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The Aqua Appia was one of two major public projects of the time; the other was a military road between Rome and [[Capua]], the first leg of the so-called [[Appian Way]]. Both projects had significant strategic value, as the [[Third Samnite War]] had been under way for some thirty years by that point. The road allowed rapid troop movements; and by design or fortunate coincidence, most of the Aqua Appia ran within a buried conduit, relatively secure from attack. It was fed by a spring 16.4&nbsp;km from Rome, and dropped 10 m over its length to discharge approximately 75,500 m<sup>3</sup> of water each day into a fountain at Rome's cattle market, the [[Forum Boarium]], one of the city's lowest-lying public spaces.<ref>The Roman general and hydraulic engineer [[Frontinus]] later calculated its delivery at 1825 [[quinaria]]e (75,537 cubic meters) in 24 hours; see Samuel Ball Platner (1929, as completed and revised by Thomas Ashby): ''[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Aqua_Appia.html A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome]''. London: Oxford University. p. 29.</ref> A second aqueduct, the [[Aqua Anio Vetus]], was commissioned some forty years later, funded by treasures seized from [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]]. Its flow was more than twice that of the Aqua Appia, and supplied water to higher elevations of the city.<ref>Sextus Julius [[Frontinus]]. ''The Aqueducts of Rome''. pp. 1, 6–20.</ref> By 145 BC, the city had again outgrown its combined supplies. An official commission found the aqueduct conduits decayed, their water depleted by leakage and illegal tapping. The praetor [[Quintus Marcius Rex (praetor 144 BC)|Quintus Marcius Rex]] restored them, and introduced a third, "more wholesome" supply, the [[Aqua Marcia]], Rome's longest aqueduct and high enough to supply the [[Capitoline Hill]]. As demand grew still further, more aqueducts were built, including the [[Aqua Tepula]] in 127 BC and the [[Aqua Julia]] in 33 BC. Aqueduct building programmes in the city reached a peak in the Imperial Era; political credit and responsibility for provision of public water supplies passed from mutually competitive Republican political magnates to the emperors. Augustus' reign saw the building of the [[Aqua Virgo]], and the short [[Aqua Alsietina]]. The latter supplied [[Trastevere]] with large quantities of non-potable water for its gardens and was used to create an artificial lake for staged [[Naumachia|sea-fights]] to entertain the populace. [[Aqua Augusta (Rome)|Another short Augustan aqueduct]] supplemented the Aqua Marcia with water of "excellent quality".<ref name="Frontinus">The Aqua Alsietina was also known as "Aqua Augusta"; Frontinus distinguishes its "unwholesome" supply from the "sweet waters" of the Aqua Augusta that fed into the Aqua Marcia. On the one hand, he says the Naumachia's supply is "nowhere delivered for consumption by the people... [but the surplus is allowed] to the adjacent gardens and to private users for irrigation". On the other hand, "It is customary, however, in the district across the Tiber, in an emergency, whenever the bridges are undergoing repairs and the water supply is cut off from this side of the river, to draw from Alsietina to maintain the flow of the public fountains." Frontinus, ''The Aqueducts of Rome'' 1, 6–20.</ref> The emperor [[Caligula]] added or began two aqueducts completed by his successor [[Claudius]]; the 69&nbsp;km (42.8 mile) [[Aqua Claudia]], which gave good quality water but failed on several occasions; and the [[Anio Novus]], highest of all Rome's aqueducts and one of the most reliable but prone to muddy, discoloured waters, particularly after rain, despite its use of settling tanks.<ref name="penelope.uchicago.edu">[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Frontinus/De_Aquis/Rodgers/1**.html#1.6 Sextus Julius Frontinus, ''The Aqueducts of Rome'', 1.6–20]</ref> Most of Rome's aqueducts drew on various springs in the valley and highlands of the Anio, the modern river [[Aniene]], east of the Tiber. A complex system of aqueduct junctions, tributary feeds and distribution tanks supplied every part of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.maquettes-historiques.net/P9.html|title=The Aqueducts |first=André|last=Caron |website=www.maquettes-historiques.net|access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref> Trastevere, the city region west of the Tiber, was primarily served by extensions of several of the city's eastern aqueducts, carried across the river by lead pipes buried in the roadbed of the river bridges, thus forming an [[Siphon#Inverted Siphon|inverted siphon]].<ref>Taylor, Rabun, M., (2002), ''[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/waters/Journal2TaylorNew.pdf#page=16 Tiber River bridges and the development of the ancient city of Rome]'', pp. 16–17, accessed 22 June 2013</ref> Whenever this cross-river supply had to be shut down for routine repair and maintenance works, the "positively unwholesome" waters of the Aqua Alsietina were used to supply Trastevere's public fountains.<ref name="Frontinus"/> The situation was finally ameliorated when the emperor [[Trajan]] built the [[Aqua Traiana]] in 109 AD, bringing clean water directly to Trastavere from aquifers around [[Lake Bracciano]].<ref>Hodge, A. Trevor, ''Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply'', Duckworth Archaeology, 2002, pp. 255–256, and note 43.</ref> By the late 3rd century AD, the city was supplied with water by eleven state-funded aqueducts. Their combined conduit length is estimated between 780 and a little over 800 km, of which approximately {{convert|47|km|abbr=on}} were carried above ground level, on masonry supports. Most of Rome's water was carried by four of these: the Aqua Anio Vetus, the Aqua Marcia, the Aqua Claudia and the Aqua Anio Novus. Modern estimates of the city's supply, based on Frontinus' own calculations in the late 1st century, range from a high of 1,000,000 m<sup>3</sup> per day to a more conservative 520,000–635,000 m<sup>3</sup> per day, supplying an estimated population of 1,000,000.<ref>Brun, (1991) p. 99; Brun, (2013), pp. 306–307; population estimate, Carcopino, (1940), p. 18, cited in Brun, (1991).</ref> </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"></div><p id="mw-returnto">Return to <a href="/wiki/Roman_aqueduct" title="Roman aqueduct">Roman aqueduct</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_aqueduct</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks catlinks-allhidden" data-mw="interface"></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roman_aqueduct&action=edit&section=2&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-pf6zg","wgBackendResponseTime":264,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.073","walltime":"0.096","ppvisitednodes":{"value":418,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":17740,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6556,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":469,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 67.266 1 -total"," 99.82% 67.144 2 Template:Blocked_text"," 39.67% 26.686 1 Template:Colocationwebhost"," 39.51% 26.574 2 Template:Replace"," 35.65% 23.979 1 Template:Hidden"," 15.14% 10.185 1 Template:Tlx"," 14.33% 9.640 1 Template:Hidden_begin"," 2.74% 1.842 1 Template:Hidden_end"," 2.52% 1.693 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake"," 2.17% 1.457 1 MediaWiki:Wikimedia-globalblocking-blockedtext-mistake-email-steward"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.015","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":1043311,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-pf6zg","timestamp":"20241128025805","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>