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languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-National_and_official_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regional languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mutual_intelligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Mutual intelligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mutual_intelligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialectal_variation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectal_variation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Dialectal variation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectal_variation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_chart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_chart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Comparison chart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_chart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Native speakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_households" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_households"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>By households</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_households-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negrito_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negrito_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Negrito languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negrito_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language_vitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language_vitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language vitality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Language_vitality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Language vitality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Language_vitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_UNESCO_designation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_UNESCO_designation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>2010 UNESCO designation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_UNESCO_designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2014_North_Dakota_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2014_North_Dakota_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>2014 North Dakota study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2014_North_Dakota_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposals_to_conserve_Philippine_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposals_to_conserve_Philippine_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Proposals to conserve Philippine languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposals_to_conserve_Philippine_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_immigrant_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_immigrant_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major immigrant languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_immigrant_languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major immigrant languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_immigrant_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hokkien" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hokkien"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hokkien</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hokkien-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Korean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Malay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asian_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asian_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>South Asian languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asian_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Spanish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_creoles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_creoles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8.1</span> <span>Spanish creoles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_creoles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="لغات في الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات في الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_de_Filipines" title="Llingües de Filipines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües de Filipines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_kan_Filipinas" title="Mga tataramon kan Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon kan Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_de_les_Filipines" title="Llengües de les Filipines – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües de les Filipines" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pinulongan_sa_Pilipinas" title="Mga pinulongan sa Pilipinas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mga pinulongan sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprachen_der_Philippinen" title="Sprachen der Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprachen der Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipiini_keeled" title="Filipiini keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Filipiini keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiomas_de_Filipinas" title="Idiomas de Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idiomas de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingvoj_de_la_Filipinoj" title="Lingvoj de la Filipinoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingvoj de la Filipinoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinetako_hizkuntzak" title="Filipinetako hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filipinetako hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_aux_Philippines" title="Langues aux Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues aux Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4" title="필리핀의 언어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀의 언어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82" title="फिलीपींस की भाषाएं – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फिलीपींस की भाषाएं" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_pagsasao_ti_Filipinas" title="Dagiti pagsasao ti Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti pagsasao ti Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_di_Filipina" title="Bahasa di Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa di Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_delle_Filippine" title="Lingue delle Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue delle Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഫിലിപ്പൈൻസിലെ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിപ്പൈൻസിലെ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_Filipin" title="Języki Filipin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki Filipin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Языки Филиппин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Языки Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Languages of the Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wika_sa_Pilipinas" title="Mga wika sa Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wika sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filipinler%27de_konu%C5%9Fulan_diller" title="Filipinler'de konuşulan diller – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Filipinler'de konuşulan diller" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Мови Філіппін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мови Філіппін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Pinulongan_han_Pilipinas" title="Mga Pinulongan han Pilipinas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mga Pinulongan han Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="菲律賓語言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律賓語言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#efefef;">Languages of the Philippines</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_(Overview).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png/300px-KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png/450px-KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png/600px-KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png 2x" data-file-width="9663" data-file-height="12373" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Overview of the spread and overlap of the languages spoken throughout the country as of March 2017, by the KWF (<span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a></i></span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">Official</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">National</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Central Bikol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon/Ilonggo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan/Pampango</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan/Pangasinense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausūg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a><sup id="cite_ref-7_mother_tongues_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_mother_tongues-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">Vernacular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">·</span> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a>)</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien in the Philippines">Philippine Hokkien</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">Foreign</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_Philippines" title="Germans in the Philippines"> German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Signed</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a><br /><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">Keyboard layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KB_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_States.svg/200px-KB_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_States.svg/300px-KB_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/KB_United_States.svg/400px-KB_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:21em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">Part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#0038A8; border: 1px double #333;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Culture of the Philippines</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">sign language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">Honorifics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are some 130 to 195 languages spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, depending on the method of classification.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FutureLearn_Local_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FutureLearn_Local-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all are <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a> native to the archipelago. A number of Spanish-influenced <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> varieties generally called <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> along with some local varieties of Chinese<sup id="cite_ref-PhilH_Study_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilH_Study-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hokaglish_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hokaglish-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PhilColloquialMandarin_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilColloquialMandarin-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are also spoken in certain communities. The 1987 constitution designates <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, a standardized version of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> along with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. Filipino is regulated by <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a> and serves as a <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> used by <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Republic Act 11106 declares <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a> or FSL as the country's official <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> and as the Philippine government's official language in communicating with the Filipino Deaf.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Filipino is used for communication across the country's diverse linguistic groups and in <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, the government operates mostly using English. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Filipino than English in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other regional languages are given official auxiliary status in their respective places according to the constitution but particular languages are not specified.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these regional languages are also used in education.<sup id="cite_ref-7_mother_tongues_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7_mother_tongues-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The indigenous scripts of the Philippines (such as the <a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagbanwa alphabet">Tagbanwa</a> and others) are used very little; instead, Philippine languages are today written in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Philippines">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial experience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, though generally not understood, is one of the most well-known of the Philippine indigenous scripts and is used mainly in artistic applications such as on current <a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Philippine_peso" title="Banknotes of the Philippine peso">Philippine banknotes</a>, where the word "Pilipino" is inscribed using the writing system. Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> is used in the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Region_in_Muslim_Mindanao" title="Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao">Muslim areas</a> in the southern Philippines. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagalog Language"> Tagalog</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bisaya_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bisaya Language"> Bisaya</a> are the most commonly spoken native language groups. Filipino and English are the official languages of the Philippines. The official languages were used as the main modes of instruction in schools, allowing mother tongues as auxiliary languages of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Department_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Department of Education"> Philippine Department of Education (DepEd)</a> has put forth initiatives in using mother tongues as modes of instructions over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_and_official_languages">National and official languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: National and official languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Major_Philippine_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Major_Philippine_languages.png/200px-Major_Philippine_languages.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Major_Philippine_languages.png/300px-Major_Philippine_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Major_Philippine_languages.png/400px-Major_Philippine_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Language map of the 12 recognized auxiliary languages based on <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> maps.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> was the official language of the country for more than three centuries under Spanish colonial rule, and became the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the Philippines in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced <a href="/wiki/Universal_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal education">universal education</a>, creating free public schooling in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilCS-Edu_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilCS-Edu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the language of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, and the 1899 <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> effectively proclaimed it as the official language of the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> National hero <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> wrote most of his works in Spanish. Following the American occupation of the Philippines and the imposition of English, the use of Spanish declined gradually. Spanish then declined rapidly because of the Japanese occupation in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the U.S. occupation and civil regime, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> began to be taught in schools. By 1901, public education used English as the medium of instruction. Around 600 educators (called "<a href="/wiki/Thomasites" title="Thomasites">Thomasites</a>") who arrived in that year aboard the <a href="/wiki/USAT_Thomas" title="USAT Thomas">USAT <i>Thomas</i></a> replaced the soldiers who also functioned as teachers. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#The_1935_Constitution" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1935 Constitution</a> added English as an official language alongside Spanish. A provision in this constitution also called for Congress to "take steps toward the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages." On November 12, 1937, the First National Assembly created the National Language Institute. President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quez%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel L. Quezón">Manuel L. Quezón</a> appointed native <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a> speaker <a href="/wiki/Jaime_C._de_Veyra" title="Jaime C. de Veyra">Jaime C. De Veyra</a> to chair a committee of speakers of other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">regional languages</a>. Their aim was to select a national language among the other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">regional languages</a>. Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> was chosen as the base language on December 30, 1937, on the basis that it was the most widely spoken and developed local language.<sup id="cite_ref-Quezón1937_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quezón1937-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quezon himself was born and raised in <a href="/wiki/Baler,_Aurora" title="Baler, Aurora">Baler, Aurora</a>, which is a native Tagalog-speaking area. </p><p>In 1939, <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quez%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel L. Quezón">Manuel L. Quezón</a> renamed the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog language</a> as <i>Wikang Pambansa</i> ("national language" in English translation).<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez1998_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language was further renamed in 1959 as <i>Pilipino</i> by Secretary of Education <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_E._Romero" title="José E. Romero">José E. Romero</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#The_1973_Constitution" title="Constitution of the Philippines">1973 constitution</a> declared the Pilipino language to be co-official, along with English, and mandated the development of a <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>, to be known as <i><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></i>. In addition, Spanish regained its official status when President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> signed Presidential Decree No. 155, s. 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-PD_No._155_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD_No._155-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> declared <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> to be the national language of the country. Filipino and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> were named as the country's official languages, with the recognition of regional languages as having official auxiliary status in their respective regions (though not specifying any particular languages). <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> were to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filipino also had the distinction of being a national language that was to be "developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages." Although not explicitly stated in the constitution, Filipino is in practice almost completely composed of the Tagalog language as spoken in the capital, Manila; however, organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a> began publishing dictionaries such as the <i><a href="/wiki/UP_Diksyonaryong_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="UP Diksyonaryong Filipino">UP Diksyonaryong Filipino</a></i> in which words from various Philippine languages were also included. The present constitution is also the first to give recognition to other regional languages. </p><p> Republic Act No. 7104, approved on August 14, 1991, by President Corazon Aquino, created the Commission on the <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino Language</a>, reporting directly to the President and tasked to undertake, coordinate and promote research for the development, propagation and preservation of Filipino and other <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 13, 1992, the commission issued Resolution 92–1, specifying that Filipino is the<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...indigenous written and spoken language of <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Philippines" title="List of cities in the Philippines">other urban centers</a> in the Philippines used as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">language of communication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Res921_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Res921-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2013, President <a href="/wiki/Noynoy_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Noynoy Aquino">Noynoy Aquino</a>'s government launched the country's <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>-based multi-lingual education program for students in kindergarten to Grade 3, effectively reviving the usage and proliferation of various indigenous languages in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program also strengthened the Filipino language and English language learning capabilities of students.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> signed Republic Act 11106, declaring Filipino Sign Language (FSL) as the country's official language for the Filipino deaf community.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa,_Palawan,_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines.jpg/220px-Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines.jpg/330px-Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines.jpg/440px-Multilingual_message_at_a_comfort_room_in_Puerto_Princesa%2C_Palawan%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Sign in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> in English, Filipino, Cebuano, Chinese, Korean and Russian.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg/220px-Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg/330px-Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg/440px-Storm_Surge_Warning_sign_in_Bantoanon_Language.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A warning sign in <a href="/wiki/Banton,_Romblon" title="Banton, Romblon">Banton, Romblon</a> in English, Filipino, and <a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Bantoanon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Filipino is a standardized version of <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>, spoken mainly in Metro Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, with third local languages often being used at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-BrownGanguly2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrownGanguly2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filipino has borrowings from, among other languages, Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persian, Sanskrit,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malay,<sup id="cite_ref-Rainier_Alain_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainier_Alain-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filipino is an official language of education, but less important than English as a language of publication (except in some domains, like <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic books</a>) and less important for academic-scientific-technological discourse. Filipino is used as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in all regions of the Philippines as well as within <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Filipino">overseas Filipino</a> communities, and is the dominant language of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">armed forces</a> (except perhaps for the small part of the commissioned <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> corps from wealthy or upper-middle-class families) and of a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>, most of whom are non-Tagalogs. </p><p>There are different forms of <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> that exist in the case of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">regional languages</a>. Locals may use their mother tongue or the regional <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> to communicate amongst themselves, but sometimes switch to foreign languages when addressing outsiders. Another is the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> to English when speaking in both their first language and Tagalog. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a> provides for the use of the vernacular languages as official <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">auxiliary languages</a> in provinces where Filipino is not the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>. Filipinos by and large are <a href="/wiki/Polyglot_(person)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyglot (person)">polyglots</a>; in the case where the vernacular language is a regional language, Filipinos would speak in Filipino when speaking in formal situations while the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">regional languages</a> are spoken in non-formal settings. This is evident in major urban areas outside Metro Manila like <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a>-speaking area, and <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>-speaking area. As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the case of Ilocano and Cebuano are becoming more of bilingualism than diglossia due to the publication of materials written in these languages.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The diglossia is more evident in the case of other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bikol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a>, where the written variant of the language is becoming less and less popular to give way to the use of Filipino. Although Philippine laws consider some of these languages as "major languages" there is little, if any, support coming from the government to preserve these languages. This may be bound to change, however, given current policy trends.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There still exists another type of diglossia, which is between the regional languages and the minority languages. Here, we label the regional languages as <a href="/wiki/Acrolect" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrolect">acrolects</a> while the minority languages as the <a href="/wiki/Basilect" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilect">basilect</a>. In this case, the minority language is spoken only in very intimate circles, like the family or the tribe one belongs to. Outside this circle, one would speak in the prevalent regional language, while maintaining an adequate command of Filipino for formal situations. Unlike the case of the regional languages, these minority languages are always in danger of becoming extinct because of speakers favoring the more prevalent regional language. Moreover, most of the users of these languages are illiterate<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Statement needs to be more specific about the content to which it refers. (November 2011)">specify</span></a></i>]</sup> and as expected, there is a chance that these languages will no longer be revived due to lack of written records.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to Filipino and English, other languages have been proposed as additional nationwide languages. Among the most prominent proposals are <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_languages">Regional languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippine_languages_per_region.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Philippine_languages_per_region.png/200px-Philippine_languages_per_region.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Philippine_languages_per_region.png/300px-Philippine_languages_per_region.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Philippine_languages_per_region.png/400px-Philippine_languages_per_region.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Major languages by region. Regions marked with black diamonds denote the language comprises only a substantial minority of the populace.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillanguages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/260px-Phillanguages.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/390px-Phillanguages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Phillanguages.jpg/520px-Phillanguages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Regional languages of the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, a total of 182 native languages are spoken in the nation and four languages have been classified as extinct: Dicamay Agta, Katabaga, <a href="/wiki/Tayabas_Ayta_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayabas Ayta language">Tayabas Ayta</a> and Villaviciosa Agta.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethnologue_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethnologue-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Mandarin</a>), all of the languages belong to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family. </p><p>The following are the four Philippine languages with more than five million native speakers:<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li></ul> <p>In addition, there are seven with between one and five million native speakers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bicolano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li></ul> <p>One or more of these is spoken natively by more than 90% of the population. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine language sub-family</a> identified by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> includes languages of north <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, but excludes the <a href="/wiki/Sama%E2%80%93Bajaw_languages" title="Sama–Bajaw languages">Sama–Bajaw languages</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a> islands, as well as a couple of <a href="/wiki/North_Bornean_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="North Bornean languages">North Bornean languages</a> spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a> is an artificial auxiliary language created as the embodiment of a <a href="/wiki/Bohol" title="Bohol">Bohol</a> nation in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>. It is used by about 500 people. </p><p>A theory that the Brahmic scripts of Sumatra, Sulawesi and the Philippines are descended from an early form of the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a> was presented at the 2010 meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society.<sup id="cite_ref-Miller2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miller2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mutual intelligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philippine languages are often referred to by Filipinos as <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>, partly as a relic of the inaccurate vocabulary used in literature during the American period (1898–1946).<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez1998_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez1998-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While there are indeed many hundreds of dialects in the Philippines, they represent variations of no fewer than 120 distinct languages, and many of these languages maintain greater differences than those between established European languages like French and Spanish. </p><p>The vast differences between the languages can be seen in the following translations of what has been asserted to be the Philippine national proverb:<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language </th> <th scope="col">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a> </th> <td>A person who does not look back at where they came from will not get to their destination. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> </th> <td>El que no mira hacia atrás de donde vino, no llegará a su destino. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien (Lán-nâng-ōe)</a> </th> <td>Hit-gé lâng ná kiâⁿ ná bô khòaⁿ kāi-kī ǎu-piah tùi só͘-chǎi tǐ lō͘, ě bô thang kàu lō͘.「彼个人那行那無看家己後壁對所在佇路，會無通到路。」 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>) </th> <td>Seseorang yang tidak melihatbaliki asal-muasalnya takkan mungkin mencapai tujuannya. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a> </th> <td>Ro uwa' gatan-aw sa anang ginhalinan hay indî makaabut sa anang ginapaeangpan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Asi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asi language">Asi (<i>Bantoanon</i>)</a> </th> <td>Kag tawong waya giruromroma it ida ginghalinan, indi makaabot sa ida apagtuan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a> </th> <td>Si'ya a kai tanda' nin lumingap sa pangibwatan na, kai ya mirate' sa keen na. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc (<i>Ifuntok</i>)</a> </th> <td>Nan Adi mang ustsong sinan narpuwan na, adi untsan isnan umayan na. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a> </th> <td>Hay ahe nin nanlek ha pinag-ibatan, ay ahe makarateng ha lalakwen. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a> </th> <td>Kadtong dilì kahibalo molingì sa iyáng gigikanan, dilì makaabot sa iyáng adtu-an. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">West Miraya Bikol (<i>Ligao</i>)</a> </th> <td>Kan idî tatao magkiling sa inalian, idî makaabot sa papaidtuhan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Buhinon Bikol (<i>Buhi</i>)</a> </th> <td>Yu di nikiling sa pinagalinan, dì makaantos sa pupuntahan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Central Bikol (<i>Canaman</i>)</a> </th> <td>An dai tataong magsalingoy sa saiyang ginikanan, dai makakaabot sa padudumanan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Gubatnon Bikol (<i>Gubat</i>)</a> </th> <td>An diri maaram mag-imud sa pinaghalian, diri makaabot sa pakakadtu-an. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">East Miraya Bikol (<i>Daraga</i>)</a> </th> <td>Su indî tataw makarumdom nung ginitan, indî makaabot sa adunan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">East Miraya Bikol (<i>Guinobatan</i>)</a> </th> <td>Su indî tataw makarəmdəm nū ginítan, indi' makābot sa ādunan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">West Miraya Bikol (<i>Oas</i>)</a> </th> <td>Kan na taw na idî tataw maglinguy sa sanyang inalian, idi man maka abot sa sanyang paidtunan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinconada Bikol">Rinconada Bikol (<i>Iriga</i>)</a> </th> <td>A dirī tattaoŋ maglīlî sa pinaŋgalinan, dirī makaaābot sa pig-iyānan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a> </th> <td>Ang indî kabalo magbalikid sa iyá ginhalinan, indî makalab-ot sa iyá palakadtuan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Boholano_dialect" title="Boholano dialect">Cebuano Bohol (<i>Binol-anon</i>)</a> </th> <td>Sijá nga dì kahibawng molíngì sa ijáng gigikanan, dî gajúd makaabót sa ijáng padulngan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano <i>(Metro Cebu Variety)</i></a> </th> <td>Ang dì kahibáw molingis' iyáng gigikanan, dì gyud makaabots' iyáng padulngan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano <i>(Sialo-Carcar Standard)</i></a> </th> <td>Ang dilì kahibaló molingì sa iyahang gigikanan, dilì gayúd makaabót sa iyahang padulngan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano Caviteño</a> </th> <td>Quien no ta bira cara na su origen no de incarsa na su destinación. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano Ternateño</a> </th> <td>Ay nung sabi mira i donde ya bini no di llega na destinación. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano Zamboangueño</a> </th> <td>El Quien no sabe vira el cara na su origen, nunca llega na su destinación. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a> </th> <td>Ang ara agabalikid sa anang ing-alinan, indi enged maka-abot sa anang papakonan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a> </th> <td>I tolay nga ari mallipay ta naggafuananna, ari makadde ta angayanna. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilokano</a> </th> <td>Ti tao nga saan na ammo tumaliaw iti naggapuanna ket saan nga makadanon iti papananna. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a> </th> <td>Ya tolay nga mari mallipay tsa naggafuananna, mari makakandet tsa angayanna. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon (<i>Ilonggo</i>)</a> </th> <td>Ang indi kabalo magbalikid sang iya nga ginhalinan, indi makaabot sa iya nga pakadtuan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jama_Mapun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama Mapun language">Jama Mapun</a> </th> <td>Soysoy niya' pandoy ngantele' patulakan ne, niya' ta'abut katakkahan ne. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> </th> <td>Ing e byasang malikid king kayang penibatan, e ya miras king kayang pupuntalan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a> </th> <td>Sija nga dili kahibayu mulingi sa ija gigikanan, dili makaabut sa ija pasingdan/paduyungan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a> </th> <td>Ang indî kamaán magbalikid sa ana ginhalinan, indî makaabót sa ana paaragtunan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo (<i>Obo</i>)</a> </th> <td>Iddos minuvu no konnod kotuig nod loingoy to id pomonan din, <br />konna mandad od poko-uma riyon tod undiyonnan din. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> </th> <td>So tao a di matao domingil ko poonan iyan na di niyan kakowa so singanin iyan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a> </th> <td>An dilì maaram maglingì sa ginhalian, kay dilì makaabot sa kakadtuhan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a> </th> <td>Say toon agga onlingao ed pinanlapuan to, agga makasabi'd laen to. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon (<i>Ini</i>)</a> </th> <td>Ang tawo nga bukon tigo mag lingig sa iya guinghalinan hay indi makasampot sa iya ning pagakadtoan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sambali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sambali language">Sambali</a> </th> <td>Hay kay tanda mamanomtom ha pinangibatan, kay immabot sa kakaon. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangil</a> </th> <td>Tao mata taya mabiling su pubuakengnge taya dumanta su kadam tangi. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sinama" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinama">Sinama</a> </th> <td>Ya Aa ga-i tau pa beleng ni awwal na, ga-i du sab makasong ni maksud na. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a> </th> <td>Adtón dilì mahibayó molingì sa ija ing-gikanan, dilì gajód makaabót sa ija pasingdan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sorsogon language (disambiguation)">Sorsoganon</a> </th> <td>An dirì mag-imud sa pinaghalian dirì makaabot sa kakadtuan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Tayabas)</a> </th> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Ang hindi maalam lumingon sa pinaroonan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog (Manila)</a> </th> <td><span title="Tagalog-language text"><i lang="tl">Ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makararating (makakarating) sa paroroonan.</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> </th> <td>In di' maingat lumingi' pa bakas liyabayan niya, di' makasampay pa kadtuun niya. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a> (<i>Leyte</i>) </th> <td>An diri maaram lumingi ha tinikangan, diri maulpot ha kakadtoan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a> (<i>Northern<span class="nowrap"> </span>Samar</i>) </th> <td>An diri maaram lumingi sa tinikangan, diri maabot sa kakadtuan. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a> </th> <td>Mang gey matau mamayam si bakas palaihan nen, gey tekka si papilihan nen. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialectal_variation">Dialectal variation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dialectal variation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The amount of dialectal variation varies from language to language. Languages like Tagalog, Kapampangan and Pangasinan are known to have very moderate dialectal variation. </p><p>For the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a>, however, there is great dialectal variation. There are cities and towns which have their own dialects and varieties. Below is the sentence "Were you there at the market for a long time?" translated into certain varieties of Bikol. The translation is followed by dialect and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">language</a>, and a city/town in Bicol where they are spoken. The final translation is in Tagalog. </p> <ul><li>Haloy ka duman sa saod? (Standard Coastal Bikol, a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol" title="Central Bikol">Central Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Canaman,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaman, Camarines Sur">Canaman, Camarines Sur</a>)</li> <li>Aloy ka duman sa saod? (Magarao, a variety of Coastal Bikol; <a href="/wiki/Magarao,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Magarao, Camarines Sur">Magarao, Camarines Sur</a>)</li> <li>Naawat ka duman sa saod? (<a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a> or <i>Virac Bikol</i>, a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Bikol" title="Coastal Bikol">Coastal Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Virac,_Catanduanes" title="Virac, Catanduanes">Virac, Catanduanes</a>)</li> <li>Naəban ikā sadtō sāran? (<a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinconada Bikol">Rinconada Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Iriga_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Iriga City">Iriga City</a>)</li> <li>Nauban ikā sadtō sāran? (<a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinconada Bikol">Rinconada Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nabua,_Camarines_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabua, Camarines Sur">Nabua, Camarines Sur</a>)</li> <li>Uban ika adto sa saod? (Libon, <a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Libon,_Albay" title="Libon, Albay">Libon, Albay</a>)</li> <li>Naëǧëy ika adto sa saran? (Buhinon, <a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Buhi,_Camarines_Sur" title="Buhi, Camarines Sur">Buhi, Camarines Sur</a>)</li> <li>Ëlëy ka idto sa sëd? (West Miraya Bikol, <a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oas,_Albay" title="Oas, Albay">Oas, Albay</a>)</li> <li>Na-alõy ika idto sa sâran/merkado? (West Miraya Bikol, <a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Polangui,_Albay" class="mw-redirect" title="Polangui, Albay">Polangui, Albay</a>)</li> <li>Naëlay ka idto sa saran? (East Miraya Bikol, <a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Guinobatan,_Albay" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinobatan, Albay">Guinobatan, Albay</a>)</li> <li>Naulay ka didto sa saran? (East Miraya Bikol, <a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a>; <a href="/wiki/Daraga,_Albay" class="mw-redirect" title="Daraga, Albay">Daraga, Albay</a>)</li> <li>Dugay ka didto sa merkado? (Ticao, <a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a>; <a href="/wiki/Monreal,_Masbate" title="Monreal, Masbate">Monreal, Masbate</a>)</li> <li>Awat ka didto sa plasa? (Gubat, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gubat,_Sorsogon" class="mw-redirect" title="Gubat, Sorsogon">Gubat, Sorsogon</a>)</li> <li>Awát ka didto sa rilansi? (Bulan, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sorsogon Language">Southern Sorsogon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bulan,_Sorsogon" title="Bulan, Sorsogon">Bulan, Sorsogon</a>)</li> <li>Matagál ka na ba roón sa palengke? (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_chart">Comparison chart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Comparison chart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a chart of Philippine languages. While there have been misunderstandings on which ones should be classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a></i> and which ones should be classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a></i>, the chart confirms that most have similarities, yet are not mutually comprehensible. These languages are arranged according to the regions they are natively spoken (from north to south, then east to west). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">English </th> <th scope="col">one </th> <th scope="col">two </th> <th scope="col">three </th> <th scope="col">four </th> <th scope="col">person </th> <th scope="col">house </th> <th scope="col">dog </th> <th scope="col">coconut </th> <th scope="col">day </th> <th scope="col">new </th> <th scope="col">we (inclusive) </th> <th scope="col">what </th> <th scope="col">and </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a> </th> <td>asa </td> <td>dadowa </td> <td>tatdo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>vahay </td> <td>chito </td> <td>niyoy </td> <td>araw </td> <td>va-yo </td> <td>yaten </td> <td>ango </td> <td>kan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilokano</a> </th> <td>maysa </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tallo </td> <td>uppat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>balay </td> <td>aso </td> <td>inyog </td> <td>aldaw </td> <td>baro </td> <td>datayo </td> <td>ania </td> <td>ken </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Ifuntok</a> </th> <td>əsang </td> <td>tswa </td> <td>Tulo </td> <td>əpat </td> <td>tacu </td> <td>Afong </td> <td>aso </td> <td>inyog </td> <td>acəw </td> <td>falu </td> <td>tsattaku </td> <td>ngag </td> <td>ya </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a> </th> <td>tadday </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tallu </td> <td>appa' </td> <td>tolay </td> <td>balay </td> <td>kitu </td> <td>inniuk </td> <td>aggaw </td> <td>bagu </td> <td>sittam </td> <td>anni </td> <td>anne </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a> </th> <td>tata </td> <td>addwa </td> <td>tallo </td> <td>appat </td> <td>tolay </td> <td>balay </td> <td>atu </td> <td>ayog </td> <td>aw </td> <td>bawu </td> <td>ikkanetem </td> <td>sanenay </td> <td>e </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a> </th> <td>sakey </td> <td>duara </td> <td>talora </td> <td>apatira </td> <td>too </td> <td>abong </td> <td>aso </td> <td>niyog </td> <td>agew </td> <td>balo </td> <td>sikatayo </td> <td>anto </td> <td>tan/et </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> </th> <td>métung </td> <td>adwá </td> <td>atlú </td> <td>ápat </td> <td>taú </td> <td>bale </td> <td>ásu </td> <td>ngungút </td> <td>aldó </td> <td>bayu </td> <td>ikátamú </td> <td>nanú </td> <td>ampong/at </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a> </th> <td>saya </td> <td>rwa </td> <td>tolo </td> <td>àpat </td> <td>tawu </td> <td>balè </td> <td>aso </td> <td>ungut </td> <td>awro </td> <td>bâ-yo </td> <td>udèng </td> <td>ani </td> <td>tan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </th> <td>isá </td> <td>dalawá </td> <td>tatló </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>bahay </td> <td>aso </td> <td>niyóg </td> <td>araw </td> <td>bago </td> <td>tayo / kamí (exclusive) </td> <td>anó </td> <td>at </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Coastal Bikol</a> </th> <td>saro </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>tulo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>harong </td> <td>ido </td> <td>niyog </td> <td>aldaw </td> <td>ba-go </td> <td>kita </td> <td>ano </td> <td>asin, buda </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a> </th> <td>əsad </td> <td>darwā </td> <td>tolō </td> <td>əpat </td> <td>tawō </td> <td>baləy </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>noyog </td> <td>aldəw </td> <td>bāgo </td> <td>kitā </td> <td>onō </td> <td>ag, sagkəd, sakâ </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Miraya_Bikol" class="mw-redirect" title="West Miraya Bikol">West Miraya Bikol</a> </th> <td>sad </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>tulo </td> <td>upat </td> <td>taw </td> <td>balõy </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>nuyog </td> <td>aldõw </td> <td>bâgo </td> <td>kita, sato </td> <td>uno </td> <td>dangan, mî, saka </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Miraya_Bikol" class="mw-redirect" title="East Miraya Bikol">East Miraya Bikol</a> </th> <td>usad </td> <td>duw </td> <td>tulo </td> <td>upat </td> <td>taw </td> <td>balay </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>nuyog </td> <td>aldaw </td> <td>bâgo </td> <td>kita, satun, kami </td> <td>uno </td> <td>dangan, mî, saka, kina </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a> </th> <td>usád </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuló </td> <td>upát </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>baláy </td> <td>idô </td> <td>buko, lubí </td> <td>aldaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita, kamí, amon </td> <td>nano </td> <td>kag </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a> </th> <td>isá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuyó </td> <td>upát </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>bayay </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>niyóg </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kitá, aton </td> <td>ano </td> <td>kag </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Bantoanon</a> </th> <td>usa </td> <td>ruha </td> <td>tuyo </td> <td>upat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>bayay </td> <td>iro </td> <td>nidog </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita, ato </td> <td>ni-o </td> <td>ag </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a> </th> <td>isya </td> <td>darwa </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>balay </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>niyog </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita, taton </td> <td>ano </td> <td>ag </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a> </th> <td>sara </td> <td>darwa </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>taho </td> <td>balay </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>niyog </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita, taten </td> <td>ano, iwan </td> <td>kag </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> </th> <td>isá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tatló </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>baláy </td> <td>idô </td> <td>lubí </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kitá </td> <td>anó </td> <td>kag </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> </th> <td>usá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuló </td> <td>upát </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>baláy </td> <td>irô </td> <td>lubí </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kitá </td> <td>unsa </td> <td>ug </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a> </th> <td>usá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuyó </td> <td>upát </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>bayáy </td> <td>idô </td> <td>lubí </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kitá </td> <td>unó </td> <td>ug </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a> </th> <td>usá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuló </td> <td>upát </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>baláy </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>lubí </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kitá </td> <td>ano </td> <td>ngan, ug </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a> </th> <td>isá </td> <td>duhá </td> <td>tuyó </td> <td>upát </td> <td>tao </td> <td>bayáy </td> <td>idû </td> <td>niyóg </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kamí </td> <td>unú </td> <td>sanan </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>telu </td> <td>pat </td> <td>taw </td> <td>walay </td> <td>aso </td> <td>niyug </td> <td>gay </td> <td>bagu </td> <td>tanu </td> <td>ngin </td> <td>engu </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a> </th> <td>sotu </td> <td>lewu </td> <td>tlu </td> <td>fat </td> <td>tau </td> <td>gunu </td> <td>ohu </td> <td>lefo </td> <td>kdaw </td> <td>lomi </td> <td>tekuy </td> <td>tedu </td> <td>ne </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> </th> <td>hambuuk </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>tu </td> <td>upat </td> <td>tau </td> <td>bay </td> <td>iru' </td> <td>niyug </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>ba-gu </td> <td>kitaniyu </td> <td>unu </td> <td>iban </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a> </th> <td>uno </td> <td>dos </td> <td>tres </td> <td>cuatro </td> <td>gente </td> <td>casa </td> <td>perro </td> <td>coco </td> <td>dia </td> <td>nuevo </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Zamboangueño: nosotros/kita;</span><br /><span class="nowrap">Bahra: mijotros/motros;</span><br /><span class="nowrap">Caviteño: nisos</span> </td> <td>cosá/ qué </td> <td>y/e </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> </th> <td>uno </td> <td>dos </td> <td>tres </td> <td>cuatro </td> <td>persona </td> <td>casa </td> <td>perro </td> <td>coco </td> <td>día </td> <td>nuevo </td> <td>nosotros </td> <td>que </td> <td>y/e </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien in the Philippines">Philippine Hokkien</a> </th> <td>it / tsi̍t (一) </td> <td>dī (二) / nňg (兩) </td> <td>saⁿ (三) </td> <td>sì (四) </td> <td>lâng (儂) </td> <td>tshù (厝) </td> <td>káu (狗) </td> <td>iâ (椰) / iâ-á (椰仔) </td> <td>di̍t (日) </td> <td>sin (新) </td> <td>lán (咱) </td> <td>siám-mih (啥物) </td> <td>kap (佮) / ka̍h (交) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There is a language spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a> (also known as Yami) of <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> which is not included in the language of the Philippines. Their language, <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Tao</a> (or Yami) is part of the <a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic languages</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a>, Babuyan, and Itbayat of the <i><a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes</a></i>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">English </th> <th scope="col">one </th> <th scope="col">two </th> <th scope="col">three </th> <th scope="col">four </th> <th scope="col">person </th> <th scope="col">house </th> <th scope="col">dog </th> <th scope="col">coconut </th> <th scope="col">day </th> <th scope="col">new </th> <th scope="col">we </th> <th scope="col">what </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Tao</a> </th> <td>ása </td> <td>dóa (raroa) </td> <td>tílo (tatlo) </td> <td>ápat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>vahay </td> <td>gara </td> <td>ngata </td> <td>araw </td> <td>vayo </td> <td>tata </td> <td>vela </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a> </th> <td>asa </td> <td>dadowa </td> <td>tatdo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>vahay </td> <td>chito </td> <td>niyoy / gata </td> <td>araw </td> <td>va-yo </td> <td>yaten </td> <td>ango </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_speakers">Native speakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native speakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are the numbers of Filipinos who speak the following 20 languages as their native languages based on the 2020 Census of Population and Housing<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>. The number of speakers of each language is calculated from the reported number of households by assuming an average household size of 4.1 persons as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FFFF99; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 145.17498250101px; border-left-color:#CAB2D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#CAB2D6"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#CAB2D6"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 127.26004669635px; border-left-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FDBF6F"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 112.00117924292px; border-left-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FB9A99"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 95.095678150107px; border-left-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B2DF8A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 79.600600118136px; border-left-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#A6CEE3"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 57.456111095718px; border-left-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#B15928"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 37.428259311242px; border-left-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#6A3D9A"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 11.358202516276px; border-left-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FF7F00"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:94.50630751798px 32.688802965494px 0 0; border-top-color:#E31A1C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#E31A1C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:70.264996979885px 71.153567720929px 0 0; border-top-color:#33A02C"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#33A02C"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 135.83513899568px 100px 0; border-right-color:#1F78B4"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#1F78B4"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Native languages in the Philippines </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1F78B4; color:;"> </span> Tagalog (39.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33A02C; color:;"> </span> Cebuano/Bisaya/Binisaya/Boholano (22.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E31A1C; color:;"> </span> Hiligaynon (7.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF7F00; color:;"> </span> Ilocano (7.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6A3D9A; color:;"> </span> Bicolano (3.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B15928; color:;"> </span> Waray (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#A6CEE3; color:;"> </span> Kapampangan (2.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2DF8A; color:;"> </span> Maguindanao (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FB9A99; color:;"> </span> Pangasinan (1.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDBF6F; color:;"> </span> Tausug/Bahasa Sug (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CAB2D6; color:;"> </span> Maranao (1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF99; color:;"> </span> Others (9.6%)</div> </div> </div></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;text-align:right;"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Language </th> <th scope="col">ISO 639–3 </th> <th scope="col">Native speakers </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </th> <td>tl </td> <td>43,142,279 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>/Bisaya/Binisaya/Boholano </th> <td>ceb </td> <td>25,584,734 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> </th> <td>hil </td> <td>7,927,399 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> </th> <td>ilo </td> <td>7,639,977 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bicolano</a> </th> <td>bik </td> <td>4,237,174 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waray-Waray language">Waray</a> </th> <td>war </td> <td>2,864,855 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> </th> <td>pam </td> <td>2,622,717 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a> </th> <td>mdh </td> <td>1,496,631 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a> </th> <td>pag </td> <td>1,372,512 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> </th> <td>tsg </td> <td>1,129,419 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> </th> <td>mrw </td> <td>1,123,851 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Karay-a</a> </th> <td>krj </td> <td>601,987 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Aklan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aklan language">Aklanon</a>/Bukidnon/Binukid-Akeanon </th> <td>akl, mlz </td> <td>545,796 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a> </th> <td>msb </td> <td>524,341 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a> </th> <td>sgd </td> <td>466,022 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chavacano_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chavacano Language">Zamboangueño</a> </th> <td>cbk </td> <td>428,327 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a> </th> <td>kne </td> <td>291,125 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama/Samal</a> </th> <td>ssb, sml, sse, slm </td> <td>274,602 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">B'laan/Blaan</a> </th> <td>bpr, bps </td> <td>272,539 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a> </th> <td>ibg </td> <td>257,628 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranon/Iranun/Iraynon</a> </th> <td>ilp </td> <td>230,113 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_households">By households</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: By households"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are the country's top ten languages by the number of households in which they are spoken, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority. There are a total of 26,388,654 households in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Language </th> <th>Number of Households </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tagalog </td> <td>10,522,507 </td> <td>39.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bisaya/Binisaya </td> <td>4,214,122 </td> <td>16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hiligaynon/Ilonggo </td> <td>1,933,512 </td> <td>7.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ilocano </td> <td>1,863,409 </td> <td>7.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cebuano </td> <td>1,716,080 </td> <td>6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bikol </td> <td>1,033,457 </td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Waray </td> <td>698,745 </td> <td>2.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kapampangan </td> <td>639,687 </td> <td>2.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maguindanao </td> <td>365,032 </td> <td>1.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pangasinan/Panggalato </td> <td>334,759 </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Others^ </td> <td>~2,950,000 </td> <td>11.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>^Boholano, Tausug/Bahasa Sug, Maranao, Karay-a/Kinaray-a, Bukidnon/Binukid-Akeanon/Aklanon, Masbateño/ Masbatenon, Surigaonon, and Zamboagueño-Chavacano </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negrito_languages">Negrito languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Negrito languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Negrito_languages" title="Philippine Negrito languages">Philippine Negrito languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_vitality">Language vitality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Language vitality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010_UNESCO_designation">2010 UNESCO designation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2010 UNESCO designation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endangered and extinct languages in the Philippines are based on the 3rd world volume released by UNESCO in 2010. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Degree_of_endangerment" title="Degree of endangerment">Degree of endangerment</a> (UNESCO standard) </p> <ul><li><i>Safe</i>: language is spoken by all generations; intergenerational transmission is uninterrupted</li> <li><i>Vulnerable</i>: most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g., home)</li> <li><i>Definitely endangered</i>: children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home</li> <li><i>Severely endangered</i>: language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves</li> <li><i>Critically endangered</i>: the youngest speakers are grandparents and older, and they speak the language partially and infrequently</li> <li><i>Extinct</i>: there are no speakers left. These languages are included in the Atlas if presumably extinct since the 1950s</li></ul> <dl><dt>Vulnerable languages</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ffdead;"> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Speakers<br />(in 2000) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Province </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Coordinates </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">ISO 639–3 Code(s) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Central Cagayan Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">779 </td> <td>Cagayan </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=17.9891_N_121.8603_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°59′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°51′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.9891°N 121.8603°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.9891; 121.8603</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">agt </td> <td>UNESCO 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Dupaninan Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">1400 </td> <td>Cagayan </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=17.9682_N_122.0361_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°58′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°02′10″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.9682°N 122.0361°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.9682; 122.0361</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">duo </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Definitely endangered</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ffdead;"> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Speakers<br />(in 2000) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Province </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Coordinates </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">ISO 639–3 Code(s) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Bataan Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">500 </td> <td>Bataan </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=14.4324_N_120.4788_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°25′57″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°28′44″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.4324°N 120.4788°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.4324; 120.4788</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">ayt </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Mt. Iraya Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td>Camarines Sur </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=13.459_N_123.5467_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°27′32″N</span> <span class="longitude">123°32′48″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.459°N 123.5467°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.459; 123.5467</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">atl </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Batak </th> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td>Palawan </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=10.1081_N_119_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">10°06′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°00′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">10.1081°N 119°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">10.1081; 119</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">bya </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Severely endangered</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ffdead;"> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Speakers<br />(in 2000) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Province </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Coordinates </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">ISO 639–3 Code(s) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Faire Atta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">300 </td> <td>Ilocos Norte </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=18.027_N_120.4929_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°01′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°29′34″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.027°N 120.4929°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.027; 120.4929</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">azt </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Northern Alta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">200 </td> <td>Aurora </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=15.7162_N_121.4085_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">15°42′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°24′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">15.7162°N 121.4085°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">15.7162; 121.4085</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">agn </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Camarines Norte Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td>Camarines Norte </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=14.0135_N_122.8873_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°00′49″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°53′14″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.0135°N 122.8873°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.0135; 122.8873</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">abd </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Critically endangered</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ffdead;"> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Speakers<br />(in 2000) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Province </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Coordinates </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">ISO 639–3 Code(s) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Alabat Island Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td>Quezon </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=14.1209_N_122.0282_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">14°07′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°01′42″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">14.1209°N 122.0282°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">14.1209; 122.0282</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">dul </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Isarog Agta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td>Camarines Sur </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=13.6805_N_123.3805_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°40′50″N</span> <span class="longitude">123°22′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.6805°N 123.3805°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.6805; 123.3805</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">agk </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Southern Ayta (Sorsogon Ayta) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">150 </td> <td>Sorsogon </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=13.027_N_124.1549_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°01′37″N</span> <span class="longitude">124°09′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.027°N 124.1549°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.027; 124.1549</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">ays </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Extinct</dt></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ffdead;"> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Speakers<br />(in 2000) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Province </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Coordinates </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">ISO 639–3 Code(s) </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Source </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Dicamay Agta<br />(<i>Dumagat</i>, <i>Dicamay Dumagat</i>) </th> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Isabela </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=16.6998_N_122.0167_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°41′59″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°01′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.6998°N 122.0167°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.6998; 122.0167</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">duy </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Arta </th> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>near Isabela-Quirino Border </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=16.4225_N_121.7042_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">16°25′21″N</span> <span class="longitude">121°42′15″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">16.4225°N 121.7042°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">16.4225; 121.7042</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">atz </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Katabaga </th> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Quezon </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=13.4366_N_122.5569_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">13°26′12″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°33′25″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">13.4366°N 122.5569°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">13.4366; 122.5569</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">ktq </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ata </th> <td style="text-align:right;">0 </td> <td>Negros Oriental </td> <td><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Languages_of_the_Philippines&params=9.6081_N_122.9155_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°36′29″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°54′56″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.6081°N 122.9155°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.6081; 122.9155</span></span></span></a></span></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;letter-spacing:0.05em;">atm </td> <td>David Bradley (UNESCO 2000) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2014_North_Dakota_study">2014 North Dakota study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2014 North Dakota study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a separate study by Thomas N. Headland, the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Dallas, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Dakota" title="University of North Dakota">University of North Dakota</a> called <i>Thirty Endangered Languages in the Philippines</i>, the Philippines has 32 endangered languages, but 2 of the listed languages in the study are written with 0 speakers, noting that they are extinct or probably extinct. All of the listed languages are Negrito languages, the oldest languages in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#ffdead;"> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Language </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">General location<br />of speakers<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Population of speakers<br />in the 1990s<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" style="background-color:initial;">Bibliographic source<sup id="cite_ref-endangered_51-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-endangered-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Batak </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Palawan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawan Island">Palawan Island</a> </td> <td>386 </td> <td>Elder 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Mamanwa </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mindoro_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindoro Island">Mindoro Island</a> </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ati </th> <td>Northern <a href="/wiki/Panay_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Panay Island">Panay Island</a> </td> <td>30 </td> <td>Pennoyer 1987:4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ati </th> <td>Southern Panay Island </td> <td>900 </td> <td>Pennoyer 1987:4 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ata </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Negros_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Negros Island">Negros Island</a> </td> <td>450 </td> <td>Cadelina 1980:96 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ata </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mabinay,_Negros_Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabinay, Negros Oriental">Mabinay, Negros Oriental</a> </td> <td>25 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Atta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pamplona,_Cagayan" title="Pamplona, Cagayan">Pamplona</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Cagayan" title="Cagayan">Cagayan</a> </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Atta </th> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Ni%C3%B1o,_Cagayan" title="Santo Niño, Cagayan">Faire</a>-<a href="/wiki/Rizal,_Cagayan" title="Rizal, Cagayan">Rizal</a>, western Cagayan</span> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Atta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pudtol,_Apayao" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudtol, Apayao">Pudtol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalinga-Apayao" title="Kalinga-Apayao">Kalinga-Apayao</a> </td> <td>100 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ayta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sorsogon" title="Sorsogon">Sorsogon</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta (extinct, unverified) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Villaviciosa,_Abra" title="Villaviciosa, Abra">Villaviciosa, Abra</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Grimes 2000; Reid, per. com. 2001 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Abenlen </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarlac" title="Tarlac">Tarlac</a> </td> <td>6000 </td> <td>K. Storck SIL files </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Mag-anchi </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Zambales" title="Zambales">Zambales</a> Tarlac, <a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a> </td> <td>4166 </td> <td>K. Storck SIL files </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Mag-indi </th> <td>Zambales, Pampanga </td> <td>3450 </td> <td>K. Storck SIL files </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Ambala </th> <td>Zambales, Pampanga, <a href="/wiki/Bataan" title="Bataan">Bataan</a> </td> <td>1654 </td> <td>K. Storck SIL files </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Magbeken </th> <td>Bataan </td> <td>381 </td> <td>K. Storck SIL files </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Isarog" class="mw-redirect" title="Isarog">Isarog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camarines_Sur" title="Camarines Sur">Camarines Sur</a> (noted as nearly extinct) </td> <td>1000 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mt._Iraya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Iraya">Mt. Iraya</a> & <a href="/wiki/Lake_Buhi" title="Lake Buhi">Lake Buhi</a> east, Camarines Sur (has 4 close dialects) </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Mt._Iriga" class="mw-redirect" title="Mt. Iriga">Mt. Iriga</a> & Lake Buhi west, Camarines Sur </td> <td>1500 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Camarines_Norte" title="Camarines Norte">Camarines Norte</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Alabat_Island" title="Alabat Island">Alabat Island</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezon</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td>Umirey, Quezon (with 3 close dialects) </td> <td>3000 </td> <td>T. MacLeod SIL files </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Casiguran,_Aurora" title="Casiguran, Aurora">Casiguran</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(province)" title="Aurora (province)">Aurora</a> </td> <td>609 </td> <td>Headland 1989 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Maddela,_Quirino" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddela, Quirino">Maddela, Quirino</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>Headland field notes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Palanan,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanan, Isabela">Palanan</a> & <a href="/wiki/Divilacan,_Isabela" class="mw-redirect" title="Divilacan, Isabela">Divilacan, Isabela</a> </td> <td>856 </td> <td>Rai 1990: 176 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Mariano,_Isabela" title="San Mariano, Isabela">San Mariano</a>-Sisabungan, <a href="/wiki/Isabela_(province)" title="Isabela (province)">Isabela</a> </td> <td>377 </td> <td>Rai 1990: 176 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta (noted as recently extinct) </th> <td>Dicamay, <a href="/wiki/Jones,_Isabela" title="Jones, Isabela">Jones</a>, Isabela </td> <td>0 </td> <td>Headland field notes, and Grimes 2000 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Arta </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Aglipay,_Quirino" title="Aglipay, Quirino">Aglipay, Quirino</a> </td> <td>11 (30 in 1977) </td> <td>Headland field notes, and Reid 1994:40 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Alta </th> <td>Northern Aurora </td> <td>250 </td> <td>Reid, per. comm. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Alta </th> <td>Northern Quezon </td> <td>400 </td> <td>Reid, per. comm. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td>eastern Cagayan, Supaninam (several close dialects) </td> <td>1200 </td> <td>T. Nickell 1985:119 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="text-align:left;">Agta </th> <td>central Cagayan </td> <td>800 </td> <td>Mayfield 1987:vii-viii; Grimes 2000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposals_to_conserve_Philippine_languages">Proposals to conserve Philippine languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Proposals to conserve Philippine languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg/220px-UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg/330px-UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg/440px-UPM_CAS_stairs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4624" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>Stair risers showing some of the different regional languages used in the Philippines, from top to bottom: Filipino, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>/ Filipino (written in <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikol_languages" title="Bikol languages">Bicolano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>. The statement, when roughly translated to English, means "[Let us] meet and join. <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> is fun in <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines_Manila" title="University of the Philippines Manila">UP Manila</a>."</figcaption></figure> <p>There have been numerous proposals to conserve the many languages of the Philippines. According to the <a href="/wiki/Komisyon_ng_Wikang_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino">Komisyon ng Wikang Filipino</a>, there are 135 ethnolinguistic groups in the country, each having their own distinct Philippine language. </p><p>Among the proposals include (1) <i>"establishing a dictionary & sentence construction manual"</i> for each of the 135 living languages in the country, (2) <i>"video documentation"</i> of all Philippine languages, (3) <i>"revival of the ancient scripts of the Philippines"</i> where each ethnic group's own script shall be revived and used in schools along with the currently-used Roman script in communities where those script/s used to be known, (4) <i>"teaching of ethnic mother languages first"</i> in homes and schools before the teaching of Filipino and foreign languages (English, Spanish and Arabic), and (5) <i>"using the ethnic mother language and script first in public signs"</i> followed by Filipino and foreign languages (English, Spanish and Arabic) and scripts, for example, using Cebuano first followed by Filipino and English underneath the sign. </p><p>Currently, only the fourth proposal has been made by the national government of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A National Script bill has been filed in Congress in support of the third and fifth proposal, however, the bill only mandates the usage of the ancient script compatible with the national language, which is Filipino.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_immigrant_languages">Major immigrant languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Major immigrant languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Arabic is used by some <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino Muslim">Filipino Muslims</a> in both a <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical</a> and instructional capacity since the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a> and establishment of several Sultanates in the 14th century. Along with <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, Arabic was the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> among Muslim traders and the Malay <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution</a> mandates that Arabic (along with Spanish) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> Arabic is taught for free and is promoted in some Islamic centres predominantly in the southernmost parts of Philippines. It is used primarily in religious activities and education (such as in a <i><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a></i> or Islamic school) and rarely for official events or daily conversation. In this respect, its function and use is somewhat like the traditional roles of <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and Spanish in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Filipino Catholicism</a> <i>vis-à-vis</i> other currently spoken languages. </p><p>Islamic schools in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> teach <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> in their curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a></div> <p>The first significant exposure of Filipinos to the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> occurred in 1762 when the <a href="/wiki/British_Occupation_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="British Occupation of Manila">British invaded Manila</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, but this was a brief episode that had no lasting influence. English later became more important and widespread during <a href="/wiki/American_Colonial_Period_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Colonial Period (Philippines)">American rule</a> between 1898 and 1946, and remains an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> of the Philippines. </p><p>On August 22, 2007, three <a href="/wiki/Malolos_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos City">Malolos City</a> regional trial courts in <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> decided to use Filipino, instead of <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a>, in order to promote the national language. Twelve <a href="/wiki/Stenographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographers">stenographers</a> from Branches 6, 80 and 81, as model courts, had undergone training at Marcelo H. del Pilar College of Law of <a href="/wiki/Bulacan_State_University" title="Bulacan State University">Bulacan State University</a> College of Law following a directive from the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a>. De la Rama said it was the dream of former Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Reynato_Puno" title="Reynato Puno">Reynato Puno</a> to implement the program in other areas such as <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon" title="Quezon">Quezón</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nueva_%C3%89cija" class="mw-redirect" title="Nueva Écija">Nueva Écija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rizal_(province)" title="Rizal (province)">Rizal</a>, and Metro Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English is used in official documents of business, government, the legal system, medicine, the sciences and as a medium of instruction. Filipinos prefer textbooks for subjects like calculus, physics, chemistry, biology, etc., written in English rather than Filipino.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2015)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines#Dubious" title="Talk:Languages of the Philippines">discuss</a></i>]</sup> However, the topics are usually taught, even in colleges, in Tagalog or the local language. By way of contrast, native languages are often heard in colloquial and domestic settings, spoken mostly with family and friends. The use of English attempts to give an air of formality, given its use in school, government and various ceremonies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Reliable sources needed for the past 4 sentences (October 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A percentage of the media such as cable television and newspapers are also in English; major television networks such as <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a> and all AM radio stations broadcast primarily in Filipino, as well as government-run stations like <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Television_Network" title="People's Television Network">PTV</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Broadcasting Service">Philippine Broadcasting Service</a>. However, a 2009 article by a <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> worker reported that the level of spoken English language in the Philippines was poor. The article reported that aspiring Filipino teachers score the lowest in English out of all of the subjects on their licensing exams.<sup id="cite_ref-SDO2009-01-21_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDO2009-01-21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A large influx of English (<a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) words have been assimilated into Tagalog and the other native languages called <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a>. There is a debate, however, on whether there is diglossia or bilingualism, between Filipino and English. Filipino is also used both in formal and informal situations. Though the masses would prefer to speak in Filipino, government officials tend to speak in English when performing government functions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2013)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> There is still resistance to the use of Filipino in courts and the drafting of national statutes. </p><p>In parts of Mindanao, English and Tagalog blend with Cebuano to form "Davao Tagalog".<sup id="cite_ref-Abinales_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abinales-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hokkien">Hokkien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Hokkien"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></div> <p>Diplomatic ties with the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> among some established states or kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> and direct interactions and trade overall within the archipelago as a whole may go as far back as the early 10th century during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a> and subject matter being taught for <a href="/wiki/Chinese_school#Chinese_language" title="Chinese school">Chinese class</a> in <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Chinese schools in the Philippines">Chinese schools in the Philippines</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/Lan_nang" class="mw-redirect" title="Lan nang">Lan-nang-ue</a> variant of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Chinese</a> is the majority household and <a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">heritage language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Filipino">Chinese Filipinos</a> who, for generations, mostly trace roots from <a href="/wiki/Minnan_region" title="Minnan region">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">China</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue Chinese</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>), <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> are spoken among a minority of Chinese Filipinos whose ancestral roots trace all the way back from the <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> or <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> provinces of <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern China</a>. Most Chinese Filipinos raised in the Philippines, especially those of families of who have lived in the Philippines for multiple generations, are typically able and usually primarily speak <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippine English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> or other regional <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a>, etc.), or the <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> or <a href="/wiki/Code-mixing" title="Code-mixing">code-mixing</a> of these such as <a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bislish" title="Bislish">Bislish</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a> is typically or occasionally used within Chinese Filipino households privately amongst family or acts a heritage language among descendants of such. <a href="/wiki/Hokaglish" title="Hokaglish">Hokaglish</a> is the code-switching equivalent of the above languages. </p><p>As with Spanish, many native languages have co-opted numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Hokkien" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">loanwords from Chinese</a>, in particular words that refer to <a href="/wiki/Philippine_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine cuisine">cuisine</a>, household objects, and <a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Philippine kinship</a> <a href="/wiki/Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">terminology</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Japanese first came to the Philippines around the 11th century CE, the first country they emigrated to, as well as in waves from the 15th century (as depicted in the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Codex" title="Boxer Codex">Boxer Codex</a>) 17th century, late 19th century, 1900s, 1930s, and the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-AfableAsianJournal2008_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfableAsianJournal2008-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-almanac_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a small Japanese community and a school for Japanese in Metro Manila due to the number of Japanese companies. Also there is a large community of Japanese and Japanese descendants in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Laguna province">Laguna province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Davao City is a home to a large population of Japanese descendants. Japanese laborers were hired by American companies like the National Fiber Company (NAFCO) in the first decades of the 20th century to work in abaca plantations. Japanese were known for their hard work and industry. During World War II to present, Japanese schools are present in Davao City, such as Philippine Nikkei Jin Kai International School (PNJK IS). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean">Korean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Korean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korean is mainly spoken by the expatriates from South Korea and people born in the <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_the_Philippines" title="Koreans in the Philippines">Philippines with Korean ancestry</a>. The Korean language has been added under the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> (DepEd) Special Program in Foreign Language (SPFL) curriculum, together with Spanish, French, German, Chinese, and Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-PNA_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PNA-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay">Malay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Malay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay language in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Malay is spoken as a second language by a minority of the <a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a> peoples in the southernmost parts of the Philippines, from <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula_(geographical_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zamboanga Peninsula (geographical region)">Zamboanga</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also spoken as a daily language by the <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a> who have settled, or do business in the Philippines. It is also spoken in southern <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a> to some extent. It is not spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a> peoples. Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia and the southern Philippines are largely Islamic and the liturgical language of Islam is <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, but the vast majority of Muslims in the Philippines have little practical knowledge of Arabic beyond limited religious terminology. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</a> language alongside the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine languages</a>, has had an immense influence on many of the languages of the Philippines. This is because Old Malay used to be the lingua franca throughout the archipelago, a good example of this is Magellan's translator Enrique using Malay to converse with the native <i>Sugbuanon</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a>) during this time period. </p><p>An example of <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay language">Old Malay</a> spoken in Philippine history can be seen in the language of the 10th century <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Copperplate_Inscription" title="Laguna Copperplate Inscription">Laguna Copperplate Inscription</a>. </p><p>When the Spanish had first arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century, Old Malay was spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>. </p><p>It is believed that <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>'s slave <a href="/wiki/Enrique_of_Malacca" title="Enrique of Malacca">Enrique of Malacca</a> could converse with the local leaders in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu Island">Cebu Island</a>, confirming to Magellan his arrival in Southeast Asia. </p><p>Today, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is taught as a foreign language in the Department of Linguistics and Asian Languages in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Philippines" title="University of the Philippines">University of the Philippines</a>. Also, the Indonesian School in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> teaches the language to preserve the culture of Indonesian immigrants there. The Indonesian Embassy in Manila also offers occasional classes for Filipinos and foreigners. </p><p>Since 2013, the Indonesian Embassy in the Philippines has given basic Indonesian language training to members of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an interview, <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Education_(Philippines)" title="Department of Education (Philippines)">Department of Education</a> Secretary <a href="/wiki/Armin_Luistro" title="Armin Luistro">Armin Luistro</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rainier_Alain_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rainier_Alain-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> said that the country's government should promote <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a>, which are both related to Filipino and other Philippine languages. Thus, the possibility of offering it as an optional subject in public schools is being studied. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asian_languages">South Asian languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Asian languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since pre-Spanish times, there have been small Indian communities in the Philippines. Indians tend to be able to speak Tagalog and the other native languages, and are often fluent in English. Among themselves, <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> are used. <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu</a> is spoken among the <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistani</a> community. Only few South Asians, such as Pakistani, as well as the recent newcomers like speakers of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> retain their own respective languages.<sup id="cite_ref-almanac_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-almanac-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish">Spanish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spanish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">Spanish language in the Philippines</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> was introduced in the islands after 1565, when the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a> set sail from <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and founded the first Spanish settlement on <a href="/wiki/Ceb%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebú">Cebú</a>. Though its usage is not as widespread as before, Spanish has had a significant influence in the various local Philippine languages such as providing numerous loan words.<sup id="cite_ref-SDO2009-01-21_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDO2009-01-21-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Spanish-based <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a> varieties collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Chabacano" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabacano">Chabacano</a> have also emerged. The current 1987 constitution makes mention of Spanish in which it provides that Spanish (along with Arabic) is to be promoted on an optional and voluntary basis. </p><p>In 1593, the first printing press in the Philippine islands was founded and it released the first (albeit polyglot) book, the <i><a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Christiana</a></i> that same year. In the 17th century, Spanish religious orders founded the first universities in the Philippines, some of which are considered the oldest in Asia. During colonial rule through <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, Spanish was the language of education, trade, politics, and religion, and by the 19th century, became the colony's <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> although it was mainly used by the educated Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1863, a Spanish decree introduced a system of public education, creating free public schooling in Spanish. In the 1890s, the Philippines had a prominent group of Spanish-speaking scholars called the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrados" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilustrados">Ilustrados</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>. Some of these scholars participated in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> and later in the struggle against American occupation. Both the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Lupang Hinirang</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a>) were written in Spanish. </p><p>Under U.S. rule, the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> began to be promoted instead of Spanish. The use of Spanish began to decline as a result of the introduction of English into the public schools as a language of instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilCS-Edu_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilCS-Edu-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1935 constitution establishing the Philippine Commonwealth designated both English and Spanish as official languages. The 1950 census stated that Filipinos who spoke Spanish as a first or second language made up only 6% of the population. In 1990, the census reported that the number had dwindled to just 2,500 native speakers. A 2020 estimate indicated that about 400,000 Filipinos (less than 0.5% of the population) have working knowledge of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish briefly lost its status as an official language upon promulgation of the 1973 constitution but regained official status two months later when President Marcos signed Presidential Decree No. 155.<sup id="cite_ref-PD_No._155_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PD_No._155-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1987 constitution, Spanish is designated as an "optional and voluntary language" but does not mention it as an "official language". Spanish was dropped as a college requirement during <a href="/wiki/Coraz%C3%B3n_Aquino" class="mw-redirect" title="Corazón Aquino">Corazón Aquino</a>'s administration. Former president <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, a third-language Spanish speaker, introduced legislation to re-establish the instruction of Spanish in 2009 in the state education system. Today, the language is still spoken by Filipino-Spanish mestizos and Spanish families who are mainly concentrated in Metro Manila, <a href="/wiki/Iloilo_City" title="Iloilo City">Iloilo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu</a>. It remains an optional subject in some academic institutions, such as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Santo Tomás">University of Santo Tomás</a> in Manila and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Carlos" title="University of San Carlos">University of San Carlos</a> in Cebu. </p><p>Up until recently, many historical documents, land titles, and works of literature were written in Spanish and not translated into Filipino languages or English. Spanish, through colonization has contributed the largest number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_loanwords_in_Tagalog#Spanish" title="List of loanwords in Tagalog">loanwords and expressions</a> in Tagalog, Cebuano, and other Philippine languages.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Academia_Filipina_de_la_Lengua_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española">Academia Filipina de la Lengua Española</a></i> (Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language), established in 1924, is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Academies_of_the_Spanish_Language" title="Association of Academies of the Spanish Language">Association of Academies of the Spanish Language</a>; an association of the various Spanish academies of the world which cooperate in the standardizing and promotion of the Spanish language. Among its past and present academics are former President Arroyo, former Foreign Affairs Secretary <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Romulo" title="Alberto Romulo">Alberto Romulo</a>, and Archbishop of Cebú Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Vidal" title="Ricardo Vidal">Ricardo Vidal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish_creoles">Spanish creoles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Spanish creoles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></div> <p>There are several <a href="/wiki/Spanish-based_creole_languages" title="Spanish-based creole languages">Spanish-based creole languages</a> in the Philippines, collectively called <a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a>. These may be split into two major geographical groups: </p> <ul><li>In Luzon: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano#Caviteño_/_Ternateño" title="Chavacano">Caviteño</a></i> (Chabacano de Cavite), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cavite_City" title="Cavite City">Cavite City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano#Caviteño_/_Ternateño" title="Chavacano">Ternateño</a></i> (Chabacano de Bahra), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ternate,_Cavite" title="Ternate, Cavite">Ternate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano#Ermiteño" title="Chavacano">Ermitaño</a></i> (Chabacano de Ermita), formerly spoken in <a href="/wiki/Ermita,_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermita, Manila">Ermita, Manila</a> but is now <a href="/wiki/Language_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Language extinction">extinct</a>. The last reported speakers were a woman and her grandson during the 1980s and 1990s.</li></ul></li> <li>In Mindanao: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Zamboangueño Chavacano</a></i> (Chabacano de Zamboanga / Zamboangueño Chavacano), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_City" title="Zamboanga City">Zamboanga City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Sibugay" title="Zamboanga Sibugay">Zamboanga Sibugay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Sur" title="Zamboanga del Sur">Zamboanga del Sur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_del_Norte" title="Zamboanga del Norte">Zamboanga del Norte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilan" title="Basilan">Basilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawi-Tawi" title="Tawi-Tawi">Tawi-Tawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semporna" title="Semporna">Semporna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (360,000 native speakers-Zamboanga City alone as per 2000 census, making it the most spoken form and known form of Chavacano)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Cotabateño</a></i> (Chabacano de Cotabato), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Cotabato" title="Cotabato">Cotabato</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Davaoeño Abakay</a></i> (Chabacano de Davao), spoken in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConstitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines">Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines</a>, Article XIV, Section 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7_mother_tongues-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-7_mother_tongues_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-7_mother_tongues_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/317280/news/nation/deped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3">"DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i>. July 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=DepEd+adds+7+languages+to+mother+tongue-based+education+for+Kinder+to+Grade+3&rft.date=2013-07-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F317280%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fdeped-adds-7-languages-to-mother-tongue-based-education-for-kinder-to-grade-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH">"Philippines"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 28,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFarland1994" class="citation journal cs1">McFarland, C.D. (1994). "Subgrouping and Number of Philippine Languages". <i>Philippine Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>25</b> (1–2): 75–84. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0048-3796">0048-3796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Subgrouping+and+Number+of+Philippine+Languages&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=75-84&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0048-3796&rft.aulast=McFarland&rft.aufirst=C.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Komisyon_sa_Wikang_Filipino" class="mw-redirect" title="Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino">Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino</a> enumerated 134 Philippine languages and 1 national language (Filipino) present in the country through its <i>Atlas Filipinas</i> map published in 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FutureLearn_Local-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FutureLearn_Local_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.futurelearn.com/info/futurelearn-international/what-languages-are-spoken-in-the-philippines">"What languages are spoken in the Philippines?"</a>. <i>www.futurelearn.com</i>. Future Learn. July 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.futurelearn.com&rft.atitle=What+languages+are+spoken+in+the+Philippines%3F&rft.date=2022-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.futurelearn.com%2Finfo%2Ffuturelearn-international%2Fwhat-languages-are-spoken-in-the-philippines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilH_Study-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhilH_Study_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsai2017" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tsai, Hui-Ming 蔡惠名 (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw/thesis/detail/d9babe778274fb8c4ffabf34d9067b40/"><i>Fēilǜbīn zán rén huà (Lán-lâng-uē) yánjiū</i> <bdi lang="zh">菲律賓咱人話（Lán-lâng-uē）研究</bdi></a> [<i>A Study of Philippine Hokkien Language</i>] (PhD thesis) (in Chinese). National Taiwan Normal University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=F%C4%93il%C7%9Cb%C4%ABn+z%C3%A1n+r%C3%A9n+hu%C3%A0+%28L%C3%A1n-l%C3%A2ng-u%C4%93%29+y%C3%A1nji%C5%AB+%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E5%92%B1%E4%BA%BA%E8%A9%B1%EF%BC%88L%C3%A1n-l%C3%A2ng-u%C4%93%EF%BC%89%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=National+Taiwan+Normal+University&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Tsai&rft.aufirst=Hui-Ming+%E8%94%A1%E6%83%A0%E5%90%8D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetds.lib.ntnu.edu.tw%2Fthesis%2Fdetail%2Fd9babe778274fb8c4ffabf34d9067b40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hokaglish-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hokaglish_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong_Gonzales2016" class="citation web cs1">Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290395747">"Exploring trilingual code-switching: The case of 'Hokaglish' (PDF Download Available)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 24,</span> 2016</span> – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exploring+trilingual+code-switching%3A+The+case+of+%27Hokaglish%27+%28PDF+Download+Available%29&rft.date=2016-05&rft.aulast=Wong+Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Wilkinson+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290395747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilColloquialMandarin-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PhilColloquialMandarin_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalanca2002" class="citation journal cs1">Palanca, Ellen H. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-38-2-2002/palanca.pdf">"A Comparative Study of Chinese Education in the Philippines and Malaysia*"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Asian Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (2): 1 – via Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Chinese+Education+in+the+Philippines+and+Malaysia%2A&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Palanca&rft.aufirst=Ellen+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasj.upd.edu.ph%2Fmediabox%2Farchive%2FASJ-38-2-2002%2Fpalanca.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/72676/filipino-not-english-is-the-countrys-lingua-franca/amp">Filipino, not English, is the country’s lingua franca</a>, <i>Inquirer</i>, Feb 27, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/10oct/20181030-RA-11106-RRD.pdf">"[Republic Act No. 11106] An Act Declaring the Filipino Sign Language as the National Sign Language of the Filipino Deaf and the Official Sign Language of Government in All Transactions Involving the Deaf, and Mandating Its Use in Schools, Broadcast Media, and Workplaces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Official Gazette</i>. Government of the Philippines. October 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette&rft.atitle=%5BRepublic+Act+No.+11106%5D+An+Act+Declaring+the+Filipino+Sign+Language+as+the+National+Sign+Language+of+the+Filipino+Deaf+and+the+Official+Sign+Language+of+Government+in+All+Transactions+Involving+the+Deaf%2C+and+Mandating+Its+Use+in+Schools%2C+Broadcast+Media%2C+and+Workplaces&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fdownloads%2F2018%2F10oct%2F20181030-RA-11106-RRD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhard,_David_M.Gary_F._SimonsCharles_D._Fennig2021" class="citation web cs1">Eberhard, David M.; Gary F. Simons; Charles D. Fennig, eds. (2021). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH/languages">"Philippines"</a></span>. <i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i> (Twenty-fourth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.atitle=Philippines&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPH%2Flanguages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein... Article XIV Section 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DO_s2008_060.pdf">"DepEd Order No. 60, 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Republic of the Philippines. August 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DepEd+Order+No.+60%2C+2008&rft.pub=Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F10%2FDO_s2008_060.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/DO_s2009_74.pdf">"DepEd Order No. 74, 2009"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Republic of the Philippines. July 14, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DepEd+Order+No.+74%2C+2009&rft.pub=Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F10%2FDO_s2009_74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Mother-Tongue-CG.pdf">"DepEd Curriculum Guide 2013"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Republic of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DepEd+Curriculum+Guide+2013&rft.pub=Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F01%2FMother-Tongue-CG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deped.gov.ph/2020/02/28/deped-open-to-more-dialogue-on-improvement-of-mtb-mle-implementation/">"DepEd open to more dialogue on improvement of MTB-MLE implementation"</a>. DepEd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DepEd+open+to+more+dialogue+on+improvement+of+MTB-MLE+implementation&rft.pub=DepEd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deped.gov.ph%2F2020%2F02%2F28%2Fdeped-open-to-more-dialogue-on-improvement-of-mtb-mle-implementation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilCS-Edu-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhilCS-Edu_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilCS-Edu_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/philippines/53.htm">"Philippines – Education"</a>. <i>CountryStudies.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CountryStudies.us&rft.atitle=Philippines+%E2%80%93+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcountrystudies.us%2Fphilippines%2F53.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 93 of the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Malolos Constitution</a> reads, "Art. 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional. This use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language will be used in the meantime."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.elpais.com/elpais/2018/10/22/inenglish/1540219578_899934.html">"America's shameful rapprochement to the Franco dictatorship"</a>. October 23, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+shameful+rapprochement+to+the+Franco+dictatorship&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.elpais.com%2Felpais%2F2018%2F10%2F22%2Finenglish%2F1540219578_899934.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quezón1937-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Quezón1937_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManuel_L._Quezon1937" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (December 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quezon.ph/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/mlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf">"Speech of His Excellency, Manuel L. Quezón, President of the Philippines on Filipino national language"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+of+His+Excellency%2C+Manuel+L.+Quez%C3%B3n%2C+President+of+the+Philippines+on+Filipino+national+language.&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1937-12&rft.au=Manuel+L.+Quezon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quezon.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2007%2F05%2Fmlq-speech-national-language-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez1998-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez1998_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez1998_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gonzalez" title="Andrew Gonzalez">Gonzalez, Andrew</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf">"The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i>. <b>19</b> (5, 6): 487–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434639808666365">10.1080/01434639808666365</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 16, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=The+Language+Planning+Situation+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5%2C+6&rft.pages=487-525&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01434639808666365&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.multilingual-matters.net%2Fjmmd%2F019%2F0487%2Fjmmd0190487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PD_No._155-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PD_No._155_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PD_No._155_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/presidentialdecrees/presidentialdecreeno155.html">"Presidential Decree No. 155 : Philippine Laws, Statutes and Codes"</a>. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presidential+Decree+No.+155+%3A+Philippine+Laws%2C+Statutes+and+Codes&rft.pub=Chan+Robles+Virtual+Law+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Fpresidentialdecrees%2Fpresidentialdecreeno155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>Article XIV, Sec 7</b>: For purposes of communication and instruction, the official languages of the Philippines are Filipino and, until otherwise provided by law, English. The regional languages are the official auxiliary languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein. Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/republicactno7104.htm">"Commission on the Filipino Language Act"</a>. Chan Robles Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commission+on+the+Filipino+Language+Act&rft.pub=Chan+Robles+Law+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Frepublicactno7104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Res921-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Res921_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wika.pbworks.com/Resolusyon%20Blg%2092-1">"Resolusyon Blg. 92–1"</a> (in Filipino). Commission on the Filipino Language. May 13, 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolusyon+Blg.+92%E2%80%931&rft.pub=Commission+on+the+Filipino+Language&rft.date=1992-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwika.pbworks.com%2FResolusyon%2520Blg%252092-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/33619-mother-tongue-languages-k12/">"DepEd adds 7 mother-tongue languages in K to 12"</a>. July 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DepEd+adds+7+mother-tongue+languages+in+K+to+12&rft.date=2013-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2F33619-mother-tongue-languages-k12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/137492-look-back-aquino-10-point-education-agenda/">"K to 12 and beyond: A look back at Aquino's 10-point education agenda"</a>. June 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K+to+12+and+beyond%3A+A+look+back+at+Aquino%27s+10-point+education+agenda&rft.date=2016-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2F137492-look-back-aquino-10-point-education-agenda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2018/10oct/20181030-RA-11106-RRD.pdf">"Republic Act No. 11106"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Republic+Act+No.+11106&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fdownloads%2F2018%2F10oct%2F20181030-RA-11106-RRD.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakacs2015" class="citation book cs1">Takacs, Sarolta (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u1TrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA659"><i>The Modern World: Civilizations of Africa, Civilizations of Europe, Civilizations of the Americas, Civilizations of the Middle East and Southwest Asia, Civilizations of Asia and the Pacific</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 659. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45572-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45572-1"><bdi>978-1-317-45572-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+World%3A+Civilizations+of+Africa%2C+Civilizations+of+Europe%2C+Civilizations+of+the+Americas%2C+Civilizations+of+the+Middle+East+and+Southwest+Asia%2C+Civilizations+of+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.pages=659&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45572-1&rft.aulast=Takacs&rft.aufirst=Sarolta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du1TrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrownGanguly2003-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrownGanguly2003_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownGanguly2003" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Michael Edward; Ganguly, Sumit (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fcoDezu1ABoC&pg=PA324"><i>Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia</i></a>. MIT Press. pp. 323–325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52333-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-52333-2"><bdi>978-0-262-52333-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+Language+Policy+and+Ethnic+Relations+in+Asia&rft.pages=323-325&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-262-52333-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edward&rft.au=Ganguly%2C+Sumit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfcoDezu1ABoC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopez1965" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez, Cecilio (January 1, 1965). "The Spanish overlay in Tagalog". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>14</b>: 477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2865%2990058-6">10.1016/0024-3841(65)90058-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-3841">0024-3841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+overlay+in+Tagalog&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=477&rft.date=1965-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2865%2990058-6&rft.issn=0024-3841&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Cecilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaklanova2017" class="citation journal cs1">Baklanova, Ekaterina (March 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315473212">"Types of Borrowings in Tagalog/Filipino"</a>. <i>Kritika Kultura</i> (28). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13185%2FKK2017.02803">10.13185/KK2017.02803</a></span> (inactive November 1, 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika+Kultura&rft.atitle=Types+of+Borrowings+in+Tagalog%2FFilipino&rft.issue=28&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13185%2FKK2017.02803&rft.aulast=Baklanova&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F315473212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoso2010" class="citation journal cs1">Donoso, Isaac J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philippineperformance-repository.upd.edu.ph/247/">"The Hispanic Moros y Cristianos and the Philippine Komedya"</a>. <i>Philippine Humanities Review</i>. <b>11</b>: 87–120. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-7802">0031-7802</a>. <q>Thus, Arabic words became integrated into Philippine languages through Spanish (e.g., alahas (<i>alhaja</i>, al- haja), alkalde (<i>alcalde</i>, al-qadi), alkampor (<i>alcanfor</i>, al-kafiir), alkansiya (<i>alcancia</i>, al-kanziyya), aldaba (<i>aldaba</i>, al-dabba), almires (<i>almirez</i>, al-mihras), baryo (<i>barrio</i>, al-barri), kapre (<i>cafre</i>, kafir), kisame (<i>zaquizami</i>, saqf fassami), etc.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Humanities+Review&rft.atitle=The+Hispanic+Moros+y+Cristianos+and+the+Philippine+Komedya&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=87-120&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0031-7802&rft.aulast=Donoso&rft.aufirst=Isaac+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilippineperformance-repository.upd.edu.ph%2F247%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaspelmath2009" class="citation book cs1">Haspelmath, Martin (2009). <i>Loanwords in the World's Languages: A Comparative Handbook</i>. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 724. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021843-5"><bdi>978-3-11-021843-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loanwords+in+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+A+Comparative+Handbook&rft.pages=724&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021843-5&rft.aulast=Haspelmath&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rainier_Alain-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rainier_Alain_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rainier_Alain_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainier_Alain2013" class="citation news cs1">Rainier Alain, Ronda (March 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/03/22/922576/bahasa-schools-deped-eyes-2nd-foreign-language">"Bahasa in schools? DepEd eyes 2nd foreign language"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Bahasa+in+schools%3F+DepEd+eyes+2nd+foreign+language&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft.aulast=Rainier+Alain&rft.aufirst=Ronda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2013%2F03%2F22%2F922576%2Fbahasa-schools-deped-eyes-2nd-foreign-language&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChan-Yap1980" class="citation book cs1">Chan-Yap, Gloria (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hokkienchinesebo0000chan"><i>Hokkien Chinese borrowings in Tagalog</i></a></span>. Dept. of Linguistics, School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hokkienchinesebo0000chan/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-225-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85883-225-1"><bdi>978-0-85883-225-1</bdi></a>. <q>The number of loanwords in the domain of cookery is rather large, and they are, by far, the most homogeneous of the loanwords.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hokkien+Chinese+borrowings+in+Tagalog&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Dept.+of+Linguistics%2C+School+of+Pacific+Studies%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-85883-225-1&rft.aulast=Chan-Yap&rft.aufirst=Gloria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhokkienchinesebo0000chan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoaquin2004" class="citation book cs1">Joaquin, Nick (2004). <i>Culture and history</i>. Pasig. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-27-1426-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-27-1426-9"><bdi>978-971-27-1426-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/976189040">976189040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+history&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Pasig&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F976189040&rft.isbn=978-971-27-1426-9&rft.aulast=Joaquin&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotet2016" class="citation book cs1">Potet, Jean-Paul G. 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Raleigh, NC: Lulu Press, Inc. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-326-61579-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-326-61579-6"><bdi>978-1-326-61579-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog+Borrowings+and+Cognates&rft.place=Raleigh%2C+NC&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-326-61579-6&rft.aulast=Potet&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjvOjDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413185616/https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/06/28/mexico-our-older-sister/">"Mexico, our older sister"</a>. <i>Manila Bulletin News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/06/28/mexico-our-older-sister/">the original</a> on April 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manila+Bulletin+News&rft.atitle=Mexico%2C+our+older+sister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.mb.com.ph%2F2017%2F06%2F28%2Fmexico-our-older-sister%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicardo_Ma._Nolasco" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Ricardo Ma. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maraming+Wika%2C+Matatag+na+Bansa+%E2%80%93+Chairman+Nolasco&rft.pub=Commission+on+the+Filipino+Language&rft.au=Ricardo+Ma.+Nolasco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwika.pbworks.com%2FMaraming%2BWika%2C%2BMatatag%2Bna%2BBansa%2B-%2BChairman%2BNolasco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelongco2007" class="citation news cs1">Felongco, Gilbert (December 5, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/arroyo-wants-spanish-language-in-schools-1.217121">"Arroyo wants Spanish language in schools"</a>. <i>GulfNews</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=The+Philippines+is+fronting+up+to+its+Spanish+heritage%2C+and+for+some+it%27s+paying+off&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft.aulast=Weedon&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2019-08-10%2Finside-the-push-to-bring-back-spanish-into-the-philippines%2F11356590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzales" class="citation journal cs1">Gonzales, Richard DLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26500370">"Nihongo No Benkyou: Why and How Filipinos Learn Japanese Language"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Nihongo+No+Benkyou%3A+Why+and+How+Filipinos+Learn+Japanese+Language&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Richard+DLC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26500370&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slideshare.net/animation0118/similarities-and-differences-between-japan-and-philippine-cultures">"Similarities and Differences between Japan and Philippine Cultures"</a>. <i>www.slideshare.net</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Going+Banana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthephilippines.ph%2Fphilippine-culture%2Fgoing-banana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tabacofamily.com/jtabaco/india.asp">"KINDING SINDAW"</a>. <i>tabacofamily.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tabacofamily.com&rft.atitle=KINDING+SINDAW&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftabacofamily.com%2Fjtabaco%2Findia.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150621051322/http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino">"The Indian in the Filipino"</a>. <i>Inquirer.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalnation.inquirer.net/cebudailynews/opinion/view/20091011-229561/The-Indian-in-the-Filipino">the original</a> on June 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inquirer.net&rft.atitle=The+Indian+in+the+Filipino&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalnation.inquirer.net%2Fcebudailynews%2Fopinion%2Fview%2F20091011-229561%2FThe-Indian-in-the-Filipino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesavapanyManiRamasamy2008" class="citation book cs1">Kesavapany, K.; Mani, A.; Ramasamy, P. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39lJz_L4MdUC&pg=PA537"><i>Rising India and Indian Communities in East Asia</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812307996" title="Special:BookSources/9789812307996"><bdi>9789812307996</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rising+India+and+Indian+Communities+in+East+Asia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789812307996&rft.aulast=Kesavapany&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Mani%2C+A.&rft.au=Ramasamy%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39lJz_L4MdUC%26pg%3DPA537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandhuMani2006" class="citation book cs1">Sandhu, K. S.; Mani, A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TeExjdWUmJYC&pg=PA707"><i>Indian Communities in Southeast Asia (First Reprint 2006)</i></a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812304186" title="Special:BookSources/9789812304186"><bdi>9789812304186</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Communities+in+Southeast+Asia+%28First+Reprint+2006%29&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789812304186&rft.aulast=Sandhu&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Mani%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTeExjdWUmJYC%26pg%3DPA707&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/rivera4.html">"Estadisticas: El idioma español en Filipinas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estadisticas%3A+El+idioma+espa%C3%B1ol+en+Filipinas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuscoenlaces.es%2Fkaibigankastila%2Frivera4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-El_español_resiste_en_Filipinas_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gómez Armas, Sara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coolt.com/ideas/espanol-resiste-en-filipinas_24_102.html">El español resiste en Filipinas</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i>, 19 May 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318055051/http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php">"Spanish language in Philippines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spanish-in-the-world.net/Spanish/philippines.php">the original</a> on March 18, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+language+in+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spanish-in-the-world.net%2FSpanish%2Fphilippines.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a>; Fox, James; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Tryon, Darrell</a> (1995). <i>The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives</i>. Department of Anthropology, Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7315-2132-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7315-2132-3"><bdi>0-7315-2132-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.pub=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7315-2132-3&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fox%2C+James&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/country/PH">"Ethnologue report for Philippines"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnologue+report+for+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fcountry%2FPH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobelTria2000" class="citation book cs1">Lobel, Jason William; Tria, Wilmer Joseph S. (2000). <i>An Satuyang Tataramon: A Study of the Bikol language</i>. Lobel & Tria Partnership Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92226-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/971-92226-0-3"><bdi>971-92226-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Satuyang+Tataramon%3A+A+Study+of+the+Bikol+language&rft.pub=Lobel+%26+Tria+Partnership+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=971-92226-0-3&rft.aulast=Lobel&rft.aufirst=Jason+William&rft.au=Tria%2C+Wilmer+Joseph+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMintz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Mintz, Malcolm Warren (2001). "Bikol". <i>Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8242-0970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8242-0970-2"><bdi>0-8242-0970-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facts+About+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Major+Languages%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Bikol&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8242-0970-2&rft.aulast=Mintz&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1971" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Lawrence A. (1971). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philippineminorl0000reid"><i>Philippine minor Languages: Word lists and phonologies</i></a></span>. University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87022-691-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87022-691-6"><bdi>0-87022-691-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+minor+Languages%3A+Word+lists+and+phonologies&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=0-87022-691-6&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilippineminorl0000reid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino1998" class="citation book cs1">Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tagalogenglishen00rubi"><i>Tagalog-English English-Tagalog Dictionary</i></a></span>. Hippocrene Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7818-0961-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7818-0961-4"><bdi>0-7818-0961-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tagalog-English+English-Tagalog+Dictionary&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7818-0961-4&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ralph+Galvez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftagalogenglishen00rubi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino2000" class="citation book cs1">Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez (2000). <i>Ilocano Dictionary and Grammar</i>. University of Hawai'i Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2088-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2088-6"><bdi>0-8248-2088-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilocano+Dictionary+and+Grammar&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8248-2088-6&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ralph+Galvez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubino" class="citation web cs1">Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloko.tripod.com/philproverb.html">"The Philippine National Proverb"</a>. <i>Translated into various Philippine languages</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Translated+into+various+Philippine+languages&rft.atitle=The+Philippine+National+Proverb&rft.aulast=Rubino&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ralph+Galvez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filoko.tripod.com%2Fphilproverb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundita2002" class="citation book cs1">Sundita, Christopher Allen (2002). <i>In Bahasa Sug: An Introduction to Tausug</i>. Lobel & Tria Partnership. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-92226-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/971-92226-6-2"><bdi>971-92226-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Bahasa+Sug%3A+An+Introduction+to+Tausug&rft.pub=Lobel+%26+Tria+Partnership&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=971-92226-6-2&rft.aulast=Sundita&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSundita" class="citation web cs1">Sundita, Christopher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616023054/http://www.geocities.com/csundita/filipiniana/rplanguages.html">"Languages or Dialects?"</a>. <i>Understanding the Native Tongues of the Philippines</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geocities.com/csundita/filipiniana/rplanguages.html">the original</a> on June 16, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Understanding+the+Native+Tongues+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=Languages+or+Dialects%3F&rft.aulast=Sundita&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geocities.com%2Fcsundita%2Ffilipiniana%2Frplanguages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstitution_of_the_Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/">"The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. Government of the Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Government+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fconstitutions%2F1987-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYap1977" class="citation book cs1">Yap, Fe Aldave (1977). <i>A Comparative Study of Philippine Lexicons</i>. Institute of Philippine languages, Department of Education, Culture, and Sports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/971-8705-05-8" title="Special:BookSources/971-8705-05-8"><bdi>971-8705-05-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Philippine+Lexicons&rft.pub=Institute+of+Philippine+languages%2C+Department+of+Education%2C+Culture%2C+and+Sports&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=971-8705-05-8&rft.aulast=Yap&rft.aufirst=Fe+Aldave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorc1977" class="citation journal cs1">Zorc, R. David (1977). "The Bisayan dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and reconstruction". <i>Pacific Linguistics</i>. <b>C</b> (44).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Bisayan+dialects+of+the+Philippines%3A+Subgrouping+and+reconstruction&rft.volume=C&rft.issue=44&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Zorc&rft.aufirst=R.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZorc2001" class="citation journal cs1">Zorc, R. David (2001). "Hiligaynon". <i>Facts About the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Facts+About+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Major+Languages%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.atitle=Hiligaynon&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Zorc&rft.aufirst=R.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViray2006" class="citation journal cs1">Viray, Joseph Reylan B. (2006). "Dagang Simbahan". <i>Makata International Journal of Poetry</i>. <b>7</b> (12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Makata+International+Journal+of+Poetry&rft.atitle=Dagang+Simbahan&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Viray&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Reylan+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_la_Rosa1960" class="citation journal cs1">de la Rosa, Luciano (1960). "El Filipino: Origen y Connotación". <i>El Renacimiento Filipino</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Renacimiento+Filipino&rft.atitle=El+Filipino%3A+Origen+y+Connotaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=de+la+Rosa&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDedaićNelson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dedaić, Mirjana N.; Nelson, Daniel N. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZ4fbMPV3k0C&q=exogenous+language&pg=PA372"><i>At War With Words</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017649-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017649-1"><bdi>3-11-017649-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+War+With+Words&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3-11-017649-1&rft.aulast=Dedai%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mirjana+N.&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Daniel+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZ4fbMPV3k0C%26q%3Dexogenous%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamers2000" class="citation book cs1">Hamers, Josiane F. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ata9lBT5euwC&q=exogenous+language&pg=PA31"><i>Bilinguality and Bilingualism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64843-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64843-2"><bdi>0-521-64843-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bilinguality+and+Bilingualism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-64843-2&rft.aulast=Hamers&rft.aufirst=Josiane+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Data9lBT5euwC%26q%3Dexogenous%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTupas2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tupas, Ruanni (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277951403">"The Politics of "P" and "F": A Linguistic History of Nation-Building in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development</i>. <b>36</b> (6): 587–597. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01434632.2014.979831">10.1080/01434632.2014.979831</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143332545">143332545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Multilingual+and+Multicultural+Development&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+%22P%22+and+%22F%22%3A+A+Linguistic+History+of+Nation-Building+in+the+Philippines&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=587-597&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01434632.2014.979831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143332545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tupas&rft.aufirst=Ruanni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F277951403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Roger M. (January 1, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1h9oF9rj-MC"><i>Filipino English and Taglish: Language Switching from Multiple Perspectives</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027248916" title="Special:BookSources/9789027248916"><bdi>9789027248916</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Filipino+English+and+Taglish%3A+Language+Switching+from+Multiple+Perspectives&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.isbn=9789027248916&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Roger+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1h9oF9rj-MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanguages+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Languages_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muturzikin.com/cartesasiesudest/5.htm">Linguistic map of the Philippines at Muturzikin.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wika.pbworks.com/Maraming+Wika,+Matatag+na+Bansa+-+Chairman+Nolasco">Ricardo Maria Nolasco on the diversity of languages in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/">Lawrence R. Reid</a> webpage of Dr. Lawrence A. Reid. Researcher Emeritus of linguistics at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Has researched Philippine languages for decades.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.languagelinks.org/onlinepapers/fil_met.html">The Metamorphosis of Filipino as a National Language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloko.tripod.com/">Carl Rubino</a> webpage of Dr. Carl Rubino. A Filipino linguist who has studied Philippine languages.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080613095424/http://es.geocities.com/Iberofilipino/Articles/LitFilHispana.html">Literatura hispanofilipina: siglos XVII al XX</a> by Edmundo Farolan Romero, with a brief Philippine poetry anthology in Spanish.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://salitablog.blogspot.com">Salita Blog</a> by Christopher Sundita. A blog about a variety of issues concerning the languages of the Philippines.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espaniero.com">Espaniero</a> An Online Spanish conversation group for Pinoys</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iloko.tripod.com/philtree.html">Philippine Language Tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070616101625/http://www.multilingual-matters.net/jmmd/019/0487/jmmd0190487.pdf">The Language Planning Situation in the Philippines</a>, by Andrew González, FSC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buscoenlaces.es/kaibigankastila/">kaibigankastila</a> webpage of the Spanish culture in the Philippines.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418000718/http://liveinthephilippines.com/bobm/2007/08/13/language-barrier/">On linguistic mutual intolerance in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://filipinotranslator.blogspot.com">Filipino Translator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tagalogtranslator.nl">Tagalog Translator Online</a> Online dictionary for translating Tagalog from/to English, including expressions and latest headlines regarding the Philippines.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imphscience.files.wordpress.com/2013/10/all3.jpg?w=529&h=529f">Linguistic map of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/Learn_Philippine_Languages">Learn Philippine Languages</a> a compilation of lessons about languages of the Philippines.</li></ul> </div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_languages_of_the_Philippines" title="List of regional languages of the Philippines">Regional languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chavacano" title="Chavacano">Chavacano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">region</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangutaran_Sama_language" title="Pangutaran Sama language">Pangutaran Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama language">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakan_language" title="Yakan language">Yakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bicol_Region" title="Bicol Region">Bicol Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albay_Bikol_language" title="Albay Bikol language">Albay Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Partido_language" title="Inagta Partido language">Inagta Partido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_language" title="Masbateño language">Masbateño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iraya_Agta_language" title="Mount Iraya Agta language">Mount Iraya Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Iriga_Agta_language" title="Mount Iriga Agta language">Mount Iriga Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sorsogon_language" title="Northern Sorsogon language">Northern Sorsogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandan_Bikol_language" title="Pandan Bikol language">Pandan Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Catanduanes_Bikol_language" title="Southern Catanduanes Bikol language">Southern Catanduanes Bikol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Sorsogon_language" title="Southern Sorsogon language">Southern Sorsogon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arta_language" title="Arta language">Arta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugkalot_language" title="Bugkalot language">Bugkalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Central Cagayan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapigue_Agta" title="Dinapigue Agta">Dinapigue Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dupaningan_Agta" title="Dupaningan Agta">Dupaningan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isinai_language" title="Isinai language">Isinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itbayat_language" title="Itbayat language">Itbayat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karao_language" title="Karao language">Karao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagtipunan_Agta" title="Nagtipunan Agta">Nagtipunan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_Agta_language" title="Paranan Agta language">Paranan Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranan_language" title="Paranan language">Paranan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inagta_Alabat_language" title="Inagta Alabat language">Inagta Alabat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manide_language" title="Manide language">Manide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatang_Kayi_language" title="Hatang Kayi language">Hatang Kayi</a> (Remontado)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caraga" title="Caraga">Caraga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agusan_language" title="Agusan language">Agusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_Manobo_language" title="Ata Manobo language">Ata Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butuanon_language" title="Butuanon language">Butuanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamayo_language" title="Kamayo language">Kamayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamanwa_language" title="Mamanwa language">Mamanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surigaonon_language" title="Surigaonon language">Surigaonon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abellen_language" title="Abellen language">Abellen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambala_language" title="Ambala language">Ambala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antsi_language" title="Antsi language">Antsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botolan_language" title="Botolan language">Botolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casiguran_Dumagat_Agta" title="Casiguran Dumagat Agta">Casiguran Dumagat Agta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indi_language" title="Indi language">Indi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasiguranin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasiguranin language">Kasiguranin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marivele%C3%B1o_language" title="Mariveleño language">Mariveleño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Alta_language" title="Northern Alta language">Northern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambal_language" title="Sambal language">Sambal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Alta_language" title="Southern Alta language">Southern Alta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umiray_Dumaget_language" title="Umiray Dumaget language">Umiray Dumaget</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Visayas" title="Central Visayas">Central Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantayanon_language" title="Bantayanon language">Bantayanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karolanos_language" title="Karolanos language">Karolanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahat_language" title="Magahat language">Magahat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porohanon_language" title="Porohanon language">Porohanon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atta_language" title="Atta language">Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangao_language" title="Balangao language">Balangao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontoc_language" title="Bontoc language">Bontoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27dang_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ga'dang language">Ga'dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibaloi_language" title="Ibaloi language">Ibaloi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifugao_language" title="Ifugao language">Ifugao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isnag_language" title="Isnag language">Isnag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itawis_language" title="Itawis language">Itawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itneg_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Itneg language">Itneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaak_language" title="Iwaak language">Iwaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalanguya_language" title="Kalanguya language">Kalanguya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_language" title="Kalinga language">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_language" title="Kankanaey language">Kankanaey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaweg_language" title="Malaweg language">Malaweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwali_language" title="Tuwali language">Tuwali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Davao_Region" title="Davao Region">Davao Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davaoe%C3%B1o_language" title="Davaoeño language">Davaoeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalagan_language" title="Kalagan language">Kalagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klata_language" title="Klata language">Klata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese language">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarangani_language" title="Sarangani language">Sarangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagabawa_language" title="Tagabawa language">Tagabawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaknon_language" title="Abaknon language">Abaknon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybay_language" title="Baybay language">Baybay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabalian_language" title="Kabalian language">Kabalian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolinao_language" title="Bolinao language">Bolinao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taglish" title="Taglish">Taglish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mimaropa" title="Mimaropa">Mimaropa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agutaynen_language" title="Agutaynen language">Agutaynen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alangan_language" title="Alangan language">Alangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantoanon_language" title="Bantoanon language">Asi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_language_(Philippines)" title="Batak language (Philippines)">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_Tagbanwa_language" title="Calamian Tagbanwa language">Calamian Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tagbanwa_language" title="Central Tagbanwa language">Central Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyonon_language" title="Cuyonon language">Cuyonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_language" title="Hanunoo language">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraya_language" title="Iraya language">Iraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagayanen_language" title="Kagayanen language">Kagayanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molbog_language" title="Molbog language">Molbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palawano_language" title="Palawano language">Palawano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratagnon_language" title="Ratagnon language">Ratagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadyawan_language" title="Tadyawan language">Tadyawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbuid_language" title="Tawbuid language">Tawbuid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindanao" title="Northern Mindanao">Northern Mindanao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukid_language" title="Bukid language">Bukid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higaonon_language" title="Higaonon language">Higaonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamigin_language" title="Kamigin language">Kamigin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigsalug_language" title="Matigsalug language">Matigsalug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Bukidnon_Manobo" title="Western Bukidnon Manobo">Western Bukidnon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Soccsksargen</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaan_language" title="Blaan language">Blaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotabato_Manobo_language" title="Cotabato Manobo language">Cotabato Manobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilianen_language" title="Ilianen language">Ilianen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_language" title="Iranun language">Iranun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obo_language" title="Obo language">Obo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiruray language">Tiruray</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Visayas" title="Western Visayas">Western Visayas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language_(Negros)" title="Ata language (Negros)">Ata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_language_(Philippines)" title="Ati language (Philippines)">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caluyanon_language" title="Caluyanon language">Caluyanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capiznon_language" title="Capiznon language">Capiznon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulod_language" title="Sulod language">Sulod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Zamboanga_Peninsula" title="Zamboanga Peninsula">Zamboanga Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subanen_languages" title="Subanen languages">Subanen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese_in_the_Philippines" title="Mandarin Chinese in the Philippines">Mandarin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Malay language in the Philippines">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language_in_the_Philippines" title="Spanish language in the Philippines">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Filipino Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Philippine_language" title="Proto-Philippine language">Proto-Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Tagalog" title="Old Tagalog">Old Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Cebuano" title="Classical Cebuano">Old Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Philippines" title="Category:Philippines">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Languages of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Afghanistan" title="Languages of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Armenia" title="Languages of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Azerbaijan" title="Languages of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bangladesh" title="Languages of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Bhutan" title="Languages of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brunei" title="Languages of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Cyprus" title="Languages of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Timor" title="Languages of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Egypt" title="Languages of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Indonesia" title="Languages of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iraq" title="Languages of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Japan" title="Languages of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kazakhstan" title="Languages of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Languages of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Lebanon" title="Languages of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Malaysia" title="Languages of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Myanmar" title="Languages of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nepal" title="Languages of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Qatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Russia" title="Languages of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Singapore" title="Languages of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Languages of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Thailand" title="Languages of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkey" title="Languages of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Uzbekistan" title="Languages of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Abkhazia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hong_Kong" title="Languages of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Macau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_dialects" title="Template:English dialects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_dialects" title="Template talk:English dialects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_dialects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English dialects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dialects_and_accents_of_Modern_English_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dialects_of_English" title="List of dialects of English">Dialects</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_accents_of_English" title="Regional accents of English">accents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> by continent</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">Great <br />Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_England" title="English language in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Northern_England" title="English language in Northern England">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire_dialect" title="Cheshire dialect">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumbrian_dialect" title="Cumbrian dialect">Cumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrovian" title="Barrovian">Barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire_dialect" title="Lancashire dialect">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_dialect" title="Manchester dialect">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_dialect" title="Northumbrian dialect">Northumbria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitmatic" title="Pitmatic">Pitmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackem" title="Mackem">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geordie" title="Geordie">Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoggie" title="Smoggie">Teesside</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_English" title="East Midlands English">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_English" title="West Midlands English">West Midlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Country_dialect" title="Black Country dialect">Black Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potteries_dialect" title="Potteries dialect">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Southern_England" title="English language in Southern England">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Anglian_English" title="East Anglian English">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary_English" title="Estuary English">London & Thames Estuary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cockney" title="Cockney">Cockney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicultural_London_English" title="Multicultural London English">Multicultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">Received Pronunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Country_English" title="West Country English">West Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_dialect" title="Cornish dialect">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset_dialect" title="Dorset dialect">Dorset</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_dialect" title="Glasgow dialect">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_English" title="Highland English">Highlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abercraf_English" title="Abercraf English">Abercraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_English" title="Cardiff English">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_dialect" title="Gower dialect">Gower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_English" title="Port Talbot English">Port Talbot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_English" title="Dublin English">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_Irish_English" title="South-West Irish English">South-West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_English" title="Ulster English">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Island_English" title="Channel Island English">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_English" title="Gibraltarian English">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_English" title="Manx English">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_American_English" title="North American English">North <br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_English" title="Canadian English">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_English_in_Canada" title="Indigenous English in Canada">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canadian_English" title="Atlantic Canadian English">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunenburg_English" title="Lunenburg English">Lunenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_English" title="Newfoundland English">Newfoundland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_slang" title="Toronto slang">Multicultural Toronto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Valley_English" title="Ottawa Valley English">Ottawa Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_English" title="Quebec English">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Canadian_English" title="Standard Canadian English">Standard Canadian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">United <br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midland_American_English" title="Midland American English">Midland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_English" title="New England English">New England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_accent" title="Boston accent">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_England_English" title="Eastern New England English">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_accent" title="Maine accent">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_English" title="Western New England English">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_English" title="New York City English">New York City</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_accent" title="New York accent">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_American_English" title="Northern American English">North</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Northern_American_English" title="Inland Northern American English">Inland North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Central_American_English" title="North-Central American English">North-Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_English" title="Philadelphia English">Philadelphia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_accent" title="Baltimore accent">Baltimore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_English" title="Appalachian English">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Tider" title="High Tider">High Tider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_English" title="New Orleans English">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Older_Southern_American_English" title="Older Southern American English">Older</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_English" title="Texan English">Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_American_English" title="Western American English">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_English" title="California English">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_English" title="Pacific Northwest English">Pacific Northwest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_English" title="Western Pennsylvania English">Western Pennsylvania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social and <br />ethno-cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_English" title="African-American English">African-American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Vernacular_English" title="African-American Vernacular English">vernacular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_English" title="American Indian English">American Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_English" title="Cajun English">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_English" title="Chicano English">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_American_English" title="General American English">General American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Latino_English" title="New York Latino English">New York Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch_English" title="Pennsylvania Dutch English">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_English" title="Caribbean English">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_English" title="Bahamian English">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="English in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequia_English" title="Bequia English">Bequia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_English" title="Cayman Islands English">Cayman Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Islands_English" title="Bay Islands English">Bay Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_English" title="Jamaican English">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saban_English" title="Saban English">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_English" title="Samaná English">Samaná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_English" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian English">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_English" title="Bermudian English">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_English" title="Falkland Islands English">Falkland Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Australia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Variation_in_Australian_English" title="Variation in Australian English">variation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_English" title="Australian Aboriginal English">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_English" title="South Australian English">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_English" title="Torres Strait English">Torres Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_English" title="Western Australian English">West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji#Fiji_English" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English" title="New Zealand English">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_English_phonology" title="New Zealand English phonology">accent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_English" title="Palauan English">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_English" title="Solomon Islands English">Solomon Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_English" title="Cameroonian English">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_English" title="Gambian English">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_English" title="Ghanaian English">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_English" title="Kenyan English">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_English" title="Liberian English">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_English" title="Malawian English">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namlish" title="Namlish">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_English" title="Sierra Leonean English">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_South_African_English_phonology" title="White South African English phonology">accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Flats_English" title="Cape Flats English">Cape Flats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_English" title="South Atlantic English">South Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_English" title="Ugandan English">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_English" title="Zimbabwean English">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_English" title="Hong Kong English">Hong Kong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_English" title="South Asian English">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_English" title="Bangladeshi English">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_differences_and_dialects_in_Indian_English" title="Regional differences and dialects in Indian English">regional and occupational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_English" title="Nepalese English">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_English" title="Sri Lankan English">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_English" title="Southeast Asian English">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei_English" title="Brunei English">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_English" title="Malaysian English">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_English" title="Myanmar English">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore_English" title="Singapore English">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_English" title="Basic English">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_and_general_accents" title="Broad and general accents">Broad and general accents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_American_and_British_English" title="Comparison of American and British English">Comparison of American and British English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-Prime" title="E-Prime">E-Prime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engrish" title="Engrish">Engrish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_as_a_lingua_franca" title="English as a lingua franca">English as a lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English-based creole languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Englishisation" title="Englishisation">Englishisation</a></li> <li>Globish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Gogate)" title="Globish (Gogate)">Gogate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globish_(Nerri%C3%A8re)" title="Globish (Nerrière)">Nerrière</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_English" title="International English">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_English_(version_of_English)" title="Learning English (version of English)">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_purism_in_English" title="Linguistic purism in English">Linguistic purism in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_English-based_pidgins" title="List of English-based pidgins">List of English-based pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_accent" title="Mid-Atlantic accent">Mid-Atlantic accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-native_pronunciations_of_English" title="Non-native pronunciations of English">Non-native pronunciations of English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_English" title="Plain English">Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_English" title="Standard English">Standard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English-speaking_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Template talk:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_official_language_clickable_map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English official language clickable map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English-speaking_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/English_language#Geographical_distribution" title="English language">English-speaking world</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="English speaking countries"><img alt="English speaking countries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/600px-Anglophone_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/900px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Anglophone_World.svg/1200px-Anglophone_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="974" resource="/wiki/File:Anglophone_World.svg" /></span><figcaption>English speaking countries</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_links" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further links</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the English language">History of the English language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">English in the Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;text-align:left;color:darkblue;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">List of countries by English-speaking population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_English_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where English is an official language">List of countries where English is an official language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:blue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_the_national_language_or_the_native_language_of_the_majority"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is the national language or the native language of the majority</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/English_language_in_Europe" title="English language in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:lightblue;"><span style="padding-left:1.0em;"> </span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Countries_and_territories_where_English_is_an_official_language,_but_not_the_majority_first_language"> <ul><li><b>Countries and territories where English is an official language, but not the majority first language</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFHeadland2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoaquin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKesavapanyManiRamasamy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobelTria2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLopez1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManuel_L._Quezon1937\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcFarland1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMintz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalanca2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Kekai_Manansala2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPotet2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRainier_Alain2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReyes2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicardo_Ma._Nolasco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubino\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubino1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubino2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandhuMani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSee2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundita\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundita2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakacs2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsai2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTupas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViray2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeedon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong_Gonzales2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYap1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorc1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorc2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_la_Rosa1960\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"According to whom\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Asia in topic\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Coord\"] = 15,\n [\"Culture of the Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Languages of the Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"English dialects by continent\"] = 1,\n [\"English official language clickable map\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 3,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Languages of\"] = 1,\n [\"Languages of the Philippines\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 4,\n [\"Philippines topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 3,\n [\"Specify\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Philippine English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-pnlkl","timestamp":"20241124160926","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Languages of the Philippines","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Languages_of_the_Philippines","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1066778","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1066778","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-04-30T11:48:26Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T07:36:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/85\/KWF_Linguistic_Atlas_of_the_Philippines_%28Overview%29.png","headline":"languages of a geographic region"}</script> </body> </html>