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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levels_of_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levels_of_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Levels of analysis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Levels_of_analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Levels of analysis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Levels_of_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Micro_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micro_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Micro level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micro_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meso_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meso_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Meso level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meso_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macro_level" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macro_level"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Macro level</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macro_level-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theoretical links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imported_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imported_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Imported theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imported_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Indigenous theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structural_holes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_holes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structural holes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_holes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_clusters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_clusters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Research clusters</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Research_clusters-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Research clusters subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Research_clusters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art_Networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_Networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Art Networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_Networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Complex networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_and_Cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_and_Cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Conflict and Cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_and_Cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criminal_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criminal_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Criminal networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criminal_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffusion_of_innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffusion_of_innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Diffusion of innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffusion_of_innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_sociology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_sociology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Economic sociology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_sociology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.9</span> <span>Health care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.10</span> <span>Human ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.11</span> <span>Literary networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizational_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizational_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.12</span> <span>Organizational studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizational_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.13</span> <span>Social capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.14</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_position_and_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_position_and_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.15</span> <span>Network position and benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_position_and_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.16</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Segregation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Segregation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.17</span> <span>Segregation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Segregation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peer-reviewed_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peer-reviewed_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Peer-reviewed journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peer-reviewed_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textbooks_and_educational_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textbooks_and_educational_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Textbooks and educational resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textbooks_and_educational_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_sets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_sets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Data sets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_sets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Social network</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شبكة اجتماعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شبكة اجتماعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%91%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81" title="Ընկերային Ցանց – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ընկերային Ցանց" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_social" title="Rede social – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rede social" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosial_%C5%9F%C9%99b%C9%99k%C9%99" title="Sosial şəbəkə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sosial şəbəkə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE" title="সামাজিক জালব্যবস্থা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামাজিক জালব্যবস্থা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Социална мрежа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Социална мрежа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rouedad_sokial" title="Rouedad sokial – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rouedad sokial" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_social" title="Xarxa social – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xarxa social" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_s%C3%AD%C5%A5_(sociologie)" title="Sociální síť (sociologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sociální síť (sociologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_suciale" title="Rete suciale – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Rete suciale" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhwydweithio_cymdeithasol" title="Rhwydweithio cymdeithasol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhwydweithio cymdeithasol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialt_netv%C3%A6rk" title="Socialt netværk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Socialt netværk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soziales_Netzwerk_(Soziologie)" title="Soziales Netzwerk (Soziologie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Soziales Netzwerk (Soziologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sotsiaalne_v%C3%B5rgustik" title="Sotsiaalne võrgustik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sotsiaalne võrgustik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BF" title="Κοινωνικό δίκτυο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινωνικό δίκτυο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_social" title="Red social – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Red social" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socia_reto_(sociologio)" title="Socia reto (sociologio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Socia reto (sociologio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redi_social" title="Redi social – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Redi social" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizarte-sare" title="Gizarte-sare – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gizarte-sare" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="شبکه اجتماعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبکه اجتماعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_social" title="Réseau social – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réseau social" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_social" title="Rede social – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rede social" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C_%EC%97%B0%EA%B2%B0%EB%A7%9D" title="사회 연결망 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사회 연결망" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE" title="सामाजिक जालक्रम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सामाजिक जालक्रम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tveno_umre%C5%BEavanje" title="Društveno umrežavanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Društveno umrežavanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociala_reto" title="Sociala reto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sociala reto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejaring_sosial" title="Jejaring sosial – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jejaring sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rete_sociale" title="Rete sociale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rete sociale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רשת חברתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשת חברתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Әлеуметтік желілер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әлеуметтік желілер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tora_civak%C3%AE_(civaknas%C3%AE)" title="Tora civakî (civaknasî) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tora civakî (civaknasî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C4%81lais_t%C4%ABkls" title="Sociālais tīkls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sociālais tīkls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9gi_h%C3%A1l%C3%B3zat" title="Közösségi hálózat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Közösségi hálózat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Социјална мрежа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Социјална мрежа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambajotra_s%C3%B4sialy" title="Tambajotra sôsialy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tambajotra sôsialy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87" title="समाज माध्यमे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समाज माध्यमे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangkaian_sosial" title="Rangkaian sosial – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rangkaian sosial" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%81%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Олон нийттэй харилцах сүлжээ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон нийттэй харилцах сүлжээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociaal_netwerk" title="Sociaal netwerk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sociaal netwerk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%9A%84%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="社会的ネットワーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="社会的ネットワーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialt_nettverk" title="Sosialt nettverk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sosialt nettverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosialt_nettverk" title="Sosialt nettverk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sosialt nettverk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ret_sociala" title="Ret sociala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ret sociala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%87_spo%C5%82eczna" title="Sieć społeczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sieć społeczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rede_social" title="Rede social – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rede social" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C8%9Bea_de_socializare" title="Rețea de socializare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rețea de socializare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutukawsay_llika" title="Qutukawsay llika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qutukawsay llika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Социальная сеть (социология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Социальная сеть (социология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrjeti_shoq%C3%ABror" title="Rrjeti shoqëror – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrjeti shoqëror" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Social network" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A1lna_sie%C5%A5_(sociol%C3%B3gia)" title="Sociálna sieť (sociológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sociálna sieť (sociológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%95%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="تۆڕی کۆمەڵایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆڕی کۆمەڵایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Друштвена мрежа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Друштвена мрежа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dru%C5%A1tvena_mre%C5%BEa" title="Društvena mreža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Društvena mreža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosiaalinen_verkosto" title="Sosiaalinen verkosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sosiaalinen verkosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialt_n%C3%A4tverk_(sociologi)" title="Socialt nätverk (sociologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Socialt nätverk (sociologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Social network" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%E1%BA%93e%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa_imetti" title="Aẓeṭṭa imetti – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aẓeṭṭa imetti" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="เครือข่ายสังคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครือข่ายสังคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B8%D2%B7%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D3%A3" title="Шабакаи иҷтимоӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шабакаи иҷтимоӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosyal_a%C4%9F" title="Sosyal ağ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sosyal ağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Соціальна мережа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Соціальна мережа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ng_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bi_x%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i" title="Mạng lưới xã hội – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạng lưới xã hội" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rantoele_di_so%C3%A7naedje_(Daegntoele)" title="Rantoele di soçnaedje (Daegntoele) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Rantoele di soçnaedje (Daegntoele)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="社会网络 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="社会网络" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the theoretical concept as used in the social and behavioral sciences. For social networking sites, see <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a>. For the 2010 movie, see <a href="/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network"><i>The Social Network</i></a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Social_network_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Social network (disambiguation)">Social network (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barabasi_Albert_model.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Barabasi_Albert_model.gif/220px-Barabasi_Albert_model.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Barabasi_Albert_model.gif/330px-Barabasi_Albert_model.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Barabasi_Albert_model.gif/440px-Barabasi_Albert_model.gif 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Evolution graph of a social network: <a href="/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert_model" title="Barabási–Albert model">Barabási model</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style 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href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(segment).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/250px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/375px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg/500px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28segment%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="260" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sociology" title="History of sociology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sociology" title="Outline of sociology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key themes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">Human behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human environmental impact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" title="Identity (social science)">Identity</a></li> <li>Industrial revolutions <a href="/wiki/Digital_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Revolution">3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Industrial_Revolution" title="Fourth Industrial Revolution">4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Industrial Revolution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popularity" title="Popularity">Popularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">Social complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equity" title="Social equity">Social equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Social power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">Social structure</a></li> <li><a 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class="mw-redirect" title="Social darwinism">Social darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Symbolic interactionism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_sociology" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of sociology">Branches</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerontology" title="Gerontology">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_architecture" title="Sociology of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrosociology" title="Astrosociology">Astrosociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_body" title="Sociology of the body">Body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_human_consciousness" title="Sociology of human consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_death" title="Sociology of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">Deviance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_disaster" title="Sociology of disaster">Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_education" title="Sociology of education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" title="Sociology of emotions">Emotion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_jealousy" title="Social aspects of jealousy">Jealousy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_sociology" title="Environmental sociology">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_family" title="Sociology of the family">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_sociology" title="Fiscal sociology">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_gender" title="Sociology of gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_health_and_illness" title="Sociology of health and illness">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_immigration" title="Sociology of immigration">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_sociology" title="Industrial sociology">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Jewry" title="Sociology of Jewry">Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_knowledge" title="Sociology of knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_language" title="Sociology of language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_leisure" title="Sociology of leisure">Leisure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_literature" title="Sociology of literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_sociology" title="Medical sociology">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sociology" title="Military sociology">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_peace,_war,_and_social_conflict" title="Sociology of peace, war, and social conflict">Peace, war, and social conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_philosophy" title="Sociology of philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sociology" title="Public sociology">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_punishment" title="Sociology of punishment">Punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Race and ethnicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">Rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_scientific_knowledge" title="Sociology of scientific knowledge">Science</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_history_of_science" title="Sociology of the history of science">History of science</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_movement_theory" title="Social movement theory">Social movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">Social psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocybernetics" title="Sociocybernetics">Sociocybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sociology" title="Sociology of sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_space" title="Sociology of space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_construction_of_technology" title="Social construction of technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_terrorism" title="Sociology of terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">Urban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_utopian_sociology" title="Real utopian sociology">Utopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimology" title="Victimology">Victimology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_sociology" title="Visual sociology">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Social_research" title="Social research">Methods</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_historical_research" title="Comparative historical research">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_sociology" title="Computational sociology">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview_(research)" title="Interview (research)">Interview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_sociology" title="Mathematical sociology">Mathematical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">Major theorists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b>1700s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Sieyès</a><br /></li></ul> <p><b>1800s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a> · <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a> · <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lester_Frank_Ward" title="Lester Frank Ward">Ward</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Veblen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Simmel</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Addams</a> · <a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a> · <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a> · <a href="/wiki/W.E.B._Du_Bois" class="mw-redirect" title="W.E.B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a> · <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mannheim" title="Karl Mannheim">Mannheim</a> · <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Elias" title="Norbert Elias">Elias</a><br /> </p> <b>1900s:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_K._Merton" title="Robert K. Merton">Merton</a> · <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a> · <a href="/wiki/C._Wright_Mills" title="C. Wright Mills">Mills</a> · <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a> · <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schoeck" title="Helmut Schoeck">Schoeck</a> · <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a> · <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a> · <a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann </a> · <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a> · <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Giddens</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddddff;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_sociology_articles" title="Index of sociology articles">Lists</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociological_terminology" title="Category:Sociological terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociology_journals" title="List of sociology journals">Journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociological_associations" title="List of sociological associations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sociologists" title="List of sociologists">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sociology" title="Timeline of sociology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sociology_by_country" title="Category:Sociology by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/16px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/24px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sociology" title="Template:Sociology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sociology" title="Template talk:Sociology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sociology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.15em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Network_science" title="Category:Network science">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Network science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><div class="center"><div class="center"> <div style="width: 250px; height: 250px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -0px; left: -0px; width: 250px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Internet_map_1024.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/250px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/375px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/500px-Internet_map_1024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div></div> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">Theory</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">Complex network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">Scale-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_structure" title="Community structure">Community structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolation_theory" title="Percolation theory">Percolation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolving_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolving networks">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_controllability" title="Network controllability">Controllability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_analysis" title="Link analysis">Link analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combinatorial_optimization" title="Combinatorial optimization">Optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(network_science)" title="Reciprocity (network science)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triadic_closure" title="Triadic closure">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">Homophily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitive_relation" title="Transitive relation">Transitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferential_attachment" title="Preferential attachment">Preferential attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_theory" title="Balance theory">Balance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">Network effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Network types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Informational (computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport network">Transport</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_collaboration_network" title="Scientific collaboration network">Scientific collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_network" title="Biological network">Biological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdependent_networks" title="Interdependent networks">Interdependent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_network" title="Spatial network">Spatial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_network" title="Dependency network">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_network" title="Flow network">Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_on_a_chip" title="Network on a chip">on-Chip</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)" title="Graph (discrete mathematics)">Graphs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Features</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clique_(graph_theory)" title="Clique (graph theory)">Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connected_component_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Connected component (graph theory)">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_(graph_theory)" title="Cut (graph theory)">Cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)" title="Cycle (graph theory)">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)" title="Graph (abstract data type)">Data structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_(graph_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edge (graph theory)">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)" title="Loop (graph theory)">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood_(graph_theory)" title="Neighbourhood (graph theory)">Neighborhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)" title="Path (graph theory)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">Vertex</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adjacency_list" title="Adjacency list">Adjacency list</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adjacency_matrix" title="Adjacency matrix">matrix</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Incidence_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidence list">Incidence list</a> / <a href="/wiki/Incidence_matrix" title="Incidence matrix">matrix</a></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipartite_graph" title="Bipartite graph">Bipartite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complete_graph" title="Complete graph">Complete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directed_graph" title="Directed graph">Directed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypergraph" title="Hypergraph">Hyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeled_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Labeled graph">Labeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multigraph" title="Multigraph">Multi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">Random</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weighted_graph" class="mw-redirect" title="Weighted graph">Weighted</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metrics_(networking)" title="Metrics (networking)">Metrics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_algorithms#Networking" title="List of algorithms">Algorithms</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">Centrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)" title="Degree (graph theory)">Degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">Motif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clustering_coefficient" title="Clustering coefficient">Clustering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degree_distribution" title="Degree distribution">Degree distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortativity" title="Assortativity">Assortativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_(graph_theory)" title="Distance (graph theory)">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(networks)" title="Modularity (networks)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficiency_(network_science)" title="Efficiency (network science)">Efficiency</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Models</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Topology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">Random graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erd%C5%91s%E2%80%93R%C3%A9nyi_model" title="Erdős–Rényi model">Erdős–Rényi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert_model" title="Barabási–Albert model">Barabási–Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianconi%E2%80%93Barab%C3%A1si_model" title="Bianconi–Barabási model">Bianconi–Barabási</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_model_(network_theory)" title="Fitness model (network theory)">Fitness model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%E2%80%93Strogatz_model" title="Watts–Strogatz model">Watts–Strogatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exponential_random_graph_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponential random graph models">Exponential random (ERGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_geometric_graph" title="Random geometric graph">Random geometric (RGG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometric_graph" title="Hyperbolic geometric graph">Hyperbolic (HGN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_network_model" title="Hierarchical network model">Hierarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_block_model" title="Stochastic block model">Stochastic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum-entropy_random_graph_model" title="Maximum-entropy random graph model">Maximum entropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_configuration_model" title="Soft configuration model">Soft configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancichinetti%E2%80%93Fortunato%E2%80%93Radicchi_benchmark" title="Lancichinetti–Fortunato–Radicchi benchmark">LFR Benchmark</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Dynamics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boolean_network" title="Boolean network">Boolean network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">agent based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidemic model">Epidemic</a>/<a href="/wiki/SIR_model" class="mw-redirect" title="SIR model">SIR</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Lists</li><li>Categories</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_theory_topics" title="List of network theory topics">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_network_scientists" title="List of network scientists">Network scientists</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Network_theory" title="Category:Network theory">Category:Network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Graph_theory" title="Category:Graph theory">Category:Graph theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Network_science" title="Template:Network science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Network_science" title="Template talk:Network science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Network_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Network science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>social network</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> consisting of a set of <a href="/wiki/Social" title="Social">social</a> actors (such as <a href="/wiki/Individual" title="Individual">individuals</a> or organizations), sets of <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(sociology)" title="Dyad (sociology)">dyadic</a> ties, and other <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social interactions</a> between actors. The social network perspective provides a set of methods for analyzing the structure of whole social entities as well as a variety of theories explaining the patterns observed in these structures.<sup id="cite_ref-WF94CH1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF94CH1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of these structures uses <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">social network analysis</a> to identify local and global patterns, locate influential entities, and examine network dynamics. For instance, social network analysis has been used in studying the spread of misinformation on social media platforms or analyzing the influence of key figures in social networks. </p><p>Social networks and the analysis of them is an inherently <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">interdisciplinary</a> academic field which emerged from <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">graph theory</a>. Georg Simmel authored early structural theories in sociology emphasizing the dynamics of triads and "web of group affiliations".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Moreno" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Moreno">Jacob Moreno</a> is credited with developing the first <a href="/wiki/Sociogram" title="Sociogram">sociograms</a> in the 1930s to study interpersonal relationships. These approaches were mathematically formalized in the 1950s and theories and methods of social networks became pervasive in the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social and behavioral sciences</a> by the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-WF94CH1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WF94CH1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Freeman_History_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman_History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a> is now one of the major paradigms in contemporary sociology, and is also employed in a number of other social and formal sciences. Together with other <a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">complex networks</a>, it forms part of the nascent field of <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">network science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EK_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EK-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The social network is a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_theory" title="Scientific theory">theoretical</a> <a href="/wiki/Construct_(philosophy_of_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Construct (philosophy of science)">construct</a> useful in the <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">social sciences</a> to study relationships between individuals, <a href="/wiki/Social_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Social groups">groups</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formal_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal organizations">organizations</a>, or even entire <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">societies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social units</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Differentiation_(sociology)" title="Differentiation (sociology)">differentiation</a>). The term is used to describe a <a href="/wiki/Social_structure" title="Social structure">social structure</a> determined by such <a href="/wiki/Social_interactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interactions">interactions</a>. The ties through which any given social unit connects represent the convergence of the various social contacts of that unit. This theoretical approach is, necessarily, relational. An <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">axiom</a> of the social network approach to understanding <a href="/wiki/Social_interaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social interaction">social interaction</a> is that social phenomena should be primarily conceived and investigated through the properties of relations between and within units, instead of the properties of these units themselves. Thus, one common criticism of social network theory is that <a href="/wiki/Agency_(sociology)" title="Agency (sociology)">individual agency</a> is often ignored<sup id="cite_ref-jscott_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jscott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this may not be the case in practice (see <a href="/wiki/Agent-based_model" title="Agent-based model">agent-based modeling</a>). Precisely because many different types of relations, singular or in combination, form these network configurations, <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">network analytics</a> are useful to a broad range of research enterprises. In social science, these fields of study include, but are not limited to <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">information science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizational studies">organizational studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">sociolinguistics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1890s, both <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Émile Durkheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Ferdinand Tönnies</a> foreshadowed the idea of social networks in their theories and research of <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a>. Tönnies argued that social groups can exist as personal and direct social ties that either link individuals who share values and belief (<i><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinschaft">Gemeinschaft</a></i>, German, commonly translated as "<a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>") or impersonal, formal, and instrumental social links (<i><a href="/wiki/Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesellschaft">Gesellschaft</a></i>, German, commonly translated as "<a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durkheim gave a non-individualistic explanation of social facts, arguing that social phenomena arise when interacting individuals constitute a reality that can no longer be accounted for in terms of the properties of individual actors.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a>, writing at the turn of the twentieth century, pointed to the nature of networks and the effect of network size on interaction and examined the likelihood of interaction in loosely knit networks rather than groups.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png/220px-Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png/330px-Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png/440px-Moreno_Sociogram_2nd_Grade.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Moreno's sociogram of a 2nd grade class</figcaption></figure> <p>Major developments in the field can be seen in the 1930s by several groups in psychology, anthropology, and mathematics working independently.<sup id="cite_ref-jscott_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jscott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, in the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Moreno" title="Jacob L. Moreno">Jacob L. Moreno</a> began systematic recording and analysis of social interaction in small groups, especially classrooms and work groups (see <a href="/wiki/Sociometry" title="Sociometry">sociometry</a>). In <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, the foundation for social network theory is the theoretical and <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographic</a> work of <a href="/wiki/Bronislaw_Malinowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronislaw Malinowski">Bronislaw Malinowski</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Radcliffe-Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcliffe-Brown">Alfred Radcliffe-Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Claude Lévi-Strauss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of social anthropologists associated with <a href="/wiki/Max_Gluckman" title="Max Gluckman">Max Gluckman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_school_(anthropology)" title="Manchester school (anthropology)">Manchester School</a>, including <a href="/wiki/John_Arundel_Barnes" title="John Arundel Barnes">John A. Barnes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/J._Clyde_Mitchell" title="J. Clyde Mitchell">J. Clyde Mitchell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bott_Spillius" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bott Spillius">Elizabeth Bott Spillius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often are credited with performing some of the first fieldwork from which network analyses were performed, investigating community networks in southern Africa, India and the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-jscott_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jscott-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concomitantly, British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Frederick_Nadel" class="mw-redirect" title="Siegfried Frederick Nadel">S. F. Nadel</a> codified a theory of social structure that was influential in later network analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, the early (1930s) work of <a href="/wiki/Talcott_Parsons" title="Talcott Parsons">Talcott Parsons</a> set the stage for taking a relational approach to understanding social structure.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, drawing upon Parsons' theory, the work of sociologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blau" title="Peter Blau">Peter Blau</a> provides a strong impetus for analyzing the relational ties of social units with his work on <a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">social exchange theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 1970s, a growing number of scholars worked to combine the different tracks and traditions. One group consisted of sociologist <a href="/wiki/Harrison_White" title="Harrison White">Harrison White</a> and his students at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Department_of_Social_Relations" title="Harvard Department of Social Relations">Harvard University Department of Social Relations</a>. Also independently active in the Harvard Social Relations department at the time were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilly" title="Charles Tilly">Charles Tilly</a>, who focused on networks in political and community sociology and social movements, and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Milgram" title="Stanley Milgram">Stanley Milgram</a>, who developed the "six degrees of separation" thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Granovetter" title="Mark Granovetter">Mark Granovetter</a><sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_for_the_French_Reader_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_for_the_French_Reader-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Wellman" title="Barry Wellman">Barry Wellman</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are among the former students of White who elaborated and championed the analysis of social networks.<sup id="cite_ref-Introduction_for_the_French_Reader_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Introduction_for_the_French_Reader-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1990s, social network analysis experienced work by sociologists, political scientists, and physicists such as <a href="/wiki/Duncan_J._Watts" title="Duncan J. Watts">Duncan J. Watts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert-L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Barab%C3%A1si" title="Albert-László Barabási">Albert-László Barabási</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bearman" title="Peter Bearman">Peter Bearman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_A._Christakis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas A. Christakis">Nicholas A. Christakis</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_H._Fowler" title="James H. Fowler">James H. Fowler</a>, and others, developing and applying new models and methods to emerging data available about online social networks, as well as "digital traces" regarding face-to-face networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Levels_of_analysis">Levels of analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Levels of analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Network_self-organization_stages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Network_self-organization_stages.png/220px-Network_self-organization_stages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Network_self-organization_stages.png/330px-Network_self-organization_stages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Network_self-organization_stages.png/440px-Network_self-organization_stages.png 2x" data-file-width="642" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Self-organization of a network, based on Nagler, Levina, & Timme (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Network_Diagram_(large).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Social_Network_Diagram_%28large%29.svg/220px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28large%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Social_Network_Diagram_%28large%29.svg/330px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28large%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Social_Network_Diagram_%28large%29.svg/440px-Social_Network_Diagram_%28large%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Centrality</figcaption></figure> <p>In general, social networks are <a href="/wiki/Self-organization" title="Self-organization">self-organizing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">emergent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">complex</a>, such that a globally coherent pattern appears from the local interaction of the elements that make up the system.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These patterns become more apparent as network size increases. However, a global network analysis<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of, for example, all <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationships" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpersonal relationships">interpersonal relationships</a> in the world is not feasible and is likely to contain so much <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information</a> as to be uninformative. Practical limitations of computing power, ethics and participant recruitment and payment also limit the scope of a social network analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadu12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadu12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuances of a local system may be lost in a large network analysis, hence the quality of information may be more important than its scale for understanding network properties. Thus, social networks are analyzed at the scale relevant to the researcher's theoretical question. Although <a href="/wiki/Level_of_analysis" title="Level of analysis">levels of analysis</a> are not necessarily <a href="/wiki/Mutually_exclusive_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually exclusive events">mutually exclusive</a>, there are three general levels into which networks may fall: <a href="/wiki/Microsociology" title="Microsociology">micro-level</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/meso-" class="extiw" title="wikt:meso-">meso-level</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macrosociology" title="Macrosociology">macro-level</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micro_level">Micro level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Micro level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the micro-level, social network research typically begins with an individual, <a href="/wiki/Snowball_sampling" title="Snowball sampling">snowballing</a> as social relationships are traced, or may begin with a small group of individuals in a particular social context. </p><p><b>Dyadic level</b>: A <a href="/wiki/Dyad_(sociology)" title="Dyad (sociology)">dyad</a> is a social relationship between two individuals. Network research on dyads may concentrate on <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">structure</a> of the relationship (e.g. multiplexity, strength), <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a>, and tendencies toward <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_and_political_philosophy)" title="Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)">reciprocity/mutuality</a>. </p><p><b>Triadic level</b>: Add one individual to a dyad, and you have a <a href="/wiki/Triadic_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Triadic relation">triad</a>. Research at this level may concentrate on factors such as <a href="/wiki/Independence_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence number">balance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vertex-transitive_graph" title="Vertex-transitive graph">transitivity</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">social equality</a> and tendencies toward <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_and_political_philosophy)" title="Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)">reciprocity/mutuality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kadu12_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kadu12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Balance_theory" title="Balance theory">balance theory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Heider" title="Fritz Heider">Fritz Heider</a> the triad is the key to social dynamics. The discord in a rivalrous <a href="/wiki/Love_triangle" title="Love triangle">love triangle</a> is an example of an unbalanced triad, likely to change to a balanced triad by a change in one of the relations. The dynamics of social friendships in society has been modeled by balancing triads. The study is carried forward with the theory of <a href="/wiki/Signed_graph" title="Signed graph">signed graphs</a>. </p><p><b>Actor level</b>: The smallest unit of analysis in a social network is an individual in their social setting, i.e., an "actor" or "ego." Egonetwork analysis focuses on network characteristics, such as size, relationship strength, density, <a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">centrality</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prestige" class="extiw" title="wikt:prestige">prestige</a> and roles such as <a href="/wiki/Isolates" title="Isolates">isolates, liaisons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bridge_(interpersonal)" title="Bridge (interpersonal)">bridges</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jone11_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jone11-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such analyses, are most commonly used in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">social psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnographic">ethnographic</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> analysis or other <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical</a> studies of relationships between individuals. </p><p><b>Subset level</b>: <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">Subset</a> levels of network research problems begin at the micro-level, but may cross over into the meso-level of analysis. Subset level research may focus on <a href="/wiki/Distance_(graph_theory)" title="Distance (graph theory)">distance</a> and reachability, <a href="/wiki/Cliques" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliques">cliques</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cohesion_(social_policy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohesion (social policy)">cohesive</a> subgroups, or other <a href="/wiki/Group_action_(sociology)" title="Group action (sociology)">group actions</a> or <a href="/wiki/Group_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Group behaviour">behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meso_level">Meso level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Meso level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, meso-level theories begin with a <a href="/wiki/Sample_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample population">population</a> size that falls between the micro- and macro-levels. However, meso-level may also refer to analyses that are specifically designed to reveal connections between micro- and macro-levels. Meso-level networks are low density and may exhibit causal processes distinct from interpersonal micro-level networks.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_Red.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Social_Red.jpg/220px-Social_Red.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Social_Red.jpg/330px-Social_Red.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Social_Red.jpg/440px-Social_Red.jpg 2x" data-file-width="484" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Social network diagram, meso-level</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Organizations</b>: Formal <a href="/wiki/Organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organizations">organizations</a> are <a href="/wiki/Social_group" title="Social group">social groups</a> that distribute tasks for a collective <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Riketta,_M._2007_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riketta,_M._2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Network research on organizations may focus on either intra-organizational or inter-organizational ties in terms of <a href="/wiki/Formal_organization" title="Formal organization">formal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Informal_organization" title="Informal organization">informal</a> relationships. Intra-organizational networks themselves often contain multiple levels of analysis, especially in larger organizations with multiple branches, franchises or semi-autonomous departments. In these cases, research is often conducted at a work group level and organization level, focusing on the interplay between the two structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Riketta,_M._2007_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riketta,_M._2007-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments with networked groups online have documented ways to optimize group-level coordination through diverse interventions, including the addition of autonomous agents to the groups.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Randomly distributed networks</b>: <a href="/wiki/Exponential_random_graph_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Exponential random graph models">Exponential random graph models</a> of social networks became state-of-the-art methods of social network analysis in the 1980s. This framework has the capacity to represent social-structural effects commonly observed in many human social networks, including general <a href="/wiki/Degree_(graph_theory)" title="Degree (graph theory)">degree</a>-based structural effects commonly observed in many human social networks as well as <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_and_political_philosophy)" title="Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)">reciprocity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transitive_set" title="Transitive set">transitivity</a>, and at the node-level, <a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">homophily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Attribute-value_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Attribute-value system">attribute</a>-based activity and popularity effects, as derived from explicit hypotheses about <a href="/wiki/Dependency_graph" title="Dependency graph">dependencies</a> among network ties. <a href="/wiki/Parameter" title="Parameter">Parameters</a> are given in terms of the prevalence of small <a href="/wiki/Induced_subgraph" title="Induced subgraph">subgraph</a> configurations in the network and can be interpreted as describing the combinations of local social processes from which a given network emerges. These probability models for networks on a given set of actors allow generalization beyond the restrictive dyadic independence assumption of micro-networks, allowing models to be built from theoretical structural foundations of social behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale-free_network_sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Scale-free_network_sample.svg/220px-Scale-free_network_sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Scale-free_network_sample.svg/330px-Scale-free_network_sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Scale-free_network_sample.svg/440px-Scale-free_network_sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Examples of a random network and a scale-free network. Each graph has 32 nodes and 32 links. Note the "hubs" (large-degree nodes) in the scale-free diagram (on the right).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Scale-free networks</b>: A <a href="/wiki/Scale-free_network" title="Scale-free network">scale-free network</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">network</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Degree_distribution" title="Degree distribution">degree distribution</a> follows a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a>, at least <a href="/wiki/Asymptotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Asymptotic">asymptotically</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">network theory</a> a scale-free ideal network is a <a href="/wiki/Random_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Random network">random network</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Degree_distribution" title="Degree distribution">degree distribution</a> that unravels the size distribution of social groups.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specific characteristics of scale-free networks vary with the theories and analytical tools used to create them, however, in general, scale-free networks have some common characteristics. One notable characteristic in a scale-free network is the relative commonness of <a href="/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)" title="Vertex (graph theory)">vertices</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Maximum_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum degree">degree</a> that greatly exceeds the average. The highest-degree nodes are often called "hubs", and may serve specific purposes in their networks, although this depends greatly on the social context. Another general characteristic of scale-free networks is the <a href="/wiki/Clustering_coefficient" title="Clustering coefficient">clustering coefficient</a> distribution, which decreases as the node degree increases. This distribution also follows a <a href="/wiki/Power_law" title="Power law">power law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Barab%C3%A1si%E2%80%93Albert_model" title="Barabási–Albert model">Barabási</a> model of network evolution shown above is an example of a scale-free network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Macro_level">Macro level</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Macro level"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rather than tracing interpersonal interactions, macro-level analyses generally trace the outcomes of interactions, such as <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer</a> interactions over a large <a href="/wiki/Sample_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample population">population</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_a_social_network.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Diagram_of_a_social_network.jpg/220px-Diagram_of_a_social_network.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Diagram_of_a_social_network.jpg/330px-Diagram_of_a_social_network.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Diagram_of_a_social_network.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Diagram: section of a large-scale social network</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Large-scale networks</b>: <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_macroeconometric_model" title="Large-scale macroeconometric model">Large-scale network</a> is a term somewhat synonymous with "macro-level." It is primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behavioural_sciences" title="Behavioural sciences">behavioral</a> sciences, and in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>. Originally, the term was used extensively in the <a href="/wiki/Computer_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer sciences">computer sciences</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Network_mapping#Large-scale_mapping_project" title="Network mapping">large-scale network mapping</a>). </p><p><b>Complex networks</b>: Most larger social networks display features of <a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">social complexity</a>, which involves substantial non-trivial features of <a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">network topology</a>, with patterns of complex connections between elements that are neither purely regular nor purely random (see, <a href="/wiki/Complexity_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Complexity science">complexity science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamical_system" title="Dynamical system">dynamical system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chaos_theory" title="Chaos theory">chaos theory</a>), as do <a href="/wiki/Biological" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological">biological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">technological networks</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Complex_network" title="Complex network">complex network</a> features include a heavy tail in the <a href="/wiki/Degree_distribution" title="Degree distribution">degree distribution</a>, a high <a href="/wiki/Clustering_coefficient" title="Clustering coefficient">clustering coefficient</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assortativity" title="Assortativity">assortativity</a> or disassortativity among vertices, <a href="/wiki/Community_structure" title="Community structure">community structure</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_block_model" title="Stochastic block model">stochastic block model</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical structure</a>. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Agency_(philosophy)" title="Agency (philosophy)">agency-directed</a> networks these features also include <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_in_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocity in network">reciprocity</a>, triad significance profile (TSP, see <a href="/wiki/Network_motif" title="Network motif">network motif</a>), and other features. In contrast, many of the mathematical models of networks that have been studied in the past, such as <a href="/wiki/Lattice_graph" title="Lattice graph">lattices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Random_graph" title="Random graph">random graphs</a>, do not show these features.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_links">Theoretical links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theoretical links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imported_theories">Imported theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Imported theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various theoretical frameworks have been imported for the use of social network analysis. The most prominent of these are <a href="/wiki/Graph_theory" title="Graph theory">Graph theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balance_theory" title="Balance theory">Balance theory</a>, Social comparison theory, and more recently, the <a href="/wiki/Social_identity_approach" title="Social identity approach">Social identity approach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_theories">Indigenous theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Indigenous theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Few complete theories have been produced from social network analysis. Two that have are <a href="/wiki/Role_theory" title="Role theory">structural role theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterophily" title="Heterophily">heterophily theory</a>. </p><p>The basis of Heterophily Theory was the finding in one study that more numerous weak ties can be important in seeking information and innovation, as cliques have a tendency to have more homogeneous opinions as well as share many common traits. This homophilic tendency was the reason for the members of the cliques to be attracted together in the first place. However, being similar, each member of the clique would also know more or less what the other members knew. To find new information or insights, members of the clique will have to look beyond the clique to its other friends and acquaintances. This is what Granovetter called "the strength of weak ties".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structural_holes">Structural holes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Structural holes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the context of networks, <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> exists where people have an advantage because of their location in a network. Contacts in a network provide information, opportunities and perspectives that can be beneficial to the central player in the network. Most social structures tend to be characterized by dense clusters of strong connections.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_2004_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information within these clusters tends to be rather homogeneous and redundant. Non-redundant information is most often obtained through contacts in different clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_1992_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When two separate clusters possess non-redundant information, there is said to be a structural hole between them.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_1992_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a network that bridges <a href="/wiki/Structural_holes" title="Structural holes">structural holes</a> will provide network benefits that are in some degree additive, rather than overlapping. An ideal network structure has a vine and cluster structure, providing access to many different clusters and structural holes.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_1992_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Networks rich in structural holes are a form of social capital in that they offer <a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">information</a> benefits. The main player in a network that bridges structural holes is able to access information from diverse sources and clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_1992_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_1992-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in <a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">business networks</a>, this is beneficial to an individual's career because he is more likely to hear of job openings and opportunities if his network spans a wide range of contacts in different industries/sectors. This concept is similar to Mark Granovetter's theory of <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_ties" title="Interpersonal ties">weak ties</a>, which rests on the basis that having a broad range of contacts is most effective for job attainment. Structural holes have been widely applied in social network analysis, resulting in applications in a wide range of practical scenarios as well as machine learning-based social prediction.<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_clusters">Research clusters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research clusters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_Networks">Art Networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Art Networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has used network analysis to examine networks created when artists are exhibited together in museum exhibition. Such networks have been shown to affect an artist's recognition in history and historical narratives, even when controlling for individual accomplishments of the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other work examines how network grouping of artists can affect an individual artist's auction performance.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An artist's status has been shown to increase when associated with higher status networks, though this association has diminishing returns over an artist's career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community">Community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In J.A. Barnes' day, a "<a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">community</a>" referred to a specific geographic location and studies of community ties had to do with who talked, associated, traded, and attended church with whom. Today, however, there are extended "online" communities developed through <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> devices and <a href="/wiki/Social_network_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network services">social network services</a>. Such devices and services require extensive and ongoing maintenance and analysis, often using <a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">network science</a> methods. <a href="/wiki/Community_development" title="Community development">Community development</a> studies, today, also make extensive use of such methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_networks">Complex networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Complex networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Complex_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex networks">Complex networks</a> require methods specific to modelling and interpreting <a href="/wiki/Social_complexity" title="Social complexity">social complexity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Complex_adaptive_system" title="Complex adaptive system">complex adaptive systems</a>, including techniques of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_network_analysis" title="Dynamic network analysis">dynamic network analysis</a>. Mechanisms such as <a href="/wiki/Dual-phase_evolution#social_networks" title="Dual-phase evolution">Dual-phase evolution</a> explain how temporal changes in connectivity contribute to the formation of structure in social networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_and_Cooperation">Conflict and Cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conflict and Cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The study of social networks is being used to examine the nature of interdependencies between actors and the ways in which these are related to outcomes of conflict and cooperation. Areas of study include cooperative behavior among participants in <a href="/wiki/Collective_action" title="Collective action">collective actions</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Protests">protests</a>; promotion of peaceful behavior, <a href="/wiki/Social_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Social norms">social norms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">public goods</a> within <a href="/wiki/Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities">communities</a> through networks of informal governance; the role of social networks in both intrastate conflict and interstate conflict; and social networking among politicians, constituents, and bureaucrats.<sup id="cite_ref-Larson_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larson-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminal_networks">Criminal networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criminal networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban sociology</a>, much attention has been paid to the social networks among criminal actors. For example, murders can be seen as a series of exchanges between gangs. Murders can be seen to diffuse outwards from a single source, because weaker gangs cannot afford to kill members of stronger gangs in retaliation, but must commit other violent acts to maintain their reputation for strength.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diffusion_of_innovations">Diffusion of innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diffusion of innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of ideas and innovations</a> studies focus on the spread and use of ideas from one actor to another or one <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> and another. This line of research seeks to explain why some become "early adopters" of ideas and innovations, and links social network structure with facilitating or impeding the spread of an innovation. A case in point is the social diffusion of linguistic innovation such as neologisms. Experiments and large-scale field trials (e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Christakis" title="Nicholas Christakis">Nicholas Christakis</a> and collaborators) have shown that cascades of desirable behaviors can be induced in social groups, in settings as diverse as Honduras villages,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian slums,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in the lab.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still other experiments have documented the experimental induction of social contagion of voting behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emotions,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> risk perception,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commercial products.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demography">Demography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>, the study of social networks has led to new sampling methods for estimating and reaching populations that are hard to enumerate (for example, homeless people or intravenous drug users.) For example, respondent driven sampling is a network-based sampling technique that relies on respondents to a survey recommending further respondents.<sup id="cite_ref-Gile_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gile-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Heckathorn_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heckathorn-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_sociology">Economic sociology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Economic sociology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a> focuses almost entirely on networks of outcomes of social interactions. More narrowly, <a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economic sociology</a> considers behavioral interactions of individuals and groups through <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a> and social "markets". Sociologists, such as Mark Granovetter, have developed core principles about the interactions of social structure, information, ability to punish or reward, and trust that frequently recur in their analyses of political, economic and other institutions. Granovetter examines how social structures and social networks can affect economic outcomes like hiring, price, productivity and innovation and describes sociologists' contributions to analyzing the impact of social structure and networks on the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Health care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analysis of social networks is increasingly incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Health_care_analytics" title="Health care analytics">health care analytics</a>, not only in <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiological</a> studies but also in models of <a href="/wiki/Health_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Communication">patient communication</a> and education, disease prevention, mental health diagnosis and treatment, and in the study of health care organizations and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care systems">systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_ecology">Human ecology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Human ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdisciplinary">transdisciplinary</a> study of the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">humans</a> and their <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">social</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Built_environment" title="Built environment">built environments</a>. The scientific philosophy of human ecology has a diffuse history with connections to <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a>, and natural <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_networks">Literary networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Literary networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the study of literary systems, network analysis has been applied by Anheier, Gerhards and Romo,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Nooy,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senekal,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Zvi_Lotker" title="Zvi Lotker">Lotker</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to study various aspects of how literature functions. The basic premise is that polysystem theory, which has been around since the writings of <a href="/wiki/Even-Zohar" class="mw-redirect" title="Even-Zohar">Even-Zohar</a>, can be integrated with network theory and the relationships between different actors in the literary network, e.g. writers, critics, publishers, literary histories, etc., can be mapped using <a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">visualization</a> from SNA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizational_studies">Organizational studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Organizational studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research studies of <a href="/wiki/Formal_organization" title="Formal organization">formal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Informal_organization" title="Informal organization">informal organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">relationships</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">organizational communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_sociology" title="Economic sociology">economic sociology</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">resource</a> <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfers</a>. Social networks have also been used to examine how organizations interact with each other, characterizing the many <a href="/wiki/Interlocking_directorate" title="Interlocking directorate">informal connections</a> that link executives together, as well as associations and connections between individual employees at different organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many organizational social network studies focus on <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">teams</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">team</a> network studies, research assesses, for example, the predictors and outcomes of <a href="/wiki/Centrality" title="Centrality">centrality</a> and power, density and centralization of team instrumental and expressive ties, and the role of between-team networks. Intra-organizational networks have been found to affect <a href="/wiki/Organizational_commitment" title="Organizational commitment">organizational commitment</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Organizational_identification" title="Organizational identification">organizational identification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Jone11_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jone11-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Organizational_citizenship_behavior" title="Organizational citizenship behavior">interpersonal citizenship behaviour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_capital">Social capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Social capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">cultural capital</a> in which social networks are central, <a href="/wiki/Stock_and_flow" title="Stock and flow">transactions</a> are marked by <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">reciprocity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_(social_sciences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust (social sciences)">trust</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cooperation" title="Cooperation">cooperation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">market</a> <a href="/wiki/Agent_(economics)" title="Agent (economics)">agents</a> produce <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">goods and services</a> not mainly for themselves, but for a <a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>. <a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a> is split into three dimensions: the structural, the relational and the cognitive dimension. The structural dimension describes how partners interact with each other and which specific partners meet in a social network. Also, the structural dimension of social capital indicates the level of ties among organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge,_2018_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge,_2018-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dimension is highly connected to the relational dimension which refers to trustworthiness, norms, expectations and identifications of the bonds between partners. The relational dimension explains the nature of these ties which is mainly illustrated by the level of trust accorded to the network of organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge,_2018_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge,_2018-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cognitive dimension analyses the extent to which organizations share common goals and objectives as a result of their ties and interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Claridge,_2018_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claridge,_2018-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a> is a sociological concept about the value of <a href="/wiki/Social_relation" title="Social relation">social relations</a> and the role of cooperation and confidence to achieve positive outcomes. The term refers to the value one can get from their social ties. For example, newly arrived immigrants can make use of their social ties to established migrants to acquire jobs they may otherwise have trouble getting (e.g., because of unfamiliarity with the local language). A positive relationship exists between social capital and the intensity of social network use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a dynamic framework, higher activity in a network feeds into higher social capital which itself encourages more activity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GaudeulGiannetti2013_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GaudeulGiannetti2013-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This particular cluster focuses on brand-image and promotional strategy effectiveness, taking into account the impact of customer participation on sales and brand-image. This is gauged through techniques such as sentiment analysis which rely on mathematical areas of study such as data mining and analytics. This area of research produces vast numbers of commercial applications as the main goal of any study is to understand <a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">consumer behaviour</a> and drive sales. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_position_and_benefits">Network position and benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Network position and benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many <a href="/wiki/Formal_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal organizations">organizations</a>, members tend to focus their activities inside their own groups, which stifles creativity and restricts opportunities. A player whose network bridges structural holes has an advantage in detecting and developing rewarding opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_2004_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such a player can mobilize social capital by acting as a "broker" of information between two clusters that otherwise would not have been in contact, thus providing access to new ideas, opinions and opportunities. British philosopher and political economist <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a>, writes, "it is hardly possible to overrate the value of placing human beings in contact with persons dissimilar to themselves.... Such communication [is] one of the primary sources of progress."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a player with a network rich in structural holes can add value to an organization through new ideas and opportunities. This in turn, helps an individual's career development and advancement. </p><p>A social capital broker also reaps control benefits of being the facilitator of information flow between contacts. Full communication with exploratory mindsets and information exchange generated by dynamically alternating positions in a social network promotes creative and deep thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of consulting firm Eden McCallum, the founders were able to advance their careers by bridging their connections with former big three consulting firm consultants and mid-size industry firms.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By bridging structural holes and mobilizing social capital, players can advance their careers by executing new opportunities between contacts. </p><p>There has been research that both substantiates and refutes the benefits of information brokerage. A study of high tech Chinese firms by Zhixing Xiao found that the control benefits of structural holes are "dissonant to the dominant firm-wide spirit of cooperation and the information benefits cannot materialize due to the communal sharing values" of such organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this study only analyzed Chinese firms, which tend to have strong communal sharing values. Information and control benefits of structural holes are still valuable in firms that are not quite as inclusive and cooperative on the firm-wide level. In 2004, Ronald Burt studied 673 managers who ran the supply chain for one of America's largest electronics companies. He found that managers who often discussed issues with other groups were better paid, received more positive job evaluations and were more likely to be promoted.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_2004_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt_2004-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, bridging structural holes can be beneficial to an organization, and in turn, to an individual's career. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer networks</a> combined with social networking software produce a new medium for social interaction. A relationship over a computerized <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a> can be characterized by context, direction, and strength. The content of a relation refers to the resource that is exchanged. In a <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a> context, social pairs exchange different kinds of information, including sending a data file or a computer program as well as providing emotional support or arranging a meeting. With the rise of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic commerce">electronic commerce</a>, information exchanged may also correspond to exchanges of money, goods or services in the "real" world.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a> methods have become essential to examining these types of computer mediated communication. </p><p>In addition, the sheer size and the volatile nature of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> has given rise to new network metrics. A key concern with networks extracted from social media is the lack of robustness of network metrics given missing data.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Segregation">Segregation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Segregation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Based on the pattern of <a href="/wiki/Homophily" title="Homophily">homophily</a>, ties between people are most likely to occur between nodes that are most similar to each other, or within neighbourhood <a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">segregation</a>, individuals are most likely to inhabit the same regional areas as other individuals who are like them. Therefore, social networks can be used as a tool to measure the degree of segregation or homophily within a social network. Social Networks can both be used to simulate the process of homophily but it can also serve as a measure of level of exposure of different groups to each other within a current social network of individuals in a certain area.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_sociology" title="Bibliography of sociology">Bibliography of sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_networking" title="Business networking">Business networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_network" title="Collective network">Collective network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Network_for_Social_Network_Analysis" title="International Network for Social Network Analysis">International Network for Social Network Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_society" title="Network society">Network society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_theory" title="Network theory">Network theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_science" title="Network science">Network science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_social_networking" title="Semiotics of social networking">Semiotics of social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_collaboration_network" title="Scientific collaboration network">Scientific collaboration network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_graph" title="Social graph">Social graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_(sociolinguistics)" title="Social network (sociolinguistics)">Social network (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_fold" title="Structural fold">Structural fold</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WF94CH1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WF94CH1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WF94CH1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWassermanFaust1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Wasserman" title="Stanley Wasserman">Wasserman, Stanley</a>; Faust, Katherine (1994). "Social Network Analysis in the Social and Behavioral Sciences". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialnetworkana00wass_567"><i>Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialnetworkana00wass_567/page/n1">1</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521387071" title="Special:BookSources/9780521387071"><bdi>9780521387071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+Network+Analysis+in+the+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.btitle=Social+Network+Analysis%3A+Methods+and+Applications&rft.pages=1-27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780521387071&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Faust%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialnetworkana00wass_567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottDavis2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Richard_Scott" title="William Richard Scott">Scott, W. Richard</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gerald_F._Davis" title="Gerald F. Davis">Davis, Gerald F.</a> (2003). "Networks In and Around Organizations". <i>Organizations and Organizing</i>. Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-195893-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-195893-7"><bdi>978-0-13-195893-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Networks+In+and+Around+Organizations&rft.btitle=Organizations+and+Organizing&rft.pub=Pearson+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-195893-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=W.+Richard&rft.au=Davis%2C+Gerald+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman_History-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_History_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2004" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Linton (2004). <i>The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science</i>. Empirical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59457-714-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59457-714-7"><bdi>978-1-59457-714-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Social+Network+Analysis%3A+A+Study+in+the+Sociology+of+Science&rft.pub=Empirical+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59457-714-7&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Linton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgattiMehraBrassLabianca2009" class="citation journal cs1">Borgatti, Stephen P.; Mehra, Ajay; Brass, Daniel J.; Labianca, Giuseppe (2009). "Network Analysis in the Social Sciences". <i>Science</i>. <b>323</b> (5916): 892–895. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323..892B">2009Sci...323..892B</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.536.5568">10.1.1.536.5568</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1165821">10.1126/science.1165821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19213908">19213908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:522293">522293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Network+Analysis+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5916&rft.pages=892-895&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A522293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323..892B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.536.5568%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19213908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1165821&rft.aulast=Borgatti&rft.aufirst=Stephen+P.&rft.au=Mehra%2C+Ajay&rft.au=Brass%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Labianca%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EK-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EK_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasleyKleinberg2010" class="citation book cs1">Easley, David; Kleinberg, Jon (2010). "Overview". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/networkscrowdsma00easl"><i>Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/networkscrowdsma00easl/page/n18">1</a>–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19533-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19533-1"><bdi>978-0-521-19533-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview&rft.btitle=Networks%2C+Crowds%2C+and+Markets%3A+Reasoning+about+a+Highly+Connected+World&rft.pages=1-20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19533-1&rft.aulast=Easley&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kleinberg%2C+Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnetworkscrowdsma00easl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jscott-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jscott_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jscott_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jscott_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, John P. (2000). <i>Social Network Analysis: A Handbook</i> (2nd edition). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tönnies, Ferdinand (1887). <i>Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft</i>, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag. (Translated, 1957 by Charles Price Loomis as <i>Community and Society</i>, East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Durkheim, Emile (1893). <i>De la division du travail social: étude sur l'organisation des sociétés supérieures</i>, Paris: F. Alcan. (Translated, 1964, by Lewis A. Coser as <i>The Division of Labor in Society</i>, New York: Free Press.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simmel, Georg (1908). <i>Soziologie</i>, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a historical overview of the development of social network analysis, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarringtonScott2011" class="citation book cs1">Carrington, Peter J.; Scott, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2chSmLzClXgC&pg=PA1">"Introduction"</a>. <i>The Sage Handbook of Social Network Analysis</i>. Sage. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-395-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84787-395-8"><bdi>978-1-84787-395-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Sage+Handbook+of+Social+Network+Analysis&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84787-395-8&rft.aulast=Carrington&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft.au=Scott%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2chSmLzClXgC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also the diagram in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott,_John2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ww3_bKcz6kgC&pg=PA8"><i>Social Network Analysis: A Handbook</i></a>. Sage. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6339-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6339-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-6339-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Network+Analysis%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6339-4&rft.au=Scott%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWw3_bKcz6kgC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malinowski, Bronislaw (1913). <i>The Family Among the Australian Aborigines: A Sociological Study</i>. 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"On social structure". <i>Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute</i>. <b>70</b> (1): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2844197">10.2307/2844197</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844197">2844197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Anthropological+Institute&rft.atitle=On+social+structure&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=1940&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2844197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2844197%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Radcliffe-Brown&rft.aufirst=A.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lévi-Strauss, Claude ([1947]1967). <i>Les structures élémentaires de la parenté</i>. Paris: La Haye, Mouton et Co. (Translated, 1969 by J. H. Bell, J. R. von Sturmer, and R. Needham, 1969, as <i>The Elementary Structures of Kinship</i>, Boston: Beacon Press.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnes, John (1954). "Class and Committees in a Norwegian Island Parish". <i>Human Relations</i>, (7): 39–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreemanWellman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Freeman, Linton C.; Wellman, Barry (1995). 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"Studying Online Social Networks". <i>Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 0. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x">10.1111/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29051307">29051307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.atitle=Studying+Online+Social+Networks&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=0&rft.date=2006-06-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1083-6101.1997.tb00062.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29051307%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Garton&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft.au=Haythornthwaite%2C+Caroline&rft.au=Wellman%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiJosephLiuCarley2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Wei; Joseph, Kenneth; Liu, Huan; Carley, Kathleen M. (2016). "Exploring Characteristics of Suspended Users and Network Stability on Twitter". <i>Social Network Analysis and Mining</i>. <b>6</b>: 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs13278-016-0358-5">10.1007/s13278-016-0358-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18520393">18520393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Network+Analysis+and+Mining&rft.atitle=Exploring+Characteristics+of+Suspended+Users+and+Network+Stability+on+Twitter&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs13278-016-0358-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18520393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Wei&rft.au=Joseph%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Liu%2C+Huan&rft.au=Carley%2C+Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBojanowskiCorten2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bojanowski, Michał; Corten, Rense (2014-10-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378873314000239">"Measuring segregation in social networks"</a>. <i>Social Networks</i>. <b>39</b>: 14–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.socnet.2014.04.001">10.1016/j.socnet.2014.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-8733">0378-8733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Networks&rft.atitle=Measuring+segregation+in+social+networks&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=14-32&rft.date=2014-10-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.socnet.2014.04.001&rft.issn=0378-8733&rft.aulast=Bojanowski&rft.aufirst=Micha%C5%82&rft.au=Corten%2C+Rense&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0378873314000239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnejaGambhir2013" class="citation journal cs1">Aneja, Nagender; Gambhir, Sapna (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ijser.org/researchpaper%5CAd-hoc-Social-Network-A-Comprehensive-Survey.pdf">"Ad-hoc Social Network: A Comprehensive Survey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research</i>. <b>4</b> (8): 156–160. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2229-5518">2229-5518</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Scientific+%26+Engineering+Research&rft.atitle=Ad-hoc+Social+Network%3A+A+Comprehensive+Survey&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=156-160&rft.date=2013-08&rft.issn=2229-5518&rft.aulast=Aneja&rft.aufirst=Nagender&rft.au=Gambhir%2C+Sapna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijser.org%2Fresearchpaper%255CAd-hoc-Social-Network-A-Comprehensive-Survey.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarabási2003" class="citation book cs1">Barabási, Albert-László (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/linkedhoweveryth00bara"><i>Linked: How Everything Is Connected to Everything Else and What It Means for Business, Science, and Everyday Life</i></a></span>. Plum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28439-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28439-5"><bdi>978-0-452-28439-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linked%3A+How+Everything+Is+Connected+to+Everything+Else+and+What+It+Means+for+Business%2C+Science%2C+and+Everyday+Life&rft.pub=Plum&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28439-5&rft.aulast=Barab%C3%A1si&rft.aufirst=Albert-L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flinkedhoweveryth00bara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett2011" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, George A. (2011). <i>Encyclopedia of Social Networks</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-7911-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-7911-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Social+Networks&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-7911-5&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=George+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrada2011" class="citation book cs1">Estrada, E (2011). <i>The Structure of Complex Networks: Theory and Applications</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-59175-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-59175-6"><bdi>978-0-199-59175-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+Complex+Networks%3A+Theory+and+Applications&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-199-59175-6&rft.aulast=Estrada&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2018" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Niall (2018). <i>The Square and the Tower: Networks and Power, from the Freemasons to Facebook</i>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735222915" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735222915"><bdi>978-0735222915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Square+and+the+Tower%3A+Networks+and+Power%2C+from+the+Freemasons+to+Facebook&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0735222915&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Niall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2004" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Linton C. (2004). <i>The Development of Social Network Analysis: A Study in the Sociology of Science</i>. Empirical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59457-714-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59457-714-7"><bdi>978-1-59457-714-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Development+of+Social+Network+Analysis%3A+A+Study+in+the+Sociology+of+Science&rft.pub=Empirical+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59457-714-7&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Linton+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKadushin2012" class="citation book cs1">Kadushin, Charles (2012). <i>Understanding Social Networks: Theories, Concepts, and Findings</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537946-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537946-4"><bdi>978-0-19-537946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Social+Networks%3A+Theories%2C+Concepts%2C+and+Findings&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537946-4&rft.aulast=Kadushin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMauroPetrella2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mauro, Rios; Petrella, Carlos (2014). <i>La Quimera de las Redes Sociales</i> [<i>The Chimera of Social Networks</i>] (in Spanish). Bubok España. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9974-99-637-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-9974-99-637-3"><bdi>978-9974-99-637-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Quimera+de+las+Redes+Sociales&rft.pub=Bubok+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9974-99-637-3&rft.aulast=Mauro&rft.aufirst=Rios&rft.au=Petrella%2C+Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainieWellman2012" class="citation book cs1">Rainie, Lee; Wellman, Barry (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/networkednewsoci0000rain"><i>Networked: The New Social Operating System</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262017190" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262017190"><bdi>978-0262017190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networked%3A+The+New+Social+Operating+System&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0262017190&rft.aulast=Rainie&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Wellman%2C+Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnetworkednewsoci0000rain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1991" class="citation book cs1">Scott, John (1991). <i>Social Network Analysis: A Handbook</i>. Sage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6338-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-6338-7"><bdi>978-0-7619-6338-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Network+Analysis%3A+A+Handbook&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-6338-7&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWassermanFaust1994" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Stanley; Faust, Katherine (1994). <i>Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications</i>. Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38269-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38269-4"><bdi>978-0-521-38269-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Network+Analysis%3A+Methods+and+Applications&rft.series=Structural+Analysis+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38269-4&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft.au=Faust%2C+Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellmanBerkowitz1988" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, Barry; Berkowitz, S. D. (1988). <i>Social Structures: A Network Approach</i>. Structural Analysis in the Social Sciences. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-24441-1"><bdi>978-0-521-24441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Structures%3A+A+Network+Approach&rft.series=Structural+Analysis+in+the+Social+Sciences&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-24441-1&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft.au=Berkowitz%2C+S.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organizations">Organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insna.org/">International Network for Social Network Analysis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peer-reviewed_journals">Peer-reviewed journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Peer-reviewed journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03788733">Social Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displaySpecialPage?pageId=3656">Network Science</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/articles/volindex.html">Journal of Social Structure</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/gmas20/current">Journal of Mathematical Sociology</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/computer/database+management+%26+information+retrieval/journal/13278">Social Network Analysis and Mining (SNAM)</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130718063641/http://www.insna.org/pubs/connections/">"INSNA – <i>Connections</i> Journal"</a>. <i>Connections Bulletin of the International Network for Social Network Analysis</i>. Toronto: International Network for Social Network Analysis. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0226-1766">0226-1766</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insna.org/pubs/connections/">the original</a> on 2013-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Connections+Bulletin+of+the+International+Network+for+Social+Network+Analysis&rft.atitle=INSNA+%E2%80%93+Connections+Journal&rft.issn=0226-1766&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insna.org%2Fpubs%2Fconnections%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASocial+network" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Textbooks_and_educational_resources">Textbooks and educational resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Textbooks and educational resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.cornell.edu/home/kleinber/networks-book/">Networks, Crowds, and Markets</a></i> (2010) by D. Easley & J. Kleinberg</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/nettext/">Introduction to Social Networks Methods</a></i> (2005) by R. Hanneman & M. Riddle</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.analytictech.com/networks/">Social Network Analysis Instructional Web Site</a> by S. Borgatti</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063126/http://www.novagob.org/file/view/153259/ebook-gratuito-sobre-redes-sociales-virtuales">Guide for virtual social networks for public administrations</a></i> (2015) by Mauro D. Ríos (in Spanish)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_sets">Data sets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Social_network&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Data sets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_networks" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social networks">Social networks</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pajek.imfm.si/doku.php?id=data:urls:index">Pajek's list of lists of datasets</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141010023720/http://pajek.imfm.si/doku.php?id=data:urls:index">Archived</a> 2014-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://networkdata.ics.uci.edu/index.html">UC Irvine Network Data Repository</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snap.stanford.edu/data/">Stanford Large Network Dataset Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~mejn/netdata/">M.E.J. Newman datasets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vlado.fmf.uni-lj.si/pub/networks/data/">Pajek datasets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.gephi.org/index.php?title=Datasets#Social_networks">Gephi datasets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://konect.uni-koblenz.de/networks">KONECT – Koblenz network collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/siena/">RSiena datasets</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_networks_and_social_media" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_networking" title="Template:Social networking"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking" title="Template talk:Social networking"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_networks_and_social_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_network" title="Personal network">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_network" title="Sexual network">Sexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_network" title="Value network">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clique" title="Clique">Clique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_clique" title="Adolescent clique">Adolescent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_media" title="Corporate social media">Corporate social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_social_network" title="Distributed social network">Distributed social network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_software_and_protocols_for_distributed_social_networking" title="Comparison of software and protocols for distributed social networking"><i>list</i></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_networking" title="Enterprise social networking">Enterprise social networking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_social_software" title="Enterprise social software">Enterprise social software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_knowledge_networking" title="Personal knowledge networking">Personal knowledge networking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List of social networking services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts and<br /> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_awareness" title="Ambient awareness">Ambient awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assortative_mixing" title="Assortative mixing">Assortative mixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_(interpersonal)" title="Bridge (interpersonal)">Interpersonal bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_network_analysis" title="Organizational network analysis">Organizational network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capital" title="Social capital">Social capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_data_revolution" title="Social data revolution">Social data revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exchange_theory" title="Social exchange theory">Social exchange theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_theory" title="Social identity theory">Social identity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_psychology" title="Social media and psychology">Social media and psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_intelligence" title="Social media intelligence">Social media intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_mining" title="Social media mining">Social media mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_optimization" title="Social media optimization">Social media optimization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis" title="Social network analysis">Social network analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_web" title="Social web">Social web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_endogamy" title="Structural endogamy">Structural endogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_collective_consciousness" title="Virtual collective consciousness">Virtual collective consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models and<br /> processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Account_verification" title="Account verification">Account verification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_aggregation" title="Social network aggregation">Aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_change_detection" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network change detection">Change detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockmodeling" title="Blockmodeling">Blockmodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_graph" title="Collaboration graph">Collaboration graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_consumption" title="Collaborative consumption">Collaborative consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_Global_Graph" title="Giant Global Graph">Giant Global Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_communication" title="Lateral communication">Lateral communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_system" title="Reputation system">Reputation system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_graph" title="Social graph">Social graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_analytics" title="Social media analytics">Social media analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Social network analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking potential">Social networking potential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_television" title="Social television">Social television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_cohesion" title="Structural cohesion">Structural cohesion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_fraud" title="Affinity fraud">Affinity fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_finance" title="Collaborative finance">Collaborative finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_economy" title="Creator economy">Creator economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowcasting" title="Narrowcasting">Narrowcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sorting" title="Social sorting">Social sorting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_marketing" title="Viral marketing">Viral marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_recognition" title="Community recognition">Community recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_contagion" title="Complex contagion">Complex contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_addiction" title="Computer addiction">Computer addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequential_strangers" title="Consequential strangers">Consequential strangers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_a_friend" title="Friend of a friend">Friend of a friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friending_and_following" title="Friending and following">Friending and following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_paradox" title="Friendship paradox">Friendship paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet addiction">Internet addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overchoice" title="Overchoice">Overchoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_degrees_of_separation" title="Six degrees of separation">Six degrees of separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Social media addiction">Social media addiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_suicide" title="Social media and suicide">Social media and suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_invisibility" title="Social invisibility">Social invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_game" title="Social network game">Social network game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_and_the_Internet" title="Suicide and the Internet">Suicide and the Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(internet)" title="Tribe (internet)">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0E;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_recession" title="Friendship recession">Friendship recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_network_researchers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of social network researchers">Researchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persona_(user_experience)" title="Persona (user experience)">Persona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral messages">Viral messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_sciences" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anthropology" title="Social anthropology">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical anthropology">physical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">microeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomics" title="Macroeconomics">macroeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">econometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_geography" title="Human geography">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_geography" title="Technical geography">technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_geography" title="Integrated geography">integrated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_sciences_of_history" title="Auxiliary sciences of history">auxiliary sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history" title="Economic history">economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public administration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abnormal_psychology" title="Abnormal psychology">abnormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_the_Internet" title="Sociology of the Internet">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_sociology" title="Rural sociology">rural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_sociology" title="Urban sociology">urban</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interdisciplinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administration <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_administration" title="Business administration">business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_studies" title="Area studies">Area studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_studies" title="Business studies">Business studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_studies" title="Community studies">Community studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_studies" title="Development studies">Development studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></li> <li>Environmental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_social_science" title="Environmental social science">social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_studies" title="Environmental studies">studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_studies" title="Food studies">Food studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Global studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_sociology" title="Historical sociology">Historical sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ecology" title="Human ecology">Human ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li>Philosophies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_and_economics" title="Philosophy and economics"> economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_history" title="Philosophy of history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" title="Philosophy of psychology">psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" title="Philosophy of social science">social science</a></li></ul></li> <li>Planning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">land use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_planning" title="Regional planning">regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ecology" title="Political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_science" title="Regional science">Regional science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_studies" title="Science studies">Science studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_social_science" title="Quantum social science">Quantum social science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_work" title="Social work">Social work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_studies" title="Vegan studies">Vegan studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_science_journals" title="List of social science journals">List of social science journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other categorizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral sciences">Behavioral sciences</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geisteswissenschaft" title="Geisteswissenschaft">Geisteswissenschaft</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_science" title="Human science">Human science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humanities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" title="Category:Social sciences">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_sciences" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Social sciences">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/48px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/64px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikiversity page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Portal:Social_Sciences" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Portal:Social Sciences">Wikiversity</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_networking_services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_networking_services" title="Template:Social networking services"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_networking_services" title="Template talk:Social networking services"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_networking_services" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social networking services"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_networking_services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">Personal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23snaps" title="23snaps">23snaps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amikumu" title="Amikumu">Amikumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anobii" title="Anobii">anobii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Are.na" title="Are.na">Are.na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ask.fm" title="Ask.fm">Ask.fm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badoo" title="Badoo">Badoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeReal" title="BeReal">BeReal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluesky" title="Bluesky">Bluesky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BharatMatrimony" title="BharatMatrimony">BharatMatrimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondee" title="Bondee">Bondee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumble" title="Bumble">Bumble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cara_(app)" title="Cara (app)">Cara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubhouse_(app)" title="Clubhouse (app)">Clubhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohost" title="Cohost">Cohost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convoz" title="Convoz">Convoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyworld" title="Cyworld">Cyworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_(social_network)" title="Display (social network)">display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douban" title="Douban">Douban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugiem.lv" title="Draugiem.lv">Draugiem.lv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_City_Guide" title="Foursquare City Guide">Foursquare City Guide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foursquare_Swarm" title="Foursquare Swarm">Foursquare Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendica" title="Friendica">Friendica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gapo" title="Gapo">Gapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_(app)" title="Gas (app)">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_social" title="GNU social">GNU social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi5" title="Hi5">Hi5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hive_Social" title="Hive Social">Hive Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddles_(app)" title="Huddles (app)">Huddles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idka" title="Idka">Idka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IGTV" title="IGTV">IGTV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRC-Galleria" title="IRC-Galleria">IRC-Galleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuaishou" title="Kuaishou">Kuaishou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumu_(social_network)" title="Kumu (social network)">Kumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterboxd" title="Letterboxd">Letterboxd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likee" title="Likee">Likee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveJournal" title="LiveJournal">LiveJournal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeevansathi.com" title="Jeevansathi.com">Jeevansathi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrimony.com" title="Matrimony.com">Matrimony.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_(app)" title="Marco Polo (app)">Marco Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastodon_(social_network)" title="Mastodon (social network)">Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meet_Group" title="The Meet Group">The Meet Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meetup" title="Meetup">Meetup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MeWe" title="MeWe">MeWe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaopai" title="Miaopai">Miaopai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro.blog" title="Micro.blog">micro.blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minds_(social_network)" title="Minds (social network)">Minds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixi" title="Mixi">Mixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MX_Player#MX_TakaTak" title="MX Player">MX TakaTak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_World@Mail.Ru" title="My World@Mail.Ru">My World@Mail.Ru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myspace" title="Myspace">Myspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nextdoor" title="Nextdoor">Nextdoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odnoklassniki" title="Odnoklassniki">Odnoklassniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peach_(social_network)" title="Peach (social network)">Peach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixnet" title="Pixnet">Pixnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleroma_(software)" title="Pleroma (software)">Pleroma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurk" title="Plurk">Plurk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promo.com" title="Promo.com">Promo.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qzone" title="Qzone">Qzone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readgeek" title="Readgeek">Readgeek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renren" title="Renren">Renren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaadi.com" title="Shaadi.com">Shaadi.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShareChat" title="ShareChat">ShareChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snapchat" title="Snapchat">Snapchat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_(app)" title="Snow (app)">SNOW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spaces_(social_network)" title="Spaces (social network)">Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagged_(website)" title="Tagged (website)">Tagged</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Canal" title="Tal Canal">Tal Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threads_(social_network)" title="Threads (social network)">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triller_(app)" title="Triller (app)">Triller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Social" title="Truth Social">Truth Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuenti" title="Tuenti">Tuenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Time" title="TV Time">TV Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untappd" title="Untappd">Untappd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_(app)" title="Vero (app)">Vero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VK_(service)" title="VK (service)">VK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weibo" title="Weibo">Weibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whisper_(app)" title="Whisper (app)">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaohongshu" title="Xiaohongshu">Xiaohongshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yik_Yak" title="Yik Yak">Yik Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_network_service" title="Professional network service">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behance" title="Behance">Behance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainly" title="Brainly">Brainly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCL_Connections" title="HCL Connections">HCL Connections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodle" title="Moodle">Moodle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaborate" title="Solaborate">Solaborate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viadeo" title="Viadeo">Viadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XING" title="XING">XING</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Yammer">Yammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_social_networking_services" title="List of defunct social networking services">Defunct</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/App.net" title="App.net">App.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AsianAve" title="AsianAve">AsianAve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatars_United" title="Avatars United">Avatars United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebo" title="Bebo">Bebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(website)" title="Bolt (website)">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BranchOut" title="BranchOut">BranchOut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capazoo" title="Capazoo">Capazoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloob" title="Cloob">Cloob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EConozco" title="EConozco">eConozco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmodo" title="Edmodo">Edmodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ello_(social_network)" title="Ello (social network)">Ello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emojli" title="Emojli">Emojli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWorld" title="EWorld">eWorld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyegroove" title="Eyegroove">Eyegroove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FitFinder" title="FitFinder">FitFinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FriendFeed" title="FriendFeed">FriendFeed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_Reunited" title="Friends Reunited">Friends Reunited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendster" title="Friendster">Friendster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google%2B" title="Google+">Google+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Buzz" title="Google Buzz">Google Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Currents_(social_app)" title="Google Currents (social app)">Google Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grono.net" title="Grono.net">Grono.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heello" title="Heello">Heello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hello_(social_network)" title="Hello (social network)">Hello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlight_(application)" title="Highlight (application)">Highlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houseparty_(app)" title="Houseparty (app)">Houseparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyves" title="Hyves">Hyves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IdeaPlane" title="IdeaPlane">IdeaPlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes_Ping" title="ITunes Ping">iTunes Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IWiW" title="IWiW">iWiW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaiku" title="Jaiku">Jaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keek" title="Keek">Keek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koo_(social_network)" title="Koo (social network)">Koo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifeknot" title="Lifeknot">Lifeknot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunarStorm" title="LunarStorm">LunarStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me2day" title="Me2day">Me2day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meerkat_(app)" title="Meerkat (app)">Meerkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miiverse" title="Miiverse">Miiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MixBit" title="MixBit">MixBit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobli" title="Mobli">Mobli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugshot_(website)" title="Mugshot (website)">Mugshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiply_(website)" title="Multiply (website)">Multiply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical.ly" title="Musical.ly">Musical.ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natter_(social_network)" title="Natter (social network)">Natter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netlog" title="Netlog">Netlog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK.pl" title="NK.pl">NK.pl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkut" title="Orkut">Orkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(social_network)" title="Path (social network)">Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(service)" title="Periscope (service)">Periscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheed" title="Pheed">Pheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piczo" title="Piczo">Piczo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlanetAll" title="PlanetAll">PlanetAll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posterous" title="Posterous">Posterous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pownce" title="Pownce">Pownce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaiku" title="Qaiku">Qaiku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciencescape" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciencescape">Sciencescape</a> (Meta<sup>α</sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SixDegrees.com" title="SixDegrees.com">SixDegrees.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrock_(social_network_site)" title="Skyrock (social network site)">Skyrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So.cl" title="So.cl">So.cl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify_Live" title="Spotify Live">Spotify Live</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring.me" title="Spring.me">Spring.me</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streetlife_(website)" title="Streetlife (website)">Streetlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StudiVZ" title="StudiVZ">StudiVZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfbook" title="Surfbook">Surfbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkbits" title="Talkbits">Talkbits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taringa!" title="Taringa!">Taringa!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbh" title="Tbh">tbh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Community" title="Tea Party Community">Tea Party Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Voice" title="Third Voice">Third Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tout_(company)" title="Tout (company)">Tout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribe.net" title="Tribe.net">tribe.net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tvtag" title="Tvtag">tvtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine_(service)" title="Vine (service)">Vine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Live_Spaces" title="Windows Live Spaces">Windows Live Spaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wretch_(website)" title="Wretch (website)">Wretch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanga" title="Xanga">Xanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_360%C2%B0" title="Yahoo 360°">Yahoo! 360°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Kickstart" title="Yahoo Kickstart">Yahoo! Kickstart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Mash" title="Yahoo Mash">Yahoo! Mash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Meme" title="Yahoo Meme">Yahoo! Meme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo_(app)" title="Yo (app)">Yo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_social_networking_software" title="Comparison of social networking software">Software comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-label_product" title="White-label product">White-label</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ning_(website)" title="Ning (website)">Ning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall.fm" title="Wall.fm">Wall.fm</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_analysis_software" title="Social network analysis software">Analysis software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_(social_network)" title="Diaspora (social network)">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_2.0_Suicide_Machine" title="Web 2.0 Suicide Machine">Web 2.0 Suicide Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessions_page" title="Confessions page">Confessions page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybersectarianism" title="Cybersectarianism">Cybersectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fediverse" title="Fediverse">Fediverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_identity" title="Online identity">Online identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_experiment" title="Small-world experiment">Small-world experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-world_network" title="Small-world network">Small-world network</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Social network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirst_trap" title="Thirst trap">Thirst trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_profile" title="User profile">User profile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_community" title="Virtual community">Virtual community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_virtual_communities_with_more_than_1_million_users" title="List of virtual communities with more than 1 million users">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_exchange_service" title="Hospitality exchange service">Hospitality exchange service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">Online dating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_online_dating_services" title="Comparison of online dating services">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_advertising" title="Social network advertising">Social network advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_hosting_service" title="Social network hosting service">Social network hosting service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_profiling" title="Social profiling">Social profiling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_stream" title="Activity stream">Activity stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_page" title="Brand page">Brand page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_(online_social_networking)" title="Group (online social networking)">Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashtag" title="Hashtag">Hashtag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Like_button" title="Like button">Like button</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">Online petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-access_poll" title="Open-access poll">Polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reblogging" title="Reblogging">Reblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Story_(social_media)" title="Story (social media)">Story</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_social_networking_services" title="Issues relating to social networking services">Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_concerns_with_social_networking_services" title="Privacy concerns with social networking services">Privacy concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problematic_social_media_use" title="Problematic social media use">Problematic social media use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_social_network_websites_in_investigations" title="Use of social network websites in investigations">Use in investigations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Use in politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_social_network_service_use" title="Gender differences in social network service use">User gender differences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ActivityPub" title="ActivityPub">ActivityPub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT_Protocol" title="AT Protocol">AT Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_Social_Networking_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized Social Networking Protocol">Decentralized Social Networking Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Social_Networking_Protocol" title="Distributed Social Networking Protocol">Distributed Social Networking Protocol</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropub_(protocol)" title="Micropub (protocol)">Micropub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostr" title="Nostr">Nostr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSocial" title="OpenSocial">OpenSocial</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OStatus" title="OStatus">OStatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump.io" title="Pump.io">Pump.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2715623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2715623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2715623#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1122678/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4055762-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Social networks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87002172">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Réseaux sociaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12418762r">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Réseaux sociaux"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12418762r">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sociální sítě"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125817&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Redes sociales"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX540080">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007529847505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_network&oldid=1260419672">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_network&oldid=1260419672</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_networks" title="Category:Social networks">Social networks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_theory" title="Category:Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Community_building" title="Category:Community building">Community building</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Complex_systems_theory" title="Category:Complex systems theory">Complex systems theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hyperreality" title="Category:Hyperreality">Hyperreality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Network_theory" title="Category:Network theory">Network theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Organizational_theory" title="Category:Organizational theory">Organizational theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-organization" title="Category:Self-organization">Self-organization</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_information_processing" title="Category:Social information processing">Social information processing</a></li><li><a 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