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</a> <ul id="toc-Overwork,_illness,_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malthus_and_natural_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malthus_and_natural_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Malthus and natural selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malthus_and_natural_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geology_books,_barnacles,_evolutionary_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology_books,_barnacles,_evolutionary_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology_books,_barnacles,_evolutionary_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication_of_the_theory_of_natural_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication_of_the_theory_of_natural_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Publication of the theory of natural selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication_of_the_theory_of_natural_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Responses to publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descent_of_Man,_sexual_selection,_and_botany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descent_of_Man,_sexual_selection,_and_botany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Descent of Man, sexual selection, and botany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descent_of_Man,_sexual_selection,_and_botany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Death and funeral </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_and_opinions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_and_opinions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Views and opinions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views_and_opinions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views and opinions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views_and_opinions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Religious views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Human society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolutionary_social_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolutionary_social_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Evolutionary social movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolutionary_social_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy and commemoration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Charles Darwin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 200 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-200" aria-hidden="true" > 200 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Տարուին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չարլզ Տարուին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চার্লস ডারউইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস ডারউইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin" title="Charles Robert Darwin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Robert Darwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин Чарльз – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дарвин Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="達爾文 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="達爾文" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%88" title="찰스 다윈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 다윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Դարվին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Դարվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צ'ארלס דרווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס דרווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Darwin" title="Carolus Darwin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Darwin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Darvins" title="Čārlzs Darvins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Darvins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/carl._daruin." title="carl. daruin. – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="carl. daruin." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・ダーウィン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ダーウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%89%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ډاروین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارلس ډاروین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарлз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарвин, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cals.talun" title="Cals.talun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cals.talun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arls_Darvin" title="Çarls Darvin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çarls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڊارون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چارلس ڊارون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارڵز داروین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز داروین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்லசு டார்வின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்லசு டார்வின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcarl%E1%BA%93_Darwin" title="Tcarlẓ Darwin – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcarlẓ Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈاروین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس ڈاروین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86" title="دارۋىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دارۋىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvin_%C4%8Carl%27z" title="Darvin Čarl'z – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Darvin Čarl'z" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwini_Charles" title="Darwini Charles – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Darwini Charles" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查爾斯·達爾文 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="查爾斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טשארלס דארווין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשארלס דארווין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carlzos_Darv%C4%97ns" title="Čarlzos Darvėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čarlzos Darvėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – Chinese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English naturalist and biologist (1809–1882)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Charles Darwin, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Charles Darwin (disambiguation)">Charles Darwin (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charles Darwin</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Linnean Society of London">FLS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_London_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the London Zoological Society">FZS</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three quarter length studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look. He is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache. His jacket is dark, with very wide lapels, and his trousers are a light check pattern. His shirt has an upright wing collar, and his cravat is tucked into his waistcoat which is a light fine checked pattern." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin_seated_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2370" data-file-height="3119" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Darwin, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1854, when he was preparing <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Charles Robert Darwin</div> (1809-02-12)12 February 1809 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">19 April 1882(1882-04-19) (aged 73) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Down, <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, England (now <a href="/wiki/Downe" title="Downe">Downe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1839)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">10, including <a href="/wiki/William_Erasmus_Darwin" title="William Erasmus Darwin">William</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Litchfield" title="Henrietta Litchfield">Henrietta</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Darwin" title="Horace Darwin">Horace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Darwin" title="Robert Darwin">Robert Darwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Susannah_Darwin" title="Susannah Darwin">Susannah Wedgwood</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wedgwood_family" title="Darwin–Wedgwood family">Darwin–Wedgwood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1839)<a href="#cite_note-catalogues.royalsociety.org-2015-3">[3]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1853)<a href="#cite_note-Freeman_2007-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wollaston_Medal" title="Wollaston Medal">Wollaston Medal</a> (1859)<a href="#cite_note-Freeman_2007-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1864)<a href="#cite_note-Freeman_2007-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite#Civil_class" title="Pour le Mérite">Pour le Mérite</a> (1867)<a href="#cite_note-Freeman_2007-4">[4]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baly_Medal" title="Baly Medal">Baly Medal</a> (1879)<a href="#cite_note-Freeman_2007-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Writing career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslow" title="John Stevens Henslow">John Stevens Henslow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Darwin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(zoology)" title="Author citation (zoology)">Author abbrev. (zoology)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Darwin</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Charles Darwin", with the surname underlined by a downward curve that mimics the curve of the initial "C"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/150px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/225px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg/300px-Charles_Darwin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="85" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Charles Robert Darwin <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Linnean Society of London">FLS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_London_Zoological_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the London Zoological Society">FZS</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">JP</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈdɑːrwɪn/</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">DAR-win</a>; 12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English <a href="/wiki/Natural_history#Before_1900" title="Natural history">naturalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> widely known for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">evolutionary biology</a>. His proposition that all species of life have descended from a <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common ancestor</a> is now generally accepted and considered a fundamental scientific concept.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In a joint publication with <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, he introduced his scientific theory that this <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">branching pattern</a> of <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> resulted from a process he called <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_existence" title="Struggle for existence">struggle for existence</a> has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Larson_2004-9">[9]</a> Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">human history</a> and was honoured by <a href="/wiki/Burials_and_memorials_in_Westminster_Abbey" title="Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey">burial in Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-2016-11">[11]</a> Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh</a>; instead, he helped to investigate <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">marine invertebrates</a>. His studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College</a> from 1828 to 1831 encouraged his passion for <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Leff_2000-12">[12]</a> However, it was his <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">five-year voyage</a> on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> from 1831 to 1836 that truly established Darwin as an eminent geologist. The observations and theories he developed during his voyage supported <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarian">concept of gradual geological change</a>. Publication of his <a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">journal of the voyage</a> made Darwin famous as a popular author.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations and, in 1838, devised his theory of natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research, and his geological work had priority.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting the immediate joint submission of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">both their theories</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of natural diversification.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a> In 1871, he examined <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human evolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a> (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, <a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_through_the_Action_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms</a> (1881), he examined <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> and their effect on soil. Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> By the 1870s, the scientific community and a majority of the educated public had accepted <a href="/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" title="Evolution as fact and theory">evolution as a fact</a>. However, many initially favoured <a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">competing explanations</a> that gave only a minor role to natural selection, and it was not until the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern evolutionary synthesis</a> from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bowler_2003-20">[20]</a> Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a>, explaining the <a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Diversity of life">diversity of life</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin%27s_education" title="Charles Darwin's education">Charles Darwin's education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wedgwood_family" title="Darwin–Wedgwood family">Darwin–Wedgwood family</a></div> Darwin was born in <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his family's home, <a href="/wiki/The_Mount,_Shrewsbury" title="The Mount, Shrewsbury">The Mount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier <a href="/wiki/Robert_Darwin" title="Robert Darwin">Robert Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Susannah_Darwin" title="Susannah Darwin">Susannah Darwin</a> (née Wedgwood). His grandfathers <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> were both prominent <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionists</a>. Erasmus Darwin had praised general concepts of evolution and <a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">common descent</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Zoonomia" title="Zoonomia">Zoonomia</a> (1794), a poetic fantasy of gradual creation including undeveloped ideas anticipating concepts his grandson expanded.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length portrait of seated boy smiling and looking at the viewer; he has straight, mid-brown hair and wears dark clothes with a large, frilly, white collar; in his lap he holds a pot of flowering plants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>A chalk drawing of the seven-year-old Darwin in 1816, with a potted plant, by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Sharples" title="Ellen Sharples">Ellen Sharples</a>. Part of <a href="/wiki/File:Charles_and_Catherine_Darwin,_1816,_by_Sharples.jpg" title="File:Charles and Catherine Darwin, 1816, by Sharples.jpg">a double portrait</a> showing him together with his sister Catherine.</figcaption></figure> Both families were largely <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a>, though the Wedgwoods were adopting <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>. Robert Darwin, a <a href="/wiki/Freethought#United_Kingdom" title="Freethought">freethinker</a>, had baby Charles <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a> in November 1809 in the Anglican <a href="/wiki/St_Chad%27s_Church,_Shrewsbury" title="St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury">St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury</a>, but Charles and his siblings attended the <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_Unitarian_Church" title="Shrewsbury Unitarian Church">local Unitarian Church</a> with their mother. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died. From September 1818, he joined his older brother <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Alvey_Darwin" title="Erasmus Alvey Darwin">Erasmus</a> in attending the nearby Anglican <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury School</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarder</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-3-24">[24]</a> Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going to the well-regarded <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh_Medical_School" title="University of Edinburgh Medical School">University of Edinburgh Medical School</a> with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so he neglected his studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1958[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1497pageseq48_46–48]-25">[25]</a> He learned <a href="/wiki/Taxidermy" title="Taxidermy">taxidermy</a> in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from <a href="/wiki/John_Edmonstone" title="John Edmonstone">John Edmonstone</a>, a freed black slave who had accompanied <a href="/wiki/Charles_Waterton" title="Charles Waterton">Charles Waterton</a> in the South American <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-6-26">[26]</a> In Darwin's second year at the university, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Plinian_Society" title="Plinian Society">Plinian Society</a>, a student <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural-history</a> group featuring lively debates in which <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#Popular_agitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical democratic</a> students with <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialistic</a> views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondMoore199131–34-27">[27]</a> He assisted <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Robert Edmond Grant</a>'s investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">marine invertebrates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> shells were the eggs of a skate <a href="/wiki/Leech" title="Leech">leech</a>. One day, Grant praised <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarck</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">evolutionary ideas</a>. Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Darwin was rather bored by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jameson" title="Robert Jameson">Robert Jameson</a>'s natural-history course, which covered geology – including the debate between <a href="/wiki/Neptunism" title="Neptunism">neptunism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonism" title="Plutonism">plutonism</a>. He learned the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_taxonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha taxonomy">classification</a> of plants and assisted with work on the collections of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Museum">University Museum</a>, one of the largest museums in Europe at the time.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who sent him to <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a>, in January 1828, to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country <a href="/wiki/Parson" title="Parson">parson</a>. Darwin was unqualified for Cambridge's <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">Tripos</a> exams and was required instead to join the ordinary degree course.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> He preferred <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">riding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">shooting</a> to studying.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin1887[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetpageseq66itemIDF14521viewtypetext_48]-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-(Christ%27s-College-Cambridge)-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bronze statue of Darwin in 1830 clothes, seated on the arm of a wooden bench; behind him plants partly cover a stone wall, a window has white-painted wooden frames" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-%28Christ%27s-College-Cambridge%29-3.jpg/220px-Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-%28Christ%27s-College-Cambridge%29-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-%28Christ%27s-College-Cambridge%29-3.jpg/330px-Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-%28Christ%27s-College-Cambridge%29-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-%28Christ%27s-College-Cambridge%29-3.jpg/440px-Young-Charles-Darwin-statue-by-Anthony-Smith-%28Christ%27s-College-Cambridge%29-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Charles_Darwin#Darwin_day,_and_2009_commemorations" title="Commemoration of Charles Darwin">Bicentennial</a> portrait by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Smith_(sculptor)" title="Anthony Smith (sculptor)">Anthony Smith</a> of Darwin as a student, in the courtyard at <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="Christ's College, Cambridge">Christ's College, Cambridge</a>, where he had rooms<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2009-32">[32]</a></figcaption></figure> During the first few months of Darwin's enrolment at Christ's College, his second cousin <a href="/wiki/William_Darwin_Fox" title="William Darwin Fox">William Darwin Fox</a> was still studying there. Fox impressed him with his butterfly collection, introducing Darwin to <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">entomology</a> and influencing him to pursue <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a> collecting.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1952-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1887-34">[34]</a> He did this zealously and had some of his finds published in <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Stephens" title="James Francis Stephens">James Francis Stephens</a>' Illustrations of British entomology (1829–1932).<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1887-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Through Fox, Darwin became a close friend and follower of botany professor <a href="/wiki/John_Stevens_Henslow" title="John Stevens Henslow">John Stevens Henslow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-1952-33">[33]</a> He met other leading <a href="/wiki/Parson-naturalist" title="Parson-naturalist">parson-naturalists</a> who saw scientific work as religious <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>, becoming known to these <a href="/wiki/University_don" class="mw-redirect" title="University don">dons</a> as "the man who walks with Henslow". When his own exams drew near, Darwin applied himself to his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paley</a>'s Evidences of Christianity (1795).<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-36">[36]</a> In his final examination in January 1831, Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. He studied Paley's <a href="/wiki/Natural_Theology_or_Evidences_of_the_Existence_and_Attributes_of_the_Deity" title="Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity">Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity</a> (first published in 1802), which made an <a href="/wiki/Teleological_argument" title="Teleological argument">argument for divine design in nature</a>, explaining <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> as God acting through <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">laws of nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-von_Sydow_2005-38">[38]</a> He read <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>'s new book, Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1831), which described the highest aim of <a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">natural philosophy</a> as understanding such laws through <a href="/wiki/Inductive_reasoning" title="Inductive reasoning">inductive reasoning</a> based on observation, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>'s Personal Narrative of scientific travels in 1799–1804.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Inspired with "a burning zeal" to contribute, Darwin planned to visit <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics. In preparation, he joined <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>'s geology course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a> in Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-5-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Survey_voyage_on_HMS_Beagle">Survey voyage on HMS Beagle</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">Second voyage of HMS Beagle</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Route from Plymouth, England, south to Cape Verde then southwest across the Atlantic to Bahia, Brazil, south to Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, the Falkland Islands, round the tip of South America then north to Valparaiso and Callao. Northwest to the Galapagos Islands before sailing west across the Pacific to New Zealand, Sydney, Hobart in Tasmania, and King George's Sound in Western Australia. Northwest to the Keeling Islands, southwest to Mauritius and Cape Town, then northwest to Bahia and northeast back to Plymouth." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg/400px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg/600px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg/800px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>The round-the-world voyage of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">Beagle</a>, 1831–1836</figcaption></figure> After leaving Sedgwick in Wales, Darwin spent a few days with student friends at <a href="/wiki/Barmouth" title="Barmouth">Barmouth</a>. He returned home on 29 August to find a letter from Henslow proposing him as a suitable (if unfinished) naturalist for a self-funded <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/supernumerary" class="extiw" title="wikt:supernumerary">supernumerary</a> place on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> with captain <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a>, a position for a <a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a> rather than "a mere collector". The ship was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_Lucas-2010-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Robert Darwin objected to his son's planned two-year voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood_II" title="Josiah Wedgwood II">Josiah Wedgwood II</a>, to agree to (and fund) his son's participation.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Darwin took care to remain in a private capacity to retain control over his collection, intending it for a major scientific institution.<a href="#cite_note-Browne_1995-45">[45]</a> After delays, the voyage began on 27 December 1831; it lasted almost five years. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS Beagle <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">surveyed and charted</a> coasts.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2000-46">[46]</a> He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of <a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">his journal</a> for his family.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates, but in all other areas, was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal.<a href="#cite_note-Randal_Keynes-2006-48">[48]</a> Despite suffering badly from seasickness, Darwin wrote copious notes while on board the ship. Most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates, starting with <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> collected during a calm spell.<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2000-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-4-49">[49]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin,_detail_from_Augustus_Earle_(presumed)_-_Quarter_Deck_of_a_Man_of_War_on_Diskivery_(sic)_or_interesting_Scenes_on_an_Interesting_Voyage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Darwin%2C_detail_from_Augustus_Earle_%28presumed%29_-_Quarter_Deck_of_a_Man_of_War_on_Diskivery_%28sic%29_or_interesting_Scenes_on_an_Interesting_Voyage.jpg/180px-Darwin%2C_detail_from_Augustus_Earle_%28presumed%29_-_Quarter_Deck_of_a_Man_of_War_on_Diskivery_%28sic%29_or_interesting_Scenes_on_an_Interesting_Voyage.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Darwin%2C_detail_from_Augustus_Earle_%28presumed%29_-_Quarter_Deck_of_a_Man_of_War_on_Diskivery_%28sic%29_or_interesting_Scenes_on_an_Interesting_Voyage.jpg/270px-Darwin%2C_detail_from_Augustus_Earle_%28presumed%29_-_Quarter_Deck_of_a_Man_of_War_on_Diskivery_%28sic%29_or_interesting_Scenes_on_an_Interesting_Voyage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Darwin%2C_detail_from_Augustus_Earle_%28presumed%29_-_Quarter_Deck_of_a_Man_of_War_on_Diskivery_%28sic%29_or_interesting_Scenes_on_an_Interesting_Voyage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Darwin (right) on the Beagle's deck at <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca" title="Bahía Blanca">Bahía Blanca</a> in Argentina, with fossils; caricature by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Earle" title="Augustus Earle">Augustus Earle</a>, the initial ship's artist</figcaption></figure> On their first stop ashore at <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Cape_Verde" title="Santiago, Cape Verde">St Jago</a> in Cape Verde, Darwin found that a white band high in the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rock</a> cliffs included seashells. FitzRoy had given him the first volume of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Geology" title="Principles of Geology">Principles of Geology</a>, which set out <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniformitarian">uniformitarian</a> concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_Bnone">[II]</a> and Darwin saw things Lyell's way, theorising and thinking of writing a book on geology.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> When they reached Brazil, Darwin was delighted by the <a href="/wiki/Bahia_coastal_forests" title="Bahia coastal forests">tropical forest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> but detested the sight of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slavery there</a>, and disputed this issue with FitzRoy.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The survey continued to the south in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>. They stopped at <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%ADa_Blanca" title="Bahía Blanca">Bahía Blanca</a>, and in cliffs near <a href="/wiki/Punta_Alta" title="Punta Alta">Punta Alta</a> Darwin made a major find of fossil bones of huge <a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_mammals" title="List of prehistoric mammals">extinct mammals</a> beside modern seashells, indicating recent <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe. He found bony plates like a giant version of the armour on local <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>. From a jaw and tooth he identified the gigantic <a href="/wiki/Megatherium" title="Megatherium">Megatherium</a>, then from <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Cuvier's</a> description thought the armour was from this animal. The finds were shipped to England, and scientists found the fossils of great interest.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-54">[54]</a> In Patagonia, Darwin came to wrongly believe the territory was devoid of reptiles.<a href="#cite_note-Jaksic-2022-55">[55]</a> On rides with <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gauchos</a> into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils, Darwin gained social, political and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> insights into both native and colonial people at a time of revolution, and learnt that two types of <a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">rhea</a> had separate but overlapping territories.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Further south, he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as <a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">raised beaches</a> at a series of elevations. He read Lyell's second volume and accepted its view of "centres of creation" of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Online-2-59">[59]</a> Three <a href="/wiki/Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegians</a> on board, who had been seized during the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle#First_voyage" title="HMS Beagle">first Beagle voyage</a> then given Christian education in England, were returning with a missionary. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet at <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a> he met "miserable, degraded savages", as different as wild from domesticated animals.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">a shared origin</a> and potential for improvement towards civilisation. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Button" title="Jemmy Button">Jemmy Button</a> lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="On a sea inlet surrounded by steep hills, with high snow-covered mountains in the distance, someone standing in an open canoe waves at a square-rigged sailing ship, seen from the front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/300px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/450px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/600px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>As <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a> surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and the extinction of giant mammals; watercolour by the ship's artist <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Martens" title="Conrad Martens">Conrad Martens</a>, who replaced Augustus Earle, in <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a></figcaption></figure> Darwin experienced <a href="/wiki/1835_Concepci%C3%B3n_earthquake" title="1835 Concepción earthquake">an earthquake in Chile</a> in 1835 and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a>-beds stranded above high tide. High in the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">oceanic islands</a> sank, and <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> round them grew to form <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-64">[64]</a> On the geologically new <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a>, Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older "centre of creation", and found <a href="/wiki/Mockingbird" title="Mockingbird">mockingbirds</a> allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of <a href="/wiki/Tortoise" title="Tortoise">tortoise</a> shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food.<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-2-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In Australia, the <a href="/wiki/Marsupial" title="Marsupial">marsupial</a> <a href="/wiki/Potoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Potoridae">rat-kangaroo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a> seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Online-67">[67]</a> He found the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Aborigines</a> "good-humoured & pleasant", their numbers depleted by European settlement.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-64">[64]</a> FitzRoy began writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary, he proposed incorporating it into the account.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-5-69">[69]</a> Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on geology and natural history.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1839-71">[71]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, South Africa, Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel, who had recently written to Lyell praising his <a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">uniformitarianism</a> as opening bold speculation on "that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others" as "a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process".<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2007-72">[72]</a> When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands_wolf" title="Falkland Islands wolf">Falkland Islands fox</a> were correct, "such facts undermine the stability of Species", then cautiously added "would" before "undermine".<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2000-2-73">[73]</a> He later wrote that such facts "seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Without telling Darwin, <a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Letters_to_Henslow" title="Extracts from Letters to Henslow">extracts from his letters to Henslow</a> had been read to scientific societies, printed as a pamphlet for private distribution among members of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" title="Cambridge Philosophical Society">Cambridge Philosophical Society</a>, and reported in magazines,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin18351-75">[75]</a> including <a href="/wiki/The_Athenaeum_(British_magazine)" title="The Athenaeum (British magazine)">The Athenaeum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-3-76">[76]</a> Darwin first heard of this at Cape Town,<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-4-77">[77]</a> and at <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a> read of Sedgwick's prediction that Darwin "will have a great name among the Naturalists of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inception_of_Darwin's_evolutionary_theory">Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Inception_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Inception of Darwin's theory">Inception of Darwin's theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length portrait of Darwin aged about 30, with straight brown hair receding from his high forehead and long side-whiskers, smiling quietly, in wide lapelled jacket, waistcoat and high collar with cravat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png/240px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png/360px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png/480px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.png 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="3131" /></a><figcaption>While still a young man, Darwin joined the scientific elite; portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Richmond_(painter)" title="George Richmond (painter)">George Richmond</a></figcaption></figure> On 2 October 1836, Beagle anchored at <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a>, Cornwall. Darwin promptly made the long coach journey to Shrewsbury to visit his home and see relatives. He then hurried to <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> to see Henslow, who advised him on finding available naturalists to catalogue Darwin's animal collections and to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman scientist">gentleman scientist</a>, and an excited Darwin went around the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. British zoologists at the time had a huge backlog of work, due to natural history collecting being encouraged throughout the British Empire, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, who had the facilities of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons</a> to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct <a href="/wiki/Ground_sloth" title="Ground sloth">ground sloths</a> as well as the Megatherium Darwin had identified, a near complete skeleton of the unknown <a href="/wiki/Scelidotherium" title="Scelidotherium">Scelidotherium</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamus</a>-sized <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodent</a>-like skull named <a href="/wiki/Toxodon" title="Toxodon">Toxodon</a> resembling a giant <a href="/wiki/Capybara" title="Capybara">capybara</a>. The armour fragments were actually from <a href="/wiki/Glyptodon" title="Glyptodon">Glyptodon</a>, a huge armadillo-like creature, as Darwin had initially thought.<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to arrange expert classification of his collections, and prepare his own research for publication. Questions of how to combine his diary into the Narrative were resolved at the end of the month when FitzRoy accepted <a href="/wiki/William_Broderip" title="William Broderip">Broderip's</a> advice to make it a separate volume, and Darwin began work on his Journal and Remarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995345–347-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2001[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1925pageseq20_xviii–xix]-84">[84]</a> Darwin's first paper showed that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing he read it to the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a> on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society</a>. The ornithologist <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a> soon announced that the Galápagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Common_blackbird" title="Common blackbird">blackbirds</a>, "<a href="/wiki/Grosbeak" title="Grosbeak">gros-beaks</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Finch" title="Finch">finches</a>, were, in fact, twelve <a href="/wiki/Darwin%27s_finches" title="Darwin's finches">separate species of finches</a>. On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_Tree_1837.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A page of hand-written notes, with a sketch of branching lines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darwin_Tree_1837.png/220px-Darwin_Tree_1837.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="358" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darwin_Tree_1837.png/330px-Darwin_Tree_1837.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Darwin_Tree_1837.png/440px-Darwin_Tree_1837.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="2265" /></a><figcaption>In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his "B" notebook on Transmutation of Species, and on page 36 wrote "I think" above his first <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">evolutionary tree</a></figcaption></figure> Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his <a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">freethinking</a> brother Erasmus, part of this <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> circle and a close friend of the writer <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a>, who promoted the <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusianism</a> that underpinned the controversial Whig <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law_Amendment_Act_1834" title="Poor Law Amendment Act 1834">Poor Law reforms</a> to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. As a Unitarian, she welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> implications of <a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">transmutation of species</a>, promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Geoffroy</a>. Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject, and there was wide interest in John Herschel's letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_law" title="Scientific law">natural cause</a> of the origin of new species.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2007-72">[72]</a> Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a "<a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wren</a>" was <a href="/wiki/Warbler-finch" title="Warbler-finch">in the finch group</a>. Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The two rheas were distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> By mid-March 1837, barely six months after his return to England, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that "one species does change into another" to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange extinct mammal <a href="/wiki/Macrauchenia" title="Macrauchenia">Macrauchenia</a>, which resembled a giant <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a>, a llama relative. Around mid-July, he recorded in his "B" notebook his thoughts on lifespan and variation across generations – explaining the variations he had observed in <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_tortoise" title="Galápagos tortoise">Galápagos tortoises</a>, mockingbirds, and rheas. He sketched branching descent, and then a <a href="/wiki/Genealogical" class="mw-redirect" title="Genealogical">genealogical</a> branching of a single <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of life (science)">evolutionary tree</a>, in which "It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another", thereby discarding Lamarck's idea of independent <a href="/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" title="Lineage (evolution)">lineages</a> progressing to higher forms.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overwork,_illness,_and_marriage">Overwork, illness, and marriage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Health of Charles Darwin">Health of Charles Darwin</a></div> While developing this intensive study of transmutation, Darwin became mired in more work. Still rewriting his Journal, he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections, and with Henslow's help obtained a Treasury grant of £1,000 to sponsor this multi-volume <a href="/wiki/Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a>, a sum equivalent to about £115,000 in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> He stretched the funding to include his planned books on geology, and agreed to unrealistic dates with the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> began, Darwin pressed on with writing his Journal, and in August 1837 began correcting <a href="/wiki/Galley_proof" title="Galley proof">printer's proofs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-3-93">[93]</a> As Darwin worked under pressure, his health suffered. On 20 September, he had "an uncomfortable <a href="/wiki/Palpitations" title="Palpitations">palpitation</a> of the heart", so his doctors urged him to "knock off all work" and live in the country for a few weeks. After visiting Shrewsbury, he joined his Wedgwood relatives at <a href="/wiki/Maer_Hall" title="Maer Hall">Maer Hall</a>, Staffordshire, but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest. His charming, intelligent, and cultured cousin <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>, nine months older than Darwin, was nursing his invalid aunt. His uncle Josiah pointed out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under <a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">loam</a> and suggested that this might have been the work of <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a>, inspiring "a new & important theory" on their role in <a href="/wiki/Pedogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedogenesis">soil formation</a>, which Darwin presented at the Geological Society on 1 November 1837.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> His Journal was printed and ready for publication by the end of February 1838, as was the first volume of the Narrative, but FitzRoy was still working hard to finish his own volume.<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-3-93">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society. After initially declining the work, he accepted the post in March 1838.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Despite the grind of writing and editing the Beagle reports, Darwin made remarkable progress on transmutation, taking every opportunity to question expert naturalists and, unconventionally, people with practical experience in <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> such as farmers and <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_keeping" title="Pigeon keeping">pigeon fanciers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Over time, his research drew on information from his relatives and children, the family butler, neighbours, colonists and former shipmates.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> He included mankind in his speculations from the outset, and on seeing an <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a> in the zoo on 28 March 1838 noted its childlike behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The strain took a toll, and by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe <a href="/wiki/Boil" title="Boil">boils</a>, palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress, such as attending meetings or making social visits. The cause of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin%27s_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Darwin's illness">Darwin's illness</a> remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had only ephemeral success.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> On 23 June, he took a break and went "geologising" in Scotland. He visited <a href="/wiki/Glen_Roy" title="Glen Roy">Glen Roy</a> in glorious weather to see the parallel "roads" cut into the hillsides at three heights. He later published his view that these were marine-raised beaches, but then had to accept that they were shorelines of a <a href="/wiki/Proglacial_lake" title="Proglacial lake">proglacial lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length portrait of woman aged about 30, with dark hair in centre parting straight on top, then falling in curls on each side; she smiles pleasantly and is wearing an open-necked blouse with a large shawl pulled over her arms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/220px-Emma_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/330px-Emma_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/440px-Emma_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Darwin' wife <a href="/wiki/Emma_Wedgwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Wedgwood">Emma Wedgwood</a></figcaption></figure> Fully recuperated, he returned to Shrewsbury in July 1838. Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding, he scrawled rambling thoughts about marriage, career and prospects on two scraps of paper, one with columns headed "Marry" and "Not Marry". Advantages under "Marry" included "constant companion and a friend in old age ... better than a dog anyhow", against points such as "less money for books" and "terrible loss of time".<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Having decided in favour of marriage, he discussed it with his father, then went to visit his cousin Emma on 29 July. At this time he did not get around to proposing, but against his father's advice, he mentioned his ideas on transmutation.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> He married Emma on 29 January 1839 and they were the parents of ten children, seven of whom survived to adulthood. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malthus_and_natural_selection">Malthus and natural selection</h3></div> Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of <a href="/wiki/Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthus">Malthus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a>. On 28 September 1838, he noted its assertion that human "population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty-five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio", a <a href="/wiki/Geometric_progression" title="Geometric progression">geometric progression</a> so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian catastrophe</a>. Darwin was well-prepared to compare this to <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">Augustin de Candolle</a>'s "warring of the species" of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. As species always breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring, while unfavourable variations would be lost. He wrote that the "final cause of all this wedging, must be to sort out proper structure, & adapt it to changes", so that "One may say there is a force like a hundred thousand wedges trying force into every kind of adapted structure into the gaps of in the economy of nature, or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones."<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_transmutation_notebook_D_pp-103">[103]</a> This would result in the formation of new species.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> As he later wrote in his <a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin">Autobiography</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-2-105">[105]</a></blockquote> By mid-December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding, and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that "every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected",<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> thinking this comparison "a beautiful part of my theory".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> He later called his theory <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>, an analogy with what he termed the "artificial selection" of selective breeding.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a> On 11 November, he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, while expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-108">[108]</a> While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking "So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you." He found what they called "Macaw Cottage" (because of its gaudy interiors) in <a href="/wiki/Gower_Street_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower Street (London)">Gower Street</a>, then moved his "museum" in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin was <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1839">elected a Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS).<a href="#cite_note-catalogues.royalsociety.org-2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology_books,_barnacles,_evolutionary_research">Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Development of Darwin's theory">Development of Darwin's theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin,-1842.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Darwin in his thirties, with his son dressed in a frock sitting on his knee" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin%2C-1842.png/220px-Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin%2C-1842.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin%2C-1842.png/330px-Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin%2C-1842.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin%2C-1842.png/440px-Charles-Darwin-and-William-Darwin%2C-1842.png 2x" data-file-width="1306" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Darwin in 1842 with his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/William_Erasmus_Darwin" title="William Erasmus Darwin">William Erasmus Darwin</a></figcaption></figure> Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection "by which to work",<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-2-105">[105]</a> as his "prime hobby".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-6-111">[111]</a> His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">[17]</a> For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the Beagle collections, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2007-2-112">[112]</a> The impetus of Darwin's barnacle research came from a collection of a barnacle colony from Chile in 1835, which he dubbed <a href="/wiki/Mr._Arthrobalanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Arthrobalanus">Mr. Arthrobalanus</a>. His confusion over the relationship of this species (Cryptophialus minutus) to other barnacles caused him to fixate on the systematics of the taxa. He wrote his first examination of the species in 1846, but did not formally describe it until 1854.<a href="#cite_note-buch-113">[113]</a> FitzRoy's long delayed Narrative was published in May 1839. Darwin's Journal and Remarks got good reviews as the third volume, and on 15 August it was published on its own. Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell, who noted that his ally "denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1839-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Darwin's book <a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a> on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years of work, and he then wrote his first "pencil sketch" of his theory of natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> To escape the pressures of London, the family moved to rural <a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a> in Kent in September.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> On 11 January 1844, Darwin mentioned his theorising to the botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, writing with melodramatic humour "it is like confessing a murder".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Hooker replied, "There may, in my opinion, have been a series of productions on different spots, & also a gradual change of species. I shall be delighted to hear how you think that this change may have taken place, as no presently conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject."<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Path covered in sandy gravel winding through open woodland, with plants and shrubs growing on each side of the path" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG/290px-Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG/435px-Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG/580px-Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Darwin's "sandwalk" at <a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a> in Kent was his usual "thinking path"<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Online-3-120">[120]</a></figcaption></figure> By July, Darwin had expanded his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller <a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a> brought wide interest in transmutation. Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but carefully reviewed his own arguments. Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846. He now renewed a fascination and expertise in marine invertebrates, dating back to his student days with Grant, by dissecting and classifying the barnacles he had collected on the voyage, enjoying observing beautiful structures and thinking about comparisons with allied structures.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> In 1847, Hooker read the "Essay" and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed, but would not commit himself and questioned Darwin's opposition to continuing acts of <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health, Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. <a href="/wiki/James_Manby_Gully" title="James Manby Gully">James Gully</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Malvern" title="Great Malvern">Malvern</a> spa and was surprised to find some benefit from <a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">hydrotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Then, in 1851, his treasured daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_Darwin" title="Anne Darwin">Annie</a> fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary. She died the same year after a long series of crises.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In eight years of work on barnacles, Darwin's theory helped him to find "<a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologies</a>" showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions, and in some <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> he found minute males <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hermaphrodite" title="Hermaphrodite">hermaphrodites</a>, showing an <a href="/wiki/Androdioecy" title="Androdioecy">intermediate stage</a> in evolution of <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">distinct sexes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-3-128">[128]</a> In 1853, it earned him the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>'s Royal Medal, and it made his reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> Upon the conclusion of his research, Darwin declared "I hate a barnacle as no man ever did before."<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2007-131">[131]</a> In 1854, he became a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a>, gaining postal access to its library.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He began a major reassessment of his theory of species, and in November realised that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them becoming adapted to "diversified places in the economy of nature".<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publication_of_the_theory_of_natural_selection">Publication of the theory of natural selection</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Publication of Darwin's theory">Publication of Darwin's theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank,_1855-crop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Studio photo showing Darwin's characteristic large forehead and bushy eyebrows with deep set eyes, pug nose and mouth set in a determined look; he is bald on top, with dark hair and long side whiskers but no beard or moustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank%2C_1855-crop.png/220px-Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank%2C_1855-crop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank%2C_1855-crop.png/330px-Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank%2C_1855-crop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank%2C_1855-crop.png/440px-Charles_Darwin_by_Maull_and_Polyblank%2C_1855-crop.png 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>Darwin aged 46 in 1855, by then working towards publication of his theory of <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a>. He wrote to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> about this portrait, "if I really have as bad an expression, as my photograph gives me, how I can have one single friend is surprising."<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a></figcaption></figure> By the start of 1856, Darwin was investigating whether eggs and <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> could survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans. Hooker increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed, but their young friend <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> was still firmly against the transmutation of species. Lyell was intrigued by Darwin's speculations without realising their extent. When he read a paper by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a>, "On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species", he saw similarities with Darwin's thoughts and urged him to publish to establish precedence.<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-2-135">[135]</a> Though Darwin saw no threat, on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly, and he expanded his plans to a "big book on species" titled <a href="/wiki/Natural_Selection_(manuscript)" title="Natural Selection (manuscript)">Natural Selection</a>, which was to include his "note on Man". He continued his research, <a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">obtaining information</a> and specimens from naturalists worldwide, including Wallace who was working in <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-2-135">[135]</a> In mid-1857, he added a section heading, "Theory applied to Races of Man", but did not add text on this topic. On 5 September 1857, Darwin sent the American botanist <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> a detailed outline of his ideas, including an abstract of Natural Selection, which omitted <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human origins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>. In December, Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book would examine human origins. He responded that he would avoid that subject, "so surrounded with prejudices", while encouraging Wallace's theorising and adding that "I go much further than you."<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-2-135">[135]</a> Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. Shocked that he had been "forestalled", Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace,<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> and although Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin suggested he would send it to any journal that Wallace chose. His family was in crisis, with children in the village dying of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, and he put matters in the hands of his friends. After some discussion, with no reliable way of involving Wallace, Lyell and Hooker decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of <a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection</a>. On the evening of 28 June, Darwin's baby son died of scarlet fever after almost a week of severe illness, and he was too distraught to attend.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> There was little immediate attention to this announcement of the theory; the president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any revolutionary discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Only one review rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Haughton" title="Samuel Haughton">Samuel Haughton</a> of Dublin claimed that "all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his "big book", suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> In the book, Darwin set out "one long argument" of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> In making the case for common descent, he included evidence of homologies between humans and other mammals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Wyhe2008-144">[144]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Cnone">[III]</a> Having outlined sexual selection, he hinted that it could explain differences between <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">human races</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1859-2-145">[145]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_D1">[IV]</a> He avoided explicit discussion of human origins, but implied the significance of his work with the sentence; "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1859-146">[146]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_D2">[IV]</a> His theory is simply stated in the introduction: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></blockquote> At the end of the book he concluded that: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a></blockquote> The last word was the only variant of "evolved" in the first five editions of the book. "<a href="/wiki/Evolutionism" title="Evolutionism">Evolutionism</a>" at that time was associated with other concepts, most commonly with <a href="/wiki/Prenatal_development_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prenatal development (biology)">embryological development</a>. Darwin first used the word <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man</a> in 1871, before adding it in 1872 to the 6th edition of The Origin of Species.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responses_to_publication">Responses to publication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="Reactions to On the Origin of Species">Reactions to On the Origin of Species</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron,_c._1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length portrait of sixty-year-old man, balding, with white hair and long white bushy beard, with heavy eyebrows shading his eyes looking thoughtfully into the distance, wearing a wide lapelled jacket" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/220px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/330px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg/440px-Charles_Darwin_by_Julia_Margaret_Cameron%2C_c._1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2348" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>During the Darwin family's 1868 holiday in her <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> cottage, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a> took portraits showing the bushy beard Darwin grew between 1862 and 1866</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bearded head of Darwin with the body of a crouching ape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/220px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/330px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/440px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>An 1871 caricature following publication of <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a> was typical of many showing Darwin with an <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> body, identifying him in popular culture as the leading author of evolutionary theory<a href="#cite_note-Browne_2002-2-150">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> The book aroused international interest, with less controversy than had greeted the popular and less scientific Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Though Darwin's illness kept him away from the public debates, he eagerly scrutinised the scientific response, commenting on press cuttings, reviews, articles, satires and caricatures, and corresponded on it with colleagues worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The book did not explicitly discuss human origins,<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1859-146">[146]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_D3">[IV]</a> but included a number of hints about the animal ancestry of humans from which the inference could be made.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The first review asked, "If a monkey has become a man – what may not a man become?" It said this should be left to theologians as being too dangerous for ordinary readers.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Among early favourable responses, Huxley's reviews swiped at <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, leader of the scientific establishment which Huxley was trying to overthrow.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In April, Owen's review attacked Darwin's friends and condescendingly dismissed his ideas, angering Darwin,<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> but Owen and others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution. <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Matthew" title="Patrick Matthew">Patrick Matthew</a> drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>'s response was mixed. Darwin's old Cambridge tutors Sedgwick and Henslow dismissed the ideas, but <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal clergymen</a> interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> seeing it as "just as noble a conception of Deity".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2007-158">[158]</a> In 1860, the publication of <a href="/wiki/Essays_and_Reviews" title="Essays and Reviews">Essays and Reviews</a> by seven liberal Anglican theologians diverted <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clerical</a> attention from Darwin. Its ideas, including <a href="/wiki/Higher_criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher criticism">higher criticism</a>, were attacked by church authorities as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a>. In it, <a href="/wiki/Baden_Powell_(mathematician)" title="Baden Powell (mathematician)">Baden Powell</a> argued that <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> broke God's laws, so belief in them was <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a>, and praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature".<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Asa Gray discussed <a href="/wiki/Teleology" title="Teleology">teleology</a> with Darwin, who imported and distributed Gray's pamphlet on <a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">theistic evolution</a>, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with natural theology.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2007-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miles_2001-160">[160]</a> The most famous confrontation was at the public <a href="/wiki/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate" title="1860 Oxford evolution debate">1860 Oxford evolution debate</a> during a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a>, though not opposed to transmutation of species, argued against Darwin's explanation and human descent from apes. Joseph Hooker argued strongly for Darwin, and Thomas Huxley's legendary retort, that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his gifts, came to symbolise a triumph of science over religion.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2007-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Even Darwin's close friends Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support, as did many others, particularly younger naturalists. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science. He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy in education,<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2007-158">[158]</a> aiming to overturn the dominance of clergymen and aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favour of a new generation of professional scientists. Owen's claim that brain anatomy proved humans to be a separate <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">biological order</a> from apes was shown to be false by Huxley in a long-running dispute parodied by Kingsley as the "<a href="/wiki/Great_Hippocampus_Question" title="Great Hippocampus Question">Great Hippocampus Question</a>", and discredited Owen.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In response to objections that the <a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">origin of life</a> was unexplained, Darwin pointed to acceptance of <a href="/wiki/Newton%27s_law_of_universal_gravitation" title="Newton's law of universal gravitation">Newton's law</a> even though the cause of gravity was unknown.<a href="#cite_note-National_University_of_Singapore_News-2022-163">[163]</a> Despite criticisms and reservations related to this topic, he nevertheless proposed a prescient idea in an 1871 letter to Hooker in which he suggested the origin of life may have occurred in a "<a href="/wiki/Warm_little_pond" title="Warm little pond">warm little pond</a>".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1863, Lyell's <a href="/wiki/Geological_Evidences_of_the_Antiquity_of_Man" title="Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man">Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man</a> popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. Weeks later Huxley's <a href="/wiki/Evidence_as_to_Man%27s_Place_in_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature">Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature</a> showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then <a href="/wiki/The_Naturalist_on_the_River_Amazons" title="The Naturalist on the River Amazons">The Naturalist on the River Amazons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> provided empirical evidence of natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-Browne_2002-165">[165]</a> Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society's <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>, awarded on 3 November 1864.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential "<a href="/wiki/X_Club" title="X Club">X Club</a>" devoted to "science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-7-167">[167]</a> By the end of the decade, most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The Origin of Species was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the "working men" who flocked to Huxley's lectures.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Darwin's theory resonated with various movements at the time<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Enone">[V]</a> and became a key fixture of popular culture.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Fnone">[VI]</a> Cartoonists parodied animal ancestry in an old tradition of showing humans with animal traits, and in Britain, these droll images served to popularise Darwin's theory in an unthreatening way. While ill in 1862, Darwin began growing a beard, and when he reappeared in public in 1866, caricatures of him as an <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">ape</a> helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism.<a href="#cite_note-Browne_2002-2-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Othniel_C._Marsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Othniel C. Marsh">Othniel C. Marsh</a>, America’s first paleontologist, was the first to provide solid fossil evidence to support Darwin’s theory of evolution by unearthing the ancestors of the modern horse.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> In 1877, Marsh delivered a very influential speech before the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, providing a demonstrative argument for evolution. For the first time, Marsh traced the evolution of vertebrates from fish all the way through humans. Sparing no detail, he listed a wealth of fossil examples of past life forms. The significance of this speech was immediately recognized by the scientific community, and it was printed in its entirety in several scientific journals.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Descent_of_Man,_sexual_selection,_and_botany">Descent of Man, sexual selection, and botany</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Orchids_to_Variation" title="Darwin from Orchids to Variation">Orchids to Variation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Descent_of_Man_to_Emotions" title="Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions">Descent of Man to Emotions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Insectivorous_Plants_to_Worms" title="Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms">Insectivorous Plants to Worms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders portrait, increasingly bald with rather uneven bushy white eyebrows and beard, his wrinkled forehead suggesting a puzzled frown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg/220px-1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg/330px-1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg/440px-1878_Darwin_photo_by_Leonard_from_Woodall_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="2820" /></a><figcaption>By 1878, an increasingly famous Darwin had suffered years of illness</figcaption></figure> Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondMooreBrowne200773–75-173">[173]</a> Darwin's work continued. Having published On the Origin of Species as an <a href="/wiki/Abstract_(summary)" title="Abstract (summary)">abstract</a> of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his "<a href="/wiki/Natural_Selection_(manuscript)" title="Natural Selection (manuscript)">big book</a>". He covered human descent from earlier animals, including the evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a> and diversifying into innovative plant studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondMooreBrowne200778–83,_86–90-174">[174]</a> Enquiries about insect <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> led in 1861 to novel studies of wild <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, showing adaptation of their flowers to <a href="/wiki/Pollination_syndrome" title="Pollination syndrome">attract specific moths</a> to each species and ensure <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">cross fertilisation</a>. In 1862 <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids">Fertilisation of Orchids</a> gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of <a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">climbing plants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Admiring visitors included <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, a zealous proponent of Darwinism incorporating Lamarckism and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe</a>'s idealism.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Darwin's book <a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication</a> (1868) was the first part of his planned "big book", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">pangenesis</a> attempting to explain <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>. It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Lyell had already popularised human prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes.<a href="#cite_note-Browne_2002-165">[165]</a> With The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a>'s plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural racial classification, while emphasising that humans are all one species.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> According to an editorial in Nature journal: "Although Charles Darwin opposed slavery and proposed that humans have a common ancestor, he also advocated a hierarchy of races, with white people higher than others."<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:251px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_letter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="handwritten letter from Charles Darwin to John Burdon-Sanderson dated 9 October 1874" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darwin_letter.jpg/156px-Darwin_letter.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darwin_letter.jpg/234px-Darwin_letter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Darwin_letter.jpg/312px-Darwin_letter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="1008" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Letter of enquiry from Charles Darwin to the physiologist <a href="/wiki/John_Burdon-Sanderson" title="John Burdon-Sanderson">John Burdon-Sanderson</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:251px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Darwin's figure is shown seated, dressed in a toga, in a circular frame labelled "TIME'S METER" around which a succession of figures spiral, starting with an earthworm emerging from the broken letters "CHAOS" then worms with head and limbs, followed by monkeys, apes, primitive men, a loin cloth clad hunter with a club, and a gentleman who tips his top hat to Darwin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg/228px-Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg/342px-Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg/456px-Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1216" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Almanac" title="Almanac">almanac</a> for 1882, published shortly before Darwin's death, depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title Man Is But A Worm</div></div></div></div></div> His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book <a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a>, one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolution of human psychology</a> and its continuity with the <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">behaviour of animals</a>. Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that "everybody is talking about it without being shocked."<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> His conclusion was "that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system – with all these exalted powers – Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin."<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on <a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous Plants (book)">Insectivorous Plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self_Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom" title="The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom">The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</a>, different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and <a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants" title="The Power of Movement in Plants">The Power of Movement in Plants</a>. He continued to collect information and exchange views from scientific correspondents all over the world, including <a href="/wiki/Mary_Treat" title="Mary Treat">Mary Treat</a>, whom he encouraged to persevere in her scientific work.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> He was the first person to recognise the significance of carnivory in plants.<a href="#cite_note-Hedrich-2021-184">[184]</a> His botanical work<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Inone">[IX]</a> was interpreted and popularised by various writers including <a href="/wiki/Grant_Allen" title="Grant Allen">Grant Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/H._G._Wells" title="H. G. Wells">H. G. Wells</a>, and helped transform plant science in the late 19th century and early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Pain-2022-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Endersby-2016-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_funeral">Death and funeral</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Insectivorous_Plants_to_Worms#Death" title="Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms">Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms § Death</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herschel%26darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tombs of John Herschel, left black marble, and Charles Darwin. white marble in Westminster Abbey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herschel%26darwin.jpg/280px-Herschel%26darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herschel%26darwin.jpg/420px-Herschel%26darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Herschel%26darwin.jpg/560px-Herschel%26darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2239" /></a><figcaption>The adjoining tombs of the scientists <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> and Charles Darwin in the nave of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, London</figcaption></figure> In 1882, he was diagnosed with what was called "<a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>" which then meant <a href="/wiki/Coronary_thrombosis" title="Coronary thrombosis">coronary thrombosis</a> and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed "anginal attacks", and "heart-failure"; there has since been scholarly speculation about his <a href="/wiki/Health_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Health of Charles Darwin">life-long health issues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colp-2008-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clayton-2010-188">[188]</a> He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma, "I am not the least afraid of death—Remember what a good wife you have been to me—Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me". While she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis, "It's almost worthwhile to be sick to be nursed by you".<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at <a href="/wiki/Downe" title="Downe">Downe</a>, but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, <a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (President of the Royal Society) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by <a href="/wiki/Burials_and_memorials_in_Westminster_Abbey" title="Burials and memorials in Westminster Abbey">burial in Westminster Abbey</a>, close to John Herschel and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>. The funeral, held on Wednesday 26 April, was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-2016-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Children">Children</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wedgwood_family#Charles_Darwin" title="Darwin–Wedgwood family">Darwin–Wedgwood family § Charles Darwin</a></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right;clear:right;font-size:small;margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_Erasmus_Darwin" title="William Erasmus Darwin">William Erasmus Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">27 December 1839 –</td> <td>8 September 1914 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne_Darwin" title="Anne Darwin">Anne Elizabeth Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 March 1841 –</td> <td>23 April 1851 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mary Eleanor Darwin</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23 September 1842 –</td> <td>16 October 1842 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Litchfield" title="Henrietta Litchfield">Henrietta Emma Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">25 September 1843 –</td> <td>17 December 1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Howard Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 July 1845 –</td> <td>7 December 1912 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth Darwin</td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 July 1847 –</td> <td>8 June 1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Francis Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 August 1848 –</td> <td>19 September 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">15 January 1850 –</td> <td>26 March 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Horace_Darwin" title="Horace Darwin">Horace Darwin</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13 May 1851 –</td> <td>29 September 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Waring Darwin</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 December 1856 –</td> <td>28 June 1858 </td></tr></tbody></table> The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children.<a href="#cite_note-Leff_2000-12">[12]</a> Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding" title="Inbreeding">inbreeding</a> due to the close family ties he shared with his <a href="/wiki/Cousin_marriage" title="Cousin marriage">wife and cousin</a>, Emma Wedgwood. He examined inbreeding in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of <a href="/wiki/Outcrossing" title="Outcrossing">outcrossing</a> in many species.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesmondMoore1991447-191">[191]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg/125px-Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg/188px-Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg/250px-Emma_Darwin_with_Charles_Waring_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>Emma Darwin with Charles Waring Darwin</figcaption></figure> Charles Waring Darwin, born in December 1856, was the tenth and last of the children. Emma Darwin was aged 48 at the time of the birth, and the child was mentally subnormal and never learnt to walk or talk. He probably had <a href="/wiki/Down_syndrome" title="Down syndrome">Down syndrome</a>, which had not then been medically described. The evidence is a photograph by William Erasmus Darwin of the infant and his mother, showing a characteristic head shape, and the family's observations of the child.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> Charles Waring died of scarlet fever on 28 June 1858,<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> when Darwin wrote in his journal: "Poor dear Baby died."<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Of his surviving children, <a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George</a>, Francis and <a href="/wiki/Horace_Darwin" title="Horace Darwin">Horace</a> became <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> distinguished as an astronomer,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> botanist and civil engineer, respectively. All three were knighted.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Another son, <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Leonard</a>, went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenicist</a>, and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_opinions">Views and opinions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Religious views of Charles Darwin">Religious views of Charles Darwin</a></div> Darwin's family tradition was <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, while his father and grandfather were <a href="/wiki/Freethinkers" class="mw-redirect" title="Freethinkers">freethinkers</a>, and his baptism and boarding school were <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-3-24">[24]</a> When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not "in the least doubt the strict and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inerrancy" title="Biblical inerrancy">literal truth</a> of every word in the Bible".<a href="#cite_note-Desmond-36">[36]</a> He learned John Herschel's science which, like William Paley's natural theology, sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design.<a href="#cite_note-von_Sydow_2005-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-5-40">[40]</a> On board HMS Beagle, Darwin was quite <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">orthodox</a> and would quote the Bible as an authority on <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">morality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-4-199">[199]</a> He looked for "centres of creation" to explain distribution,<a href="#cite_note-Keynes_2001-2-65">[65]</a> and suggested that the very similar <a href="/wiki/Antlion" title="Antlion">antlions</a> found in Australia and England were evidence of a divine hand.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Online-67">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three-quarter length studio photo of seated girl about nine years old, looking slightly plump and rather solemn, in a striped dress, holding a basket of flowers on her lap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Annie_Darwin.jpg/170px-Annie_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Annie_Darwin.jpg/255px-Annie_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Annie_Darwin.jpg/340px-Annie_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>In 1851 Darwin was devastated when his daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_Darwin" title="Anne Darwin">Annie</a> died; by then his faith in Christianity had dwindled, and he had stopped going to church<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008b-200">[200]</a></figcaption></figure> Upon his return, he expressed a <a href="/wiki/Historical_criticism" title="Historical criticism">critical view of the Bible's historical accuracy</a> and questioned the basis for considering one religion more valid than another.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-4-199">[199]</a> In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species, he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma, whose beliefs similarly came from intensive study and questioning.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a> of Paley and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ichneumon_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichneumon wasp">ichneumon wasp</a> paralysing <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> as live food for its eggs.<a href="#cite_note-Miles_2001-160">[160]</a> Though he thought of religion as a <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">God as an ultimate lawgiver</a>. He was increasingly troubled by the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Darwin remained close friends with the <a href="/wiki/Vicar_(Anglicanism)" title="Vicar (Anglicanism)">vicar</a> of Downe, <a href="/wiki/John_Brodie_Innes" title="John Brodie Innes">John Brodie Innes</a>, and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church,<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> but from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church.<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008b-200">[200]</a> He considered it "absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist"<a href="#cite_note-Letter_12041_Archived_7_November_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darwin-206">[206]</a> and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that "I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. – I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind".<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letter_12041_Archived_7_November_2009_at_the_Wayback_Machine-205">[205]</a> The "<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_Lady_Hope" title="Elizabeth, Lady Hope">Lady Hope Story</a>", published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_society">Human society</h3></div> Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of <a href="/wiki/Whigs_(British_political_party)" title="Whigs (British political party)">Whig</a> reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">electoral reform</a> and the emancipation of slaves. Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995196–197-208">[208]</a> Taking taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone, whom Darwin long recalled as "a very pleasant and intelligent man", reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the Beagle voyage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne199566,_198,_240-209">[209]</a> Though commonplace in Britain at the time, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Silliman" title="Benjamin Silliman">Silliman</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Bachman" title="John Bachman">Bachman</a> noticed the contrast with slave-owning America. Around twenty years later, racism became a feature of British society,<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-6-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silliman-1810-210">[210]</a> but Darwin remained strongly against slavery, against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species", and against ill-treatment of native people.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_Gnone">[VII]</a> Darwin's interaction with <a href="/wiki/Yaghan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan people">Yaghans</a> (Fuegians) such as Jemmy Button during the second voyage of HMS Beagle had a profound impact on his view of indigenous peoples. At his arrival in Tierra del Fuego he made a colourful description of "<a href="/wiki/Fuegian" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuegian">Fuegian</a> savages".<a href="#cite_note-Rozzi-2018-212">[212]</a> This view changed as he came to know Yaghan people more in detail. By studying the Yaghans, Darwin concluded that a number of basic emotions by different human groups were the same and that mental capabilities were roughly the same as for Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-Rozzi-2018-212">[212]</a> While interested in Yaghan culture, Darwin failed to appreciate their deep ecological knowledge and elaborate cosmology until the 1850s when he inspected a dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Yaghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghan language">Yaghan</a> detailing 32,000 words.<a href="#cite_note-Rozzi-2018-212">[212]</a> He saw that European colonisation would often lead to the extinction of native civilisations, and "tr[ied] to integrate colonialism into an evolutionary history of civilization analogous to natural history".<a href="#cite_note-Barta-2005-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin_and_women" title="Darwin and women">Darwin's view of women</a> was that men's eminence over them was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Brown Blackwell</a> in her 1875 book <a href="/wiki/The_Sexes_Throughout_Nature" title="The Sexes Throughout Nature">The Sexes Throughout Nature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vandermassen,_Griet-2004-214">[214]</a> Darwin was intrigued by his <a href="/wiki/Half-cousin" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-cousin">half-cousin</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>'s argument, introduced in 1865, that <a href="/wiki/Historiometry" title="Historiometry">statistical analysis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a> showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In The Descent of Man, Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection, but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy, "the noblest part of our nature", and factors such as education could be more important. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a "caste" of "those who are naturally gifted", Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it "the sole feasible, yet I fear <a href="/wiki/Utopian" class="mw-redirect" title="Utopian">utopian</a>, plan of procedure in improving the human race", preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Francis Galton named this field of study "eugenics" in 1883,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_H1">[VIII]</a> after Darwin's death, and his theories were cited to promote eugenic policies.<a href="#cite_note-Barta-2005-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_social_movements">Evolutionary social movements</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_effects_of_evolutionary_theory" title="Social effects of evolutionary theory">Social effects of evolutionary theory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Degeneration_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneration theory">Degeneration theory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg/170px-Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg/255px-Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg/340px-Statue_of_Charles_Darwin_Natural_History_Museum_London_2020_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3760" data-file-height="4848" /></a><figcaption>Statue in the Natural History Museum in London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg/170px-Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg/255px-Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg/340px-Charles_Darwin_MET_117328.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="1888" /></a><figcaption>Darwin bust by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Echteler" title="Joseph Echteler">Joseph Echteler</a></figcaption></figure> Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments. Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to <a href="/wiki/Protestant_work_ethic" title="Protestant work ethic">work productively</a> and show restraint in getting families; this was used in the 1830s to justify <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire economics">laissez-faire economics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_1997Moore_2006-216">[216]</a> Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Herbert Spencer</a>'s 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's "<a href="/wiki/Survival_of_the_fittest" title="Survival of the fittest">survival of the fittest</a>" as free-market progress, and <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenistic</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel#Polygenism_and_racial_theory" title="Ernst Haeckel">human development</a>. Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat-dog capitalism, <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Imperialism" title="New Imperialism">imperialism</a>. However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included "dependence of one being on another"; thus <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifists</a>, socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a> stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in "positive eugenics". During the "Eclipse of Darwinism", a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>. Negative eugenics to remove the "feebleminded" were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">eugenics in the United States</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory sterilisation">compulsory sterilisation</a> laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> brought the field into disrepute.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_H2">[VIII]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a>" was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hofstadter" title="Richard Hofstadter">Richard Hofstadter</a> to attack the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> conservatism of those like <a href="/wiki/William_Graham_Sumner" title="William Graham Sumner">William Graham Sumner</a> who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilkins_1997Moore_2006-216">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography" title="Charles Darwin bibliography">Charles Darwin bibliography</a></div> Darwin was a prolific writer. Even without the publication of his works on evolution, he would have had a considerable reputation as the author of The Voyage of the Beagle, as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of <a href="/wiki/Coral_atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral atoll">coral atolls</a>, and as a biologist who had published the definitive work on barnacles. While On the Origin of Species dominates perceptions of his work, The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals had considerable impact, and his books on plants including The Power of Movement in Plants were innovative studies of great importance, as was his final work on <a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_through_the_Action_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_commemoration">Legacy and commemoration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_Darwin" title="List of things named after Charles Darwin">List of things named after Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_taxa_described_by_Charles_Darwin" title="List of taxa described by Charles Darwin">List of taxa described by Charles Darwin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Commemoration of Charles Darwin">Commemoration of Charles Darwin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_Statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Unveiling of the bronze Darwin Statue outside the former Shrewsbury School building in 1897 surrounded by schoolboys in straw hats" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Darwin_Statue.jpg/180px-Darwin_Statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Darwin_Statue.jpg/270px-Darwin_Statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Darwin_Statue.jpg/360px-Darwin_Statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Unveiling in 1897 of the Darwin Statue at the former <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury School</a> building where he had studied</figcaption></figure> As Alfred Russel Wallace put it, Darwin had "wrought a greater revolution in human thought within a quarter of a century than any man of our time – or perhaps any time", having "given us a new conception of the world of life, and a theory which is itself a powerful instrument of research; has shown us how to combine into one consistent whole the facts accumulated by all the separate classes of workers, and has thereby revolutionised the whole study of nature".<a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyhe-2021-223">[223]</a> The paleoanthropologist <a href="/wiki/Trenton_Holliday" title="Trenton Holliday">Trenton Holliday</a> states that "Darwin is rightly considered to be the preeminent evolutionary scientist of all time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolliday20215-224">[224]</a> By around 1880, most scientists were convinced of evolution as descent with modification, though few agreed with Darwin that natural selection "has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification".<a href="#cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008Darwin_1872-225">[225]</a> During "<a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">the eclipse of Darwinism</a>" scientists explored alternative mechanisms. Then <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> incorporated <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian genetics">Mendelian genetics</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> leading to <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">modern evolutionary synthesis</a>, which continues to develop.<a href="#cite_note-Bowler_2003-20">[20]</a> Scientific discoveries have confirmed and validated Darwin's key insights.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Wyhe-2021-223">[223]</a> Geographical features given his name include <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Sound" title="Darwin Sound">Darwin Sound</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Darwin_(Andes)" title="Mount Darwin (Andes)">Mount Darwin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> both named while he was on <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">the Beagle voyage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darwin_Harbour" title="Darwin Harbour">Darwin Harbour</a>, named by his former shipmates on <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle#Third_voyage_(1837–1843)" title="HMS Beagle">its next voyage</a>, which eventually became the location of <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Northern_Territory" title="Darwin, Northern Territory">Darwin</a>, the capital city of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Northern_Territory_Department_of_Planning_and_Infrastructure,_Australia-229">[229]</a> Darwin's name was given, <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">formally</a> or <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">informally</a>, to numerous plants and animals, including many he had collected on the voyage.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The Linnean Society of London began awards of the <a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wallace_Medal" title="Darwin–Wallace Medal">Darwin–Wallace Medal</a> in 1908, to mark fifty years from the joint reading on 1 July 1858 of papers by Darwin and Wallace publishing their theory. Further awards were made in 1958 and 2008; since 2010, the awards have been annual.<a href="#cite_note-The_Linnean_Society-2016-232">[232]</a> <a href="/wiki/Darwin_College,_Cambridge" title="Darwin College, Cambridge">Darwin College</a>, a postgraduate college at <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> founded in 1964, is named after the Darwin family.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> From 2000 to 2017, UK £10 banknotes issued by the <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England_note_issues" title="Bank of England note issues">Bank of England</a> featured Darwin's portrait printed on the reverse,<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2000-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBBC_Newsround-2013-235">[235]</a> along with a <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbird</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bankofengland.co.uk-2005-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Darwin" title="1991 Darwin">1991 Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_(2009_film)" title="Creation (2009 film)">Creation</a> (biographical drama film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation–evolution controversy">Creation–evolution controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_and_American_voyages_of_scientific_exploration" title="European and American voyages of scientific exploration">European and American voyages of scientific exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins" title="List of coupled cousins">List of coupled cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple_discoveries#19th_century" title="List of multiple discoveries">List of multiple discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_discovery" title="Multiple discovery">Multiple discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Portraits of Charles Darwin">Portraits of Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamou_egg" title="Tinamou egg">Tinamou egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal Darwinism</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> I. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Bnone">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> was to become known after the voyage for <a href="/wiki/Biblical_literalism" title="Biblical literalism">biblical literalism</a>, but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> recorded his opinion that the plains were <a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">raised beaches</a>, but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas.(<a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, pp. 186, 414) II. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Cnone">^</a> In the section <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">"Morphology"</a> of Chapter XIII of On the Origin of Species, Darwin commented on <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> bone patterns between humans and other mammals, writing: "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?"<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> and in the concluding chapter: "The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse … at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications."<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> III. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_D1">1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_D2">2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_D3">3</a> In <a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> Darwin mentioned <a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">human origins</a> in his concluding remark that "In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history."<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1859-146">[146]</a> In "Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory" he referred to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>: "I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind, but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous."<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1859-2-145">[145]</a> In <a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man</a> of 1871, Darwin discussed the first passage: "During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. It seemed to me sufficient to indicate, in the first edition of my 'Origin of Species,' that by this work 'light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history;' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth."<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> In a preface to the 1874 second edition, he added a reference to the second point: "it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the 'Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man."<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> IV. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Enone">^</a> See, for example, WILLA volume 4, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/old-WILLA/fall95/DeSimone.html">Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education</a> by Deborah M. De Simone: "Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of "intellectual chaos" caused by Darwin's Origin of the Species. Marked by the belief that individuals can direct human and social evolution, many progressives came to view education as the panacea for advancing social progress and for solving such problems as urbanisation, poverty, or immigration." V. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Fnone">^</a> See, for example, the song "A lady fair of lineage high" from <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Princess_Ida" title="Princess Ida">Princess Ida</a>, which describes the descent of man (but not woman!) from apes. VI. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Gnone">^</a> Darwin's belief that black people had the same essential humanity as Europeans, and had many mental similarities, was reinforced by the lessons he had from <a href="/wiki/John_Edmonstone" title="John Edmonstone">John Edmonstone</a> in 1826.<a href="#cite_note-Darwin_1958-6-26">[26]</a> Early in the Beagle voyage, Darwin nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=76">74</a>) He wrote home about "how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character." (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin 1887</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1452.1&pageseq=264">246</a>) Regarding <a href="/wiki/Fuegians" title="Fuegians">Fuegians</a>, he "could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement", but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians like <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Button" title="Jemmy Button">Jemmy Button</a>: "It seems yet wonderful to me, when I think over all his many good qualities, that he should have been of the same race, and doubtless partaken of the same character, with the miserable, degraded savages whom we first met here." (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin 1845</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F14&viewtype=text&pageseq=218">205, 207–208</a>) In the Descent of Man, he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians' and Edmonstone's minds to Europeans' when arguing against "ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species".<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> He rejected the ill-treatment of native people, and for example wrote of massacres of <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonian</a> men, women, and children, "Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country?"(<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin 1845</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F14&pageseq=115">102</a>) VII. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_H1">1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_H2">2</a> <a href="/wiki/Geneticist" title="Geneticist">Geneticists</a> studied human heredity as <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> movements sought to manage society, with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom, and on disability and ethnicity in the United States, leading to geneticists seeing this movement as impractical <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>. A shift from voluntary arrangements to "negative" eugenics included <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory sterilisation">compulsory sterilisation</a> laws in the United States, copied by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> as the basis for <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> based on virulent racism and "<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial hygiene</a>". (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1">Thurtle, Phillip (17 December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/SHR/5-supp/text/thurtle.html">"the creation of genetic identity"</a>. SEHR. Vol. 5, no. Supplement: Cultural and Technological Incubations of Fascism. Retrieved 11 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SEHR&rft.atitle=the+creation+of+genetic+identity&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Supplement%3A+Cultural+and+Technological+Incubations+of+Fascism&rft.date=1996-12-17&rft.aulast=Thurtle&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2FSHR%2F5-supp%2Ftext%2Fthurtle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._W._F._Edwards" title="A. W. F. Edwards">Edwards, A. W. F.</a> (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/cgi/content/full/154/4/1419#The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism">"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"</a>. Genetics. Vol. 154, no. April 2000. pp. 1419–1426. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461012">1461012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747041">10747041</a>. Retrieved 11 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetical+Theory+of+Natural+Selection&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=April+2000&rft.pages=1419-1426&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1461012%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10747041&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=A.+W.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F154%2F4%2F1419%23The_Eclipse_of_Darwinism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Wilkins, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081205154013/http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php">"Evolving Thoughts: Darwin and the Holocaust 3: eugenics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2006/09/darwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php">the original</a> on 5 December 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolving+Thoughts%3A+Darwin+and+the+Holocaust+3%3A+eugenics&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscienceblogs.com%2Fevolvingthoughts%2F2006%2F09%2Fdarwin_and_the_holocaust_3_eug_1.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988">) VIII. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Inone">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Quammen" title="David Quammen">David Quammen</a> writes of his "theory that [Darwin] turned to these arcane botanical studies – producing more than one book that was solidly empirical, discreetly evolutionary, yet a 'horrid bore' – at least partly so that the clamorous controversialists, fighting about apes and angels and souls, would leave him... alone". <a href="/wiki/David_Quammen" title="David Quammen">David Quammen</a>, "The Brilliant Plodder" (review of Ken Thompson, Darwin's Most Wonderful Plants: A Tour of His Botanical Legacy, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 255 pp.; Elizabeth Hennessy, On the Backs of Tortoises: Darwin, the Galápagos, and the Fate of an Evolutionary Eden, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, 310 pp.; Bill Jenkins, Evolution Before Darwin: Theories of the Transmutation of Species in Edinburgh, 1804–1834, <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>, 222 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXVII, no. 7 (23 April 2020), pp. 22–24. Quammen, quoted from p. 24 of his review. </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreeman200776_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2007">Freeman 2007</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171019230458/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html">"Charles Darwin's personal finances revealed in new find"</a>. The Telegraph. 22 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/5032354/Charles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html">the original</a> on 19 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+personal+finances+revealed+in+new+find&rft.date=2009-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F5032354%2FCharles-Darwins-personal-finances-revealed-in-new-find.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-catalogues.royalsociety.org-2015-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catalogues.royalsociety.org-2015_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-catalogues.royalsociety.org-2015_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA8196&pos=1">"Search Results: Record – Darwin; Charles Robert"</a>. The Royal Society Collections Catalogues. 20 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211202200044/https://catalogues.royalsociety.org/CalmView/Record.aspx?src=CalmView.Persons&id=NA8196&pos=1">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2021. Retrieved 2 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society+Collections+Catalogues&rft.atitle=Search+Results%3A+Record+%E2%80%93+Darwin%3B+Charles+Robert&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogues.royalsociety.org%2FCalmView%2FRecord.aspx%3Fsrc%3DCalmView.Persons%26id%3DNA8196%26pos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman_2007-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_2007_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_2007_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_2007_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_2007_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman_2007_4-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2007">Freeman 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A27b&viewtype=text&pageseq=113">106</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_WyheChua" class="citation book cs1">van Wyhe, John; Chua, Christine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/2021_John_van_Wyhe_%26_Christine_Chua%2C_Charles_Darwin._Justice_of_the_Peace_A2115.pdf">Charles Darwin: Justice of the Peace: The Complete Records (1857–1882)</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220803163838/http://darwin-online.org.uk/converted/pdf/2021_John_van_Wyhe_%26_Christine_Chua%2C_Charles_Darwin._Justice_of_the_Peace_A2115.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+Justice+of+the+Peace%3A+The+Complete+Records+%281857%E2%80%931882%29&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Chua%2C+Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fconverted%2Fpdf%2F2021_John_van_Wyhe_%2526_Christine_Chua%252C_Charles_Darwin._Justice_of_the_Peace_A2115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin">"Darwin"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140718234042/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/darwin">Archived</a> 18 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> entry in <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMooreBrowne2004">Desmond, Moore & Browne 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Coyne, Jerry A.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8">Why Evolution is True</a>. Viking. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyevolutionistr00coyn/page/8">8–11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02053-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02053-9"><bdi>978-0-670-02053-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Evolution+is+True&rft.pages=8-11&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02053-9&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyevolutionistr00coyn%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larson_2004-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Larson_2004_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLarson2004">Larson 2004</a>, pp. 79–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200">"Special feature: Darwin 200"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110211051412/http://www.newscientist.com/special/darwin-200">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 2 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Special+feature%3A+Darwin+200&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fspecial%2Fdarwin-200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Westminster_Abbey-2016-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Westminster_Abbey-2016_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Westminster_Abbey-2016_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin">"Westminster Abbey » Charles Darwin"</a>. Westminster Abbey. 2 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200905/http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/charles-darwin">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westminster+Abbey&rft.atitle=Westminster+Abbey+%C2%BB+Charles+Darwin&rft.date=2016-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Fpeople%2Fcharles-darwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> <a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410153323/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html">Darwin's Burial</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leff_2000-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leff_2000_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leff_2000_12-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723181529/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html">About Charles Darwin</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 210, 284–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 263–274. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, pp. 184, 187 </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeddall1968" class="citation journal cs1">Beddall, B. G. (1968). "Wallace, Darwin, and the Theory of Natural Selection". Journal of the History of Biology. 1 (2): 261–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00351923">10.1007/BF00351923</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-5010">0022-5010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:81107747">81107747</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Biology&rft.atitle=Wallace%2C+Darwin%2C+and+the+Theory+of+Natural+Selection&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=261-323&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A81107747%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-5010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00351923&rft.aulast=Beddall&rft.aufirst=B.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008_17-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008">van Wyhe 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyne2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Coyne, Jerry A.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17">Why Evolution is True</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780199230846/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923084-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923084-6"><bdi>978-0-19-923084-6</bdi></a>. <q>In The Origin, Darwin provided an alternative hypothesis for the development, diversification, and design of life. Much of that book presents evidence that not only supports evolution but at the same time refutes creationism. In Darwin's day, the evidence for his theories was compelling but not completely decisive.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Evolution+is+True&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923084-6&rft.aulast=Coyne&rft.aufirst=Jerry+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780199230846%2Fpage%2F17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlass1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bentley_Glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bentley Glass">Glass, Bentley</a> (1959). Forerunners of Darwin. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. iv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0222-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-0222-5"><bdi>978-0-8018-0222-5</bdi></a>. <q>Darwin's solution is a magnificent synthesis of evidence ... a synthesis ... compelling in honesty and comprehensiveness</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forerunners+of+Darwin&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pages=iv&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-0222-5&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Bentley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowler_2003-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowler_2003_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowler_2003_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowler2003">Bowler 2003</a>, pp. 178–179, 338, 347. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmond2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Desmond, Adrian J. (13 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin">"Charles Darwin"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180206114419/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Darwin">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2002-09-13&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCharles-Darwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_H._Wahlert2001" class="citation web cs1">John H. 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(2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40693-022-00112-y">"Historical account and current ecological knowledge of the southernmost lizard in the world, Liolaemus magellanicus (Squamata: Liolaemidae)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Revista_Chilena_de_Historia_Natural" title="Revista Chilena de Historia Natural">Revista Chilena de Historia Natural</a>. 95 (7). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022RvCHN..95....7J">2022RvCHN..95....7J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40693-022-00112-y">10.1186/s40693-022-00112-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252717680">252717680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Chilena+de+Historia+Natural&rft.atitle=Historical+account+and+current+ecological+knowledge+of+the+southernmost+lizard+in+the+world%2C+Liolaemus+magellanicus+%28Squamata%3A+Liolaemidae%29&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=7&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252717680%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40693-022-00112-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022RvCHN..95....7J&rft.aulast=Jaksic&rft.aufirst=Fabian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1186%252Fs40693-022-00112-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 189–192, 198 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEldredge2006">Eldredge 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 131, 159 <a href="#CITEREFHerbert1991">Herbert 1991</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A342&pageseq=16">174–179</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_Online-2-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Online-2_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081204201413/http://www.darwin-online.org.uk./EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html">"Darwin Online: 'Hurrah Chiloe': an introduction to the Port Desire Notebook"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html">the original</a> on 4 December 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+Online%3A+%27Hurrah+Chiloe%27%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Port+Desire+Notebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FChancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin 1845</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F14&viewtype=text&pageseq=218">205–208</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, pp. 243–244, 248–250, 382–383 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=258">226–227</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 160–168, 182 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-275.xml">"Letter no. 275 – Charles Darwin to Susan Elizabeth Darwin – 23 April 1835"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206101229/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-275.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+no.+275+%E2%80%93+Charles+Darwin+to+Susan+Elizabeth+Darwin+%E2%80%93+23+April+1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletter%2F%3FdocId%3Dletters%2FDCP-LETT-275.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_1958-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_1958_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_1958_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=100">pp. 98–99</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keynes_2001-2-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keynes_2001-2_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keynes_2001-2_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=388">356–357</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulloway1982">Sulloway 1982</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_Online-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Online_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Online_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html">"Darwin Online: Coccatoos & Crows: An introduction to the Sydney Notebook"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090114015611/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+Online%3A+Coccatoos+%26+Crows%3A+An+introduction+to+the+Sydney+Notebook&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FChancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=430">398–399</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-5-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-5_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-301.xml">"Letter no. 301, Charles Darwin to Caroline Darwin, 29 April 1836, Port Lewis, Mauritius"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215113535/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-301.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+no.+301%2C+Charles+Darwin+to+Caroline+Darwin%2C+29+April+1836%2C+Port+Lewis%2C+Mauritius.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletter%2F%3FdocId%3Dletters%2FDCP-LETT-301.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_1839-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_1839_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_1839_71-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1839">Darwin 1839</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=13&itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text">viii</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Wyhe_2007-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2007_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2007_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=21">197</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keynes_2000-2-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Keynes_2000-2_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2000">Keynes 2000</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1840&pageseq=22">xix–xx</a> <a href="#CITEREFEldredge2006">Eldredge 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=16">p. 1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarwin18351-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarwin18351_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1835">Darwin 1835</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-3-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-3_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-291.xml">"Letter no. 291, Caroline Darwin to Charles Darwin, 29 December [1835], [Shrewsbury]"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220211205926/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-291.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+no.+291%2C+Caroline+Darwin+to+Charles+Darwin%2C+29+December+%5B1835%5D%2C+%5BShrewsbury%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletter%2F%3FdocId%3Dletters%2FDCP-LETT-291.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-4-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-4_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-302.xml">"Letter no. 302, Charles Darwin to Catherine Darwin, 3 June 1836, Cape of Good Hope"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220127212812/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-302.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+no.+302%2C+Charles+Darwin+to+Catherine+Darwin%2C+3+June+1836%2C+Cape+of+Good+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletter%2F%3FdocId%3Dletters%2FDCP-LETT-302.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Darwin_Correspondence_Project-2_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-288.xml">"Letter no. 288, Susan Darwin to Charles Darwin, 22 November 1835, Shrewsbury"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220213100832/https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-288.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2022. Retrieved 19 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Letter+no.+288%2C+Susan+Darwin+to+Charles+Darwin%2C+22+November+1835%2C+Shrewsbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fletter%2F%3FdocId%3Dletters%2FDCP-LETT-288.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1497&pageseq=83">81–82</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 195–198 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOwen1840">Owen 1840</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=26">16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=83">73</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F9.1&pageseq=116">106</a> <a href="#CITEREFEldredge2006">Eldredge 2006</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 201–205 <a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, pp. 349–350 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995345–347-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrowne1995345–347_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, pp. 345–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeynes2001[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1925pageseq20_xviii–xix]-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeynes2001[httpdarwin-onlineorgukcontentframesetviewtypetextitemIDF1925pageseq20_xviii–xix]_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1925&pageseq=20">xviii–xix</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 207–210 <a href="#CITEREFSulloway1982">Sulloway 1982</a>, pp. 20–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html">"Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 346 – Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 27 Feb 1837"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629192201/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+346+%E2%80%93+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Darwin%2C+C.+S.%2C+27+Feb+1837&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-346.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> proposes a move on Friday 3 March 1837, Darwin's Journal (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin2006">Darwin 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=22&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&viewtype=text">12 verso</a>) backdated from August 1838 gives a date of 6 March 1837 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 201, 212–221 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSulloway1982">Sulloway 1982</a>, pp. 9, 20–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, p. 360 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">"Darwin, C. R. (Read 14 March 1837) Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea darwinii, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210085710/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 17 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin%2C+C.+R.+%28Read+14+March+1837%29+Notes+on+Rhea+americana+and+Rhea+darwinii%2C+Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1643%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerbert1980">Herbert 1980</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1583e&pageseq=9">7–10</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, p. 44 <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1837">Darwin 1837</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1">1–13, 26, 36, 74</a> <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond & Moore 1991</a>, pp. 229–232 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1832">"£1,000 in 1832 → 2021 | UK Inflation Calculator"</a>. www.in2013dollars.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234035/https://www.in2013dollars.com/uk/inflation/1832">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. 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Retrieved 17 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darwin+transmutation+notebook+E+p.+75&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR124.-%26pageseq%3D63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=61">"Darwin transmutation notebook E p. 71"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090628080656/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=CUL-DAR124.-&pageseq=61">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/">the original</a> on 25 February 2009. 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R. to Fox, W. D., (15 June 1838)"</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070904124133/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-419.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 8 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&rft.atitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+419+%E2%80%93+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Fox%2C+W.+D.%2C+%2815+June+1838%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-419.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Wyhe_2007-2-112"><a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2007-2_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=A544&pageseq=10">186–192</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-buch-113"><a href="#cite_ref-buch_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchanan2017" class="citation journal cs1">Buchanan, Roderick D. 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R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307235150/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-729.html#back-mark-729.f6">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. 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Darwin and His Children: His Other Legacy, (Oxford: 2013, Oxford UP), 101, 129, 168. George became a knight commander of the Order of the Bath in 1905. Francis was knighted in 1912. Horace became a knight commander of the KBE in 1918. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Edwards, A. W. F. 2004. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). 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(1810). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4pCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA216">A Journal of Travels in England, Holland and Scotland: And of Two Passages Over the Atlantic, in the Years 1805 and 1806 ...</a> D. & G. Bruce. pp. 216–217. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231218114110/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4pCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 29 August 2022. <q>As there are no slaves in England, perhaps the English have not learned to regard negroes as a degraded class of men, as we do in the United States</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Journal+of+Travels+in+England%2C+Holland+and+Scotland%3A+And+of+Two+Passages+Over+the+Atlantic%2C+in+the+Years+1805+and+1806+...&rft.pages=216-217&rft.pub=D.+%26+G.+Bruce&rft.date=1810&rft.aulast=Silliman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4pCAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachman1850" class="citation book cs1">Bachman, J. 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Retrieved 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+The+Man%2C+His+Great+Voyage%2C+and+His+Theory+of+Evolution&rft.series=Pioneers+of+Science&rft.pages=154-155&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4994-7110-6&rft.aulast=Van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJnZeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolliday20215-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolliday20215_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolliday2021">Holliday 2021</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-van_Wyhe_2008Darwin_1872-225"><a href="#cite_ref-van_Wyhe_2008Darwin_1872_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008">van Wyhe 2008</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1872">Darwin 1872</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F391&pageseq=449">421</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._W._F._Edwards" title="A. W. F. Edwards">Edwards, A. W. F.</a> (1 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full">"The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection"</a>. Genetics. 154 (4): 1419–1426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F154.4.1419">10.1093/genetics/154.4.1419</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461012">1461012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10747041">10747041</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924041631/http://www.genetics.org/content/154/4/1419.full">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Genetical+Theory+of+Natural+Selection&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1419-1426&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1461012%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10747041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgenetics%2F154.4.1419&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=A.+W.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genetics.org%2Fcontent%2F154%2F4%2F1419.full&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFitzRoy1839">FitzRoy 1839</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=267">216–218</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903005348/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/timeline/time_04.html">Darwin's Timeline</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Territory_Department_of_Planning_and_Infrastructure,_Australia-229"><a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Territory_Department_of_Planning_and_Infrastructure,_Australia_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060918153343/http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/landinformation/place/origins/palmdarwin.html">"Territory origins"</a>. Northern Territory Department of Planning and Infrastructure, Australia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipe.nt.gov.au/whatwedo/landinformation/place/origins/palmdarwin.html">the original</a> on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 15 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Territory+origins&rft.pub=Northern+Territory+Department+of+Planning+and+Infrastructure%2C+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipe.nt.gov.au%2Fwhatwedo%2Flandinformation%2Fplace%2Forigins%2Fpalmdarwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard,_Stephen_B.2020" class="citation book cs1">Heard, Stephen B. (2020). Charles Darwin's barnacle and David Bowie's spider : how scientific names celebrate adventurers, heroes, and even a few scoundrels. Damstra, Emily S. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25269-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-25269-9"><bdi>978-0-300-25269-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1143645266">1143645266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+barnacle+and+David+Bowie%27s+spider+%3A+how+scientific+names+celebrate+adventurers%2C+heroes%2C+and+even+a+few+scoundrels&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1143645266&rft.isbn=978-0-300-25269-9&rft.au=Heard%2C+Stephen+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinfacts.com/">"Charles Darwin 200 years – Things you didn't know about Charles Darwin"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528033253/http://darwinfacts.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2009. Retrieved 23 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin+200+years+%E2%80%93+Things+you+didn%27t+know+about+Charles+Darwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinfacts.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Linnean_Society-2016-232"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Linnean_Society-2016_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-darwin-wallace-medal">"The Darwin-Wallace Medal"</a>. The Linnean Society. 1 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329223140/https://www.linnean.org/the-society/medals-awards-prizes-grants/the-darwin-wallace-medal">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 22 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=The+Darwin-Wallace+Medal&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linnean.org%2Fthe-society%2Fmedals-awards-prizes-grants%2Fthe-darwin-wallace-medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/darwin-college">"Darwin College – Maps and directions – University of Kent"</a>. www.kent.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161031024930/https://www.kent.ac.uk/maps/canterbury/canterbury-campus/building/darwin-college">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.kent.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Darwin+College+%E2%80%93+Maps+and+directions+%E2%80%93+University+of+Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kent.ac.uk%2Fmaps%2Fcanterbury%2Fcanterbury-campus%2Fbuilding%2Fdarwin-college&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News-2000-234"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News-2000_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1009901.stm">"How to join the noteworthy"</a>. BBC News. 7 November 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630102007/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1009901.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2006. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=How+to+join+the+noteworthy&rft.date=2000-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F1009901.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBBC_Newsround-2013-235"><a href="#cite_ref-CBBC_Newsround-2013_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/23434198">"Author Jane Austen to feature on new £10 note"</a>. CBBC Newsround. 24 July 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424113045/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/23434198">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBBC+Newsround&rft.atitle=Author+Jane+Austen+to+feature+on+new+%C2%A310+note&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F23434198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bankofengland.co.uk-2005-236"><a href="#cite_ref-bankofengland.co.uk-2005_236-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050525230931/http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/current_10.htm">"Bank of England – Banknotes – Current Banknotes – £10"</a>. bankofengland.co.uk. 25 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/banknotes/current/current_10.htm">the original</a> on 25 May 2005. Retrieved 24 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bankofengland.co.uk&rft.atitle=Bank+of+England+%E2%80%93+Banknotes+%E2%80%93+Current+Banknotes+%E2%80%93+%C2%A310&rft.date=2005-05-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bankofengland.co.uk%2Fbanknotes%2Fcurrent%2Fcurrent_10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=452&itemID=F373&viewtype=text">434</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=497&itemID=F373&viewtype=text">479</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1871">Darwin 1871</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=14&itemID=F937.1&viewtype=text">1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1874">Darwin 1874</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=13&itemID=F944&viewtype=text">vi</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1871">Darwin 1871</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F937.1&pageseq=227">214</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.1&viewtype=text&pageseq=245">232</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonymous1882" class="citation news cs1">Anonymous (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0212.html">"Obituary: Death Of Chas. 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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8">Evolution: The History of an Idea</a> (3rd ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23693-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23693-6"><bdi>978-0-520-23693-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution%3A+The+History+of+an+Idea&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23693-6&rft.aulast=Bowler&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fevolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Browne" title="Janet Browne">Browne, E. Janet</a> (1995). Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-314-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-314-7"><bdi>978-1-84413-314-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+1+Voyaging&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-314-7&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2002" class="citation book cs1">Browne, E. Janet (2002). Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6837-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-6837-8"><bdi>978-0-7126-6837-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+2+The+Power+of+Place&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-6837-8&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1835" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1 December 1835). Henslow, J S (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1&viewtype=side">[Extracts from letters addressed to Professor Henslow]</a>. Cambridge: [privately printed]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004015917/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1&viewtype=side">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%5BExtracts+from+letters+addressed+to+Professor+Henslow%5D&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=%5Bprivately+printed%5D&rft.date=1835-12-01&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fpageseq%3D1%26itemID%3DF1%26viewtype%3Dside&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1837" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&pageseq=1">Notebook B: (Transmutation of species)</a>. Darwin Online. CUL-DAR121. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208160457/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&viewtype=side&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2009. Retrieved 20 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notebook+B%3A+%28Transmutation+of+species%29&rft.pub=Darwin+Online&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR121.-%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1839" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. Journal and remarks. 1832–1836</a>. Vol. III. London: Henry Colburn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815220204/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+surveying+voyages+of+His+Majesty%27s+Ships+Adventure+and+Beagle+between+the+years+1826+and+1836%2C+describing+their+examination+of+the+southern+shores+of+South+America%2C+and+the+Beagle%27s+circumnavigation+of+the+globe.+Journal+and+remarks.+1832%E2%80%931836.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF10.3%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1842" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1842). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&itemID=F1556&pageseq=33">"Pencil Sketch of 1842"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Darwin, Francis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844</a>. Cambridge University Press (published 1909). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-548-79998-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-548-79998-7"><bdi>978-0-548-79998-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929181520/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pencil+Sketch+of+1842&rft.btitle=The+foundations+of+The+origin+of+species%3A+Two+essays+written+in+1842+and+1844.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1842&rft.isbn=978-0-548-79998-7&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DF1556%26pageseq%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1845" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition</a>. London: John Murray. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110917084240/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+researches+into+the+natural+history+and+geology+of+the+countries+visited+during+the+voyage+of+H.M.S.+Beagle+round+the+world%2C+under+the+Command+of+Capt.+Fitz+Roy%2C+R.N.+2d+edition&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF20%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1859" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</a> (1st ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4353-9386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4353-9386-8"><bdi>978-1-4353-9386-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005185317/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Origin+of+Species+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection%2C+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1859&rft.isbn=978-1-4353-9386-8&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF373%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1871" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a> (1st ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2085-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2085-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-2085-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712194932/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 24 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man%2C+and+Selection+in+Relation+to+Sex&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1871&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2085-6&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_TheDescentofMan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1872" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1872). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</a> (6th ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4353-9386-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4353-9386-8"><bdi>978-1-4353-9386-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107064907/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F391&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+Species+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection%2C+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&rft.place=London&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1872&rft.isbn=978-1-4353-9386-8&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF391%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1874" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a> (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2085-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-2085-6"><bdi>978-0-8014-2085-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110712194932/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2011. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Descent+of+Man%2C+and+Selection+in+Relation+to+Sex&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1874&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-2085-6&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_TheDescentofMan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1887" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1887). <a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Darwin, Francis</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html">The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter</a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-08417-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-08417-2"><bdi>978-0-404-08417-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110305110738/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+and+letters+of+Charles+Darwin%2C+including+an+autobiographical+chapter&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-0-404-08417-2&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin1958" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (1958). <a href="/wiki/Nora_Barlow" title="Nora Barlow">Barlow, Nora</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=1&itemID=F1497&viewtype=text">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow</a>. London: Collins. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130816093152/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 28 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography+of+Charles+Darwin+1809%E2%80%931882.+With+the+original+omissions+restored.+Edited+and+with+appendix+and+notes+by+his+granddaughter+Nora+Barlow&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fpageseq%3D1%26itemID%3DF1497%26viewtype%3Dtext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&pageseq=1">"Journal"</a>. In van Wyhe, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html">Darwin's personal 'Journal' (1809–1881)</a>. Darwin Online. CUL-DAR158.1–76. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224083758/http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Journal&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+personal+%27Journal%27+%281809%E2%80%931881%29&rft.pub=Darwin+Online&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR158.1-76%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarwinCosta2009" class="citation book cs1">Darwin, Charles; Costa, James T. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annotatedoriginf00darw">The Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species Annotated by James T. Costa</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03281-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03281-1"><bdi>978-0-674-03281-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Origin%3A+A+Facsimile+of+the+First+Edition+of+On+the+Origin+of+Species+Annotated+by+James+T.+Costa&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts%2C+and+London%2C+England&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03281-1&rft.aulast=Darwin&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Costa%2C+James+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannotatedoriginf00darw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Desmond" title="Adrian Desmond">Desmond, Adrian</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_(biographer)" title="James Moore (biographer)">Moore, James</a> (1991). Darwin. London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7181-3430-3"><bdi>978-0-7181-3430-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Michael+Joseph%2C+Penguin+Group&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7181-3430-3&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesmondMooreBrowne2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James; Browne, Janet (2004). 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London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-035-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84614-035-8"><bdi>978-1-84614-035-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+sacred+cause+%3A+race%2C+slavery+and+the+quest+for+human+origins&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84614-035-8&rft.aulast=Desmond&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft.au=Moore%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinssacredcau0000desm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldredge2006" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Eldredge, Niles</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224110620/http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/">"Confessions of a Darwinist"</a>. The Virginia Quarterly Review (Spring 2006): 32–53. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/">the original</a> on 24 December 2013. 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London: Henry Colburn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110505173517/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.2&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voyages+of+the+Adventure+and+Beagle%2C+Volume+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=FitzRoy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF10.2%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._B._Freeman" title="R. B. Freeman">Freeman, R. B.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=4&itemID=A1&viewtype=side">The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist</a>. Folkestone: Wm Dawson & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-208-01658-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-208-01658-4"><bdi>978-0-208-01658-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004023516/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?pageseq=4&itemID=A1&viewtype=side">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022. 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Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical Series. 7 (7 (24 April)): 1–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fp.272299">10.5962/p.272299</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711050113/http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1583e&viewtype=text&pageseq=1">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2007. 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Retrieved 7 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Mind+the+gap%3A+Did+Darwin+avoid+publishing+his+theory+for+many+years%3F&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=177-205&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202574857%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA544%26pageseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008" class="citation web cs1">van Wyhe, John (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html">"Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch"</a>. Darwin Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200113061826/http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+gentleman+naturalist%3A+A+biographical+sketch&rft.pub=Darwin+Online&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fdarwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b" class="citation book cs1">van Wyhe, John (2008b). Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution. London: Andre Deutsch Ltd (published 1 September 2008). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00251-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-233-00251-4"><bdi>978-0-233-00251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%3A+The+Story+of+the+Man+and+His+Theories+of+Evolution&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-233-00251-4&rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Sydow2005" class="citation book cs1">von Sydow, Momme (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326070105/http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf">"Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science"</a> (PDF). In Knight, David M.; Eddy, Matthew D. (eds.). Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900. Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 141–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3996-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3996-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-3996-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 16 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darwin+%E2%80%93+A+Christian+Undermining+Christianity%3F+On+Self-Undermining+Dynamics+of+Ideas+Between+Belief+and+Science&rft.btitle=Science+and+Beliefs%3A+From+Natural+Philosophy+to+Natural+Science%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Burlington&rft.pages=141-156&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-3996-1&rft.aulast=von+Sydow&rft.aufirst=Momme&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psych.uni-goettingen.de%2Fabt%2F1%2Fsydow%2Fvon_Sydow_%282005%29_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYates2003" class="citation web cs1">Yates, Simon (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html">"The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TalkOrigins_Archive" title="TalkOrigins Archive">TalkOrigins Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012194435/http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Lady+Hope+Story%3A+A+Widespread+Falsehood&rft.pub=TalkOrigins+Archive&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Yates&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fhope.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Charles Darwin <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27063124&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27063124">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=27063124&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Charles Darwin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27063124&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27063124">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=27063124&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darwin-online.org.uk/">"The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online"</a>. Retrieved 4 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Work+of+Charles+Darwin+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/charles-darwin">Works by Charles Darwin in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/485">Works by Charles Darwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20C%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22C%2E%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20C%2E%20R%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20C%2E%20Robert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Robert%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22C%2E%20R%2E%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20Robert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%20R%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Charles%20Darwin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Darwin%2C%20Charles%22%29%20OR%20%28%221809-1882%22%20AND%20Darwin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Charles Robert Darwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/166">Works by Charles Darwin</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Works_of_Charles_Darwin_Online" title="The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online">The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/">Darwin Online</a>; Darwin's publications, private papers and bibliography, supplementary works including biographies, obituaries and reviews</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/">Darwin Correspondence Project</a> Full text and notes for complete correspondence to 1867, with summaries of all the rest, and pages of commentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin.amnh.org/">Darwin Manuscript Project</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F258148">"Archival material relating to Charles Darwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Charles+Darwin&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF258148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li>View books owned and annotated by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/collection/darwinlibrary">Charles Darwin</a> at the online Biodiversity Heritage Library.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwin_mss">Digitised Darwin Manuscripts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Digital_Library" title="Cambridge Digital Library">Cambridge Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp01196">Portraits of Charles Darwin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003703">Newspaper clippings about Charles Darwin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/about-the-rhs/pdfs/publications/lindley-library-occasional-papers/volume-3-july-2010.pdf">Charles Darwin in the British horticultural press</a> – Occasional Papers from RHS Lindley Library, volume 3 July 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>, 29 April 1882, pp. 256, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zoE9AQAAIAAJ&q=Charles%20Darwin">Obituary of Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu//darwin/">"Charles Darwin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2F%2Fdarwin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Darwin" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_Darwin" title="Template:Charles Darwin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_Darwin" title="Template talk:Charles Darwin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_Darwin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles Darwin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_Darwin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwin%E2%80%93Wedgwood_family" title="Darwin–Wedgwood family">Darwin–Wedgwood family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin%27s_education" title="Charles Darwin's education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_HMS_Beagle" title="Second voyage of HMS Beagle">Voyage on HMS Beagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inception_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Inception of Darwin's theory">Inception of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Development of Darwin's theory">Development of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication_of_Darwin%27s_theory" title="Publication of Darwin's theory">Publication of theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="Reactions to On the Origin of Species">Reactions to On the Origin of Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Orchids_to_Variation" title="Darwin from Orchids to Variation">Orchids to Variation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Descent_of_Man_to_Emotions" title="Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions">Descent of Man to Emotions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_from_Insectivorous_Plants_to_Worms" title="Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms">Insectivorous Plants to Worms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Religious views of Charles Darwin">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Health of Charles Darwin">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_and_women" title="Darwin and women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Portraits of Charles Darwin">Portraits of Darwin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caricatures_of_Charles_Darwin_and_his_evolutionary_theory_in_19th-century_England" title="Caricatures of Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory in 19th-century England">caricatures</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin_bibliography" title="Charles Darwin bibliography">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extracts_from_Letters_to_Henslow" title="Extracts from Letters to Henslow">Extracts from Letters to Henslow</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle" title="The Voyage of the Beagle">The Voyage of the Beagle</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a> (1838–1843)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_the_Volcanic_Islands" title="Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands">Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands</a> (1844)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_Observations_on_South_America" title="Geological Observations on South America">Geological Observations on South America</a> (1846)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties</a>" (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids">Fertilisation of Orchids</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Variation_of_Animals_and_Plants_Under_Domestication" title="The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication">The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication</a> (1868) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Selection_(manuscript)" title="Natural Selection (manuscript)">Natural Selection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectivorous_Plants_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectivorous Plants (book)">Insectivorous Plants</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Movements_and_Habits_of_Climbing_Plants" title="On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants">On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Effects_of_Cross_and_Self_Fertilisation_in_the_Vegetable_Kingdom" title="The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom">The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Different_Forms_of_Flowers_on_Plants_of_the_Same_Species" title="The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species">The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Movement_in_Plants" title="The Power of Movement in Plants">The Power of Movement in Plants</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Formation_of_Vegetable_Mould_Through_the_Action_of_Worms" title="The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms">The Formation of Vegetable Mould Through the Action of Worms</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correspondence_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Correspondence of Charles Darwin">Correspondence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin">The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin</a>, 1887</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Letters_of_Charles_Darwin" title="More Letters of Charles Darwin">More Letters of Charles Darwin</a>, 1903</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxa_described_by_Charles_Darwin" title="List of taxa described by Charles Darwin">List of described taxa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation#Influence_and_effects" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangenesis" title="Pangenesis">Pangenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Industry" title="Darwin Industry">Darwin Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Charles_Darwin" title="Commemoration of Charles Darwin">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Charles_Darwin" title="List of things named after Charles Darwin">things named for Darwin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neural_Darwinism" title="Neural Darwinism">Neural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Darwinism" title="Quantum Darwinism">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Darwinism" title="Universal Darwinism">Universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives to</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">Eclipse of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS Beagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Medal" title="Darwin Medal">Darwin Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Awards" title="Darwin Awards">Darwin Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley_family" title="Huxley family">Huxley family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_biology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolution" title="Template:Evolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolution" title="Template talk:Evolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_biology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_evolution" title="Outline of evolution">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">History of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" title="Index of evolutionary biology articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">Adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_evolution" title="Divergent evolution">Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_of_common_descent" title="Evidence of common descent">Evidence of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_arms_race" title="Evolutionary arms race">Evolutionary arms race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_pressure" title="Evolutionary pressure">Evolutionary pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">Extinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extinction_event" title="Extinction event">Event</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">Last universal common ancestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroevolution" title="Macroevolution">Macroevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microevolution" title="Microevolution">Microevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonadaptive_radiation" title="Nonadaptive radiation">Non-adaptive radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panspermia" title="Panspermia">Panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">Parallel evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signalling_theory" title="Signalling theory">Signalling theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">Handicap principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" title="Evolutionary taxonomy">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene-centered view of evolution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Artificial selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness" title="Inclusive fitness">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">Gene flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_drift" title="Genetic drift">Genetic drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_flowering_plants" title="Sexual selection in flowering plants">Flowering plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_fungi" title="Sexual selection in fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_variation" title="Genetic variation">Variation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canalisation_(genetics)" title="Canalisation (genetics)">Canalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary developmental biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_assimilation" title="Genetic assimilation">Genetic assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(evolutionary_biology)" title="Inversion (evolutionary biology)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modularity_(biology)" title="Modularity (biology)">Modularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenotypic_plasticity" title="Phenotypic plasticity">Phenotypic plasticity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_bacteria" title="Evolution of bacteria">Bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_brachiopods" title="Evolution of brachiopods">Brachiopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_molluscs" title="Evolution of molluscs">Molluscs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur#Evolutionary_history" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_butterflies" title="Evolution of butterflies">butterflies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat_gap" title="Cat gap">cats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canidae#Evolution" title="Canidae">canids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_wolf" title="Evolution of the wolf">wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyena#Evolution" title="Hyena">hyenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">dolphins and whales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_horse" title="Evolution of the horse">horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Macropodidae" title="Evolution of Macropodidae">Kangaroos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_primates" title="Evolution of primates">primates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_lemurs" title="Evolution of lemurs">lemurs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">sea cows</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator-mediated_selection" title="Pollinator-mediated selection">pollinator-mediated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_evolution" title="Viral evolution">Viruses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_DNA_evolution" title="Models of DNA evolution">DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote#Origin_of_eukaryotes" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Symbiogenesis" title="Symbiogenesis">symbiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromosome#Eukaryotes" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomembrane_system#Evolution" title="Endomembrane system">endomembrane system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion#Origin_and_evolution" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus#Evolution" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid#Origin" title="Plastid">plastids</a></li></ul></li> <li>In animals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair#Evolution" title="Hair">hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">auditory ossicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">brain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Of <a href="/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_ageing" title="Evolution of ageing">Aging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death#Evolution_of_aging_and_mortality" title="Death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmed_cell_death#Evolutionary_origin_of_mitochondrial_apoptosis" title="Programmed cell death">Programmed cell death</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_biological_complexity" title="Evolution of biological complexity">Biological complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" title="Cooperation (evolution)">Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision" title="Evolution of color vision">Color vision</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">in primates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy#Evolution_across_species" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ethics" title="Evolutionary ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_eusociality" title="Evolution of eusociality">Eusociality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_system#Evolution_and_other_mechanisms" title="Immune system">Immune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolism#Evolution" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogamy_in_animals" title="Monogamy in animals">Monogamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism#Evolutionary_history" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisogamy#Evolution" title="Anisogamy">Gamete differentiation/sexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_life_cycle" title="Biological life cycle">Life cycles/nuclear phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_type" title="Mating type">Mating types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_and_function_of_meiosis" title="Origin and function of meiosis">Meiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-determination_system#Evolution" title="Sex-determination system">Sex-determination</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_snake_venom" title="Evolution of snake venom">Snake venom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tempo_and_Mode_in_Evolution" title="Tempo and Mode in Evolution">Tempo and modes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phyletic_gradualism" title="Phyletic gradualism">Gradualism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_mutation" title="Point mutation">Micromutation</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mutationism#Later_mutationist_theories" title="Mutationism">Macromutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniformitarianism" title="Uniformitarianism">Uniformitarianism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">Speciation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopatric_speciation" title="Allopatric speciation">Allopatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagenesis" title="Anagenesis">Anagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catagenesis_(biology)" title="Catagenesis (biology)">Catagenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladogenesis" title="Cladogenesis">Cladogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cospeciation" title="Cospeciation">Cospeciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_speciation" title="Ecological speciation">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_speciation" title="Hybrid speciation">Hybrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonecological_speciation" title="Nonecological speciation">Non-ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapatric_speciation" title="Parapatric speciation">Parapatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripatric_speciation" title="Peripatric speciation">Peripatric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_(speciation)" title="Reinforcement (speciation)">Reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympatric_speciation" title="Sympatric speciation">Sympatric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment">Renaissance and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" title="Transmutation of species">Transmutation of species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialogues_Concerning_Natural_Religion" title="Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion">Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blending_inheritance" title="Blending inheritance">Blending inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" title="The eclipse of Darwinism">The eclipse of Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">Extended evolutionary synthesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_to_Darwinian_evolution" title="Alternatives to Darwinian evolution">Alternatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthogenesis" title="Orthogenesis">Orthogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutationism" title="Mutationism">Mutationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(biology)" title="Saltation (biology)">Saltationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism_(biology)" title="Structuralism (biology)">Structuralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">Spandrel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theistic_evolution" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleology_in_biology" title="Teleology in biology">Teleology in biology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_genetics" title="Ecological genetics">Ecological genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_evolution" title="Molecular evolution">Molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymorphism_(biology)" title="Polymorphism (biology)">Polymorphism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocell" title="Protocell">Protocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">Systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_biology" title="Category:Evolutionary biology">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethology" title="Template:Ethology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethology" title="Template talk:Ethology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">Animal cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_consciousness" title="Animal consciousness">Animal consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sexual_behaviour" title="Animal sexual behaviour">Animal sexual behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_welfare_science" title="Animal welfare science">Animal welfare science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bee_learning_and_communication" title="Bee learning and communication">Bee learning and communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behavioural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_endocrinology" title="Behavioral endocrinology">Behavioral endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">Behavioural genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">Breed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ethology" title="Cognitive ethology">Cognitive ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_behaviour_in_animals" title="Comfort behaviour in animals">Comfort behaviour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_grooming" title="Personal grooming">Grooming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">Comparative psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" title="Emotion in animals">Emotion in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethogram" title="Ethogram">Ethogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">Evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">Feeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hover_(behaviour)" title="Hover (behaviour)">Hover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_ethology" title="Human ethology">Human ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instinct" title="Instinct">Instinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_animals" title="Pain in animals">Pain in animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_ethology" title="Philosophical ethology">Philosophical ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypy_(non-human)" title="Stereotypy (non-human)">Stereotypy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structures_built_by_animals" title="Structures built by animals">Structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beehive" title="Beehive">Hive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">Honeycomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nest" title="Nest">Nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesting_instinct" title="Nesting instinct">Instinct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarm_behaviour" title="Swarm behaviour">Swarm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_use_by_non-humans" title="Tool use by non-humans">Tool use by non-humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoosemiotics" title="Zoosemiotics">Zoosemiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bateson" title="Patrick Bateson">Patrick Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Broom" title="Donald Broom">Donald Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iren%C3%A4us_Eibl-Eibesfeldt" title="Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt">Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dian_Fossey" title="Dian Fossey">Dian Fossey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heini_Hediger" title="Heini Hediger">Heini Hediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley" title="Julian Huxley">Julian Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sebeok" title="Thomas Sebeok">Thomas Sebeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Homan_Thorpe" title="William Homan Thorpe">William Homan Thorpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Solly Zuckerman">Solly Zuckerman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Societies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Study_of_Animal_Behaviour" title="Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour">Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Applied_Ethology" title="International Society for Applied Ethology">International Society for Applied Ethology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Behaviour_(journal)" title="Animal Behaviour (journal)">Animal Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Cognition" title="Animal Cognition">Animal Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Welfare_(journal)" title="Animal Welfare (journal)">Animal Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_Ecology_(journal)" title="Behavioral Ecology (journal)">Behavioral Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behaviour_(journal)" title="Behaviour (journal)">Behaviour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethology" title="Category:Ethology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zoology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zoology" title="Template:Zoology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zoology" title="Template talk:Zoology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zoology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zoology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zoology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">Zoology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_zoology" title="Outline of zoology">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">Branches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrozoology" title="Anthrozoology">Anthrozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropodology" title="Arthropodology">Arthropodology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arachnology" title="Arachnology">Arachnology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acarology" title="Acarology">Acarology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinology" title="Carcinology">Carcinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">Entomology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coleopterology" title="Coleopterology">Coleopterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidopterology" title="Lepidopterology">Lepidopterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittology" title="Melittology">Melittology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmecology" title="Myrmecology">Myrmecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopterology" title="Orthopterology">Orthopterology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriapodology" title="Myriapodology">Myriapodology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryozoology" title="Bryozoology">Bryozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidariology" title="Cnidariology">Cnidariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnozoology" title="Ethnozoology">Ethnozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helminthology" title="Helminthology">Helminthology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Batrachology" title="Batrachology">Batrachology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophiology">Ophiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testudinology" class="mw-redirect" title="Testudinology">Testudinology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacology" title="Malacology">Malacology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conchology" title="Conchology">Conchology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teuthology" title="Teuthology">Teuthology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mammalogy" title="Mammalogy">Mammalogy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cetology" title="Cetology">Cetology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynology" title="Cynology">Cynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felinology" title="Felinology">Felinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippology" title="Hippology">Hippology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nematology" title="Nematology">Nematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroethology" title="Neuroethology">Neuroethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithology" title="Ornithology">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitology" title="Parasitology">Parasitology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleozoology" title="Paleozoology">Paleozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooarchaeology" title="Zooarchaeology">Zooarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animal</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Porifera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placozoa" title="Placozoa">Placozoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenacoelomorpha" title="Xenacoelomorpha">Xenacoelomorpha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambulacraria" title="Ambulacraria">Ambulacraria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aschelminthes" class="mw-redirect" title="Aschelminthes">Aschelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">Platyhelminthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">Annelida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">Animal anatomy</a> <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">Animal morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)#Animal_tissue" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">Epithelial tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscular tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_tissue" title="Nervous tissue">Nervous tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralized_tissues" title="Mineralized tissues">Mineralized tissues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_anatomy" title="Molecular anatomy">Molecular anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Anatomy and morphology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mammal#Anatomy" title="Mammal">Mammalian anatomy and morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Human</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_anatomy" title="Dog anatomy">Dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant#Anatomy_and_morphology" title="Elephant">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_anatomy" title="Cat anatomy">Cat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy" title="Bird anatomy">Bird anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Fish anatomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shark_anatomy" title="Shark anatomy">Shark anatomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_anatomy" title="Spider anatomy">Spider anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology" title="Insect morphology">Insect morphology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physiology#Animals" title="Physiology">Animal physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General physiology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiration_(physiology)" title="Respiration (physiology)">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathing" title="Breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange" title="Gas exchange">Gas exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_pigment" title="Respiratory pigment">Respiratory pigment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascular system">Vascular system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymph" title="Lymph">Lymph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">Blood vessels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Arteries">Arteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">Veins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">Capillaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_vascular_system" title="Water vascular system">Water vascular system</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_physiology" title="Insect physiology">Insect physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">Fish physiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_zoologists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of zoologists">Zoologists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Kirby_(entomologist)" title="William Kirby (entomologist)">William Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Say" title="Thomas Say">Thomas Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_von_Uexk%C3%BCll" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob von Uexküll">Jakob von Uexküll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_through_1859" title="History of zoology through 1859">Pre-Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_zoology_(1859%E2%80%93present)" title="History of zoology (1859–present)">Post-Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_zoology" title="Timeline of zoology">Timeline of zoology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Zoology" title="Category:Zoology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Template talk:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychologists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychologists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychologists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_evolutionary_psychologists" title="List of evolutionary psychologists">Evolutionary psychologists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Biologists / neuroscientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crespi" title="Bernard Crespi">Bernard Crespi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crook_(ethologist)" title="John Crook (ethologist)">John Crook</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Jared Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kinsey" title="Alfred Kinsey">Alfred Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Orians" title="Gordon Orians">Gordon Orians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaak_Panksepp" title="Jaak Panksepp">Jaak Panksepp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margie_Profet" title="Margie Profet">Margie Profet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Richerson" title="Peter Richerson">Peter Richerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Rizzolatti" title="Giacomo Rizzolatti">Giacomo Rizzolatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Thornhill" title="Randy Thornhill">Randy Thornhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carel_van_Schaik" title="Carel van Schaik">Carel van Schaik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Wedekind" title="Claus Wedekind">Claus Wedekind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_West-Eberhard" title="Mary Jane West-Eberhard">Mary Jane West-Eberhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Wickler" title="Wolfgang Wickler">Wolfgang Wickler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Christopher_Williams" title="George Christopher Williams">George C. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sloan_Wilson" title="David Sloan Wilson">David Sloan Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._O._Wilson" title="E. O. Wilson">E. O. Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wrangham" title="Richard Wrangham">Richard Wrangham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Anthropologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_H._Barkow" title="Jerome H. Barkow">Jerome H. Barkow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Boehm" title="Christopher Boehm">Christopher Boehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyd_(anthropologist)" title="Robert Boyd (anthropologist)">Robert Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald E. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Chagnon" title="Napoleon Chagnon">Napoleon Chagnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Dunbar" title="Robin Dunbar">Robin Dunbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fessler" title="Daniel Fessler">Daniel Fessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Flinn" title="Mark Flinn">Mark Flinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_D._Hawks" title="John D. Hawks">John D. Hawks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henrich" title="Joseph Henrich">Joseph Henrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mace" title="Ruth Mace">Ruth Mace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nettle" title="Daniel Nettle">Daniel Nettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Shennan" title="Stephen Shennan">Stephen Shennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Symons" title="Donald Symons">Donald Symons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tooby" title="John Tooby">John Tooby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">Pierre van den Berghe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Psychologists / cognitive scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Baron-Cohen" title="Simon Baron-Cohen">Simon Baron-Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_L._Barrett" title="Justin L. Barrett">Justin L. Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Belsky" title="Jay Belsky">Jay Belsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bering" title="Jesse Bering">Jesse Bering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Bjorklund" title="David F. Bjorklund">David F. Bjorklund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bloom_(psychologist)" title="Paul Bloom (psychologist)">Paul Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_Boyer" title="Pascal Boyer">Pascal Boyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bulbulia" title="Joseph Bulbulia">Joseph Bulbulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Buss" title="David Buss">David Buss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josep_Call" title="Josep Call">Josep Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Campbell_(academic)" title="Anne Campbell (academic)">Anne Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_T._Campbell" title="Donald T. Campbell">Donald T. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Carruthers_(philosopher)" title="Peter Carruthers (philosopher)">Peter Carruthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leda_Cosmides" title="Leda Cosmides">Leda Cosmides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Daly_(professor)" title="Martin Daly (professor)">Martin Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_J._Ellis" title="Bruce J. Ellis">Bruce J. Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Fernald" title="Anne Fernald">Anne Fernald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Aurelio José Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Diana Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uta_Frith" title="Uta Frith">Uta Frith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_G._Gallup" title="Gordon G. Gallup">Gordon G. Gallup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Geary" title="David C. Geary">David C. Geary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerd_Gigerenzer" title="Gerd Gigerenzer">Gerd Gigerenzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gray_(psychologist)" title="Peter Gray (psychologist)">Peter Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Haidt" title="Jonathan Haidt">Jonathan Haidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harlow" title="Harry Harlow">Harry Harlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Rich_Harris" title="Judith Rich Harris">Judith Rich Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martie_Haselton" title="Martie Haselton">Martie Haselton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_and_Stephen_Kaplan" title="Rachel and Stephen Kaplan">Stephen Kaplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_T._Kenrick" title="Douglas T. Kenrick">Douglas T. Kenrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_M._Kirby" title="Simon M. Kirby">Simon M. Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurzban" title="Robert Kurzban">Robert Kurzban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_MacWhinney" title="Brian MacWhinney">Brian MacWhinney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_T._McGuire" title="Michael T. McGuire">Michael T. McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Geoffrey Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darcia_Narvaez" title="Darcia Narvaez">Darcia Narvaez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Nelson" title="Katherine Nelson">Katherine Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_M._Nesse" title="Randolph M. Nesse">Randolph M. Nesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Neuberg" title="Steven Neuberg">Steven Neuberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Perrett" title="David Perrett">David Perrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Plotkin" title="Henry Plotkin">Henry Plotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Rozin" title="Paul Rozin">Paul Rozin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Schaller" title="Mark Schaller">Mark Schaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_P._Schmitt" title="David P. Schmitt">David P. Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Segal" title="Nancy Segal">Nancy Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todd_K._Shackelford" title="Todd K. Shackelford">Todd K. Shackelford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silverman" title="Irwin Silverman">Irwin Silverman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_K._Smith" title="Peter K. Smith">Peter K. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Sperber" title="Dan Sperber">Dan Sperber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Stevens_(Jungian_analyst)" title="Anthony Stevens (Jungian analyst)">Anthony Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sulloway" title="Frank Sulloway">Frank Sulloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tomasello" title="Michael Tomasello">Michael Tomasello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tybur" title="Joshua Tybur">Joshua Tybur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_van_Vugt" title="Mark van Vugt">Mark van Vugt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Whiten" title="Andrew Whiten">Andrew Whiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Wilson_(psychologist)" title="Glenn Wilson (psychologist)">Glenn Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margo_Wilson" title="Margo Wilson">Margo Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other social scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Badcock" title="Christopher Badcock">Christopher Badcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fehr" title="Ernst Fehr">Ernst Fehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_D._P._Johnson" title="Dominic D. P. Johnson">Dominic D. P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_Saad" title="Gad Saad">Gad Saad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Literary theorists / philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Carroll_(scholar)" title="Joseph Carroll (scholar)">Joseph Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Dutton" title="Denis Dutton">Denis Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">David Hume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_research_groups_and_centers" title="Evolutionary psychology research groups and centers">Research centers/ organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Evolutionary_Psychology" title="Center for Evolutionary Psychology">Center for Evolutionary Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Behavior_and_Evolution_Society" title="Human Behavior and Evolution Society">Human Behavior and Evolution Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Human_Cognitive_and_Brain_Sciences" title="Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences">Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Complex_Systems_Institute" title="New England Complex Systems Institute">New England Complex Systems Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Adapted_Mind" title="The Adapted Mind">The Adapted Mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior" title="Evolution and Human Behavior">Evolution and Human Behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evolution_of_Human_Sexuality" title="The Evolution of Human Sexuality">The Evolution of Human Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution,_Mind_and_Behaviour" title="Evolution, Mind and Behaviour">Evolution, Mind and Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Behavioral_Sciences" title="Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences">Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_Psychology_(journal)" title="Evolutionary Psychology (journal)">Evolutionary Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Category:Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Psychology" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Evolutionary_biology" title="Portal:Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1851–1900)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1851–1900"><abbr title="View this 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Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bunsen" title="Robert Bunsen">Robert Bunsen</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham_(chemist)" title="Thomas Graham (chemist)">Thomas Graham</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a> (1863)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a> (1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a> (1867)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Mayer" title="Julius von Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a> (1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a> (1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a> (1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Charles Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">William Thomson</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a> (1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Salmon" title="George Salmon">George Salmon</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a> (1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a> (1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a> (1896)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a> (1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a> (1900)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1839" title="Template:FRS 1839"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1839" title="Template talk:FRS 1839"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1839" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1839"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1839">in 1839</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland,_11th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 11th Baronet">Thomas Dyke Acland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barker_(benefactor)" title="George Barker (benefactor)">George Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriah_Botfield" title="Beriah Botfield">Beriah Botfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carrington,_2nd_Baron_Carrington" title="Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington">Robert Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conolly" title="Arthur Conolly">Arthur Conolly</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166058" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166058">Edward Davies Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mangles_Denham" title="Henry Mangles Denham">Henry Mangles Denham</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165443" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165443">Richard Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(1786%E2%80%931860)" title="Henry Drummond (1786–1860)">Henry Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Farre" title="Arthur Farre">Arthur Farre</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166416" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166416">Thomas William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166727" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166727">William James Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gaskin" title="Thomas Gaskin">Thomas Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Godwin" title="George Godwin">George Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Graves" title="John T. Graves">John T. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Guest" title="Edwin Guest">Edwin Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gulliver" title="George Gulliver">George Gulliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Halliwell-Phillipps" title="James Halliwell-Phillipps">James Halliwell-Phillipps</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165162" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165162">Peter Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heywood_(philanthropist)" title="James Heywood (philanthropist)">James Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hilton_(surgeon)" title="John Hilton (surgeon)">John Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hogg_(biologist)" title="John Hogg (biologist)">John Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166691" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166691">Gilbert Wakefield Mackmurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roffey_Maitland" title="Samuel Roffey Maitland">Samuel Roffey Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley_(mathematician)" title="Henry Moseley (mathematician)">Henry Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166766" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166766">H. Alexander Ormsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Reid (British Army officer)">William Reid</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165724" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165724">Robert Rigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(naturalist)" title="John Rogers (naturalist)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leith_Roupell" title="George Leith Roupell">George Leith Roupell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sharpey" title="William Sharpey">William Sharpey</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165698" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165698">Clement Tudway Swanston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thorp" title="Charles Thorp">Charles Thorp</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165644" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165644">Charles Turnor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46993819" class="extiw" title="d:Q46993819">John Wesley Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yates_(minister)" title="James Yates (minister)">James Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hansteen" title="Christopher Hansteen">Christopher Hansteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonio_Melloni" title="Macedonio Melloni">Macedonio Melloni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Félix Savart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nonverbal_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nonverbal_communication" title="Template talk:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nonverbal communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nonverbal_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Modalities" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Modality_(semiotics)" title="Modality (semiotics)">Modalities</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blushing" title="Blushing">Blushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_language" title="Body language">Body language</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kinesics" title="Kinesics">Kinesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body-to-body_communication" title="Body-to-body communication">Body-to-body communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facial_Action_Coding_System" title="Facial Action Coding System">Facial Action Coding System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_expression" title="Subtle expression">Subtle expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture" title="Gesture">Gesture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gestures" title="List of gestures">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-independent_gestures" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-independent gestures">Speech-independent gestures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_communication" title="Haptic communication">Haptic communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imitation" title="Imitation">Imitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization#Human_movement" title="Synchronization">Interpersonal synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laughter" title="Laughter">Laughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oculesics" title="Oculesics">Oculesics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupillary_response" title="Pupillary response">Pupil dilation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olfactic_communication" title="Olfactic communication">Olfaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posture_(psychology)" title="Posture (psychology)">Posture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxemics" title="Proxemics">Proxemics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(linguistics)" title="Affect (linguistics)">Affect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_prosody" title="Emotional prosody">Emotional prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">Paralanguage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intonation_(linguistics)" title="Intonation (linguistics)">Intonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">Loudness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">Prosody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm" title="Rhythm">Rhythm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Voice quality</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">Social context</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-context_and_low-context_cultures" title="High-context and low-context cultures">High-context and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship" title="Interpersonal relationship">Interpersonal relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Social norm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">Emoticon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-bit_message" title="One-bit message">One-bit message</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missed_call" title="Missed call">Missed call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_service_code" title="Silent service code">Silent service code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unconscious_communication" title="Unconscious communication">Unconscious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microexpression" title="Microexpression">Microexpression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-verbal_leakage" title="Non-verbal leakage">Non-verbal leakage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-faceted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Affect display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition" title="Emotion recognition">Emotion recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_impression_(psychology)" title="First impression (psychology)">First impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimate_relationship" title="Intimate relationship">Intimacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Broader_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Broader concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_interpersonal_communicative_skills" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic interpersonal communicative skills">Basic interpersonal communicative skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunchi" title="Nunchi">Nunchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_skills" title="People skills">People skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_behavior" title="Social behavior">Social behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cue" title="Social cue">Social cue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_competence" title="Social competence">Social competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_skills" title="Social skills">Social skills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsaid" title="Unsaid">Unsaid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Further_information" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Further information</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disorders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aprosodia" title="Aprosodia">Aprosodia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asperger_syndrome" title="Asperger syndrome">Asperger syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autism" title="Autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragile_X_syndrome" title="Fragile X syndrome">Fragile X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervasive_developmental_disorder_not_otherwise_specified" title="Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified">Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childhood_disintegrative_disorder" title="Childhood disintegrative disorder">Childhood disintegrative disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rett_syndrome" title="Rett syndrome">Rett syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyssemia" title="Dyssemia">Dyssemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_learning_disorder" title="Nonverbal learning disorder">Nonverbal learning disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_(pragmatic)_communication_disorder" title="Social (pragmatic) communication disorder">Social (pragmatic) communication disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroanatomy" title="Neuroanatomy">Neuroanatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limbic_system" title="Limbic system">Limbic system</a> / <a href="/wiki/Limbic_lobe" title="Limbic lobe">Limbic lobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_neuron" title="Mirror neuron">Mirror neuron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_reading" title="Cold reading">Cold reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_detection" title="Lie detection">Lie detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudian_slip" title="Freudian slip">Freudian slip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_(poker)" title="Tell (poker)">Poker tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_(advertising)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention (advertising)">Targeted advertising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_processing_of_body_language" title="Computer processing of body language">Computer processing of body language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">Emotion recognition in conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesture_recognition" title="Gesture recognition">Gesture recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_facial_expression_databases" title="List of facial expression databases">List of facial expression databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentiment_analysis" title="Sentiment analysis">Sentiment analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Birdwhistell" title="Ray Birdwhistell">Ray Birdwhistell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ekman" title="Paul Ekman">Paul Ekman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_communication" title="Animal communication">Animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_communication" title="Behavioral communication">Behavioral communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assertiveness" title="Assertiveness">Assertive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deference" title="Deference">Passive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive-aggressive_behavior" title="Passive-aggressive behavior">Passive-aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impression_management" title="Impression management">Impression management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign lexicons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Verbal communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-verbal language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactile_signing" title="Tactile signing">Tactile signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadoma" title="Tadoma">Tadoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mime_artist" title="Mime artist">Mime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimoplastic_art" title="Mimoplastic art">Mimoplastic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtext" title="Subtext">Subtext</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Charles Darwin at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Darwinian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Darwinian">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="c:Charles Darwin">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="q:Charles Darwin">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Robert_Darwin" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Robert Darwin">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_Biology/Gallery_of_Biologists/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="b:General Biology/Gallery of Biologists/Charles Darwin">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/16px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/25px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/32px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin" class="extiw" title="species:Charles Robert Darwin">Taxa</a> from Wikispecies</li><li 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databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121251077">ISNI</a></li><li><a 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href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058521640106706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14177146">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00263429?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Darwin">International Plant Names Index</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=24768459300">Scopus</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=57950318700">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=D847cGsAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/charles-darwin/">Leopoldina</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500228559">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/298412">RKD Artists</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/e644c0bb-b68b-4726-8d22-6ef9bc563542">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/24670">Musée 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navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026812304">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580367">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q63cm5">SNAC</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6c82bj2">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/38730">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&oldid=1258052537">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&oldid=1258052537</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Charles_Darwin" title="Category:Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1809_births" title="Category:1809 births">1809 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1882_deaths" title="Category:1882 deaths">1882 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_biologists" title="Category:19th-century British biologists">19th-century British biologists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_English_writers" title="Category:19th-century English writers">19th-century English writers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_Anglicans" 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