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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أرنوبيوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرنوبيوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Арнобий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арнобий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius_an_Hena%C3%B1" title="Arnobius an Henañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arnobius an Henañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobi_el_Vell" title="Arnobi el Vell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arnobi el Vell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius_der_%C3%84ltere" title="Arnobius der Ältere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arnobius der Ältere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Αρνόβιος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρνόβιος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobio_de_Sicca" title="Arnobio de Sicca – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arnobio de Sicca" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobio" title="Arnobio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Arnobio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آرنوبیوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرنوبیوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobe" title="Arnobe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Arnobe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobio" title="Arnobio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arnobio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="아르노비우스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아르노비우스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobio" title="Arnobio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Arnobio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius_Maior" title="Arnobius Maior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Arnobius Maior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id%C5%91sebb_Arnobius" title="Idősebb Arnobius – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idősebb Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arn%C3%B3bio_de_Sica" title="Arnóbio de Sica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Arnóbio de Sica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobiusz_Starszy" title="Arnobiusz Starszy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arnobiusz Starszy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arn%C3%B3bio_de_Sica" title="Arnóbio de Sica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arnóbio de Sica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Арнобий – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арнобий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius" title="Arnobius – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Arnobius" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Арнобије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Арнобије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobije" title="Arnobije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Arnobije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnobius_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="Arnobius den äldre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arnobius den äldre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80" title="Арнобій Афр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арнобій Афр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%8C%AA%E6%AF%94%E7%83%8F" title="亞挪比烏 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亞挪比烏" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q342416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian apologist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Arnobius_the_Younger" title="Arnobius the Younger">Arnobius the Younger</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Arnobius</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_-Arnobius_of_Sicca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_-Arnobius_of_Sicca.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_-Arnobius_of_Sicca.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9_-Arnobius_of_Sicca.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 330<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Arnobius the Elder, Arnobius Afer, Arnobius of Sicca</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">Theologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Adversus nationes</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Roman_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman philosophy">Roman philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">Rhetoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Early form of the <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Arnobius</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (died c. 330) was an early <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Christian apologist</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> origin<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (284–305). </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>'s <i>Chronicle,</i> Arnobius, before his conversion, was a distinguished <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidian</a> rhetorician at <a href="/wiki/Sicca_Veneria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicca Veneria">Sicca Veneria</a> (<a href="/wiki/El_Kef" title="El Kef">El Kef</a>, Tunisia), a major Christian center in Proconsular <a href="/wiki/Africa_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa (province)">Africa</a>, and owed his conversion to a premonitory dream.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Arnobius writes dismissively of dreams in his surviving book. </p><p>According to Jerome, to overcome the doubts of the local <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> as to the earnestness of his Christian belief he wrote (c. 303, from evidence in IV:36) an apologetic work in seven books, which St. Jerome calls<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus gentes</i></span> but which is entitled <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus nationes</i></span> in the only (9th-century) manuscript that has survived. Jerome's reference, his remark that <a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a> was a pupil of Arnobius<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surviving treatise are all the surviving facts about Arnobius. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adversus_nationes"><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus nationes</i></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Adversus nationes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus nationes</i></span> was composed in response to arguments justifying <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>'s persecution of Christians by claiming that Christians had brought the wrath of the gods on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YoungEdwards2006_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YoungEdwards2006-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arnobius, whom Revilo P. Oliver describes as "a practitioner of the turgid and coarse style that is called African",<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a vigorous apologist for Christianity. He holds the heathen gods to be real beings, but subordinate to the supreme Christian <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>. He also affirms that the human <a href="/wiki/Soul_(spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soul (spirit)">soul</a> (Book II, 14 - 62) is not the work of God, but of an intermediate being, and is not immortal by nature, but capable of putting on immortality as a <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">grace</a>. Arnobius argues that a belief in the soul's immortality would tend to remove moral restraint, and have a prejudicial effect on human life.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Never specifically identifying his pagan adversaries, some of whom may be <a href="/wiki/Straw_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Straw men">straw men</a>, set up to be demolished,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arnobius argues in defence of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">deus princeps, deus summus</i></span>), and the divinity of Christ. He praises Christianity's rapid diffusion, credits it with civilizing <a href="/wiki/Barbarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarians">barbarians</a>, and describes it as being in consonance with <a href="/wiki/Platonism" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>. </p><p>In order to argue against <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">pagan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, Arnobius goes into significant detail about pagan worship, drawing on sources such as <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Labeo" title="Cornelius Labeo">Cornelius Labeo</a>. In books III through V, he describes <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cult_image" title="Cult image">idols</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Graeco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Graeco-Roman">Graeco-Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> practice of his time; in books VI and VII, sacrifices and the worship of images.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In book 2 section 4 of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus nationes</i></span>, Arnobius gives the first known version of the argument later called <a href="/wiki/Pascal%27s_Wager" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascal's Wager">Pascal's Wager</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that in case of doubt about religion one should commit to it because of the rewards of doing so and risks of not doing so. He argues: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since, then, the nature of the future is such that it cannot be grasped and comprehended by any anticipation, is it not more rational, of two things uncertain and hanging in doubtful suspense, rather to believe that which carries with it some hopes, than that which brings none at all? For in the one case there is no danger, if that which is said to be at hand should prove vain and groundless; in the other there is the greatest loss, even the loss of salvation, if, when the time has come, it be shown that there was nothing false in what was declared.</p></blockquote> <p>The work of Arnobius appears to have been written when he was a recent convert, for he does not possess a very extensive knowledge of Scripture. He knows nothing of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, and only the life of Christ in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New</a>, while he does not quote directly from the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>. He was much influenced by <a href="/wiki/Lucretius" title="Lucretius">Lucretius</a> and had read <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>. His statements concerning Greek and Roman mythology are based respectively on the <i><a href="/wiki/Protrepticus_(Clement)" title="Protrepticus (Clement)">Protrepticus</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Labeo" title="Cornelius Labeo">Cornelius Labeo</a>, who belonged to the preceding generation and attempted to restore <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Adversus nationes</i></span> survived in a single ninth-century manuscript in Paris (and a bad copy of it in Brussels).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French manuscript also contains the <i><a href="/wiki/Octavius_(dialogue)" title="Octavius (dialogue)">Octavius</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Minucius_Felix" title="Marcus Minucius Felix">Marcus Minucius Felix</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To distinguish him from a later Arnobius (<a href="/wiki/Arnobius_the_Younger" title="Arnobius the Younger">Arnobius the Younger</a>), of the fifth century, he is sometimes called <b>Arnobius the Elder</b>, <b>Arnobius Afer</b>, or <b>Arnobius of Sicca</b>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPellegrin1944" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pellegrin, Arthur (1944-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JkJAQAAIAAJ"><i>Histoire de la Tunisie: depuis les origines jusqu'a nos jours</i></a> (in French). La Rapide. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Tunisie%3A+depuis+les+origines+jusqu%27a+nos+jours&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=La+Rapide&rft.date=1944-01-01&rft.aulast=Pellegrin&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JkJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Arnobius_(writer)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Arnobius (writer)">Arnobius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 632.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arnobius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=632&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De Viris Illustribus</a></i>, lxxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <i>Epistle</i> 70.5. Arnobius' and Lactantius' readings of the classical pagan authors are compared in G. L. Ellspermann, <i>The Attitude of the Early Christian Writers to Pagan Literature and Learning</i> (Washington) 1949:56-50, 72-77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YoungEdwards2006-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YoungEdwards2006_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF._YoungM._EdwardsPaul_M._Parvis2006" class="citation book cs1">F. Young; M. Edwards; <a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Parvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul M. Parvis">Paul M. Parvis</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y21eT9dhxkoC&pg=PA33"><i>Historica, Biblica, Ascetica Et Hagiographica</i></a>. Peeters Publishers. pp. 33–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1882-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1882-5"><bdi>978-90-429-1882-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historica%2C+Biblica%2C+Ascetica+Et+Hagiographica&rft.pages=33-&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1882-5&rft.au=F.+Young&rft.au=M.+Edwards&rft.au=Paul+M.+Parvis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY21eT9dhxkoC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Revilo P. Oliver, reviewing George E. McCracken (tr.), <i>Arnobius of Sicca: The Case Against the Pagans</i> (Westminster, Maryland: Newman Press) 1949, in <i>The Classical Journal</i> <b>46</b>.4 (January 1951:201).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Arnobius Adversus Genera: 'Arnobius on the Genders'" <i>The Classical Journal</i> <b>42</b>.8 (May 1947:474-476) p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Franklin, <i>The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal</i>, Baltimore 2001, pp. 249-50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Codex Parisinus, lat. 1661. Concetto Marchesi, <i>Arnobii adversus nationes libri vii</i> (Corpus Scriptorum Latinorum Paravianum) Turin, 1953.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Modern translations of the Octavius come from a 9th century manuscript in the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris which contains the seven books of Arnobius’ (284-305) Adversus Nationes along with an 8th book—the Octavius."--<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/minucius/">http://www.iep.utm.edu/minucius/</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgeaud2005" class="citation book cs1">Borgeaud, Philippe (2005). <i>Mother of the Gods: from Cybele to the Virgin Mary</i>. Translated by Hochroth, Lysa. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-7985-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-7985-X"><bdi>0-8018-7985-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+of+the+Gods%3A+from+Cybele+to+the+Virgin+Mary&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8018-7985-X&rft.aulast=Borgeaud&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span> (draws extensively on Arnobius)</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Arnobius" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Arnobius">Arnobius</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arnobius&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahan1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahan, Thomas J. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Arnobius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Arnobius">"Arnobius" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arnobius&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Shahan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons,_Michael_Bland1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Simmons_(clergyman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Simmons (clergyman)">Simmons, Michael Bland</a> (1996). <i>Arnobius of Sicca: Religious Conflict and Competition in the Age of Diocletian</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814913-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814913-1"><bdi>0-19-814913-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arnobius+of+Sicca%3A+Religious+Conflict+and+Competition+in+the+Age+of+Diocletian&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-814913-1&rft.au=Simmons%2C+Michael+Bland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span> The only modern study.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Scriptor:Arnobius" class="extiw" title="s:la:Scriptor:Arnobius">Arnobius</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnobii2002" class="citation book cs1">Arnobii (2002). Blasii Amata (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/arnobius.html"><i>Adversus Nationes Libri VII</i></a> (Latin ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Latin_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Latin Library">The Latin Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adversus+Nationes+Libri+VII&rft.edition=Latin&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Arnobii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Farnobius.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnobius2003" class="citation book cs1">Arnobius (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG1008/"><i>Seven Books Against the Heathens</i></a>. Trans. Christian Classics Ethereal Library (English ed.). IntraText Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Books+Against+the+Heathens&rft.edition=English&rft.pub=IntraText+Digital+Library&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Arnobius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG1008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArnobius" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/30_10_0200-0300-_Arnobius_Afrus.html">Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes</a></li> <li>Editio princeps: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181203055517/https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/goToPage/bsb10148424.html?pageNo=7"><i>Disputationum adversus gentes libri VIII : Nunc primum in lucem editi</i></a>, Rome, 1542, Online at the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_State_Library" title="Bavarian State Library">Bavarian State Library</a>. With the <i>Octavius</i> of <a href="/wiki/Minucius_Felix" class="mw-redirect" title="Minucius Felix">Minucius Felix</a> as <i>liber octavus</i> .</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342416#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q342416#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000418886532">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/100902203">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3264165">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/300267242">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/48038222">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8415151778238818130000">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1013154381051330291883">6</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37172/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjyh6P3MXQ67mQMg94BHG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118650335">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arnobius, of Sicca"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79063599">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sicca, Arnobio de"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2006021312">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118891730">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118891730">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arnobius"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV010167">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35453490">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19981000144&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1183626">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/7344">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06894232X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/94010726">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000092803&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000117952&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=163271">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdd1xj2f3qc7b">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632413305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/9496">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257837305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058523445206706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14803627">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04146143?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/958417">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118650335.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118650335">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02669140X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&oldid=1240851157">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arnobius&oldid=1240851157</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_Berber_people" title="Category:4th-century Berber people">4th-century Berber people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:330_deaths" title="Category:330 deaths">330 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Post%E2%80%93Silver_Age_Latin_writers" 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