies forced Reza Shah to abdicate the throne to his son, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a>. His followers, who refused the British occupation of Iran, such as <a href="/wiki/Fazlollah_Zahedi" title="Fazlollah Zahedi">Fazlollah Zahedi</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hosein_Airom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hosein Airom">Mohammad Hosein Airom</a>, shared similar fates. The British believed that Zahedi was planning a mass uprising against Allies, in cooperation with Nazi forces. He was arrested and found with German weapons and correspondence from a German agent. He was flown out of the country and interned in Palestine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG/220px-Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG/330px-Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG/440px-Signed_Photograph_of_Adolf_Hitler_and_His_Best_Wishes_for_Reza_Shah_Pahlavi_-_Sahebgharanie_Palace_-_Niavaran_Palace.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2004" data-file-height="3058" /></a><figcaption>Signed Photograph of Adolf Hitler for Reza Shah Pahlavi in Original Frame with the Swastika and Adolf Hitler's (AH) Sign - Sahebgharanie Palace - Niavaran Palace Complex. The text below the photograph: His Imperial Majesty - Reza Shah Pahlavi - Shahanshah of Iran - With the Best Wishes - Berlin 12 March 1936 - The signature of Adolf Hitler</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Pahlavi_era">Second Pahlavi era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second Pahlavi era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Postwar, Iran fell as hard as other Axis members. It came under the inescapable diplomatic shadow of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, which reduced the chances of further deepening relations between <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>. Many Nazi generals and soldiers who fled the war, sought refugee in Iran, resulting in the continuation of Nazi ideologies and organizations in Iran. In commercial links, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> still remained well ahead of other European countries, even the United States, until 1974.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1972, after the visit to <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> of West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a>, Iran and West Germany signed an economic agreement to provide for Iranian exports of oil and natural gas to Germany, with West German exports to and investments in Iran in return. However, given its huge surplus in foreign trade in 1974 and 1975, the Iranian government bought 25% of the shares of <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp Hüttenwerke</a> (German for <i><a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> plants</i>), the steel subsidiary of the German conglomerate Krupp, in September 1974. That provided the much-needed cash injection to Krupp, it also gave Iran access to German expertise to expand its <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industry. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> nuclear power plant was also designed and partially built by the German <a href="/wiki/Kraftwerk_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraftwerk Union">Kraftwerk Union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a>, meanwhile, an agreement was inked. Along with the agreement, a letter of intent was also signed on November 10 by which the <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> firm would construct four new 1,200-megawatt nuclear power stations in Iran over the next ten years. The letter was signed by the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_Energy_Organization_of_Iran" title="Atomic Energy Organization of Iran">Atomic Energy Organization of Iran</a> and a director of <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> on behalf of Kraftwerk Union. The four new plants were to be built in pairs, two in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> and two in the <a href="/wiki/Markazi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Province">Markazi Province</a>, probably near <a href="/wiki/Saveh" title="Saveh">Saveh</a>. The target date for the first plant to go on stream was 1984, with another plant expected to become operational in each of the following three years. Kraftwerk Union was already building two similar-sized nuclear power stations near <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, while a French consortium headed by the <a href="/wiki/Creusot-Loire" title="Creusot-Loire">Creusot-Loire</a> subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Framatome" title="Framatome">Framatome</a> was building two 900-megawatt nuclear plants along the <a href="/wiki/Karun_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Karun River">Karun River</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, West Germany became the second supplier of non-military goods to Iran. Valued at $404 million, West German imports amounted to nearly one-fifth of total Iranian imports.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the European country with the largest Iranian expatriate community, West Germany had the Shah's visits become the focus of much protest in the 1970s. As repression in Iran became more intense, the demonstrations became more vigorous. Many of Iran's intellectual ayatollahs, such as <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Mohammad_Beheshti" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Mohammad Beheshti">Ayatollah Beheshti</a> actually spent some years in cities like <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_Iranian_Revolution">Since Iranian Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Since Iranian Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg/220px-Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg/330px-Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg/440px-Iranisches_Generalkonsulat_in_Hamburg-Winterhude.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Iranian Consulate in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. There are a reported 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Germany" title="Iranians in Germany">Iranians living in Germany</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hans-Dietrich_Genscher" title="Hans-Dietrich Genscher">Hans-Dietrich Genscher</a> was the first Western <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign minister</a> to visit Iran after the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in 1979, visiting Iran in 1984. </p><p>Although <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> was a key technology supplier to <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, especially to Saddam's chemical weapons program,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany also kept open relations with Iran in some industrial and civilian technological sectors. </p><p>After the war, Germany increasingly became a primary trading partner of Iran, with German goods worth about 3.6 billion <a href="/wiki/Euros" class="mw-redirect" title="Euros">euros</a> being imported into Iran in 2004. </p><p>The 1992 <a href="/wiki/Mykonos_restaurant_assassinations" title="Mykonos restaurant assassinations">Mykonos restaurant assassinations</a> and Mykonos Trial in Berlin severely soured relations. On September 17, 1992, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people#Kurds_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish Iranian</a> insurgent leaders <a href="/wiki/Sadegh_Sharafkandi" title="Sadegh Sharafkandi">Sadegh Sharafkandi</a>, Fattah Abdoli, Homayoun Ardalan and their translator Nouri Dehkordi were assassinated at the Mykonos Greek restaurant, in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In the Mykonos trial, the courts found <a href="/wiki/Kazem_Darabi" title="Kazem Darabi">Kazem Darabi</a>, an Iranian national, who worked as a grocer in Berlin, and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> Abbas Rhayel, guilty of murder and sentenced them to life in prison. Two other Lebanese, Youssef Amin and Mohamed Atris, were convicted of being accessories to murder. In its 10 April 1997 ruling, the court issued an international arrest warrant for Iranian intelligence minister Hojjat al-Islam <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fallahian" title="Ali Fallahian">Ali Fallahian</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after it declared that the assassination had been ordered by him with knowledge of Supreme Leader <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Rafsanjani">Ayatollah Rafsanjani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2004 letter to Berlin Mayor <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Wowereit" title="Klaus Wowereit">Klaus Wowereit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a>, the then mayor of <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, objected to the commemorative plaque in front of the restaurant and called it an insult to Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1999, a German, Helmut Hofer, was arrested in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> after he had an affair with an Iranian woman. That caused some tremors in the domestic political landscape and the diplomatic relations of Tehran-Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That was followed in 2005, when a German angler on vacation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> was arrested in the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and convicted to a prison sentence of 18 months. In 2009 a German lawyer, Andreas Moser, was arrested during the protests against the 2009 elections but was released after one week.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2005, the hardline Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> stirred relations with comments directed against the Jewish <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Tehran's tensions with Germany and most of the rest of Europe have eased considerably in recent years after the election of the more moderate <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> as president in 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s_to_2010s">2000s to 2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2000s to 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg/220px-FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg/330px-FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg/440px-FM_Javad_Zarif_meeting_German_FM_Frank-Walter_Steinmeier_in_Tehran_139411132358185167028224.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>German Foreign Minister (now President) <a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a> meeting with Iranian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Javad_Zarif" title="Mohammad Javad Zarif">Mohammad Javad Zarif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 4 February 2006, the day that the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> Board of Governors voted to refer ("report") Iran's case to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="German Chancellor">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> told the annual <a href="/wiki/Munich_Security_Conference" title="Munich Security Conference">Munich Conference on Security Policy</a> that the world must act to stop Iran from developing a nuclear bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-cnnde_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnnde-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Germany having been one of the three <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> countries that had negotiated with Iran for two-and-a-half years in a bid to persuade Iran to stop its <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a> program, Merkel said that Iran was a threat to both Europe and Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2015, Germany was the <a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">only non-UNSC nation that signed</a>, along with the five <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council">UN Security Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">five permanent members</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> (JCPOA) with Iran, an agreement on the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iranian nuclear program</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">U.S. withdrawal from the JCPOA</a> in May 2018, Germany, along with the two other EU state signatories to the JCPOA (E3), issued a joint statement, which said, "It is with regret and concern that we, the Leaders of France, Germany and the United Kingdom take note of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>’s decision to withdraw the United States of America from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. Together, we emphasise our continuing commitment to the JCPoA. This agreement remains important for our shared security"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 2020, Germany was among the E3 states that jointly formally informed the EU that they had registered their "concerns that Iran [was] not meeting its commitments under the JCPoA" and thereby triggered the dispute resolution mechanism under the JCPOA, a move that they said had "the overarching objective of preserving the JCPoA".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The move was thought to be aimed at pushing the sides back to the negotiating table.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2020, in the first coordinated move by the three countries, Germany, France and the UK summoned Iranian ambassadors in a joint diplomatic protest against Iran's detention of dual nationals and its treatment of political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2020, Iran's Foreign Ministry summoned the envoys from France and Germany, which held the EU rotating <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_Council_of_the_European_Union" title="Presidency of the Council of the European Union">presidency</a>, to protest French and EU criticism of the execution of the journalist <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Zam" title="Ruhollah Zam">Ruhollah Zam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">amid severe crackdown on ongoing protests by the Iranian government</a>, the German government urged German citizens (concerning, "above all", dual German-Iranian citizens) to leave Iran, upon reported risks of arbitrary detentions and long prison terms.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November, the German parliament passed a comprehensive package of measures against the Islamic Republic following a session on the current situation in Iran, intended to increase pressure on the regime in Tehran.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to Iran sentencing German national <a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Sharmahd" title="Jamshid Sharmahd">Jamshid Sharmahd</a> to death in February 2023, Germany summoned Iran's <a href="/wiki/Charg%C3%A9_d%27affaires" title="Chargé d'affaires">chargé d'affaires</a>, declared two employees of the Iranian embassy personae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Annalena_Baerbock" title="Annalena Baerbock">Annalena Baerbock</a> said that Germany would "not accept this massive breach of a German citizen's rights."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retaliation, Iran declared two German diplomats as personae non gratae and ordered them to leave the country, accusing Germany of interfering in its judicial affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2024, Iran’s foreign ministry summoned the ambassadors of Britain, France, and Germany to question what it referred to as their "irresponsible stance" regarding its <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">drone and missile attack against Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2024, Iran's foreign ministry summoned the German ambassador over Germany's decision to ban the Islamic Centre Hamburg (IZH) association; the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_the_Interior_(Germany)" title="Federal Ministry of the Interior (Germany)">Federal Ministry of the Interior</a> had argued the IZH acted as a direct representative of Iran's Supreme Leader and sought to bring about an Islamic revolution in Germany that would create theocratic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, Germany announced that it would shut all three Iranian consulates on its territory in reaction to the execution of German-Iranian national <a href="/wiki/Jamshid_Sharmahd" title="Jamshid Sharmahd">Jamshid Sharmahd</a> but allowed the embassy to remain open.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trade">Trade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Germany" title="Economy of Germany">Economy of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div> <p>Around 50 German firms have their own branch offices in Iran, and more than 12,000 firms have their own trade representatives in Iran. Several renowned German companies are involved in major Iranian infrastructure projects,l especially in the petrochemical sector, like <a href="/wiki/The_Linde_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linde Group">Linde</a>, <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lurgi_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Lurgi AG">Lurgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen" title="ZF Friedrichshafen">ZF Friedrichshafen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAN_SE" title="MAN SE">MAN</a> (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-payvand1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, Germany had the largest share of Iran's export market with $5.67 billion (14.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, German exports to Iran increased 8.9% and were 84.7% of the total German-Iranian trade volume. </p><p>The overall bilateral trade volume until the end of September 2008 stood at 3.23 billion <a href="/wiki/Euros" class="mw-redirect" title="Euros">euros</a>, compared to 2.98 billion euros the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-payvand1_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of trade between Tehran and Berlin has increased from around 4.3 billion euro in 2009 to nearly 4.7 billion euro in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to German sources, around 80% of machinery and equipment in Iran is of German origin.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The German Chambers of Industry and Commerce (DIHK) has estimated that economic <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">sanctions against Iran</a> may cost more than 10,000 German jobs and have a negative impact on the economic growth of Germany. Sanctions would hurt especially medium-sized German companies, which depend heavily on trade with Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-payvand1_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-payvand1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There has been a shift in German business ties with Iran from long-term business to short-term and from large to mid-sized companies that have fewer business interests in the US and thus are less prone to American political pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 100 German companies have branches in Iran and more than 1000 businesses work through sales agents, according to the German-Iranian Chamber of Industry and Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the official agreement between Iran and the West during the <a href="/wiki/Iran_nuclear_deal" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran nuclear deal">Iran nuclear deal</a>, Germany's economic relations with Iran began increasing once more. German exports to Iran grew more than 27% from 2015 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 20 October 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_German_Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of German Banks">Association of German Banks</a> stated that exports from Germany to Iran have reduced to 1.8 billion euros since January.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2022, Germany cancelled all export guarantees for companies dealing with Iran as a reaction to violent protests in the Islamic republic. German business deals with Iran were booming prior to 2022, as it exported €1.2 billion worth of goods, mostly automobile parts and pharmaceuticals. Iran has the largest automotive market in the Middle East region and many of the world’s car makers intend to enter or re-enter Iran’s market after sanctions are lifted.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resident_diplomatic_missions">Resident diplomatic missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Resident diplomatic missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Germany has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>.</li> <li>Iran has an embassy in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and consulates-general in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of Iran in Berlin"><img alt="Embassy of Iran in Berlin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg/120px-Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg/180px-Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg/240px-Iran-Botschaft-Berlin-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of Iran in Berlin</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Embassy_School_Tehran" title="German Embassy School Tehran">German Embassy School Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Germany" title="Iranians in Germany">Iranians in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Erbel" title="Bernd Erbel">Bernd Erbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">Iran–EU relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teheran.diplo.de/ir-fa/botschaft/-/2113150">History of the embassy office building and ambassador residence</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berlin.mfa.ir/portal/generalcategoryservices/4991">Background and general status of bilateral relations between Iran and Germany</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/germanys-relationship-with-iran-under-fire-as-weak-link-against-regime">"Germany's relationship with Iran under fire as weak link against regime"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Germany%27s+relationship+with+Iran+under+fire+as+weak+link+against+regime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fworld%2Fgermanys-relationship-with-iran-under-fire-as-weak-link-against-regime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Iran+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Influence of India and Persia on the Poetry of Germany.</i> Arthur Frank Joseph Remy. 1901. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Press. MacMillan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>قهرمانان ملی ایران</i>. Vol 3. عبدالرفیع حقیقت (A. Haghighat). 2004. p.77, 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As quoted by J. Polak in: <i>قهرمانان ملی ایران</i>. Vol 3. عبدالرفیع حقیقت (A. Haghighat). 2004. p.84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>قهرمانان ملی ایران</i>. Vol 3. عبدالرفیع حقیقت (A. Haghighat). 2004. p.78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Clawson" title="Patrick Clawson">Patrick Clawson</a>. <i>Eternal Iran</i>. Palgrave. 2005. Coauthored with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rubin_(historian)" title="Michael Rubin (historian)">Michael Rubin</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6276-6">1-4039-6276-6</a> p.48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlireza_Asgharzadeh" class="citation book cs1">Alireza Asgharzadeh. <i>Iran and the Challenge of Diversity: Islamic Fundamentalism, Aryanist Racism, and Democratic Struggles</i>. pp. 91–94. <q>The Nazis found a favorable climate amongst the Iranian elite to spread fascistic and racist propaganda. The Nazi propaganda machine advocated the (supposedly) common Aryan ancestry of "the two Nations." In order to further cultivate racist tendencies, in 1936 the Reich Cabinet issued a special decree exempting Iranians from the restrictions of the Nuremberg Racial Laws on the grounds that they were 'pure-blooded' Aryans ... In various pro-Nazi publications, lectures, speeches, and ceremonies, parallels were drawn among Reza Shah, Hitler, and Mussolini to emphasize the charismatic resemblance among these leaders.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+and+the+Challenge+of+Diversity%3A+Islamic+Fundamentalism%2C+Aryanist+Racism%2C+and+Democratic+Struggles&rft.pages=91-94&rft.au=Alireza+Asgharzadeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Iran+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hiro, Dilip (1987). Iran Under the Ayatollahs. Routledge & Kegan Paul Inc, p. 296</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddie, Nikki R "Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution", New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006 p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sidelights on Germany</i>. Michael A. Morrison. 1918. p.80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Neglected Garden: The Politics and Ecology of Agriculture in Iran</i> Keith Stanley McLachlan. 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-045-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-045-4">1-85043-045-4</a> p.40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Russia and the West in Iran 1918-1948.</i> George Lenczowski. 1949. pp. 160-161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhren" class="citation web cs1">Ahren, Raphael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/beating-the-nazis-at-their-own-game/">"Beating the Nazis at their own game"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Beating+the+Nazis+at+their+own+game&rft.aulast=Ahren&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fbeating-the-nazis-at-their-own-game%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Iran+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Operation "Sea Lion"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>", <i>The Second World War : Their Finest Hour</i>, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781472582133.ch-015">10.5040/9781472582133.ch-015</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395410561" title="Special:BookSources/9780395410561"><bdi>9780395410561</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Second+World+War+%3A+Their+Finest+Hour&rft.atitle=Operation+%22Sea+Lion%22&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781472582133.ch-015&rft.isbn=9780395410561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Iran+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenczowski. 1944, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rezun. 1982, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+fails+to+prevent+Germany+freeing+Iranian&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft.aulast=Melman&rft.aufirst=Yossi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fhasen%2Fspages%2F911622.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Iran+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakakian,_Roya2007" class="citation web cs1">Hakakian, Roya (2007-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/0,1518,476369,00.html">"The End of the Dispensable Iranian"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=The+End+of+the+Dispensable+Iranian&rft.date=2007-10-04&rft.au=Hakakian%2C+Roya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2F0%2C1518%2C476369%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermany%E2%80%93Iran+relations" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,1184162,00.html">"Germany and Iran Embroiled in Diplomatic Spat"</a>. <i>Deutsche Welle</i>. 28 April 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(DECEMBER 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/international/article-725057">"Germany earned over $1 billion from Iran trade amid Tehran’s repression"</a> jpost. Accessed 25 March 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shandaconsult.com/volkswagen-restarts-business-iran/">Volkswagen restarts doing business in Iran</a> <i>Shanda Consult</i>, Accessed 25 March 2023.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germany%E2%80%93Iran_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relations_of_Germany_and_Iran" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Relations of Germany and Iran">Relations of Germany and Iran</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/germany-i">"Germany I: German-Persian diplomatic relations"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, by Oliver Bast</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/germany-i">"Germany V: German travelers and explorers in Persia"</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></i>, by Oliver Bast</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranian.com/PhotoDay/2002/December/nou.html">Iranian.com article</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/laenderinfos/laender/laender_ausgabe_html?type_id=14&land_id=63">Another informational link</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=232936">A chance to improve Germany-Iran relations</a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</a> article (2010)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Germany&#124;link=Germany_Foreign_relations_of_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Germany">Foreign relations of Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Algeria–Germany relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Angola–Germany relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cameroon–Germany relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Central African Republic–Germany relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Germany relations">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Egypt–Germany relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Eritrea–Germany relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ethiopia–Germany relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ghana_relations" title="Germany–Ghana relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guinea_relations" title="Germany–Guinea relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="Germany–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Germany–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="Germany–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Germany–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="Germany–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="Germany–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="Germany–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Germany–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="Germany–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="Germany–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="Germany–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="Germany–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Germany–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Germany–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="Germany–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Somaliland_relations" title="Germany–Somaliland relations">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Germany–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="Germany–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Germany–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="Germany–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="Germany–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="Germany–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany-Zimbabwe_relations" title="Germany-Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deutscher Bundesadler"><img alt="Deutscher Bundesadler" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Argentina–Germany relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Barbados–Germany relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bolivia–Germany relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brazil–Germany relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Canada–Germany relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Chile–Germany relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Colombia–Germany relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cuba–Germany relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Ecuador–Germany relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Guyana_relations" title="Germany–Guyana relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Germany–Haiti relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="Germany–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Germany–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="Germany–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="Germany–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="Germany–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Germany–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Germany–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Afghanistan–Germany relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bahrain–Germany relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bangladesh–Germany relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Bhutan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Germany–Bhutan relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Brunei–Germany relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cambodia–Germany relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="China–Germany relations">China</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_relations" title="Germany–Hong Kong relations">Hong Kong</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="Germany–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Germany–Iraq relations">Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kurdistan_Region_relations" title="Germany–Kurdistan Region relations">Kurdistan Region</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_German_consuls_in_Jerusalem,_Jaffa,_Haifa_and_Eilat" title="List of German consuls in Jerusalem, Jaffa, Haifa and Eilat">Consuls in Haifa and Eilat</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Germany–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Germany–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Germany–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Germany–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="Germany–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Germany–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Germany–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="Germany–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="Germany–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="Germany–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="Germany–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Germany–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Germany–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Germany–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Germany–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Germany–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Germany–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Germany–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="Germany–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Germany–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Germany–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Germany–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="Germany–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Germany–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Germany–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Germany–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Germany–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Germany–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Germany–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Germany–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Albania–Germany relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Armenia–Germany relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Germany relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Austria–Germany relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belarus–Germany relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Belgium–Germany relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Germany relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Bulgaria–Germany relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Croatia–Germany relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Cyprus–Germany relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Czech Republic–Germany relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Denmark–Germany relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Estonia–Germany relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Finland–Germany relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="France–Germany relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Georgia–Germany relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Germany–Greece relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Holy_See_relations" title="Germany–Holy See relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Hungary_relations" title="Germany–Hungary relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Iceland_relations" title="Germany–Iceland relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="Germany–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Germany–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Germany–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="Germany–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="Germany–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="Germany–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="Germany–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="Germany–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Montenegro_relations" title="Germany–Montenegro relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Germany–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="Germany–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="Germany–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Germany–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Germany–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Germany–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Germany–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Germany–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="Germany–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="Germany–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Germany–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Germany–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Germany–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Germany–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Germany–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Germany_relations" title="Australia–Germany relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="Germany–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="Germany–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_Nazi_Germany_and_the_Arab_world" title="Relations between Nazi Germany and the Arab world">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_entry_into_World_War_I" title="German entry into World War I">German entry into World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">China before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations,_1918%E2%80%931941" title="Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941">Soviet Union before 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_German_relations" title="Inner German relations">Inner German relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostpolitik" title="Ostpolitik">Ostpolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Germany–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassadors of Nazi Germany">Ambassadors of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Foreign relations of Nazi Germany">Foreign relations of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign policy of East Germany">Foreign relations of East Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">Federal Foreign Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Germany)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Germany)">Foreign ministers of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions of Germany">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Germany" title="List of diplomatic missions in Germany">in Germany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_ambassadors_of_Germany" title="Lists of ambassadors of Germany">Ambassadors of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_United_Nations" title="Germany and the United Nations">Germany and the United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Iran&#124;link=Iran_Foreign_relations_of_Iran" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Algeria–Iran relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Burkina Faso–Iran relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Egypt–Iran relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–Iran relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ghana–Iran relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="Iran–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="Iran–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="Iran–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="Iran–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Iran–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="Iran–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="Iran–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Argentina–Iran relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bolivia–Iran relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Brazil–Iran relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Canada–Iran relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Cuba–Iran relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Ecuador–Iran relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="Iran–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations_after_1979" title="Iran–United States relations after 1979">after 1979</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="Iran–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="Iran–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Afghanistan–Iran relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Armenia–Iran relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Iran relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bahrain–Iran relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bangladesh–Iran relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Georgia–Iran relations">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="History of Georgia–Iran relations">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Indonesia–Iran relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="Iran–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="Iran–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="Iran–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="Iran–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="Iran–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="Iran–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Iran–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="Iran–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="Iran–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="Iran–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="Iran–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="Iran–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="Iran–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="Iran–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Iran–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="Iran–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Iran–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="Iran–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="Iran–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="Iran–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="Iran–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="Iran–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="Iran–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="Iran–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Albania–Iran relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Belarus–Iran relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–Iran relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Croatia–Iran relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czech Republic–Iran relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Denmark–Iran relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Finland–Iran relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="France–Iran relations">France</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Greece–Iran relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Holy See–Iran relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Hungary–Iran relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="Iran–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="Iran–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="Iran–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="Iran–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="Iran–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Iran–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Iran–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Iran–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="Iran–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="Iran–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="Iran–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Iran–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Australia–Iran relations">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–Iran relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Iranian_relations" title="Roman–Iranian relations">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="Iran–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="Arab League–Iran relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Iran–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran#NATO" title="Foreign relations of Iran">NATO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab–Israeli alliance against Iran">Israeli–Sunni Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Iran">Sanctions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_sanctions_against_Iran" title="United States sanctions against Iran">U.S. sanctions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Minister of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions of Iran">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Iran" title="List of diplomatic missions in Iran">in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_(Iran)#Trade_Promotion_Organization" title="Ministry of Commerce (Iran)">Trade Promotion Organization of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">Iranian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors from Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Masoud_Pezeshkian_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration">Foreign policy of the Masoud Pezeshkian administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany–Iran_relations&oldid=1256745224">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germany–Iran_relations&oldid=1256745224</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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