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href="#Ancient_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ancient Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Rome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Rome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ancient Rome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Rome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.1</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deuterocanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deuterocanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.2</span> <span>Deuterocanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deuterocanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2.3</span> <span>Church Fathers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mandaeism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandaeism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Mandaeism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandaeism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Indian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Chinese religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Confucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Confucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Taoism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mohism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mohism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Mohism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mohism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iranian_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iranian religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zoroastrianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zoroastrianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Zoroastrianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zoroastrianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_religious_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_religious_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>New religious movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_religious_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wicca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wicca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Wicca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wicca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Scientology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_African_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_African_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Traditional African religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_African_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Yoruba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoruba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Yoruba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoruba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odinani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odinani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Odinani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Odinani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secular context</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secular_context-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secular context subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secular_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Global_ethic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_ethic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Global ethic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_ethic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Humanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Humanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Existentialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Existentialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Existentialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Existentialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Utilitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Utilitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Classical Utilitarianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_Utilitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_contexts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_contexts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other contexts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_contexts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other contexts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_contexts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Science and economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Differences_in_values_or_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_values_or_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Differences in values or interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_in_values_or_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_in_situations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_in_situations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Differences in situations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_in_situations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_responses_to_criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_responses_to_criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other responses to criticisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_responses_to_criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popular references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden Rule</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goue_Re%C3%ABl" title="Goue Reël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Goue Reël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%88%AD%E1%89%83%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%95%E1%8C%8D" title="ወርቃማው ሕግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወርቃማው ሕግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="القاعدة الذهبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القاعدة الذهبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2" title="গোল্ডেন রুল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গোল্ডেন রুল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Златно правило – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Златно правило" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goidane_Regl" title="Goidane Regl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Goidane Regl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatno_pravilo" title="Zlatno pravilo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zlatno pravilo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regla_d%27Or" title="Regla d'Or – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regla d'Or" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%C4%95%D0%BD_%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D0%BD_%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Кăмăл-сипетĕн ылтăн йĕркевĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмăл-сипетĕн ылтăн йĕркевĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlat%C3%A9_pravidlo" title="Zlaté pravidlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zlaté pravidlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gyldne_regel" title="Den gyldne regel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den gyldne regel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldene_Regel" title="Goldene Regel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Goldene Regel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuldreegel" title="Kuldreegel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kuldreegel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χρυσός κανόνας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρυσός κανόνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regla_de_oro_(%C3%A9tica)" title="Regla de oro (ética) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regla de oro (ética)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ora_regulo" title="Ora regulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ora regulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urrezko_araua" title="Urrezko araua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Urrezko araua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قاعده طلایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاعده طلایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8gle_d%27or" title="Règle d'or – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Règle d'or" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%A9%EA%B8%88%EB%A5%A0" title="황금률 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="황금률" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A5_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ոսկե կանոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ոսկե կանոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="स्वर्णिम नियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वर्णिम नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatno_pravilo" title="Zlatno pravilo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zlatno pravilo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etika_timbal_balik" title="Etika timbal balik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Etika timbal balik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etica_della_reciprocit%C3%A0" title="Etica della reciprocità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Etica della reciprocità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Алтын ереже – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Алтын ереже" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aranyszab%C3%A1ly" title="Aranyszabály – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Aranyszabály" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="القاعده الذهبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القاعده الذهبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulden_regel_(leefregel)" title="Gulden regel (leefregel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gulden regel (leefregel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E5%BE%8B" title="黄金律 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黄金律" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gylne_regel" title="Den gylne regel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den gylne regel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="زرین قانون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="زرین قانون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C5%82ota_regu%C5%82a_etyczna" title="Złota reguła etyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Złota reguła etyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tica_da_reciprocidade" title="Ética da reciprocidade – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ética da reciprocidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regula_de_aur" title="Regula de aur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regula de aur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Золотое правило нравственности – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Золотое правило нравственности" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Rule" title="Golden Rule – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Golden Rule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B2%DB%8E%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یاسای زێڕین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یاسای زێڕین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatno_pravilo" title="Zlatno pravilo – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Zlatno pravilo" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatno_pravilo" title="Zlatno pravilo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zlatno pravilo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultainen_s%C3%A4%C3%A4nt%C3%B6" title="Kultainen sääntö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kultainen sääntö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_gyllene_regeln" title="Den gyllene regeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den gyllene regeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginintuang_patakaran" title="Ginintuang patakaran – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ginintuang patakaran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="பொன் விதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பொன் விதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt%C4%B1n_Kural" title="Altın Kural – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Altın Kural" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Золоте правило моралі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Золоте правило моралі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%81%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84" title="سنہری اصول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سنہری اصول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%C3%AAn_t%E1%BA%AFc_v%C3%A0ng" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Golden_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Law">Golden Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_ratio" title="Golden ratio">Golden ratio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_mean_(philosophy)" title="Golden mean (philosophy)">Golden mean (philosophy)</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Golden_Act" title="Golden Act">Golden Act</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Golden_Rule_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Golden Rule (disambiguation)">Golden Rule (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Do Unto Others" redirects here. For the 1915 silent film, see <a href="/wiki/Do_Unto_Others_(film)" title="Do Unto Others (film)">Do Unto Others (film)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt=""Golden Rule Sign" that hung above the door of the employee's entrance to the Acme Sucker Rod Factory in Toledo, Ohio, 1913. The business was owned by Toledo Mayor Samuel M. Jones." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg/220px-Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg/330px-Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg/440px-Golden_rule_sign_-_DPLA_-_dc36bf3cafa422023a790c77caebc235.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3812" data-file-height="2535" /></a><figcaption>"Golden Rule Sign" that hung above the door of the employees' entrance to the Acme <a href="/wiki/Sucker_rod" title="Sucker rod">Sucker Rod</a> Factory in <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, Ohio</a>, 1913.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Golden Rule</b> is the principle of treating others as one would want to be treated by them. It is sometimes called an ethics of reciprocity, meaning that you should reciprocate to others how you would like them to treat you (not necessarily how they actually treat you). Various expressions of this rule can be found in the tenets of most religions and creeds through the ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Flew_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maxim may appear as a <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_and_negation" title="Affirmation and negation">positive or negative</a> injunction governing conduct: </p> <ul><li>Treat others as you would like others to treat you (positive or directive form)<sup id="cite_ref-Flew_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flew-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Do <i>not</i> treat others in ways that you would <i>not</i> like to be treated (negative or prohibitive form)</li> <li>What you wish upon others, you wish upon yourself (empathetic or responsive form)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">term</a> "Golden Rule", or "Golden law", began to be used widely in the early 17th century in Britain by <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> theologians and preachers;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the earliest known usage is that of Anglicans Charles Gibbon and Thomas Jackson in 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possibly the earliest affirmation of the maxim of reciprocity, reflecting the ancient Egyptian goddess <a href="/wiki/Ma%27at" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'at">Ma'at</a>, appears in the story of "<a href="/wiki/The_Eloquent_Peasant" title="The Eloquent Peasant">The Eloquent Peasant</a>", which dates to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2040–1650 BCE</span>): "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to make him do."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-John_Albert_Wilson_p._121_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_Albert_Wilson_p._121-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proverb embodies the <i><a href="/wiki/Do_ut_des" class="mw-redirect" title="Do ut des">do ut des</a></i> principle.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late Period</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 664–323 BCE</span>) papyrus contains an early negative affirmation of the Golden Rule: "That which you hate to be done to you, do not do to another."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_India">Ancient India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanskrit_tradition">Sanskrit tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sanskrit tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahābhārata</a></i>, the ancient epic of India, there is a discourse in which sage Brihaspati tells the king Yudhishthira the following about <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, a philosophical understanding of values and actions that lend good order to life: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One should never do something to others that one would regard as an injury to one's own self. In brief, this is dharma. Anything else is succumbing to desire.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Mahābhārata</i> 13.114.8 (Critical edition)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Mahābhārata is usually dated to the period between 400 BCE and 400 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tamil_tradition">Tamil tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tamil tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Chapter 32 in the <a href="/wiki/Aram_(Kural_book)" title="Aram (Kural book)">Book of Virtue</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Ba%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṛaḷ">Tirukkuṛaḷ</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1st century BCE to 5th century CE</span>), <a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a> says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not do to others what you know has hurt yourself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Kural</i> 316<sup id="cite_ref-Sundaram_Kural_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundaram_Kural-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why does one hurt others knowing what it is to be hurt?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Kural</i> 318<sup id="cite_ref-Sundaram_Kural_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sundaram_Kural-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Furthermore, in verse 312, Valluvar says that it is the determination or code of the spotless (virtuous) not to do evil, even in return, to those who have cherished enmity and done them evil. According to him, the proper punishment to those who have done evil is to put them to shame by showing them kindness, in return and to forget both the evil and the good done on both sides (verse 314).<sup id="cite_ref-Aiyar_Kural_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aiyar_Kural-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Greece">Ancient Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Golden Rule in its prohibitive (negative) form was a common principle in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">philosophy</a>. Examples of the general concept include: </p> <ul><li>"Avoid doing what you would blame others for doing." – <a href="/wiki/Thales" class="mw-redirect" title="Thales">Thales</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 624</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 546 BCE</span>)</li> <li>"What you do not want to happen to you, do not do it yourself either." – <a href="/wiki/Sentences_of_Sextus" title="Sentences of Sextus">Sextus the Pythagorean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest extant reference to Sextus is by Origen in the third century of the common era.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Ideally, no one should touch my property or tamper with it, unless I have given him some sort of permission, and, if I am sensible I shall treat the property of others with the same respect." – <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 420</span> – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 347 BCE</span>)</li> <li>"Do not do to others that which angers you when they do it to you." – <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (436–338 BCE)</li> <li>"It is impossible to live a pleasant life without living wisely and well and justly, and it is impossible to live wisely and well and justly without living pleasantly." – <a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a> (341–270 BC) where "justly" refers to "an agreement made in reciprocal association ... against the infliction or suffering of harm."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Persia">Ancient Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi Texts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span> – 1000 CE) were an early source for the Golden Rule: "That nature alone is good which refrains from doing to another whatsoever is not good for itself." Dadisten-I-dinik, 94,5, and "Whatever is disagreeable to yourself do not do unto others." Shayast-na-Shayast 13:29<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Rome">Ancient Rome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient Rome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4 BCE</span> – 65 CE), a practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 BCE</span> – 200 CE), expressed a hierarchical variation of the Golden Rule in his <a href="/wiki/Letter_47_(Seneca)" title="Letter 47 (Seneca)">Letter 47</a>, an essay regarding the treatment of slaves: "Treat your inferior as you would wish your superior to treat you."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_context">Religious context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Religious context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg/330px-The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg/500px-The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg/960px-The_Golden_Rule_in_multiple_religions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1825" /></a><figcaption>The golden rule, as described in numerous world religions</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Simon Blackburn</a>, the Golden Rule "can be found in some form in almost every ethical tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A multi-faith poster showing the Golden Rule in sacred writings from 13 faith traditions (designed by Paul McKenna of Scarboro Missions, 2000) has been on permanent display at the <a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_United_Nations" title="Headquarters of the United Nations">Headquarters of the United Nations</a> since 4 January 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-poster1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poster1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Creating the poster "took five years of research that included consultations with experts in each of the 13 faith groups."<sup id="cite_ref-poster1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poster1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See also <a href="#Global_ethic">the section on Global Ethic.</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judaism">Judaism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Jewish ethics</a></div> <p>A rule of reciprocal <a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">altruism</a> was stated positively in a well-known Torah verse (Hebrew: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ואהבת לרעך כמוך</span>‎): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against your kinsfolk. Love your neighbor as yourself: I am the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leviticus 19:18<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yale_Divinity_School" title="Yale Divinity School">Yale Divinity School</a>, most modern scholars, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_Elliott_Friedman" title="Richard Elliott Friedman">Richard Elliott Friedman</a> as a prominent exception, view the command as applicable to fellow Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> commented what constitutes revenge and grudge, using the example of two men. One man would not lend the other his ax, then the next day, the same man asks the other for his ax. If the second man should say, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'I will not lend it to you, just as you did not lend to me,' it constitutes revenge; if 'Here it is for you; I am not like you, who did not lend me,' it constitutes a grudge. Rashi concludes his commentary by quoting <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> on love of neighbor: 'This is a fundamental [all-inclusive] principle of the Torah.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hillel_the_Elder" title="Hillel the Elder">Hillel the Elder</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110 BCE</span> – 10 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used this verse as a most important message of the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> for his teachings. Once, he was challenged by a gentile who asked to be converted under the condition that the Torah be explained to him while he stood on one foot. Hillel accepted him as a candidate for <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">conversion to Judaism</a> but, drawing on Leviticus 19:18, briefed the man: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow: this is the whole Torah; the rest is the explanation; go and learn.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Hillel recognized brotherly love as the fundamental principle of Jewish ethics. <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a> agreed, while <a href="/wiki/Simeon_ben_Azzai" title="Simeon ben Azzai">Simeon ben Azzai</a> suggested that the principle of love must have its foundation in Genesis chapter 1, which teaches that all men are the offspring of Adam, who was made in the image of God.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Adam_in_rabbinic_literature" title="Adam in rabbinic literature">Jewish rabbinic literature</a>, the first man <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> represents the <i>unity of mankind</i>. This is echoed in the modern preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights#Preamble" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also taught that <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> is last in order according to the evolutionary character of God's creation:<sup id="cite_ref-a_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Why was only a single specimen of man created first? To teach us that he who destroys a single soul destroys a whole world and that he who saves a single soul saves a whole world; furthermore, so no race or class may claim a nobler ancestry, saying, "Our father was born first"; and, finally, to give testimony to the greatness of the Lord, who caused the wonderful diversity of mankind to emanate from one type. And why was Adam created last of all beings? To teach him humility; for if he be overbearing, let him remember that the little fly preceded him in the order of creation.<sup id="cite_ref-a_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Jewish Publication Society's edition of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">Leviticus</a> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thou shalt not hate thy brother, in thy heart; thou shalt surely rebuke thy neighbour, and not bear sin because of him. Thou shalt not take vengeance, nor bear any grudge against the children of thy people, but thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself: I am the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>This Torah verse represents one of several versions of the <i>Golden Rule</i>, which itself appears in various forms, positive and negative. It is the earliest written version of that concept in a positive form.<sup id="cite_ref-Plaut_p._892_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plaut_p._892-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the era, the Jewish rabbis were discussing the scope of the meaning of Leviticus 19:18 and 19:34 extensively: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ger_toshav" title="Ger toshav">stranger who resides with you</a> shall be to you as one of your citizens; you shall love him as yourself, for you were strangers in the land of Egypt: I the L<span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ORD</span> am your God.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Leviticus 19:34<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Commentators interpret that this applies to foreigners (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a>), proselytes ('strangers who reside with you')<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the verse, "Love your fellow as yourself", the classic commentator <a href="/wiki/Rashi" title="Rashi">Rashi</a> quotes from <a href="/wiki/Torat_Kohanim" class="mw-redirect" title="Torat Kohanim">Torat Kohanim</a>, an early Midrashic text regarding the famous dictum of Rabbi Akiva: "Love your fellow as yourself – Rabbi Akiva says this is a great principle of the Torah."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Berkovits" title="Eliezer Berkovits">Eliezer Berkovits</a> explained in his work "What is the Talmud?" that Leviticus 19:34 disallowed <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> by Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Israel" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Israel">Israel's postal service</a> quoted from the previous Leviticus verse when it commemorated the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> on a 1958 <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/220px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/330px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg/440px-Bloch-SermonOnTheMount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1377" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption><i>The Sermon on the Mount</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bloch" title="Carl Bloch">Carl Bloch</a> (1877) portrays <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> teaching during the <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Golden Rule was proclaimed by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth">Jesus of Nazareth</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during his <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> and described by him as the second great commandment. The common English phrasing is "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you". Various applications of the Golden Rule are stated positively numerous times in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>: "You shall not take vengeance or bear a grudge against any of your people, but you shall love your neighbor as yourself: I am the LORD."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or, in Leviticus 19:34: "The alien who resides with you shall be to you as the native-born among you; you shall love the alien as yourself, for you were aliens in the land of Egypt: I am the LORD your God."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two examples are given in the <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> as follows: "And thy hand shall not avenge thee; and thou shalt not be angry with the children of thy people; and thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself; I am the Lord." and "The stranger that comes to you shall be among you as the native, and thou shalt love him as thyself; for ye were strangers in the land of Egypt: I am the Lord your God."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two passages in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> quote <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus of Nazareth</a> espousing the positive form of the Golden rule:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In everything do to others as you would have them do to you, for this is the Law and the Prophets."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7:12" title="Matthew 7:12">Matthew 7:12</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do to others as you would have them do to you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 6:31, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>A similar passage, a parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a>, is to be found later in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Gospel of Luke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>An expert in the law stood up to test him [Jesus]. "Teacher," he said, "what must I do to inherit eternal life?" </p><p>He said to him, "What is written in the law? What do you read there?" </p><p>He answered, "You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your strength and with all your mind and your neighbor as yourself." </p><p> And he said to him, "You have given the right answer; do this, and you will live."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Luke 10:25–28, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The passage in the book of Luke then continues with Jesus answering the question, "Who is my neighbor?", by telling the parable of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Samaritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Samaritan">Good Samaritan</a>, which John Wesley interprets as meaning that "your neighbor" is anyone in need.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jesus' teaching goes beyond the negative formulation of not doing what one would not like done to themselves, to the positive formulation of actively doing good to another that, if the situations were reversed, one would desire that the other would do for them. This formulation, as indicated in the parable of the Good Samaritan, emphasizes the needs for positive action that brings benefit to another, not simply restraining oneself from negative activities that hurt another.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one passage of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a> refers to the golden rule, restating Jesus' second commandment:<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the whole law is summed up in a single commandment, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Galatians 5:14, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>St. Paul also comments on the golden rule in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Romans" title="Epistle to the Romans">Epistle to the Romans</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Owe no one anything, except to love one another, for the one who loves another has fulfilled the law. </p><p> The commandments, "You shall not commit adultery; you shall not murder; you shall not steal; you shall not covet," and any other commandment, are summed up in this word, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Romans 13:8–9, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Deuterocanon">Deuterocanon</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deuterocanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> <a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterocanonical">Deuterocanonical</a> books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Tobit" title="Book of Tobit">Tobit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirach" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirach">Sirach</a>, accepted as part of the Scriptural canon by <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Non-Chalcedonian_Christianity" title="Non-Chalcedonian Christianity">non-Chalcedonian</a> churches, express a negative form of the golden rule:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And what you hate, do not do to anyone. May no evil go with you on any of your way. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Tobit 4:15, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Judge your neighbor’s feelings by your own, and in every matter be thoughtful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sirach 31:15, <a href="/wiki/New_Revised_Standard_Version" title="New Revised Standard Version">New Revised Standard Version</a>, Updated Edition (NRSVUE)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Church_Fathers">Church Fathers</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Church Fathers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As prolific commentators on the Bible, multiple <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic Fathers</a>, wrote on the Golden Rule found in both Old and New Testaments.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. What kind of source is this?? Make it identifiable and verifiable (November 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The early Christian treatise the <a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a> included the Golden Rule in saying "in everything, do not do to another what you would not want done to you."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, commenting on the Golden Rule in Luke 6:31, calls the concept "all embracing" for how one acts in life.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement further pointed to the phrasing in the book of Tobit as part of the ethics between husbands and wives. <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> stated that the rule taught "love, respect, consolation, protection, and benefits".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many Church Fathers framed the Golden Rule as part of Jewish and Christian Ethics, <a href="/wiki/Theophilus_of_Antioch" title="Theophilus of Antioch">Theophilus of Antioch</a> stated that it had universal application for all of humanity.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> connected the Golden Rule with the law written on the hearts of Gentiles mentioned by Paul in his letter to the Romans, and had universal application to Christian and non-Christian alike.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a> commented that the negative form of the Golden Rule was for avoiding evil while the positive form was for doing good.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Islamic ethics</a></div> <p>The Arabian peninsula was said to not practice the golden rule prior to the advent of Islam. According to <a href="/wiki/Th._Emil_Homerin" title="Th. Emil Homerin">Th. Emil Homerin</a>: "Pre-Islamic Arabs regarded the survival of the tribe, as most essential and to be ensured by the ancient rite of blood vengeance."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Homerin goes on to say: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Similar examples of the golden rule are found in the hadiths. The <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> recount what the prophet is claimed to have said and done, and generally Muslims regard the hadith as second to only the Qur'an as a guide to correct belief and action.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Publishing_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomsbury_Publishing-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>From the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A Bedouin came to the prophet, grabbed the stirrup of his camel and said: O the messenger of God! Teach me something to go to heaven with it. Prophet said: "As you would have people do to you, do to them; and what you dislike to be done to you, don't do to them. Now let the stirrup go! [This maxim is enough for you; go and act in accordance with it!]"</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a>, Volume 2, Book 1, Chapter 66:10<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>None of you [truly] believes until he wishes for his brother what he wishes for himself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>An-Nawawi's Forty Hadith 13 (p. 56)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Seek for mankind that of which you are desirous for yourself, that you may be a believer.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sukhanan-i-Muhammad (Teheran, 1938)<sup id="cite_ref-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>That which you want for yourself, seek for mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The most righteous person is the one who consents for other people what he consents for himself, and who dislikes for them what he dislikes for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> (4th <a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Islam, and first <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islam) says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O my child, make yourself the measure (for dealings) between you and others. Thus, you should desire for others what you desire for yourself and hate for others what you hate for yourself. Do not oppress as you do not like to be oppressed. Do good to others as you would like good to be done to you. Regard bad for yourself whatever you regard bad for others. Accept that (treatment) from others which you would like others to accept from you ... Do not say to others what you do not like to be said to you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Nahjul_Balaghah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahjul Balaghah">Nahjul Balaghah</a>, Letter 31<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p> Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Qurtubi" title="Al-Qurtubi">Al-Qurtubi</a> looked at the Golden Rule of loving your neighbor and treating them as you wish to be treated as having universal application to believers and unbelievers alike.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relying upon a Hadith, exegist <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a> listed those "who judge people the way they judge themselves" as people who will be among the first to be <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Resurrected</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hussein_bin_Ali,_King_of_Hejaz" title="Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz">Hussein bin Ali bin Awn al-Hashemi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sharifian_Caliphate" title="Sharifian Caliphate">102nd Caliph</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>), repeated the Golden rule in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a>, thus, in 1917, he states:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Winter is ahead of us. Refugees from the Armenian Jacobite Community will probably need warmth. Help them how you would help your brothers. Pray for these people who have been expelled from their homes and left homeless and devoid of livestock and all their property.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mandaeism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commandments_in_the_Ginza_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Commandments in the Ginza Rabba">Commandments in the Ginza Rabba</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaean</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts" title="List of Mandaic manuscripts">scriptures</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a> contain a prohibitive form of the Golden Rule that is virtually identical to the one used by Hillel. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1157697682">.mw-parser-output .verse_translation .translated{padding-left:2em!important}@media only screen and (max-width:43.75em){.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small td{display:block;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .verse_translation.wrap_when_small .translated{padding-left:0.5em!important}}</style> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="myz-Latn" class="poem"> <p>ia mhaimnia u-šalmania kul ḏ-īlauaikun snia b-habraikun la-tibdun </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>O you believers and perfect ones! All that is hateful to you – do not do it to your neighbours. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> transliteration </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a> Book 1, section 150, p. 32 (Gelbert 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O you perfect and faithful ones! Everything that is hateful and detestable to you – do not do it to your neighbours. Everything that seems good to you – do it if you are capable of doing it, and support each other.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a> Book 2, section 65, p. 51 (Gelbert 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Gelbert-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My sons! Everything that is hateful to you, do not do it to thy comrade, for in the world to which you are going, there is a judgment and a great summing up.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a> Chapter 47, section 13, pp. 117–8 (Gelbert 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-Gelbert_2017_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gelbert_2017-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Baháʼí Faith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_teachings" title="Baháʼí teachings">Baháʼí teachings</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_literature" title="Baháʼí literature">writings</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> encourage everyone to treat others as they would treat themselves and even prefer others over oneself: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O SON OF MAN! Deny not My servant should he ask anything from thee, for his face is My face; be then abashed before Me.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'u'lláh">Bahá'u'lláh</a><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Blessed is he who preferreth his brother before himself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bahá'u'lláh<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And if thine eyes be turned towards justice, choose thou for thy neighbour that which thou choosest for thyself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bahá'u'lláh<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ascribe not to any soul that which thou wouldst not have ascribed to thee, and say not that which thou doest not.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bahá'u'lláh<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_religions">Indian religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Indian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One should never do that to another which one regards as injurious to one's own self. This, in brief, is the rule of dharma. Other behavior is due to selfish desires.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brihaspati" title="Brihaspati">Brihaspati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> 13.113.8 (Critical edition)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>By making <i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a></i> your main focus, treat others as you treat yourself<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>श्रूयतां धर्मसर्वस्वं श्रुत्वा चाप्यवधार्यताम्।<br /> आत्मनः प्रतिकूलानि परेषां न समाचरेत्।। </p> </div><p> If the entire <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> can be said in a few words, then it is—that which is unfavorable to us, do not do that to others.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padmapuraana</a>, shrushti 19/357–358<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Buddhist ethics</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> (Siddhartha Gautama, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 623</span>–543 BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made the negative formulation of the golden rule one of the cornerstones of his ethics in the 6th century BCE. It occurs in many places and in many forms throughout the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripitaka">Tripitaka</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Comparing oneself to others in such terms as "Just as I am so are they, just as they are so am I," he should neither kill nor cause others to kill. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sutta Nipata</a> 705</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One who, while himself seeking happiness, oppresses with violence other beings who also desire happiness, will not attain happiness hereafter.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a> 10. Violence</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hurt not others in ways that you yourself would find hurtful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Udanavarga" title="Udanavarga">Udanavarga</a> 5:18</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jainism">Jainism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa in Jainism</a></div> <p>The Golden Rule is paramount in the Jainist philosophy and can be seen in the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">ahimsa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">karma</a>. As part of the prohibition of causing any living beings to suffer, Jainism forbids inflicting upon others what is harmful to oneself. </p><p>The following line from the <a href="/wiki/Acaranga_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Acaranga Sutra">Acaranga Sutra</a> sums up the philosophy of Jainism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing which breathes, which exists, which lives, or which has essence or potential of life, should be destroyed or ruled over, or subjugated, or harmed, or denied of its essence or potential. In support of this Truth, I ask you a question – "Is sorrow or pain desirable to you?" If you say "yes it is", it would be a lie. If you say, "No, It is not" you will be expressing the truth. Just as sorrow or pain is not desirable to you, so it is to all which breathe, exist, live or have any essence of life. To you and all, it is undesirable, and painful, and repugnant.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A man should wander about treating all creatures as he himself would be treated. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sutrakritanga" title="Sutrakritanga">Sutrakritanga</a>, <i>1.11.33</i></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In happiness and suffering, in joy and grief, we should regard all creatures as we regard our own self.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lord Mahavira, 24th Tirthankara</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Precious like jewels are the minds of all. To hurt them is not at all good. If thou desirest thy Beloved, then hurt thou not anyone's heart.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Guru Arjan Dev Ji 259, Guru Granth Sahib</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_religions">Chinese religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Chinese religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Confucianism">Confucianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Confucianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Silver_Rule"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="zh" class="poem"> <p>己所不欲，勿施於人。 </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others. </p> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="zh" class="poem"> <p>子貢問曰：「有一言而可以終身行之者乎？」<br /> 子曰：「其恕乎！己所不欲，勿施於人。」 </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Zi Gong [a disciple of Confucius] asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?" <br />The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?" </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—<a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> XV.24 </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left">—tr. David Hinton (another translation is in the online <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The same idea is also presented in V.12 and VI.30 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BCE</span>), which can be found in the online <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>. The phraseology differs from the Christian version of the Golden Rule. It does not presume to do anything unto others, but merely to avoid doing what would be harmful. It does not preclude doing good deeds and taking moral positions. </p><p>In relation to the Golden Rule, Confucian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a> said "If one acts with a vigorous effort at the law of reciprocity, when he seeks for the realization of perfect virtue, nothing can be closer than his approximation to it."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taoism">Taoism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Taoism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The sage has no interest of his own, but takes the interests of the people as his own. He is kind to the kind; he is also kind to the unkind: for Virtue is kind. He is faithful to the faithful; he is also faithful to the unfaithful: for Virtue is faithful.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></i>, Chapter 49</cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Regard your neighbor's gain as your own gain, and your neighbor's loss as your own loss.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Treatise_On_the_Response_of_the_Tao" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatise On the Response of the Tao">T'ai Shang Kan Ying P'ien</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mohism">Mohism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mohism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If people regarded other people's states in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own state to attack that of another? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself. If people regarded other people's cities in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own city to attack that of another? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself. If people regarded other people's families in the same way that they regard their own, who then would incite their own family to attack that of another? For one would do for others as one would do for oneself. And so if states and cities do not attack one another and families do not wreak havoc upon and steal from one another, would this be a harm to the world or a benefit? Of course one must say it is a benefit to the world.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 400 BCE</span><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Mozi regarded the golden rule as a corollary to the cardinal virtue of impartiality, and encouraged <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> and selflessness in relationships. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iranian_religions">Iranian religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Iranian religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian religions</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Zoroastrianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not do unto others whatever is injurious to yourself.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Shayast-na-Shayast 13.29</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_religious_movements">New religious movements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: New religious movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wicca">Wicca</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Wicca"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hear ye these words and heed them well, the words of Dea, thy <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a>, "I command thee thus, O children of the Earth, that that which ye deem harmful unto thyself, the very same shall ye be forbidden from doing unto another, for violence and hatred give rise to the same. My command is thus, that ye shall return all violence and hatred with peacefulness and love, for my Law is love unto all things. Only through love shall ye have peace; yea and verily, only peace and love will cure the world, and subdue all evil."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Shadows" title="Book of Shadows">The Book of Ways</a>, Devotional Wicca</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientology">Scientology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Scientology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Try not to do things to others that you would not like them to do to you.<br /> Try to treat others as you would want them to treat you.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_African_religions">Traditional African religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Traditional African religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Yoruba">Yoruba</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Yoruba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>One who is going to take a pointed stick to pinch a baby bird should first try it on himself to feel how it hurts.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Yoruba Proverb</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Odinani">Odinani</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Odinani"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Odinani" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Odinani</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="ig" class="poem"> <p>Egbe bere, ugo bere. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Let the eagle perch, let the hawk perch. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Igbo proverb<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1157697682" /> <table role="presentation" class="verse_translation" style="margin-left:1em !important"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"> <td><div style="font-style:italic;text-align:left" lang="ig" class="poem"> <p>Nke si ibe ya ebene gosi ya ebe o ga-ebe. </p> </div> </td> <td class="translated"><div style="font-style:roman;text-align:left" lang="en" class="poem"> <p>Whoever says the other shall not perch, may they show the other where to perch. </p> </div> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;font-size:90%"> <td style="padding-left:1.6em;text-align:left">—Igbo proverb<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="padding-left:3.6em;text-align:left"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secular_context">Secular context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Secular context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_ethic">Global ethic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Global ethic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Towards_a_Global_Ethic:_An_Initial_Declaration" title="Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration">Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration</a></div> <p>The "Declaration Toward a Global Ethic"<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">Parliament of the World's Religions</a> (1993) proclaimed the Golden Rule ("We must treat others as we wish others to treat us") as the common principle for many religions.<sup id="cite_ref-globalethic_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalethic-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Initial Declaration was signed by 143 leaders from all of the world's major faiths, including Baháʼí Faith, Brahmanism, Brahma Kumaris, Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Indigenous, Interfaith, Islam, Jainism, Judaism, Native American, Neo-Pagan, Sikhism, Taoism, Theosophist, Unitarian Universalist and Zoroastrian.<sup id="cite_ref-globalethic_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalethic-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the folklore of several cultures the Golden Rule is depicted by the <a href="/wiki/Allegory_of_the_long_spoons" title="Allegory of the long spoons">allegory of the long spoons</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Humanism">Humanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Humanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></div> <p>In the view of <a href="/wiki/Greg_M._Epstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg M. Epstein">Greg M. Epstein</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Humanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'do unto others' ... is a concept that essentially no religion misses entirely. <i>But not a single one of these versions of the golden rule requires a God</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various sources identify the Golden Rule as a humanist principle:<sup id="cite_ref-Thinkhumanism.com_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thinkhumanism.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Trying to live according to the Golden Rule means trying to empathise with other people, including those who may be very different from us. Empathy is at the root of kindness, compassion, understanding and respect – qualities that we all appreciate being shown, whoever we are, whatever we think and wherever we come from. And although it isn't possible to know what it really feels like to be a different person or live in different circumstances and have different life experiences, it isn't difficult for most of us to imagine what would cause us suffering and to try to avoid causing suffering to others. For this reason many people find the Golden Rule's corollary – "do not treat people in a way you would not wish to be treated yourself" – more pragmatic.<sup id="cite_ref-Thinkhumanism.com_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thinkhumanism.com-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Maria MacLachlan, Think Humanism<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="URL given does not contain this passage (November 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Do not do to others what you would not want them to do to you. ... [is] the single greatest, simplest, and most important moral axiom humanity has ever invented, one which reappears in the writings of almost every culture and religion throughout history, the one we know as the Golden Rule. Moral directives do not need to be complex or obscure to be worthwhile, and in fact, it is precisely this rule's simplicity which makes it great. It is easy to come up with, easy to understand, and easy to apply, and these three things are the hallmarks of a strong and healthy moral system. The idea behind it is readily graspable: before performing an action which might harm another person, try to imagine yourself in their position, and consider whether you would want to be the recipient of that action. If you would not want to be in such a position, the other person probably would not either, and so you should not do it. It is the basic and fundamental human trait of empathy, the ability to vicariously experience how another is feeling, that makes this possible, and it is the principle of empathy by which we should live our lives.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adam Lee, Ebon Musings, "A decalogue for the modern world"<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Existentialism">Existentialism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Existentialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When we say that man chooses for himself, we do mean that every one of us must choose himself; but by that we also mean that in choosing for himself he chooses for all men. For in effect, of all the actions a man may take in order to create himself as he wills to be, there is not one which is not creative, at the same time, of an image of man such as he believes he ought to be. To choose between this or that is at the same time to affirm the value of that which is chosen; for we are unable ever to choose the worse. What we choose is always the better; and nothing can be better for us unless it is better for all. </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Existentialism_and_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialism and Humanism"><i>Existentialism is a Humanism</i></a>, pp. 291–292<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classical_Utilitarianism">Classical Utilitarianism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Classical Utilitarianism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a> in his book, <a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism_(book)" title="Utilitarianism (book)"><i>Utilitarianism</i></a> (originally published in 1861), wrote, "In the golden rule of Jesus of Nazareth, we read the complete spirit of the ethics of utility. 'To do as you would be done by,' and 'to love your neighbour as yourself,' constitute the ideal perfection of utilitarian morality."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_contexts">Other contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Other contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Marc_H._Bornstein" title="Marc H. Bornstein">Marc H. Bornstein</a>, and William E. Paden, the Golden Rule is arguably the most essential basis for the modern concept of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>, in which each individual has a right to just treatment, and a reciprocal responsibility to ensure justice for others.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Leo_Damrosch" title="Leo Damrosch">Leo Damrosch</a> argued that the notion that the Golden Rule pertains to "rights" per se is a contemporary interpretation and has nothing to do with its origin. The development of human "rights" is a modern political ideal that began as a philosophical concept promulgated through the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Rousseau">Jean Jacques Rousseau</a> in 18th century France, among others. His writings influenced <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, who then incorporated Rousseau's reference to "inalienable rights" into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> in 1776. Damrosch argued that to confuse the Golden Rule with human rights is to apply contemporary thinking to ancient concepts.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variations">Variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b>Platinum Rule</b> has been said to be stated as, "Do to others as they would have you do to them." Taken in the spirit of the Golden Rule, this suggests one should be familiar or at least consider the desires of the person they're interacting with.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this is the flaw of the rule in that it requires one to stereotype or make broad assumptions about a strangers interests and personality before interacting with them. These kind of assumptions are often erroneous and therefore a prudent person would avoid the interaction knowing their assumptions are likely incorrect. This rule is prohibitive to communication and prefers no interaction over any interaction with strangers. On occasion, stereotypes may be applied and in rare cases are largely correct. In those situations this rule can be applied successfully. </p><p>On the other hand, the Platinum Rule is broadly successful when interacting with familiar people and directs that all interaction be conducted in a manner the person would like to be treated. This demonstrates respect and the desire to favorably regard the person one is interacting with. Unfortunately, this can lead to a <a href="/wiki/Dependent_personality_disorder" title="Dependent personality disorder">dependent relationship</a>, developing a psychological tendency to expect similar treatment in all relationships and avoid forming new relationships where this treatment would not exist simply from not knowing the individuals preferences. </p><p>Despite the unusual cases stifling interaction or individuals developing a demand for this behavior from others, the Platinum Rule requires due consideration, self-control, and receiver analysis. Taken altogether, the Platinum Rule represents a gesture of kindness, and is an established norm in various industries, such as marketing, medical care, motivational speaking, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence, some argue the Golden Rule is outdated, self-absorbed, and grossly fails to consider the needs of others.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_economics">Science and economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Science and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">Reciprocity (social psychology)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">Reciprocal altruism</a></div> <p>Some published research argues that some 'sense' of fair play and the Golden Rule may be stated and rooted in terms of <a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">neuroscientific</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neuroethics" title="Neuroethics">neuroethical</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Golden Rule can also be explained from the perspectives of psychology, philosophy, sociology, human evolution, and economics. Psychologically, it involves a person <a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">empathizing</a> with others. Philosophically, it involves a person perceiving their neighbor also as "I" or "self".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sociologically, "love your neighbor as yourself" is applicable between individuals, between groups, and also between individuals and groups. In evolution, "<a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism" title="Reciprocal altruism">reciprocal altruism</a>" is seen as a distinctive advance in the capacity of human groups to survive and reproduce, as their exceptional brains demanded exceptionally long childhoods and ongoing provision and protection even beyond that of the immediate family.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="#Economics">economics</a>, Richard Swift, referring to ideas from <a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">David Graeber</a>, suggests that "without some kind of reciprocity society would no longer be able to exist."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Study of other primates provides evidence that the Golden Rule exists in other non-human species.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kant_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kant-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have objected to the rule on a variety of grounds. One is the epistemic question of determining how others want to be treated. The obvious way is to ask them, but they might give duplicitous answers if they find this strategically useful, and they might also fail to understand the details of the choice situation as you understand it. We might also be biased to perceiving harms and benefits to ourselves more than to others, which could lead to escalating conflict if we are suspicious of others. Hence <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> suggested that we introduce a bias towards others into the golden rule: "Do unto others 20 percent better than you would have them do unto you" - to correct for subjective bias.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_in_values_or_interests">Differences in values or interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Differences in values or interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> wrote, "Do not do unto others as you would that they should do unto you. Their tastes may not be the same."<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that if your values are not shared with others, the way you want to be treated will not be the way they want to be treated. Hence, the Golden Rule of "do unto others" is "dangerous in the wrong hands",<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to philosopher <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a>, because "some fanatics have no aversion to death: the Golden Rule might inspire them to kill others in suicide missions."<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Walter_Terence_Stace" title="Walter Terence Stace">Walter Terence Stace</a>, in <i>The Concept of Morals</i> (1937) argued that Shaw's remark </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...seems to overlook the fact that "doing as you would be done by" includes taking into account your neighbour's tastes as you would that he should take yours into account. Thus the "golden rule" might still express the essence of a universal morality <i>even if no two men in the world had any needs or tastes in common</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_in_situations">Differences in situations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Differences in situations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> famously criticized the golden rule for not being sensitive to differences of situation, noting that a prisoner duly convicted of a crime could appeal to the golden rule while asking the judge to release him, pointing out that the judge would not want anyone else to send him to prison, so he should not do so to others.<sup id="cite_ref-Kant_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kant-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, in a critique of the consistency of Kant's writings, several authors have noted the <i>"similarity"</i><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between the Golden Rule and Kant's <i><a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative" title="Categorical imperative">Categorical Imperative</a></i>, introduced in <i><a href="/wiki/Groundwork_of_the_Metaphysic_of_Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals">Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Categorical_imperative#The_Golden_Rule" title="Categorical imperative">See discussion at this link</a>). </p><p>This was perhaps a well-known objection, as Leibniz actually responded to it long before Kant made it, suggesting that the judge should put himself in the place, not merely of the criminal, but of all affected persons and then judging each option (to inflict punishment, or release the criminal, etc.) by whether there was a “greater good in which this lesser evil was included.”<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_responses_to_criticisms">Other responses to criticisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Other responses to criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_George_Singer" title="Marcus George Singer">Marcus George Singer</a> observed that there are two importantly different ways of looking at the golden rule: as requiring (1) that you perform specific actions that you want others to do to you or (2) that you guide your behavior in the same general ways that you want others to.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Counter-examples to the golden rule typically are more forceful against the first than the second. </p><p>In his book on the golden rule, Jeffrey Wattles makes the similar observation that such objections typically arise while applying the golden rule in certain general ways (namely, ignoring differences in taste or situation, failing to compensate for subjective bias, etc.) But if we apply the golden rule to our own method of using it, asking in effect if we would want other people to apply the golden rule in such ways, the answer would typically be no, since others' ignoring of such factors will lead to behavior which we object to. It follows that we should not do so ourselves—according to the golden rule. In this way, the golden rule may be self-correcting.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An article by Jouni Reinikainen develops this suggestion in greater detail.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="platinum_rule_description"></span>It is possible, then, that the golden rule can itself guide us in identifying which differences of situation are morally relevant. We would often want other people to ignore any prejudice against our <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> or nationality when deciding how to act towards us, but would also want them to not ignore our differing preferences in food, desire for aggressiveness, and so on. This principle of "doing unto others, wherever possible, as <i>they</i> would be done by..." has sometimes been termed the platinum rule.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_references">Popular references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Popular references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Water-Babies,_A_Fairy_Tale_for_a_Land_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby">The Water Babies</a></i> (1863) includes a character named Mrs Do-As-You-Would-Be-Done-By (and another, Mrs Be-Done-By-As-You-Did).<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_an_eye" title="Eye for an eye">Eye for an eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_welfare_clause" title="General welfare clause">General welfare clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali%27s_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Kali's morality">Kali's morality</a> - a literary example of character not using the Golden Rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_of_reciprocity" title="Norm of reciprocity">Norm of reciprocity</a>, social norm of in-kind responses to the behavior of others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(cultural_anthropology)" title="Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)">Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)</a>, way of defining people's informal exchange of goods and labour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(evolution)" title="Reciprocity (evolution)">Reciprocity (evolution)</a>, mechanisms for the evolution of cooperation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(international_relations)" title="Reciprocity (international relations)">Reciprocity (international relations)</a>, principle that favours, benefits, or penalties that are granted by one state to the citizens or legal entities of another, should be returned in kind</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_and_political_philosophy)" title="Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)">Reciprocity (social and political philosophy)</a>, concept of reciprocity as in-kind positive or negative responses for the actions of others; relation to justice; related ideas such as gratitude, mutuality, and the Golden Rule</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocity_(social_psychology)" title="Reciprocity (social psychology)">Reciprocity (social psychology)</a>, in-kind positive or negative responses of individuals towards the actions of others</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial reciprocity">Serial reciprocity</a>, where the benefactor of a gift or service will in turn provide benefits to a third party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubuntu (philosophy)">Ubuntu (philosophy)</a>, an ethical philosophy originating from Southern Africa, which has been summarised as 'A person is a person through other people'</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Flew-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flew_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flew_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAntony_Flew1979" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Antony Flew, ed. (1979). "golden rule". <i>A Dictionary of Philosophy</i>. London: Pan Books in association with The MacMillan Press. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48730-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-48730-6"><bdi>978-0-330-48730-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=golden+rule&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Pan+Books+in+association+with+The+MacMillan+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-330-48730-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jackson_(theologian)" title="Thomas Jackson (theologian)">Thomas Jackson</a>: <i>First Sermon upon Matthew 7,12</i> (1615; Werke Band 3, S. 612); Benjamin Camfield: <i>The Comprehensive Rule of Righteousness</i> (1671); George Boraston: <i>The Royal Law, or the Golden Rule of Justice and Charity</i> (1683); John Goodman: <i>The Golden Rule, or, the Royal Law of Equity explained</i> (1688; <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rjI3AAAAMAAJ">Titelseite als Faksimile</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>); dazu Olivier du Roy: <i>The Golden Rule as the Law of Nature.</i> In: Jacob Neusner, Bruce Chilton (Hrsg.): <i>The Golden Rule – The Ethics of Reprocity in World Religions</i>. London/New York 2008, S. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGensler2013" class="citation book cs1">Gensler, Harry J. (2013). <i>Ethics and the Golden Rule</i>. Routledge. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-80686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-80686-2"><bdi>978-0-415-80686-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Golden+Rule&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-80686-2&rft.aulast=Gensler&rft.aufirst=Harry+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/information/REL499_2011/Eloquent%20Peasant.pdf">Eloquent Peasant PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925125920/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/information/REL499_2011/Eloquent%20Peasant.pdf">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "Now this is the command: do to the doer to make him do"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John_Albert_Wilson_p._121-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_Albert_Wilson_p._121_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"The Culture of Ancient Egypt"</i>, John Albert Wilson, p. 121, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1956, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-90152-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-90152-1">0-226-90152-1</a> "Now this is the command: Do to the doer to cause that he do"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/information/REL499_2011/Eloquent%20Peasant.pdf">Eloquent Peasant PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925125920/http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/wsrp/information/REL499_2011/Eloquent%20Peasant.pdf">Archived</a> 25 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "The peasant quotes a proverb that embodies the do ut des principle"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc52.pdf">A Late Period Hieratic Wisdom Text: P. Brooklyn 47.218.135"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005012109/http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc52.pdf">Archived</a> 5 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Richard Jasnow, p. 95, University of Chicago Press, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918986-85-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918986-85-6">978-0-918986-85-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cush, D., Robinson, C., York, M. (eds.) (2008) "Mahābhārata" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ"><i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117102108/https://books.google.com/books?id=kzPgCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> 17 January 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Abingdon: Routledge, p 469</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Buitenen, J.A.B. (1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&dq=mahabharata+book+1&pg=PR25"><i>The Mahābhārata, Book 1: The Book of the Beginning</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230730165523/https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&dq=mahabharata+book+1&pg=PR25">Archived</a> 30 July 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, p xxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sundaram_Kural-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sundaram_Kural_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sundaram_Kural_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSundaram1990" class="citation book cs1">Sundaram, P. S. (1990). <i>Tiruvalluvar Kural</i>. Gurgaon: Penguin. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400009-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-400009-8"><bdi>978-0-14-400009-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiruvalluvar+Kural&rft.place=Gurgaon&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-400009-8&rft.aulast=Sundaram&rft.aufirst=P.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aiyar_Kural-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aiyar_Kural_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAiyar2007" class="citation book cs1">Aiyar, V. V. S. (2007). <i>The Kural or the Maxims of Tiruvalluvar</i> (1 ed.). Chennai: Pavai. pp. <span class="nowrap">141–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7735-262-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7735-262-7"><bdi>978-81-7735-262-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kural+or+the+Maxims+of+Tiruvalluvar&rft.place=Chennai&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Pavai&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7735-262-7&rft.aulast=Aiyar&rft.aufirst=V.+V.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_La%C3%ABrtius" class="mw-redirect" title="Diogenes Laërtius">Diogenes Laërtius</a>, "The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers", I:36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/sent.html">"The Sentences of Sextus -- The Nag Hammadi Library"</a>. <i>www.gnosis.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131011220621/http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/sent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gnosis.org&rft.atitle=The+Sentences+of+Sextus+--+The+Nag+Hammadi+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fsent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sentences_of_Sextus" title="Sentences of Sextus"><i>The Sentences of Sextus Article</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i>, Book XI (Complete Works of Plato, 1997 edited Cooper ISBN 978-0-87220-349-5)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Isocrates, <i>Nicocles or the Cyprians</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0144%3Aspeech%3D3%3Asection%3D61">Isoc 3.61</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225044007/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0144%3Aspeech%3D3%3Asection%3D61">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/2139247.0001.001.umich.edu#page/70/mode/2up">original text in Greek</a>); cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Isoc.%201.14&lang=original">Isoc. 1.14</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225060038/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Isoc.%201.14&lang=original">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Isoc.%202.24&lang=original">Isoc. 2.24, 38</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225084549/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Isoc.%202.24&lang=original">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Isoc.%204.81&lang=original">Isoc. 4.81</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225025500/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Isoc.%204.81&lang=original">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Epicurus/princdoc.html">"Principal Doctrines 5 and 33"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629092936/http://classics.mit.edu/Epicurus/princdoc.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Principal_Doctrines" title="Principal Doctrines">Principal Doctrines</a> by Epicurus</i>, Translated by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Drew_Hicks" title="Robert Drew Hicks">Robert Drew Hicks</a>, The Internet Classics Archive, <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Firminger_Thiselton-Dyer2008" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Firminger Thiselton-Dyer (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XdYYnfBXh9QC"><i>Pahlavi Texts of Zoroastrianism, Part 2 of 5: The Dadistan-i Dinik and the Epistles of Manuskihar</i></a>. Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-199-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60620-199-2"><bdi>978-1-60620-199-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122540/https://books.google.com/books?id=XdYYnfBXh9QC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pahlavi+Texts+of+Zoroastrianism%2C+Part+2+of+5%3A+The+Dadistan-i+Dinik+and+the+Epistles+of+Manuskihar&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-60620-199-2&rft.au=Thomas+Firminger+Thiselton-Dyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXdYYnfBXh9QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLucius_Annaeus_Seneca1968" class="citation book cs1">Lucius Annaeus Seneca (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e6pvK6SQuvgC"><i>The Stoic Philosophy of Seneca: Essays and Letters of Seneca</i></a>. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00459-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-00459-5"><bdi>978-0-393-00459-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122539/https://books.google.com/books?id=e6pvK6SQuvgC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stoic+Philosophy+of+Seneca%3A+Essays+and+Letters+of+Seneca&rft.pub=Norton&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-393-00459-5&rft.au=Lucius+Annaeus+Seneca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6pvK6SQuvgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackburn2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Blackburn, Simon</a> (2001). <i>Ethics: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280442-6"><bdi>978-0-19-280442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280442-6&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poster1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poster1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poster1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMezei2002" class="citation news cs1">Mezei, Leslie (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scarboromissions.ca/golden-rule/the-golden-rule-poster-a-history">"The Golden Rule Poster - A History: Multi-faith Sacred Writings and Symbols from 13 Traditions"</a>. Spiritan Missionary News / Scarboro Missions. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230611203800/https://www.scarboromissions.ca/golden-rule/the-golden-rule-poster-a-history">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Rule+Poster+-+A+History%3A+Multi-faith+Sacred+Writings+and+Symbols+from+13+Traditions&rft.date=2002-05&rft.aulast=Mezei&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scarboromissions.ca%2Fgolden-rule%2Fthe-golden-rule-poster-a-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0319.htm#18">Leviticus 19:18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollins2020" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">Collins, John</a> (27 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetorah.com/article/love-your-neighbor-how-it-became-the-golden-rule">"Love Your Neighbor: How It Became the Golden Rule"</a>. <i>TheTorah.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheTorah.com&rft.atitle=Love+Your+Neighbor%3A+How+It+Became+the+Golden+Rule&rft.date=2020-04-27&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetorah.com%2Farticle%2Flove-your-neighbor-how-it-became-the-golden-rule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9920/showrashi/true/jewish/Chapter-19.htm#lt=primary">"Chabad: Leviticus 19:18"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324060635/https://www.chabad.org/library/bible_cdo/aid/9920/showrashi/true/jewish/Chapter-19.htm#lt=primary">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chabad%3A+Leviticus+19%3A18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chabad.org%2Flibrary%2Fbible_cdo%2Faid%2F9920%2Fshowrashi%2Ftrue%2Fjewish%2FChapter-19.htm%23lt%3Dprimary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=730&letter=H">"Hillel"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111017170233/http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=730&letter=H">Archived</a> 17 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "His activity of forty years is perhaps historical; and since it began, according to a trustworthy tradition (Shab. 15a), one hundred years before the destruction of Jerusalem, it must have covered the period 30 BCE – 10 CE."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud/Shabbath#folio:31a" class="extiw" title="s:Babylonian Talmud/Shabbath">Shabbath folio:31a</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<a href="/wiki/Sifra" title="Sifra">Sifra</a>, Ḳedoshim, iv.; Yer. Ned. ix. 41c; <a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Genesis Rabba">Genesis Rabba</a> 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=758&letter=A&search=adam#1">"ADAM"</a>. <i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606164249/http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=758&letter=A&search=adam#1">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ADAM&rft.btitle=Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D758%26letter%3DA%26search%3Dadam%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sanhedrin.4?lang=en">"Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 4.5"</a>. sefaria.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160821043839/http://www.sefaria.org/Mishnah_Sanhedrin.4?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mishnah+Seder+Nezikin+Sanhedrin+4.5&rft.pub=sefaria.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FMishnah_Sanhedrin.4%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817092522/http://www.toseftaonline.org/tractate-Sanhedrin-chapter-8-tosefta-4/">"Tosefta on Mishnah Seder Nezikin Sanhedrin 8.4–9 (Erfurt Manuscript)"</a>. toseftaonline.org. 21 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toseftaonline.org/Tractate-Sanhedrin-chapter-8-tosefta-4">the original</a> on 17 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tosefta+on+Mishnah+Seder+Nezikin+Sanhedrin+8.4%E2%80%939+%28Erfurt+Manuscript%29&rft.pub=toseftaonline.org&rft.date=2012-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toseftaonline.org%2FTractate-Sanhedrin-chapter-8-tosefta-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jps/lev019.htm">"Leviticus"</a>. <i>The Torah</i>. Jewish Publication Society. p. 19:17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007203032/http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/jps/lev019.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leviticus&rft.btitle=The+Torah&rft.pages=19%3A17&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fbib%2Fjps%2Flev019.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plaut_p._892-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plaut_p._892_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Plaut" title="Gunther Plaut">Plaut</a>, <i>The Torah – A Modern Commentary</i>; Union of American Hebrew Congregations, New York 1981; p. 892.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bible</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/e/et/et0319.htm#34">Leviticus 19:34</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Akiva, bQuid 75b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rabbi Gamaliel, yKet 3, 1; 27a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kedoshim 19:18, Toras Kohanim, ibid. See also <a href="/wiki/Talmud_Yerushalmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Talmud Yerushalmi">Talmud Yerushalmi</a>, Nedarim 9:4; Bereishis Rabbah 24:7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eliezer Berkovits (1935). <i>What is the Talmud</i>. VIII What is not written in the Talmud? Jew and Gentile, 4 Xenophobia?, 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407164111/http://marbl.library.emory.edu/DigitalExhibits/stamps/015.html">"Sol Singer Collection of Philatelic Judaica"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marbl.library.emory.edu/DigitalExhibits/stamps/015.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sol+Singer+Collection+of+Philatelic+Judaica&rft.pub=Emory+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarbl.library.emory.edu%2FDigitalExhibits%2Fstamps%2F015.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew#7:12" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Matthew">Matthew 7:12</a>; see also <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Luke#6:31" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Luke">Luke 6:31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2019&version=NRSVUE">"Bible Gateway passage: Leviticus 19 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240614052556/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Leviticus%2019&version=NRSVUE">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Leviticus+19+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DLeviticus%252019%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/LEV19.htm">"Brenton Septuagint Translation Leviticus 19"</a>. <i>ebible.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428052253/http://ebible.org/eng-Brenton/LEV19.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ebible.org&rft.atitle=Brenton+Septuagint+Translation+Leviticus+19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Febible.org%2Feng-Brenton%2FLEV19.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Matthew%207&version=NRSVUE">"Matthew 7 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Matthew+7+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DMatthew%25207%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2010&version=NRSVUE">"Bible Gateway passage: Luke 10 – New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240220101142/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Luke%2010&version=NRSVUE">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Luke+10+%E2%80%93+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DLuke%252010%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christnotes.org/commentary.php?b=42&c=10&com=wes">"John Wesley's Explanatory Notes on Luke 10"</a>. Christnotes.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527094026/http://www.christnotes.org/commentary.php?com=wes&b=42&c=10">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Wesley%27s+Explanatory+Notes+on+Luke+10&rft.pub=Christnotes.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christnotes.org%2Fcommentary.php%3Fb%3D42%26c%3D10%26com%3Dwes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, <i>Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era</i>, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1927–1930; Vol. 2, p. 87, Vol. 3, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%205&version=NRSVUE">"Galatians 5 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240304052235/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Galatians%205&version=NRSVUE">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Galatians+5+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DGalatians%25205%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2013&version=NRSVUE">"Bible Gateway passage: Romans 13 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240326022119/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans%2013&version=NRSVUE">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Romans+13+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DRomans%252013%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Tobit%204&version=NRSVUE">"Tobit 4 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Tobit+4+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DTobit%25204%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sirach%2031&version=NRSVUE">"Bible Gateway passage: Sirach 31 - New Revised Standard Version Updated Edition"</a>. <i>Bible Gateway</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122618/https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Sirach%2031&version=NRSVUE">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bible+Gateway&rft.atitle=Bible+Gateway+passage%3A+Sirach+31+-+New+Revised+Standard+Version+Updated+Edition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblegateway.com%2Fpassage%2F%3Fsearch%3DSirach%252031%26version%3DNRSVUE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Aakjær Steenbuch (2019). "The Problem of the Negative Version of the Golden Rule in Early Christian Ethics".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Didache 1.2, in: <i>Bart D. Ehrman</i>, The Apostolic Fathers: Volume I. I Clement. II Clement. Ignatius. Polycarp. Didache. Barnabas, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement of Alexandria, <i>Paedagogus</i> 3.12.88.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <i>Adversus Marcionem</i> 4.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophilus, <i>Ad Autolycum</i> 2.34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origen, <i>Commentaria in Epistolam B. Pauli ad Romanos</i> 2.9.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Basil of Caesarea, <i>In Hexaemeron</i> 9.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTh._Emil_Homerin2008" class="citation book cs1">Th. Emil Homerin (2008). Neusner, Jacob (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99">99</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9012-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-9012-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122548/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Rule%3A+The+Ethics+of+Reciprocity+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9012-3&rft.au=Th.+Emil+Homerin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3ISBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomsbury_Publishing-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomsbury_Publishing_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTh._Emil_Homerin2008" class="citation book cs1">Th. Emil Homerin (2008). Neusner, Jacob (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>The Golden Rule: The Ethics of Reciprocity in World Religions</i></a>. Bloomsbury. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA102">p. 102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9012-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-9012-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-9012-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240826122548/https://books.google.com/books?id=b3ISBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Rule%3A+The+Ethics+of+Reciprocity+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=p.+102&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9012-3&rft.au=Th.+Emil+Homerin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db3ISBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/2/1/66/10"><i>Kitab al-Kafi</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231125194206/https://thaqalayn.net/hadith/2/1/66/10">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kitab+al-Kafi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthaqalayn.net%2Fhadith%2F2%2F1%2F66%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wattles (191), Rost (100)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiM_&_W_&_R_&_D_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sukhanan-i-Muhammad" [Conversations of Muhammad], Wattles (192); Rost (100); Donaldson Dwight M. (1963). <i>Studies in Muslim Ethics</i>, p. 82. London: S.P.C.K.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥusayn Sharīf al-Raḍī and ʻAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (eds.), <i>Nahj Al-balāghah: Selection from Sermons, Letters and Sayings of Amir Al-Muʼminin</i>, Volume 2. Translated by Syed Ali Raza. Ansariyan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9644383816" title="Special:BookSources/978-9644383816">978-9644383816</a> p. 350</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad Qurṭubī, <i>Jamiʻ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʼan</i> (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Kutūb alMiṣrīyah, 1964), 5:184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ismā’īl ibn ’Umar ibn Kathīr, <i>Tafsīr al-Qurān al-‘Aẓīm</i> (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 1998), 8:6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvetisyan2019" class="citation web cs1">Avetisyan, Vigen (3 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allinnet.info/world/the-unique-document-of-the-emir-of-mecca/">"The Unique Document of the Emir of Mecca from 1917: 'Help the Armenians How You Would Help Your Brothers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Art-A-Tsolum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217000013/https://allinnet.info/world/the-unique-document-of-the-emir-of-mecca/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Art-A-Tsolum&rft.atitle=The+Unique+Document+of+the+Emir+of+Mecca+from+1917%3A+%27Help+the+Armenians+How+You+Would+Help+Your+Brothers%27&rft.date=2019-04-03&rft.aulast=Avetisyan&rft.aufirst=Vigen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallinnet.info%2Fworld%2Fthe-unique-document-of-the-emir-of-mecca%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR_Gelbert-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GR_Gelbert_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelbert2011" class="citation book cs1">Gelbert, Carlos (2011). Lofts, Mark J. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/ginza-rba/"><i>Ginza Rba</i></a>. Sydney: Living Water Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034630" title="Special:BookSources/9780958034630"><bdi>9780958034630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rba&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Living+Water+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780958034630&rft.aulast=Gelbert&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwaterbooks.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fginza-rba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gelbert_2017-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gelbert_2017_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGelbert2017" class="citation book cs1">Gelbert, Carlos (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://livingwaterbooks.com.au/product/john-the-baptist/"><i>The Teachings of the Mandaean John the Baptist</i></a>. Fairfield, NSW, Australia: Living Water Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958034678" title="Special:BookSources/9780958034678"><bdi>9780958034678</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000148487">1000148487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+the+Mandaean+John+the+Baptist&rft.place=Fairfield%2C+NSW%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Living+Water+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1000148487&rft.isbn=9780958034678&rft.aulast=Gelbert&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flivingwaterbooks.com.au%2Fproduct%2Fjohn-the-baptist%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/HW/hw-31.html">"Baháʼí Reference Library – The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 11"</a>. Reference.bahai.org. 31 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015175936/http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/b/HW/hw-31.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Reference+Library+%E2%80%93+The+Hidden+Words+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h%2C+p.+11&rft.pub=Reference.bahai.org&rft.date=2010-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freference.bahai.org%2Fen%2Ft%2Fb%2FHW%2Fhw-31.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090411012403/http://www.bahainyc.org/presentations/goldenrule/golden-rule10.html">"The Golden Rule Baháʼí Faith"</a>. Replay.waybackmachine.org. 11 April 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bahainyc.org/presentations/goldenrule/golden-rule10.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Rule+Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD+Faith&rft.pub=Replay.waybackmachine.org&rft.date=2009-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bahainyc.org%2Fpresentations%2Fgoldenrule%2Fgolden-rule10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tablets of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.bahai.org/article-1-3-2-9.html">"The Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh – Part II"</a>. Info.bahai.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913051405/http://info.bahai.org/article-1-3-2-9.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Words+of+Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h+%E2%80%93+Part+II&rft.pub=Info.bahai.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.bahai.org%2Farticle-1-3-2-9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Epistle to the Son of the Wolf, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090327104931/http://www.cambridgebahais.org/node/97">Words of Wisdom</a> <i>See: The Golden Rule</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahá'u'lláh, Gleanings, LXVI:8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hidden Words of Bahá'u'lláh, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_13b078.php">"Mahabharata Book 13"</a>. Mahabharataonline.com. 13 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130103181713/http://www.mahabharataonline.com/translation/mahabharata_13b078.php">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mahabharata+Book+13&rft.pub=Mahabharataonline.com&rft.date=2006-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mahabharataonline.com%2Ftranslation%2Fmahabharata_13b078.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">tasmād dharma-pradhānéna bhavitavyam yatātmanā | tathā cha sarva-bhūtéṣhu vartitavyam yathātmani ||<br /><br />तस्माद्धर्मप्रधानेन भवितव्यं यतात्मना। तथा च सर्वभूतेषु वर्तितव्यं यथात्मनि॥|title = Mahābhārata Shānti-Parva 167:9)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSingleton" class="citation book cs1">Singleton, Esther. <i>"Gautama Buddha (B.C. 623-543)" by T.W. Rhys-Davids, The World's Great Events, B.C. 4004–A.D. 70 (1908)</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">124–</span>135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Gautama+Buddha+%28B.C.+623-543%29%22+by+T.W.+Rhys-Davids%2C+The+World%27s+Great+Events%2C+B.C.+4004%E2%80%93A.D.+70+%281908%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksie.com/religion_and_spirituality/article/myoma_myint_kywe/the-buddha-%28bc-623bc-543%29">"The Buddha (BC 623–BC 543) – Religion and spirituality Article – Buddha, BC, 623"</a>. Booksie. 8 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005174836/http://www.booksie.com/religion_and_spirituality/article/myoma_myint_kywe/the-buddha-%28bc-623bc-543%29">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+%28BC+623%E2%80%93BC+543%29+%E2%80%93+Religion+and+spirituality+Article+%E2%80%93+Buddha%2C+BC%2C+623&rft.pub=Booksie&rft.date=2012-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksie.com%2Freligion_and_spirituality%2Farticle%2Fmyoma_myint_kywe%2Fthe-buddha-%2528bc-623bc-543%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/H/Harris/detachmentHarris.html">Detachment and Compassion in Early Buddhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071221095204/http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/H/Harris/detachmentHarris.html">Archived</a> 21 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Elizabeth J. Harris (enabling.org)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1884" class="citation book cs1">Jacobi, Hermann (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm"><i>Ācāranga Sūtra, Jain Sutras Part I, Sacred Books of the East</i></a>. Vol. 22. Sutra 155–156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707144941/http://www.sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe22/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C4%80c%C4%81ranga+S%C5%ABtra%2C+Jain+Sutras+Part+I%2C+Sacred+Books+of+the+East&rft.pages=Sutra+155-156&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjai%2Fsbe22%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChinese_Text_Project" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ctext.org/analects/wei-ling-gong"><i>Confucianism, The Analects, Section 15: Wei Ling Gong, (see number 24)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Text_Project" title="Chinese Text Project">Chinese Text Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509154230/http://ctext.org/analects/wei-ling-gong">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confucianism%2C+The+Analects%2C+Section+15%3A+Wei+Ling+Gong%2C+%28see+number+24%29&rft.pub=Chinese+Text+Project&rft.au=Chinese+Text+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fctext.org%2Fanalects%2Fwei-ling-gong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plaks, A. H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/joch/1/2/article-p231_2.xml">"Shining Ideal and Uncertain Reality: Commentaries on the 'Golden Rule' in Confucianism and Other Traditions"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Humanities</i>, <i>1</i>(2), 231–240. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240730113852/https://brill.com/view/journals/joch/1/2/article-p231_2.xml">Archived</a> 30 July 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivanhoe and Van Norden translation, 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGensler2013" class="citation book cs1">Gensler, Harry J. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=40ZfEsGiqHwC&pg=PA100"><i>Ethics and the Golden Rule</i></a>. Routledge. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57793-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-57793-2"><bdi>978-1-136-57793-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230107213406/https://books.google.com/books?id=40ZfEsGiqHwC&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethics+and+the+Golden+Rule&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-57793-2&rft.aulast=Gensler&rft.aufirst=Harry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D40ZfEsGiqHwC%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma/globalethic.html">"Towards a Global Ethic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025224936/http://www.urbandharma.org/udharma/globalethic.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Urban Dharma – Buddhism in America</i>. (This link includes a list of 143 signatories and their respective religions.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalethic-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalethic_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalethic_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.religioustolerance.org/parliame.htm">"Towards a Global Ethic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416182137/http://www.religioustolerance.org/parliame.htm">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (An Initial Declaration). ReligiousTolerance.org. Under the subtitle, "We Declare", see third paragraph. The first line reads, "We must treat others as we wish others to treat us."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411195746/http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/_includes/FCKcontent/File/TowardsAGlobalEthic.pdf">"Parliament of the World's Religions – Towards a Global Ethic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliamentofreligions.org/_includes/FCKcontent/File/TowardsAGlobalEthic.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+of+the+World%27s+Religions+%E2%80%93+Towards+a+Global+Ethic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliamentofreligions.org%2F_includes%2FFCKcontent%2FFile%2FTowardsAGlobalEthic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEsptein2010" class="citation book cs1">Esptein, Greg M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodwithoutgodwh00epst/page/115"><i>Good Without God: What a Billion Nonreligious People Do Believe</i></a>. New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goodwithoutgodwh00epst/page/115">115</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-167011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-167011-4"><bdi>978-0-06-167011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Good+Without+God%3A+What+a+Billion+Nonreligious+People+Do+Believe&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-06-167011-4&rft.aulast=Esptein&rft.aufirst=Greg+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoodwithoutgodwh00epst%2Fpage%2F115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span> Italics in original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thinkhumanism.com-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thinkhumanism.com_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thinkhumanism.com_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161219225648/http://www.thinkhumanism.com/the-golden-rule.html">"The Golden Rule"</a>. <i>Think Humanism</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkhumanism.com/the-golden-rule.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Think+Humanism&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Rule&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkhumanism.com%2Fthe-golden-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thinkhumanism.com/">"Think Humanism"</a>. Think Humanism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135146/http://www.thinkhumanism.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Think+Humanism&rft.pub=Think+Humanism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thinkhumanism.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/new10c.html">"A decalogue for the modern world"</a>. Ebonmusings.org. 1 January 1970. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120728170015/http://www.ebonmusings.org/atheism/new10c.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+decalogue+for+the+modern+world&rft.pub=Ebonmusings.org&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebonmusings.org%2Fatheism%2Fnew10c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSartre2007" class="citation book cs1">Sartre, Jean-Paul (2007). <i>Existentialism Is a Humanism</i>. Yale University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">291–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11546-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11546-8"><bdi>978-0-300-11546-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Existentialism+Is+a+Humanism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11546-8&rft.aulast=Sartre&rft.aufirst=Jean-Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMill1979" class="citation book cs1">Mill, John Stuart (1979) [1861]. "Chapter 2 - What Utilitarianism Is". In Sher, George (ed.). <i>Utilitarianism</i>. Indianapolis and Cambridge: Hackett. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915144-41-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-915144-41-7"><bdi>0-915144-41-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2+-+What+Utilitarianism+Is&rft.btitle=Utilitarianism&rft.place=Indianapolis+and+Cambridge&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Hackett&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-915144-41-7&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=John+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Defined another way, it "<i>refers to the balance in an interactive system such that each party has both rights and duties, and the subordinate norm of complementarity states that one's rights are the other's obligation.</i>"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBornstein2002" class="citation book cs1">Bornstein, Marc H. (2002). <i>Handbook of Parenting</i>. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3782-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-3782-7"><bdi>978-0-8058-3782-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Parenting&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Lawrence+Erlbaum+Associates&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-3782-7&rft.aulast=Bornstein&rft.aufirst=Marc+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span> See also: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaden2003" class="citation book cs1">Paden, William E. (2003). <i>Interpreting the Sacred: Ways of Viewing Religion</i>. Beacon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">131–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7705-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-7705-4"><bdi>978-0-8070-7705-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Sacred%3A+Ways+of+Viewing+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-7705-4&rft.aulast=Paden&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDamrosch2008" class="citation book cs1">Damrosch, Leo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jeanjacquesrouss00leod"><i>Jean Jacques Russeau: Restless Genius</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-44696-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-44696-4"><bdi>978-0-618-44696-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Jacques+Russeau%3A+Restless+Genius&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-618-44696-4&rft.aulast=Damrosch&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjeanjacquesrouss00leod&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20240410083706/https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/how-the-platinum-rule-trumps-the-golden-rule-every-time.html">"How the Platinum Rule Trumps the Golden Rule Every Time"</a>. <i>Inc.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inc.com/peter-economy/how-the-platinum-rule-trumps-the-golden-rule-every-time.html">the original</a> on 10 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inc.com&rft.atitle=How+the+Platinum+Rule+Trumps+the+Golden+Rule+Every+Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inc.com%2Fpeter-economy%2Fhow-the-platinum-rule-trumps-the-golden-rule-every-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMax_Chochinov,_OC,_PhD,_MD,_FRCPC2022" class="citation web cs1">Max Chochinov, OC, PhD, MD, FRCPC, Harvey (18 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9145569/">"The Platinum Rule: A New Standard for Person-Centered Care"</a>. <i>National Library of Medicine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+Platinum+Rule%3A+A+New+Standard+for+Person-Centered+Care&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.aulast=Max+Chochinov%2C+OC%2C+PhD%2C+MD%2C+FRCPC&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Farticles%2FPMC9145569%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: url-status (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_url-status" title="Category:CS1 maint: url-status">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcClanahan" class="citation web cs1">McClanahan, C. J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/councils/forbescoachescouncil/2020/03/23/the-platinum-rule-why-its-time-to-forget-how-you-want-to-be-treated/">"Council Post: The Platinum Rule: Why It's Time To Forget How You Want To Be Treated"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Council+Post%3A+The+Platinum+Rule%3A+Why+It%27s+Time+To+Forget+How+You+Want+To+Be+Treated&rft.aulast=McClanahan&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fcouncils%2Fforbescoachescouncil%2F2020%2F03%2F23%2Fthe-platinum-rule-why-its-time-to-forget-how-you-want-to-be-treated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livingasaleader.com/Resources/Leadership-Blog/The-Platinum-Rule-A-new-leadership-mindset-for-improved-work-and-personal-relationships.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Platinum Rule": A new leadership mindset for improved work and personal relationships"</a>. <i>www.livingasaleader.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livingasaleader.com&rft.atitle=%E2%80%9CThe+Platinum+Rule%E2%80%9D%3A+A+new+leadership+mindset+for+improved+work+and+personal+relationships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livingasaleader.com%2FResources%2FLeadership-Blog%2FThe-Platinum-Rule-A-new-leadership-mindset-for-improved-work-and-personal-relationships.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfaff, Donald W., "The Neuroscience of Fair Play: Why We (Usually) Follow the Golden Rule", Dana Press, The Dana Foundation, New York, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932594-27-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932594-27-0">978-1-932594-27-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWattles1996" class="citation book cs1">Wattles, Jeffrey (1996). <i>The Golden Rule</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Rule&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Wattles&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVogel" class="citation journal cs1">Vogel, Gretchen. "The Evolution of the Golden Rule". <i>Science</i>. <b>303</b> (Feb 2004).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+the+Golden+Rule&rft.volume=303&rft.issue=Feb+2004&rft.aulast=Vogel&rft.aufirst=Gretchen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwift2015" class="citation journal cs1">Swift, Richard (July 2015). "Pathways & possibilities". <i>New Internationalist</i>. <b>484</b> (July/August 2015).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist&rft.atitle=Pathways+%26+possibilities&rft.volume=484&rft.issue=July%2FAugust+2015&rft.date=2015-07&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2005" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Kerri (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070625/full/070625-4.html">"Is it a chimp-help-chimp world?"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>484</b> (Online publication). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109041619/http://www.nature.com/news/2007/070625/full/070625-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Is+it+a+chimp-help-chimp+world%3F&rft.volume=484&rft.issue=Online+publication&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Kerri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F2007%2F070625%2Ffull%2F070625-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kant-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kant_106-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kant_106-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant, Immanuel <i>Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals</i>, footnote 12. Cambridge University Press (28 April 1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62695-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62695-8">978-0-521-62695-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlyagame.typepad.com/only_a_game/2007/05/the_golden_rule.html">"Only a Game: The Golden Rule"</a>. Onlyagame.typepad.com. 24 May 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004235045/http://onlyagame.typepad.com/only_a_game/2007/05/the_golden_rule.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Only+a+Game%3A+The+Golden+Rule&rft.pub=Onlyagame.typepad.com&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlyagame.typepad.com%2Fonly_a_game%2F2007%2F05%2Fthe_golden_rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPauling,_Linus1960" class="citation book cs1">Pauling, Linus (1960). <i>Fallout: Today's Seven-Year Plague</i>. New York: Mainstream Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fallout%3A+Today%27s+Seven-Year+Plague&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishers&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Pauling%2C+Linus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShaw1903" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, George Bernard (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mansupermancomed00shawrich#page/226/mode/2up"><i>Man and Superman</i></a>. Archibald Constable & Co. p. 227<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man+and+Superman&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Archibald+Constable+%26+Co.&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=George+Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmansupermancomed00shawrich%23page%2F226%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: p. 76 of <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Make_Good_Decisions_and_Be_Right_All_the_Time" title="How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time">How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Iain_King" title="Iain King">Iain King</a>, 2008, Continuum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-347-2">978-1-84706-347-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Source: p. 76 of <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Make_Good_Decisions_and_Be_Right_All_the_Time" title="How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time">How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time</a></i>, Iain King, 2008, Continuum, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-347-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84706-347-2">978-1-84706-347-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStace1937" class="citation book cs1">Stace, Walter T. (1937). <i>The Concept of Morals</i>. New York: The MacMillan Company; (reprinted 1975 by permission of Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc.); (also reprinted by Peter Smith Publisher Inc, January 1990). p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8446-2990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8446-2990-2"><bdi>978-0-8446-2990-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Morals&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=The+MacMillan+Company%3B+%28reprinted+1975+by+permission+of+Macmillan+Publishing+Co.+Inc.%29%3B+%28also+reprinted+by+Peter+Smith+Publisher+Inc%2C+January+1990%29&rft.date=1937&rft.isbn=978-0-8446-2990-2&rft.aulast=Stace&rft.aufirst=Walter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlstonBrandt1978" class="citation book cs1">Alston, William P.; Brandt, Richard B., eds. (1978). <i>The Problems of Philosophy</i>. Boston, London, Sydney, Toronto: Allyn and Bacon. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0205061105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0205061105"><bdi>978-0205061105</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Problems+of+Philosophy&rft.place=Boston%2C+London%2C+Sydney%2C+Toronto&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0205061105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeibniz,_Gottfried_Wilhelm.1989" class="citation book cs1">Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. (1989) [1702]. "Reflections on the Common Concept of Justice". In Leroy E. Loemker. (ed.). <i>Philosophical Papers and Letters</i>. Boston: Kluwer. p. 568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+Common+Concept+of+Justice&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Papers+and+Letters.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=568&rft.pub=Kluwer&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Leibniz%2C+Gottfried+Wilhelm.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. G. Singer, The Ideal of a Rational Morality, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wattles, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jouni Reinikainen, "The Golden Rule and the Requirement of Universalizability." Journal of Value Inquiry. 39(2): 155–168, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i>, Vol. 2 (1966 [1945]), p. 386. Dubbed "the platinum rule" in business books such as Charles J. Jacobus, Thomas E. Gillett, <i>Georgia Real Estate: An Introduction to the Profession</i>, Cengage Learning, 2007, p. 409 and Jeremy Comfort, Peter Franklin, <i>The Mindful International Manager: How to Work Effectively Across Cultures</i>, Kogan Page, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/mary-wakefield-what-the-water-babies-can-teach-us-about-personal-morality-1850416.html">"Mary Wakefield: What 'The Water Babies' can teach us about personal"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 22 October 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092935/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/mary-wakefield-what-the-water-babies-can-teach-us-about-personal-morality-1850416.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Mary+Wakefield%3A+What+%27The+Water+Babies%27+can+teach+us+about+personal&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fcommentators%2Fmary-wakefield-what-the-water-babies-can-teach-us-about-personal-morality-1850416.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golden_Rule&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Golden_Rule" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Golden Rule">Golden Rule</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/16px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/24px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> Learning materials related to <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Living_the_Golden_Rule" class="extiw" title="v:Living the Golden Rule">Living the Golden Rule</a> at Wikiversity</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thegoldenrulemovie.com/">The Golden Rule Movie</a> A teaching resource.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldenruleday.org/details">Golden Rule Day</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022172152/https://www.goldenruleday.org/details">Archived</a> 22 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An annual global event every April 5.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldenruleproject.org/">Golden Rule Project</a> - learning tools, etc. (based in Salt Lake City, Utah, US)</li> <li>Monmouth Center for World Religions and Ethical Thought. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interfaithmonmouthcenter.org/the-golden-rule/">The Golden Rule</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPuka" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Puka, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/goldrule">"The Golden Rule"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Rule&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.aulast=Puka&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fgoldrule&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGolden+Rule" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Scarboro Mission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scarboromissions.ca/golden-rule/understanding-the-golden-rule">The Golden Rule</a> Educational, participatory, and interactive resources including videos, exercises, multi-disciplinary commentaries, The Golden Rule Poster, and interfaith dialogues on the Golden Rule.</li> <li>St Columbans Mission Society – Interfaith Relations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.columban.org.au/our-work/interfaith-relations/the-golden-rule">The Golden Rule</a> The Golden Rule Poster, etc.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Template:Sermon on the Mount"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Template talk:Sermon on the Mount"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sermon on the Mount"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sermon_on_the_Mount77" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Plain" title="Sermon on the Plain">Sermon on the Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributed to</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5, </a><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6, </a><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">and 7</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Teachings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_and_light" title="Salt and light">Salt and light</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_upon_a_Hill" title="City upon a Hill">City upon a Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamp_under_a_bushel" title="Lamp under a bushel">Lamp under a bushel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_of_the_World" title="Light of the World">Light of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_the_other_cheek" title="Turning the other cheek">Turning the other cheek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:44" title="Matthew 5:44">Love your enemies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_the_Air" title="The Birds of the Air">The Birds of the Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufficient_unto_the_day_is_the_evil_thereof" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof">Sufficient unto the day is the evil thereof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mote_and_the_Beam" title="The Mote and the Beam">The Mote and the Beam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Christianity">Golden Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tree_and_its_Fruits" title="The Tree and its Fruits">The Tree and its Fruits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_prophet" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_in_sheep%27s_clothing" title="Wolf in sheep's clothing">Wolf in sheep's clothing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Wise_and_the_Foolish_Builders" title="Parable of the Wise and the Foolish Builders">The Wise and Foolish Builders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry of Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">parables</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus" title="Life of Jesus">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_Beatitudes" title="Mount of Beatitudes">Mount of Beatitudes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Lord%27s_Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount">Our Lord's Sermon on the Mount</a></i> (4th century book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i> (1894 book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Template talk:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gospel of Matthew"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gospel_of_Matthew123" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_chapters" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew chapters">Chapters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_1" title="Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_2" title="Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_3" title="Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_4" title="Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_5" title="Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_6" title="Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_7" title="Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_8" title="Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_9" title="Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_11" title="Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_14" title="Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_15" title="Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16" title="Matthew 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_17" title="Matthew 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_18" title="Matthew 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_19" title="Matthew 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_20" title="Matthew 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_21" title="Matthew 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_22" title="Matthew 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_23" title="Matthew 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_24" title="Matthew 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_25" title="Matthew 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_26" title="Matthew 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_28" title="Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gospel_of_Matthew_verses" title="Category:Gospel of Matthew verses">Verses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_1" title="Category:Matthew 1">Matthew 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_2" title="Category:Matthew 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_3" title="Category:Matthew 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_4" title="Category:Matthew 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_5" title="Category:Matthew 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_6" title="Category:Matthew 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_7" title="Category:Matthew 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_8" title="Category:Matthew 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_9" title="Category:Matthew 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_10" title="Category:Matthew 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_11" title="Category:Matthew 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_12" title="Category:Matthew 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_14" title="Category:Matthew 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_15" title="Category:Matthew 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:2b%E2%80%933" title="Matthew 16:2b–3">16:2b–3</a>,<a href="/wiki/Matthew_16:19" title="Matthew 16:19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_27" title="Category:Matthew 27">27:1–12; 52–66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matthew_28" title="Category:Matthew 28">28</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events<br />and phrases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Jesus' birth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem" title="Star of Bethlehem">Star of Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt" title="Flight into Egypt">Flight into Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents" title="Massacre of the Innocents">Massacre of the Innocents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_the_family_of_Jesus_to_Nazareth" title="Return of the family of Jesus to Nazareth">Return to Nazareth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temptation_of_Christ" title="Temptation of Christ">Temptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Jesus_to_Galilee" title="Return of Jesus to Galilee">Galilean ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishers_of_men" title="Fishers of men">Fishers of men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_homo#Eastern_Christianity" title="Ecce homo">Behold the bridegroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beatitudes" title="Beatitudes">Beatitudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Golden Rule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_preaches_in_a_ship" title="Jesus preaches in a ship">Jesus preaches in a ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calming_the_storm" title="Calming the storm">Calming the storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeding_the_multitude" title="Feeding the multitude">Feeding the multitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_walking_on_water" title="Jesus walking on water">Walking on water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_of_Jesus" title="Transfiguration of Jesus">Transfiguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivet_Discourse" title="Olivet Discourse">Olivet Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Ten_Virgins" title="Parable of the Ten Virgins">Ten Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_Jesus" title="Anointing of Jesus">Anointing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passion_of_Jesus" title="Passion of Jesus">Passion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">Burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empty_tomb" title="Empty tomb">Empty tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah" title="Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel" title="Rachel">Rachel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Groups</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Angels">Angels</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethany" title="Bethany">Bethany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsaida" title="Bethsaida">Bethsaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capernaum" title="Capernaum">Capernaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_source" title="Q source">Q source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_source" title="M source">M source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textual_variants_in_the_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Textual variants in the Gospel of Matthew">Textual variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinian_hypothesis" title="Augustinian hypothesis">Augustinian hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-gospel_hypothesis" title="Two-gospel hypothesis">Two-gospel hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthean_Posteriority_hypothesis" title="Matthean Posteriority hypothesis">Matthean Posteriority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_Jesus" title="Genealogy of Jesus">Genealogy of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Discourses_of_Matthew" title="Five Discourses of Matthew">Five Discourses of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">Calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_heaven_(Gospel_of_Matthew)" title="Kingdom of heaven (Gospel of Matthew)">Kingdom of heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel" title="Immanuel">Immanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Pseudo-Matthew" title="Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew">Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_translations_of_Matthew" title="Rabbinical translations of Matthew">Rabbinical translations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shem_Tob%27s_Hebrew_Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Shem Tob's Hebrew Gospel of Matthew">Shem Tob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith%E2%80%93Matthew" title="Joseph Smith–Matthew">Joseph Smith–Matthew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion" title="St Matthew Passion">St Matthew Passion</a></i> (Bach, 1727/29) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Matthew_Passion_structure" title="St Matthew Passion structure">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_According_to_St._Matthew_(film)" title="The Gospel According to St. Matthew (film)">The Gospel According to St. Matthew</a></i> (1964 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell" title="Godspell">Godspell</a></i> (1971 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Godspell_(film)" title="Godspell (film)">Godspell</a></i> (1973 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visual_Bible:_Matthew" title="The Visual Bible: Matthew">The Visual Bible: Matthew</a></i> (1993 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manuscripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_1" title="Papyrus 1">Papyrus 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_4" title="Papyrus 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_19" title="Papyrus 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_21" title="Papyrus 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_25" title="Papyrus 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_35" title="Papyrus 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_37" title="Papyrus 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_44" title="Papyrus 44">44</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_45" title="Papyrus 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_53" title="Papyrus 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_62" title="Papyrus 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_70" title="Papyrus 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_71" title="Papyrus 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_73" title="Papyrus 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_77" title="Papyrus 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_83" title="Papyrus 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_86" title="Papyrus 86">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_96" title="Papyrus 96">96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_101" title="Papyrus 101">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_102" title="Papyrus 102">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_103" title="Papyrus 103">103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_104" title="Papyrus 104">104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_105" title="Papyrus 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_110" title="Papyrus 110">110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalen_papyrus" title="Magdalen papyrus">Magdalen papyrus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/el:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B8%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikisource:el:Κατά Ματθαίον">Greek Text</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/la:Biblia_Sacra_Vulgata_(Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:la:Biblia Sacra Vulgata (Stuttgartensia)/Matthaeus">Latin Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(Wycliffe)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (Wycliffe)/Matthew">Wycliffe Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (King James)/Matthew">King James Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (American Standard)/Matthew">American Standard Version</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(World_English)/Matthew" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Bible (World English)/Matthew">World English Version</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 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