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href="/wiki/Nonprobability_sampling" title="Nonprobability sampling">nonprobability sample</a> of participants <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-select</a> into participation. The term includes call-in, mail-in, and some online polls. </p><p>The most common examples of open-access polls ask people to phone a number, click a voting option on a <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">website</a>, or return a <a href="/wiki/Coupon" title="Coupon">coupon</a> cut from a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a>. By contrast, professional polling companies use a variety of techniques to attempt to ensure that the polls they conduct are representative, reliable and scientific. The most glaring difference between an open-access poll and a scientific poll is that scientific polls typically <a href="/wiki/Random_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Random sample">randomly select</a> their samples and sometimes use statistical weights to make them representative of the target population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advantages_and_disadvantages">Advantages and disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-access_poll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Advantages and disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since participants in an open-access poll are volunteers rather than a <a href="/wiki/Random_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Random sample">random sample</a>, such polls represent the most interested individuals, just as in voting. In the case of political polls, such participants might be more <a href="/wiki/Likely_voters" class="mw-redirect" title="Likely voters">likely voters</a>. </p><p>Because no <a href="/wiki/Sampling_frame" title="Sampling frame">sampling frame</a> is used to draw the sample of participants, open-access polls may not have participants that represent the larger population. Indeed, they may be composed simply of individuals who happen to hear about the poll. As a consequence, the results of the poll cannot be generalized, but are only representative of the participants of the poll. </p><p>One example of an error produced by an open access-poll was one taken by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Digest" title="The Literary Digest">The Literary Digest</a></i> to predict the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election" title="1936 United States presidential election">1936 United States presidential election</a>. Similar polls by the magazine had correctly predicted the outcome of the four earlier presidential elections. The magazine's 1936 poll suggested that <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Landon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Landon">Alfred Landon</a> would defeat <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> by an overwhelming margin. In fact, the opposite happened. Later studies suggested that the main reason for the error was that Roosevelt's opponents were more vocal and thus more willing to respond to the magazine, compared to the <a href="/wiki/Silent_majority" title="Silent majority">silent majority</a> who supported Roosevelt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, scientific opinion polls taken by <a href="/wiki/George_Gallup" title="George Gallup">George Gallup</a> correctly showed a clear lead for Roosevelt, albeit still noticeably lower than what he achieved. </p><p>A way to minimize that bias is to weigh the results in order to make them more representative of the overall population. This does not make the results of the poll completely representative of the population but it does help increase the chances of the results representing the overall population. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Online_poll">Online poll</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-access_poll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Online poll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Votebots" class="mw-redirect" title="Votebots">Votebots</a></div> <p>An <b>online poll</b> is a survey in which participants communicate responses via the Internet, typically by completing a questionnaire in a web page. Online polls may allow anyone to participate, or they may be restricted to a sample drawn from a larger panel. The use of online panels has become increasingly popular and is now the single biggest research method in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of scientific online polling state that in practice their results are no less reliable than traditional polls, and that the problems faced by traditional polling, such as inadequate data for quota design and poor response rates for phone polls, can also lead to <a href="/wiki/Systemic_bias" title="Systemic bias">systemic bias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some others express the hope that careful choice of a panel of possible respondents may allow online polling to become a useful tool of analysis, but feel that this is rarely the case.<sup id="cite_ref-Dennis2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dennis2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voodoo_poll">Voodoo poll</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-access_poll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Voodoo poll"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>voodoo poll</b> (or <b>pseudo-poll</b>) is a pejorative description of an opinion poll with no statistical or scientific reliability, which is therefore not a good indicator of opinion on an issue. A voodoo poll will tend to involve <a href="/wiki/Self-selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-selection">self-selection</a>, will be unrepresentative of the target population, and is often very easy to rig by those with a <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan (political)">partisan</a> interest in the results of the poll.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was coined by Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Worcester" title="Robert Worcester">Robert Worcester</a>, founder of legitimate polling company <a href="/wiki/MORI" class="mw-redirect" title="MORI">MORI</a>, which he chaired for 36 years to June 2005, with special reference to "phone-in" polls. He used the term in British newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> on July 23, 1995 to show how easy it was to rig a phone-in poll by voting nine times. The term is still used to refer to unscientific, unrepresentative and unreliable polls.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthony2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthony2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-access_poll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biased_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Biased sample">Biased sample</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_polling" title="Social polling">Social polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vox_Populi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vox Populi">Voxpop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtak" title="Urtak">Urtak</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-access_poll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryson, Maurice C. ‘The Literary Digest Poll: Making of a Statistical Myth’ <i>The American Statistician</i>, 30(4):November 1976</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/259298/Why-the-1936-Literary-Digest-Poll-Failed">Squire, Peverill “Why the 1936 Literary Digest Poll Failed” <i>Public Opinion Quarterly</i>, 52:125–133 1988</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKerry_Sunderland2007" class="citation web cs1">Kerry Sunderland (October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amsrs.com.au/index.cfm?a=detail&eid=142&id=2672">"Push for online poll-arises opinions... or does it?"</a>. <i>Research News</i>. Australian Market and Social Research Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+News&rft.atitle=Push+for+online+poll-arises+opinions...+or+does+it%3F&rft.date=2007-10&rft.au=Kerry+Sunderland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amsrs.com.au%2Findex.cfm%3Fa%3Ddetail%26eid%3D142%26id%3D2672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-access+poll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-20361718_ITM">Peter Kellner, "Can online polls produce accurate findings?"</a>, <i>International Journal of Market Research</i>, Volume 46, Issue 1, Pages 3 - 22, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey_Taylor2007" class="citation web cs1">Humphrey Taylor (2007-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pollingreport.com/ht_online.htm">"The Case For Publishing (Some) Online Polls"</a>. <i>The Polling Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Polling+Report&rft.atitle=The+Case+For+Publishing+%28Some%29+Online+Polls&rft.date=2007-01-15&rft.au=Humphrey+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pollingreport.com%2Fht_online.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-access+poll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dennis2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dennis2002_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDennis_W._Johnson2002" class="citation journal cs1">Dennis W. Johnson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121211062559/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/101019680/ABSTRACT">"Elections and public polling: Will the media get online polling right?"</a>. <i>Psychology and Marketing</i>. <b>19</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1009–</span>1023. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmar.10050">10.1002/mar.10050</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/101019680/ABSTRACT">the original</a> on 2012-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychology+and+Marketing&rft.atitle=Elections+and+public+polling%3A+Will+the+media+get+online+polling+right%3F&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1009-%3C%2Fspan%3E1023&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmar.10050&rft.au=Dennis+W.+Johnson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fabstract%2F101019680%2FABSTRACT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-access+poll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatt2006" class="citation news cs1">Watt, Nicholas (2006-01-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politics.guardian.co.uk/eu/story/0,9061,1678066,00.html">"Eurosceptic party admits rigging BBC poll"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Eurosceptic+party+admits+rigging+BBC+poll&rft.date=2006-01-05&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitics.guardian.co.uk%2Feu%2Fstory%2F0%2C9061%2C1678066%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-access+poll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6222247.stm">"Hunting ban tops 'unpopular' poll"</a>. BBC News. 2007-01-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hunting+ban+tops+%27unpopular%27+poll&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6222247.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-access+poll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthony2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anthony2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_Wells2009" class="citation book cs1">Anthony Wells (May 24, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ukpollingreport.co.uk/blog/archives/2143"><i>Voodoo polling corner</i></a>. UK Polling Report blog<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voodoo+polling+corner&rft.pub=UK+Polling+Report+blog&rft.date=2009-05-24&rft.au=Anthony+Wells&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fukpollingreport.co.uk%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F2143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOpen-access+poll" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Open-access_poll&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doubletongued.org/citations.php/citations/voodoo_poll_1/">www.doubletongued.org's source for attributing "voodoo poll" definition to Sir Bob Worcester</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optiboard.com/forums/showpost.php?p=95975&postcount=117">Uses of "voodoo poll" in the media over past 15 years</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsvote.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4421518.stm?display=1">Example of a voodoo poll on public opinion on proposed anti-terror legislation in Britain on BBC Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.education.edean.org/pdf/Tool039.pdf">[1]</a> Reference to voodoo poll in academic article, page 11 of 31</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pollkholl.in">You can make groups, create poll for election and voting </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="X (social media platform)">X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untappd" title="Untappd">Untappd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_(app)" title="Vero (app)">Vero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(app)" title="Whisper (app)">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yik_Yak" title="Yik Yak">Yik Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behance" title="Behance">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainly" title="Brainly">Brainly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">HCL Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaborate" title="Solaborate">Solaborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_social_networking_services" title="List of defunct social networking services">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App.net" title="App.net">App.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsianAve" title="AsianAve">AsianAve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_United" title="Avatars United">Avatars United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(website)" title="Bolt (website)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BranchOut" title="BranchOut">BranchOut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capazoo" title="Capazoo">Capazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohost" title="Cohost">Cohost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EConozco" title="EConozco">eConozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmodo" title="Edmodo">Edmodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ello_(social_network)" title="Ello (social network)">Ello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emojli" title="Emojli">Emojli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWorld" title="EWorld">eWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyegroove" title="Eyegroove">Eyegroove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitFinder" title="FitFinder">FitFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriendFeed" title="FriendFeed">FriendFeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Google Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grono.net" title="Grono.net">Grono.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heello" title="Heello">Heello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_(social_network)" title="Hello (social network)">Hello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlight_(application)" title="Highlight (application)">Highlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houseparty_(app)" title="Houseparty (app)">Houseparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyves" title="Hyves">Hyves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IdeaPlane" title="IdeaPlane">IdeaPlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IGTV" title="IGTV">IGTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Ping" title="ITunes Ping">iTunes Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWiW" title="IWiW">iWiW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keek" title="Keek">Keek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koo_(social_network)" title="Koo (social network)">Koo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeknot" title="Lifeknot">Lifeknot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunarStorm" title="LunarStorm">LunarStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me2day" title="Me2day">Me2day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat_(app)" title="Meerkat (app)">Meerkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miiverse" title="Miiverse">Miiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixBit" title="MixBit">MixBit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobli" title="Mobli">Mobli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply_(website)" title="Multiply (website)">Multiply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natter_(social_network)" title="Natter (social network)">Natter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlog" title="Netlog">Netlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK.pl" title="NK.pl">NK.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(social_network)" title="Path (social network)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheed" title="Pheed">Pheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piczo" title="Piczo">Piczo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pownce" title="Pownce">Pownce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciencescape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciencescape">Sciencescape</a> (Meta<sup>α</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrock_(social_network_site)" title="Skyrock (social network site)">Skyrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So.cl" title="So.cl">So.cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify_Live" title="Spotify Live">Spotify Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring.me" title="Spring.me">Spring.me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetlife_(website)" title="Streetlife (website)">Streetlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudiVZ" title="StudiVZ">StudiVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfbook" title="Surfbook">Surfbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkbits" title="Talkbits">Talkbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taringa!" title="Taringa!">Taringa!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbh" title="Tbh">tbh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Community" title="Tea Party Community">Tea Party Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Voice" title="Third Voice">Third Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout_(company)" title="Tout (company)">Tout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe.net" title="Tribe.net">tribe.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvtag" title="Tvtag">tvtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wretch_(website)" title="Wretch (website)">Wretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_360%C2%B0" title="Yahoo 360°">Yahoo! 360°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Kickstart" title="Yahoo Kickstart">Yahoo! Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Mash" title="Yahoo Mash">Yahoo! Mash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Meme" title="Yahoo Meme">Yahoo! Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(app)" title="Yo (app)">Yo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_social_networking_software" title="Comparison of social networking software">Software comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">White-label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ning_(website)" title="Ning (website)">Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall.fm" title="Wall.fm">Wall.fm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_page" title="Confessions page">Confessions page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst_trap" title="Thirst trap">Thirst trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">Online dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services" title="Comparison of online dating services">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_advertising" title="Social network advertising">Social network advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service" title="Social network hosting service">Social network hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">Activity stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_page" title="Brand page">Brand page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(online_social_networking)" title="Group (online social networking)">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">Like button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">Online petitions</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_(social_media)" title="Story (social media)">Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services" title="Issues relating to social networking services">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">Use in investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Use in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use" title="Gender differences in social network service use">User gender differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Social_Networking_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized Social Networking Protocol">Decentralized Social Networking Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Social_Networking_Protocol" title="Distributed Social Networking Protocol">Distributed Social Networking Protocol</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">Pump.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style 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