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Commodity fetishism - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domination_of_things"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Domination of things</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domination_of_things-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectified_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectified_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Objectified value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objectified_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalization_of_market_behaviour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalization_of_market_behaviour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Naturalization of market behaviour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalization_of_market_behaviour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Masking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opacity_of_economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opacity_of_economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Opacity of economic relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opacity_of_economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capitalism_as_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalism_as_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Capitalism as religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalism_as_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cultural theory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_prestige" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_prestige"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Social prestige</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_prestige-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Reification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrialized_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrialized_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Industrialized culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialized_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodity_narcissism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodity_narcissism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Commodity narcissism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodity_narcissism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethical_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethical_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Ethical consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethical_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_alienation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_alienation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Social alienation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_alienation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semiotic_sign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semiotic_sign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.7</span> <span>Semiotic sign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semiotic_sign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Intellectual property</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Philosophic_base" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophic_base"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Philosophic base</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophic_base-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knowledge:_authentic_and_counterfeit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knowledge:_authentic_and_counterfeit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Knowledge: authentic and counterfeit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knowledge:_authentic_and_counterfeit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_risk_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_risk_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>Financial risk management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_risk_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commodified_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commodified_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>Commodified art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commodified_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_traducement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_traducement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.5</span> <span>Legal traducement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_traducement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Commodity fetishism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="تقديس السلعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقديس السلعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fmt%C9%99%C9%99_feti%C5%9Fizmi" title="Əmtəə fetişizmi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əmtəə fetişizmi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Таварны фетышызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таварны фетышызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetitxisme_de_la_mercaderia" title="Fetitxisme de la mercaderia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fetitxisme de la mercaderia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warenfetisch" title="Warenfetisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Warenfetisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaubafeti%C5%A1ism" title="Kaubafetišism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaubafetišism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetichismo_de_la_mercanc%C3%ADa" title="Fetichismo de la mercancía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fetichismo de la mercancía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varofeti%C4%89o" title="Varofetiĉo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varofetiĉo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="بت‌انگاری کالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بت‌انگاری کالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9tichisme_de_la_marchandise" title="Fétichisme de la marchandise – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fétichisme de la marchandise" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%92%88%EB%AC%BC%EC%8B%A0%EC%84%B1" title="상품물신성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="상품물신성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%86%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Ապրանքային ֆետիշիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապրանքային ֆետիշիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פטישיזציה של הסחורות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פטישיזציה של הסחורות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warenfetisjisme" title="Warenfetisjisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Warenfetisjisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varefetisjisme" title="Varefetisjisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varefetisjisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetyszyzm_towarowy" title="Fetyszyzm towarowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fetyszyzm towarowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fetichismo_da_mercadoria" title="Fetichismo da mercadoria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fetichismo da mercadoria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Товарный фетишизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Товарный фетишизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commodity fetishism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feti%C5%A1izam_robe" title="Fetišizam robe – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Fetišizam robe" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavarafetisismi" title="Tavarafetisismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tavarafetisismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varufetischism" title="Varufetischism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varufetischism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_feti%C5%9Fizmi" title="Meta fetişizmi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Meta fetişizmi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Товарний фетишизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Товарний фетишизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1i_v%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o_h%C3%A0ng_h%C3%B3a" title="Bái vật giáo hàng hóa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bái vật giáo hàng hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fetishism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Fetishism (disambiguation)">Fetishism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Boqueria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_Boqueria.JPG/300px-La_Boqueria.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_Boqueria.JPG/450px-La_Boqueria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/La_Boqueria.JPG/600px-La_Boqueria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Commodity fetishism: In the economics of the <a href="/wiki/Marketplace" title="Marketplace">marketplace</a>, producers and consumers perceive each other by means of the money and goods that they exchange.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx&#39;s Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx&#39;s Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx&#39;s theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx&#39;s theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx&#39;s theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O&#39;Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. 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As a form of <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetishism</a> presents <a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">economic value</a> as inherent to the commodities, and not as arising from the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a>, from the human relations that produced the commodity, the goods and the services.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital: A Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1867), commodity fetishism is used to explain how the social organization of labour manifests in the buying and selling of commodities (goods and services). In the marketplace, social relations among people—who makes what, who works for whom, the production-time for a commodity, etc.—are represented as social relations among objects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the process of <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">commercial exchange</a>, commodities appear in a depersonalized form, obscuring the social relations inherent to their production.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Marx explained the sociology of commodity fetishism: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As against this, the commodity-form, and the value-relation of the products of labour, within which it appears, have absolutely no connection with the physical nature of the commodity and the material relations arising out of this. It is nothing but the definite social relation, between men, themselves, which assumes here, for them, the fantastic form of a relation between things. In order, therefore, to find an analogy, we must take flight into the misty realm of religion. There the products of the human brain appear as autonomous figures endowed with a life of their own, which enter into relations, both with each other and with the human race. So it is in the world of commodities with the products of men's hands. I call this the fetishism which attaches itself to the products of labour as soon as they are produced as commodities, and is, therefore, inseparable from the production of commodities.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Marx, the operation of commodity fetishism requires the owners of capital to actively ignore or maintain an indifference to the relational whole that produces a commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 132">&#58;&#8202;132&#8202;</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fetish_Image_(relates_to_David_Livingstone)_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fetish_Image_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg/170px-Fetish_Image_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fetish_Image_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg/255px-Fetish_Image_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Fetish_Image_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg/340px-Fetish_Image_%28relates_to_David_Livingstone%29_by_The_London_Missionary_Society_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="2091" /></a><figcaption>A South African <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetish</a> figurine whose supernatural powers protect the owner and kin in the natural world (c. 1900)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinley_Prosperity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Presidential candidate William McKinley stands on an oversized gold coin carried by a merchant, a capitalist, a businessman, a craftsman and others, beneath the word &quot;Prosperity&quot;" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/170px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/255px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/McKinley_Prosperity.jpg/340px-McKinley_Prosperity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2786" data-file-height="4267" /></a><figcaption>A political poster shows <a href="/wiki/Gold_coin" title="Gold coin">gold coin</a> as the basis of prosperity (c. 1896)</figcaption></figure> <p>The theory of commodity fetishism (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Warenfetischismus</i>) originated from Karl Marx's references to <i>fetishes</i> and <i>fetishism</i> in his analyses of religious superstition, and in the criticism of the beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Marx borrowed the concept of "fetishism" from <i>The Cult of Fetish Gods</i> (1760) by <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Brosses" title="Charles de Brosses">Charles de Brosses</a>, which proposed a materialist theory of the origin of religion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moreover, in the 1840s, the philosophic discussion of fetishism by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Feuerbach" title="Ludwig Feuerbach">Ludwig Feuerbach</a>'s psychological interpretation of religion also influenced Marx's development of commodity fetishism.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marx's first mention of fetishism appeared in 1842, in his response to a newspaper article by Karl Heinrich Hermes, which defended Germany on religious grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hermes agreed with the German philosopher <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> in regarding fetishism as the crudest form of religion. Marx dismissed that argument and Hermes's definition of religion as that which elevates man "above sensuous appetites". Instead, Marx said that fetishism is "the religion of sensuous appetites", and that the fantasy of the appetites tricks the fetish worshipper into believing that an inanimate object will yield its natural character to gratify the desires of the worshipper. Therefore, the crude appetite of the fetish worshipper smashes the fetish when it ceases to be of service.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next mention of fetishism was in the 1842 <i>Rheinische Zeitung</i> newspaper articles about the "Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood", wherein Marx spoke of the Spanish fetishism of gold and the German fetishism of wood as commodities:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The savages of Cuba regarded <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> as a fetish of the Spaniards. They celebrated a feast in its honour, sang in a circle around it, and then threw it into the sea. If the Cuban savages had been present at the sitting of the Rhine Province Assembly, would they not have regarded wood as the Rhinelanders' fetish? But a subsequent sitting would have taught them that the worship of animals is connected with this fetishism, and they would have thrown the hares into the sea in order to save the human beings.</p></blockquote> <p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></i>, Marx spoke of the European fetish of <a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">precious-metal</a> money: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The nations which are still dazzled by the sensuous glitter of precious metals, and are, therefore, still fetish-worshippers of metal money, are not yet fully developed money-nations. [Note the] contrast of France and England. The extent to which the solution of theoretical riddles is the task of practice, and is effected through practice, the extent to which true practice is the condition of a real and positive theory, is shown, for example, in fetishism. The sensuous consciousness of the fetish-worshipper is different from that of the Greek, because his sensuous existence is different. The abstract enmity between sense and spirit is necessary so long as the human feeling for nature, the human sense of nature, and, therefore, also the natural sense of man, are not yet produced by man's own labour.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the ethnological notebooks, he commented upon the archaeological reportage of <i>The Origin of Civilization and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social conditions of Savages</i> (1870), by <a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1st_Baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Outlines of the Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (Grundrisse, 1859), he criticized the liberal arguments of the French economist <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a>; and about fetishes and fetishism Marx said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In real history, wage labour arises out of the dissolution of <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">serfdom</a>—or of the decay of communal property, as with Oriental and Slavonic peoples—and, in its adequate, epoch-making form, the form which takes possession of the entire social being of labour, out of the decline and fall of the guild economy, of the system of Estates, of labour and <a href="/wiki/Income_in_kind" title="Income in kind">income in kind</a>, of industry carried on as rural subsidiary occupation, of small-scale feudal agriculture, etc. In all these real historic transitions, wage labour appears as the dissolution, the annihilation of relations in which labour was fixed on all sides, in its income, its content, its location, its scope, etc. Hence, as negation of the stability of labour and of its remuneration. The direct transition from the African's fetish to Voltaire's "Supreme Being", or from the hunting gear of a North American savage to the capital of the Bank of England, is not so absurdly contrary to history, as is the transition from Bastiat's fisherman to the wage labourer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1859), Marx referred to <i>A Discourse on the Rise, Progress, Peculiar Objects, and Importance of Political Economy</i> (1825), by <a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch" title="John Ramsay McCulloch">John Ramsay McCulloch</a>, who said that "In its natural state, matter ... is always destitute of value", with which Marx concurred, saying that "this shows how high even a McCulloch stands above the fetishism of German 'thinkers' who assert that 'material', and half a dozen similar irrelevancies are elements of value". </p><p>Furthermore, in the manuscript of "Results of the Immediate Process of Production" (c. 1864), an appendix to <i><a href="/wiki/Capital,_Volume_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume I">Capital: Critique of Political Economy, Volume 1</a></i> (1867), Marx said that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... we find in the capitalist process of production [an] <i>indissoluble fusion of use-values</i> in which capital subsists [as] <i>means of production</i> and <i>objects</i> defined as capital, when what we are really faced with is a definite social relationship of production. In consequence, the <i>product</i> embedded in this mode of production is equated with the commodity, by those who have to deal with it. It is this that forms the foundation for the fetishism of the political economists.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hence did Karl Marx apply the concepts of <i>fetish</i> and <i>fetishism</i>, derived from economic and ethnologic studies, to the development of the theory of commodity fetishism, wherein an economic abstraction (value) is psychologically transformed (<a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reified</a>) into an object, which people choose to believe has an intrinsic value, in and of itself.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critique">Critique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Critique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_critique_of_political_economy">In the critique of political economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: In the critique of political economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div> <p>Marx proposed that in a society where independent, private producers trade their products with each other, of their own volition and initiative, and without much coordination of market exchange, the volumes of production and commercial activities are adjusted in accordance with the <i>fluctuating values</i> of the products (goods and services) as they are bought and sold, and in accordance with the fluctuations of <a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">supply and demand</a>. Because their social coexistence, and its meaning, is expressed through market exchange (trade and <a href="/wiki/Financial_transaction" title="Financial transaction">transaction</a>), people have no other relations with each other. Therefore, social relations are continually mediated and expressed with objects (commodities and money). How the traded commodities relate will depend upon the costs of production, which are reducible to quantities of human labour, although the worker has no control over what happens to the commodities that they produce. (See: <i>Entfremdung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx&#39;s theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domination_of_things">Domination of things</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Domination of things"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of the <i>intrinsic value</i> of commodities (goods and services) determines and dominates the economic (business) relationships among people, to the extent that buyers and sellers continually adjust their beliefs (financial expectations) about the value of things—either consciously or unconsciously—to the proportionate price changes (<a href="/wiki/Market_value" title="Market value">market value</a>) of the commodities over which buyers and sellers believe they have no true control. That psychologic perception transforms the trading-value of a commodity into an independent entity (an object), to the degree that the social value of the goods and services appears to be a natural property of the commodity itself. Thence <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">objectified</a>, <i>the market</i> appears as if self-regulated (by fluctuating supply and demand) because, in pursuit of profit, the consumers of the products ceased to perceive the human co-operation among capitalists that is the true engine of the market where commodities are bought and sold; such is the domination of things in the market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectified_value">Objectified value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Objectified value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Value_(economics)" title="Value (economics)">value of a commodity</a> originates from the human being's intellectual and perceptual capacity to consciously (subjectively) ascribe a relative value (importance) to a commodity, the <a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">goods and services</a> manufactured by the <a href="/wiki/Labour_(human_activity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour (human activity)">labour</a> of a worker. Therefore, in the course of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_transactions&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic transactions (page does not exist)">economic transactions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buying" class="mw-redirect" title="Buying">buying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Selling">selling</a>) that constitute market exchange, people ascribe <i>subjective</i> values to the commodities, which the buyers and the sellers then perceive as <i>objective</i> values, the market-exchange prices that people will pay for the commodities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturalization_of_market_behaviour">Naturalization of market behaviour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Naturalization of market behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a capitalist society, the <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">human perception</a> that "the market" is an independent, sentient entity, is how buyers, sellers, and producers naturalize market exchange (the human choices and decisions that constitute commerce) as a series of "natural phenomena ... that ... happen of their own accord". Such were the political-economy arguments of the economists whom Karl Marx criticized when they spoke of the "natural equilibria" of markets, as if the price (value) of a commodity were independent of the volition and initiative of the capitalist producers, buyers, and sellers of commodities. </p><p>In the 18th century, the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Social_philosophy" title="Social philosophy">social philosopher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economist</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a>, in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i> (1776) proposed that the "truck, barter, and exchange" activities of the market were corresponding economic representations of human nature, that is, the buying and selling of commodities were activities intrinsic to the market, and thus are the "natural behaviour" of the market. Hence, Smith proposed that a market economy was a self-regulating entity that "naturally" tended towards <a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">economic equilibrium</a>, wherein the relative prices (the value) of a commodity ensured that the buyers and sellers obtained what they wanted for and from their goods and services.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, Karl Marx contradicted the artifice of Adam Smith's "naturalisation of the market's behaviour" as a politico-ideologic apology—by and for the capitalists—which allowed human economic choices and decisions to be misrepresented as fixed "facts of life", rather than as the human actions that resulted from the will of the producers, the buyers, and the sellers of the commodities traded at market. Such "immutable economic laws" are what <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital: Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1867) revealed about the functioning of the <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">mode of production</a>, how goods and services (commodities) are circulated among a society; and thus explain the psychological phenomenon of commodity fetishism, which ascribes an independent, objective value and reality to a thing that has no inherent value—other than the value given to it by the producer, the seller, and the buyer of the commodity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masking">Masking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Masking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a capitalist economy, a <a href="/wiki/Character_mask" title="Character mask">character mask</a> (<i>Charaktermaske</i>) is the functional role with which a person relates and is related to in a society composed of <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a>, especially in relationships and market-exchange transactions; thus, in the course of buying and selling, the commodities (goods and services) usually appear other than they are, because they are masked (obscured) by the role-playing of the buyer and the seller. Moreover, because the capitalist economy of a class society is an intrinsically contradictory system, the masking of the true socio-economic character of the transaction is an integral feature of its function and operation as market exchange. In the course of business competition among themselves, buyers, sellers, and producers cannot do business (compete) without obscurity—<a href="/wiki/Confidentiality" title="Confidentiality">confidentiality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">secrecy</a>—thus the necessity of the character masks that obscure true economic motive. </p><p>Central to the Marxist critique of <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">obscurantism</a> of the juridical labour contract, between the worker and the capitalist, that masks the true, <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitive</a> nature of their economic relationship—that the worker does not sell his and her labour, but that the worker sells individual <a href="/wiki/Labour_power" title="Labour power">labour power</a>, the human capacity to perform work and manufacture commodities (goods and services) that yield a profit to the producer. The work contract is the mask that obscures the economic exploitation of the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wages">wages</a> paid for the labour of the worker, and the new value created by the labour of the worker. </p><p>Marx thus established that in a capitalist society the creation of wealth is based upon "the paid and unpaid portions of labour [that] are inseparably mixed up with each other, and the nature of the whole transaction is completely masked by the intervention of a contract, and the pay received at the end of the week"; and that:<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Vulgar economics actually does nothing more than to interpret, to systematize and turn into <a href="/wiki/Apologetics" title="Apologetics">apologetics</a>—in a doctrinaire way—the ideas of the agents who are trapped within bourgeois <a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">relations of production</a>. So it should not surprise us that, precisely within the estranged form of appearance of economic relations in which these <i>prima facie</i> absurd and complete contradictions occur—and all science would be superfluous if the form of appearance of things directly coincided with their essence—that precisely here vulgar economics feels completely at home, and that these relationships appear all the more self-evident to it, the more their inner interconnection remains hidden to it, even though these relationships are comprehensible to the popular mind.</p><div class="templatequotecite">—&#8202;<cite><i><a href="/wiki/Capital,_Volume_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume III">Capital, Volume III</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opacity_of_economic_relations">Opacity of economic relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: Opacity of economic relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary valuation of the trading-value of goods and services (commodities) is expressed as money-prices. The buyers and the sellers determine and establish the economic and financial relationships; and afterwards compare the prices in and the price trends of the market. Moreover, because of the masking of true economic motive, neither the buyer, nor the seller, nor the producer perceive and understand every human labour-activity required to deliver the commodities (goods and services), nor do they perceive the workers whose labour facilitated the purchase of commodities. The economic results of such collective human labour are expressed as the <i>values</i> and the <i>prices</i> of the commodities; the value-relations between the amount of human labour and the value of the supplied commodity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalism_as_religion">Capitalism as religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Capitalism as religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_as_Religion" title="Capitalism as Religion">Capitalism as Religion</a></div> <p>In the essay "<a href="/wiki/Capitalism_as_Religion" title="Capitalism as Religion">Capitalism as Religion</a>" (1921), <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> said that whether or not people treat capitalism as a religion was a moot subject, because "One can behold in capitalism a religion, that is to say, capitalism essentially serves to satisfy the same worries, anguish, and disquiet formerly answered by so-called religion." That the religion of capitalism is manifest in four tenets: </p> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-roman"><li>"Capitalism is a purely cultic religion, perhaps the most extreme that ever existed"</li><li>"The permanence of the cult"</li><li>"Capitalism is probably the first instance of a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> that creates guilt, not atonement"</li><li>"God must be hidden from it, and may be addressed only when guilt is at its zenith".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_theory">Cultural theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg/160px-Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg/240px-Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg/320px-Luk%C3%A1cs_Gy%C3%B6rgy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The Hungarian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s theory of commodity fetishism to develop <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification theory</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veblen3a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/165px-Veblen3a.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/248px-Veblen3a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Veblen3a.jpg/330px-Veblen3a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> proposed the conspicuous consumption of commodities as the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Social_prestige" class="mw-redirect" title="Social prestige">social prestige</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since the 19th century, when <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> presented the theory of commodity fetishism, in Section 4, "The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof", of the first chapter of <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital: Critique of Political Economy</a></i> (1867), the constituent concepts of the theory, and their sociologic and economic explanations, have proved intellectually fertile propositions that permit the application of the theory (interpretation, development, adaptation) to the study, examination, and analysis of other <a href="/wiki/Cultural_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural theory">cultural</a> aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of capitalism, such as: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_prestige">Social prestige</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Social prestige"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Thorstein_Veblen" title="Thorstein Veblen">Thorstein Veblen</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Theory_of_the_Leisure_Class" title="The Theory of the Leisure Class">The Theory of the Leisure Class: An Economic Study of Institutions</a></i>, 1899) developed the <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a> (prestige) relationship between the producer of consumer goods and the aspirations to prestige of the consumer. To avoid the <a href="/wiki/Status_anxiety" class="mw-redirect" title="Status anxiety">status anxiety</a> of not being of or belonging to "the right social class", the consumer establishes a personal identity (social, economic, cultural) that is defined and expressed by the commodities (goods and services) that they buy, own, and use; the domination of things that communicate the "correct signals" of social prestige, of belonging. (See: <a href="/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" title="Conspicuous consumption">Conspicuous consumption</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reification">Reification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Reification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></i> (1923), <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a> started from the theory of commodity fetishism for his development of <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a> (the psychological transformation of an abstraction into a concrete object) as the principal obstacle to <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>. About which Lukács said: "Just as the capitalist system continuously produces and reproduces itself economically on higher levels, the structure of reification progressively sinks more deeply, more fatefully, and more definitively into the consciousness of Man"—hence, <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> pervaded every conscious human activity, as the growth of capitalism commodified every sphere of human activity into a product that can be bought and sold in the market.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> (See: <i>Verdinglichung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Marx's theory of reification</a>.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Industrialized_culture">Industrialized culture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section: Industrialized culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commodity fetishism is theoretically central to the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a> philosophy, especially in the work of the sociologist <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, which describes <i>how</i> the forms of commerce invade the human psyche; how commerce casts a person into a role not of his or her making; and how commercial forces affect the <a href="/wiki/Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">development of the psyche</a>. In the book <i><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></i> (1944), Adorno and <a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Max Horkheimer</a> presented the <a href="/wiki/Culture_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture Industry">Theory of the Culture Industry</a> to describe how the human imagination (artistic, spiritual, <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectual</a> activity) becomes commodified when subordinated to the "natural commercial laws" of the market. </p><p>To the consumer, the cultural goods and services sold in the market appear to offer the promise of a richly developed and creative individuality, yet the inherent commodification severely restricts and stunts the human psyche, so that the man and the woman consumer has little "time for myself", because of the continual personification of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural roles</a> over which he and she exercise little control. In personifying such cultural identities, the person is a passive consumer, not the active creator, of his or her life; the promised life of individualistic creativity is incompatible with the collectivist, commercial norms of <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeois culture</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commodity_narcissism">Commodity narcissism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section: Commodity narcissism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the study <i>From Commodity Fetishism to Commodity Narcissism</i> (2012) the investigators applied the Marxist theory of commodity fetishism to psychologically analyse the economic behaviour (buying and selling) of the contemporary consumer. With the concept of commodity narcissism, the psychologists Stephen Dunne and Robert Cluley proposed that consumers who claim to be <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethically</a> concerned about the manufacturing origin of commodities, nonetheless behaved as if ignorant of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitative</a> labour conditions under which the workers produced the goods and services, bought by the "concerned consumer"; that, within the culture of <a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">consumerism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcissism" title="Narcissism">narcissistic</a> men and women have established shopping (economic consumption) as a socially acceptable way to express aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Researchers find no evidence that a greater manufacturing base can spur economic growth, while improving government effectiveness and regulation quality are more promising for facilitating economic growth.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethical_consumption">Ethical consumption</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Edit section: Ethical consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Environmentally "conscious" consumers want their purchased products to be environmentally ethical. According to James G. Carrier,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> on a personal level their purchases can make them feel more positively moral and second they can help put pressure on firms in a competitive market to change the way they do things. Marx's 1867 notion of commodity fetishism which concerns the idea that <a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical consumption">ethical consumption</a> is going beyond the two reasons first noted by Carrier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2022)">according to whom?</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> Certain commodities are perceived in a particular way that the consumer ignores or denies the labor time entailed in the process of production or for that matter any detailed background people and process that is viable in creating an ethical product. Capitalists have the intention of selling to an audience with commercial gain - the use of nature as a strategy is vital in urging people to buy their product. Ethical consumption is mostly concerned with the social, political and environmental context of objects - and consumers want a product that meets their moral criteria, something non-exploitative. These baseline concepts need to be visible and eye-catching with recognizable verifications.&#160;This is very common in ecotourism who produce eco-friendliness as a reason to buy and visit. Advertising protection and conservation attracts visitors and media attention. These capitalists make no point to vary in their images and photographs or captions - the repetition of nature is always colorful and vibrant, gentle and reserved. They are "fetishizing" nature as a marketing technique. Portraying themselves as a business that protects nature satisfies their clientele so that the consumer cannot see the objects and mechanisms used to actually produce it. Carrier describes how the environment itself is fetishized as a consumable product through parks and other areas of land being used as bodies or images attached to promises of natural experiences or protection efforts in return for money. Carrier also offers the example of <a href="/wiki/Fair-trade_coffee" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair-trade coffee">fair-trade coffee</a> as a way that commodity fetishism is seen in ethical consumption. If fair-trade coffee promises that it is direct, cooperative supply chain between growers and consumers through images of coffee growers and messaging on the bag of coffee, this becomes more relevant to consumer decision making than the reality that many other "middle-men" were needing in the roasting, packaging, marketing, and transportation of that commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ethical consumption is believed by advocates of the theory to allow people to lead more moral lives as well as affect the world by placing <a href="/wiki/Economic_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic pressure">economic pressure</a> on firms to change their production processes and products to become more ethical to remain competitive within the greater market. The fetishization of nature and natural resources often leads through its commodification as a product to be advertised. Conceptual categories need to be "legible, be visible and recognizable"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> in order to be effective as ethical standards. The advertising on items listed and named as fair trade often misrepresents the actual production process, especially in products requiring extensive and hard labor to produce, such as coffee. It also often becomes exploitative as it uses the images of ethnic small holders rather than the ethnic migrants and wage laborers who do the majority of the work. The use of images not only fetishizes the product, but defines ethicality as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> A common narrative now is whether or not ethical consumption is at all possible in a globalized world of highly interconnected capitalism and trade. It relies on ideas of greenwashing in which producers use environmentalism and fair trade ideals to advertise their products without living up to the ideals. The false image of environmentalism disguises the unsustainable practices being utilized. Another critique is the overall effectiveness of individual consumer choices without large-scale systemic change through government regulation. Accessibility is another issue, as ethical products are often more expensive and less accessible to low-income activists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_alienation">Social alienation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Edit section: Social alienation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" title="Category:Marxian critique of political economy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B60202;padding-bottom:0;font-size:175%;font-weight:normal;color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Marxian_critique_of_political_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxian critique of political economy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Marxian critique of<br />political economy</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0 1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/110px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/165px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Karl_Marx_001.jpg/220px-Karl_Marx_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production#Marxism_and_Marxist_theory_of_class" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertabspaltungskritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outlines_of_a_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy">Outlines of a Critique of Political Economy</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophical_Manuscripts_of_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophical<br />Manuscripts of 1844</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_Labour_and_Capital" title="Wage Labour and Capital">Wage Labour and Capital</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/A_Contribution_to_the_Critique_of_Political_Economy" title="A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy">A Contribution to the<br />Critique of Political Economy</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_Surplus_Value" title="Theories of Surplus Value">Theories of Surplus Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value,_Price_and_Profit" title="Value, Price and Profit">Value, Price and Profit</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Paul Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rosdolsky" title="Roman Rosdolsky">Roman Rosdolsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Étienne Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Kurz (philosopher)">Robert Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Mark Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_Peter_Ortlieb" title="Claus Peter Ortlieb">Claus Peter Ortlieb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geoff_Pilling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Geoff Pilling (page does not exist)">Geoff Pilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li></ul> <p>NML: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Backhaus" title="Hans-Georg Backhaus">Hans-Georg Backhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Reichelt" title="Helmut Reichelt">Helmut Reichelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_Krahl" title="Hans-Jürgen Krahl">Hans-Jürgen Krahl</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Journals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_School#Academic_journals" title="The New School">New School Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crisis_and_Critique&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Crisis and Critique (page does not exist)">Crisis and Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Materialism">Historical Materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Socialist_register&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Socialist register (page does not exist)">Socialist register</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_%26_Class" title="Capital &amp; Class">Capital &amp; Class</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Marxist sociology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #C00;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #C00;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Template:Marxian critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxian critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxian_critique_of_political_economy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxian critique of political economy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> (1967), <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> presented the theory of "<i>le spectacle</i>"—the systematic conflation of <a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">advanced capitalism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass communications media</a>, and a government amenable to exploiting those factors. The spectacle transforms human relations into objectified relations among images, and vice versa; the exemplar spectacle is television, the communications medium wherein people passively allow (cultural) representations of themselves to become the active agents of their beliefs. The spectacle is the form that society assumes when the Arts, the instruments of cultural production, have been <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodified</a> as commercial activities that render an aesthetic value into a commercial value (a commodity). Whereby artistic expression then is shaped by the person's ability to sell it as a commodity, that is, as artistic goods and services. </p><p>Capitalism reorganizes personal consumption to conform to the commercial principles of market exchange; commodity fetishism transforms a cultural commodity into a product with an economic "life of its own" that is independent of the volition and initiative of the artist, the producer of the commodity. What Karl Marx critically anticipated in the 19th century, with "The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret thereof", Guy Debord interpreted and developed for the 20th century—that in modern society, the psychologic intimacies of <a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">intersubjectivity</a> and personal self-relation are commodified into discrete "experiences" that can be bought and sold. The Society of the Spectacle is the ultimate form of <a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">social alienation</a> that occurs when a person views his or her being (self) as a commodity that can be bought and sold, because they regard every human relation as a (potential) business transaction. (See: <i>Entfremdung</i>, <a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx&#39;s theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Semiotic_sign">Semiotic sign</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Edit section: Semiotic sign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a> applied commodity fetishism to explain the subjective feelings of men and women towards consumer goods in the "realm of circulation"; that is, the cultural mystique (mystification) that <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> ascribed to the commodities (goods and services) in order to encourage the buyer to purchase the goods and services as aids to the construction of his and her <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>. In the book <i>For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign</i> (1972), Baudrillard developed the <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">semiotic</a> theory of "<a href="/wiki/Sign_value" title="Sign value">the Sign</a>" (sign value) as a development of Marx's theory of commodity fetishism and of the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">exchange value</a> <i>vs.</i> <a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">use value</a> dichotomy of capitalism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property">Intellectual property</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Edit section: Intellectual property"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> of capitalism <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reified</a> the abstract objects that are <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> into the tangible commodities of <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a>, which are produced by and derived from the labours of the <a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> workers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philosophic_base">Philosophic base</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Edit section: Philosophic base"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The economist <a href="/wiki/Michael_Perelman_(economist)" title="Michael Perelman (economist)">Michael Perelman</a> critically examined the belief systems from which arose <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property rights">intellectual property rights</a>, the field of law that commodified knowledge and information. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bowles_(economist)" title="Samuel Bowles (economist)">Samuel Bowles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Gintis" title="Herbert Gintis">Herbert Gintis</a> critically reviewed the belief systems of the theory of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Knowledge, as the philosophic means to a better life, is contrasted with capitalist knowledge (as commodity and capital), produced to generate income and profit. Such <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> detaches knowledge and information from the (user) person, because, as intellectual property, they are independent, economic entities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Knowledge:_authentic_and_counterfeit">Knowledge: authentic and counterfeit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Edit section: Knowledge: authentic and counterfeit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Postmodernism,_or,_the_Cultural_Logic_of_Late_Capitalism" title="Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism">Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism</a></i> (1991), the Marxist theorist <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> linked the reification of information and knowledge to the <a href="/wiki/Post-modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-modernism">post-modern</a> distinction between <i>authentic knowledge</i> (experience) and <i>counterfeit knowledge</i> (vicarious experience), which usually is acquired through the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass communications media</a>. In <i>Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society</i> (1986), the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Fritz_Haug" title="Wolfgang Fritz Haug">Wolfgang Fritz Haug</a> presents a "critique of commodity aesthetics" that examines how human needs and desires are manipulated and reshaped for commercial gain.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_risk_management">Financial risk management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Edit section: Financial risk management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sociologists <a href="/wiki/Frank_Furedi" title="Frank Furedi">Frank Furedi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a> studied the development of commodified types of knowledge in the business culture of "risk prevention" in the management of money. The <a href="/wiki/Post-World_War_II_economic_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-World War II economic expansion">Post–World War II economic expansion</a> (c. 1945–1973) created very much money (capital and savings), while the dominant <a href="/wiki/Bourgeois" class="mw-redirect" title="Bourgeois">bourgeois</a> <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> of money favoured the risk-management philosophy of the managers of investment funds and financial assets. From such administration of investment money, manipulated to create new capital, arose the preoccupation with risk calculations, which subsequently was followed by the "economic science" of risk prevention management.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In light of which, the commodification of money as "financial investment funds" allows an ordinary person to pose as a rich person, as an economic risk-taker able to risk losing money invested to the market. Hence, the fetishization of <a href="/wiki/Financial_risk" title="Financial risk">financial risk</a> as "a sum of money" is a reification that distorts the social perception of the true nature of financial risk, as experienced by ordinary people.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Moreover, the valuation of financial risk is susceptible to ideological bias; that contemporary fortunes are achieved from the insight of experts in financial management, who study the relationship between "known" and "unknown" economic factors, by which human fears about money can be manipulated and exploited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commodified_art">Commodified art</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Edit section: Commodified art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cultural critics <a href="/wiki/Georg_Simmel" title="Georg Simmel">Georg Simmel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> examined and described the fetishes and fetishism of <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a>, by means of which "artistic" commodities are produced for sale in the market, and how <a href="/wiki/Commodification" title="Commodification">commodification</a> determines and establishes the value of the artistic commodities (goods and services) derived from legitimate Art; for example, the selling of an artist's personal effects as "artistic fetishes". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_traducement">Legal traducement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Edit section: Legal traducement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the field of law, the scholar <a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Evgeny Pashukanis</a> (<i>The General Theory of Law and Marxism</i>, 1924), the Austrian politician <a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Leopold Neumann">Franz Leopold Neumann</a>, the British socialist writer <a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">China Miéville</a>, the labour-law attorney Marc Linder, and the American legal philosopher <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Kennedy_(legal_philosopher)" title="Duncan Kennedy (legal philosopher)">Duncan Kennedy</a> (<i>The Role of Law in Economic Theory: Essays on the Fetishism of Commodities</i>, 1985) have respectively explored the applications of commodity fetishism in their contemporary legal systems, and reported that the reification of legal forms misrepresents social relations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/450px-Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Johan_Zoffany_-_Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5803" data-file-height="4606" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tribuna_of_the_Uffizi_(painting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribuna of the Uffizi (painting)">The Tribuna of the Uffizi</a></i> (1772–1778) by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Zoffany" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Zoffany">Johann Zoffany</a> depicts the commodity-fetishism metamorphosis of oil paintings into culture-industry products.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>Portrait of a Marxist as a Young Nun</i> (1988), Professor <a href="/wiki/Helena_Sheehan" title="Helena Sheehan">Helena Sheehan</a> said that the analogy between religious faith and commodity fetishism is a mistaken interpretation, because people do not worship commodities (money and merchandise) by attributing <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers to inanimate objects, to a <a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">fetish</a>. That the belief that value-relationships inherent to a commodity described is not religious belief, because value-relations do not possess the psychological characteristics of spiritual beliefs. That interpretation is proved by the possibility of a person's possessing religious faith, whilst being aware of the psychology of commodity fetishism, and thus being critical of the fetishization of money and merchandise, thus, a person's disbelief in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Calf" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Calf">Golden Calf</a> is integral to the person's iconoclasm against the idolatry of money.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Pre-Marxist theories</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Marxist theories pertinent to the theory of commodity fetishism</dt></dl> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_mask" title="Character mask">Character mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_value" title="Exchange value">Exchange value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetishism" title="Fetishism">Fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">Labor theory of value</a></li></ul> </td> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_value" title="Law of value">Law of value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_prices_and_ideal_prices" title="Real prices and ideal prices">Real prices and ideal prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Post-Marxist theories derived from the theory of commodity fetishism</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Essays of Marx's Theory of Value</i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Isaak Illich Rubin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lukacs/works/history/hcc05.htm">"Reification and the Consciousness of the Proletariat"</a> (theories of <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">reification</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Geörg Lukács</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" class="extiw" title="s:The Society of the Spectacle">full text</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_System_of_Objects" title="The System of Objects">The System of Objects</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sternberg-press.com/product/neomaterialism/">Neomaterialism</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Simon" title="Joshua Simon">Joshua Simon</a></li> <li><i>Time, Labor and Social Domination</i> by <a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Moishe Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_criticism" title="Value criticism">Value criticism</a> (in German <i>Wertkritik</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMarx1887" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm#S4"><i>Capital Volume One</i></a>. Moscow: Progress Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607040651/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm#S4">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>A commodity is therefore a mysterious thing, simply because in it the social character of men's labour appears to them as an objective character stamped upon the product of that labour; because the relation of the producers to the sum total of their own labour is presented to them as a social relation, existing not between themselves, but between the products of their labour.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Capital+Volume+One&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&amp;rft.date=1887&amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1867-c1%2Fch01.htm%23S4&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Isaak Illich Rubin</a> said that "The theory of fetishism is, per se, the basis of Marx's entire economic system, and, in particular, of his theory of value." — <i>Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</i>. Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1990, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoubine2009" class="citation book cs1">Roubine, Isaak I. (2009). <i>Essais sur la théorie de la valeur de Marx</i>. Paris: Syllepse. p.&#160;55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-84950-218-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-84950-218-1"><bdi>978-2-84950-218-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essais+sur+la+th%C3%A9orie+de+la+valeur+de+Marx&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pages=55&amp;rft.pub=Syllepse&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-84950-218-1&amp;rft.aulast=Roubine&amp;rft.aufirst=Isaak+I.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin1972" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Isaak Illich (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/rubin/value/ch01.htm"><i>Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</i></a>. Detroit: Black and Red. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200531164454/https://www.marxists.org/archive/rubin/value/ch01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Essays+on+Marx%27s+Theory+of+Value&amp;rft.place=Detroit&amp;rft.pub=Black+and+Red&amp;rft.date=1972&amp;rft.aulast=Rubin&amp;rft.aufirst=Isaak+Illich&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Frubin%2Fvalue%2Fch01.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1990" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1990). <i>Capital</i>. London: Penguin Classics. p.&#160;165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Capital&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pages=165&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). <i>The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7"><bdi>978-1-4780-1121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Whites+are+Enemies+of+Heaven%3A+Climate+Caucasianism+and+Asian+Ecological+Protection&amp;rft.place=Durham&amp;rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7&amp;rft.aulast=Driscoll&amp;rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The various references in the 'Wood Theft' articles to idols, animal masks, workship of animals, and fetishes, reflect Marx's systematic study (1841–42) of primitive religion. The notebooks indicate that Marx was especially interested in the concept of fetishism — its nature, its origins, and the difference between ancient and modern forms of fetishism. (MEGA, Vol . 1, Part 2 p. 115ff) — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherover1979" class="citation journal cs1">Sherover, Erica (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/CanJnlRicky79.pdf">"The Virtue of Poverty: Marx's Transformation of Hegel's Concept of the Poor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 53–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013070030/http://marcuse.org/herbert/people/ricky/CanJnlRicky79.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Political+and+Social+Theory&amp;rft.atitle=The+Virtue+of+Poverty%3A+Marx%27s+Transformation+of+Hegel%27s+Concept+of+the+Poor&amp;rft.volume=3&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53-66&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.aulast=Sherover&amp;rft.aufirst=Erica&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marcuse.org%2Fherbert%2Fpeople%2Fricky%2FCanJnlRicky79.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k106440f"><i>Du culte des dieux fétiches ou Parallèle de l'ancienne religion de l'Égypte avec la religion actuelle de Nigritie (&#91;Reprod.&#93;)</i></a> (in French). 15 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161206121124/http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k106440f">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span> &#8211; via Gallica.bnf.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Du+culte+des+dieux+f%C3%A9tiches+ou+Parall%C3%A8le+de+l%27ancienne+religion+de+l%27%C3%89gypte+avec+la+religion+actuelle+de+Nigritie+%28%5BReprod.%26%2393%3B%29&amp;rft.date=2007-10-15&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k106440f&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The German translation was <i>Uber den Dienst der fetischengotter oder Vergleichung der alten religion Egyptians mit den heutigen Religion Nigritiens. Ubersetzt von Christian Brandanus Hermann Pistorius.</i> Berlin, Stralsund: Gottlieb August Lange, 1785. For a study of the conceptual origin of fetishism, see: William Pietz, "The problem of the fetish, I", <i>Res</i> 9 (Spring 1985), pp. 5–17; "The problem of the fetish, II: The origin of the fetish", <i>Res</i> 13 (Spring 1987), pp. 23–45; "The problem of the fetish, III: Bosman's Guinea and the enlightenment theory of fetishism", <i>Res</i> 16 (Autumn 1988), pp. 105–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/comte/Philosophy3.pdf">"Philosophy3.p65"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Socserv.mcmaster.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120707043953/http://socserv.mcmaster.ca/econ/ugcm/3ll3/comte/Philosophy3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Socserv.mcmaster.ca&amp;rft.atitle=Philosophy3.p65&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocserv.mcmaster.ca%2Fecon%2Fugcm%2F3ll3%2Fcomte%2FPhilosophy3.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerbach2008" class="citation book cs1">Feuerbach, Ludwig (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614122658/http://homepages.warwick.ac.uk/~poseaj/deus/papers/essence8.pdf"><i>The Essence of Christianity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/George_Eliot" title="George Eliot">Eliot, George</a>. MSAC Philosophy Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56543-102-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56543-102-7"><bdi>978-1-56543-102-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.warwick.ac.uk/~poseaj/deus/papers/essence8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Christianity&amp;rft.pub=MSAC+Philosophy+Group&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-56543-102-7&amp;rft.aulast=Feuerbach&amp;rft.aufirst=Ludwig&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepages.warwick.ac.uk%2F~poseaj%2Fdeus%2Fpapers%2Fessence8.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010309234220/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/07/10.htm">"Leading Article in No. 179 of the Kölnische Zeitung"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/07/10.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Leading+Article+in+No.+179+of+the+K%C3%B6lnische+Zeitung&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1842%2F07%2F10.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, <i>On religion</i>. Atlanta: Scholars, 1982, p.&#160;22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/commodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman">"Commodity fetishism - Fredy Perlman"</a>. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225233310/http://libcom.org:80/library/commodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Commodity+fetishism+-+Fredy+Perlman&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fcommodity-fetishism-fredy-perlman&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/library/fetishism-commodities">"The fetishism of commodities"</a>. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628011232/http://libcom.org/library/fetishism-commodities">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+fetishism+of+commodities&amp;rft.date=2016&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Ffetishism-commodities&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010309234010/http://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm">"1842: Debates on the Law on Thefts of Wood"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1842/10/25.htm">the original</a> on 9 March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=1842%3A+Debates+on+the+Law+on+Thefts+of+Wood&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmarxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1842%2F10%2F25.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Marx1975" class="citation web cs1">Karl Marx (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844", in <i>Marx-Engels Collected Works</i>"</a>. Moscow: Progress. p.&#160;312. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230922151449/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1844/manuscripts/needs.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=%22Economic+and+Philosophic+Manuscripts+of+1844%22%2C+in+Marx-Engels+Collected+Works&amp;rft.place=Moscow&amp;rft.pages=312&amp;rft.pub=Progress&amp;rft.date=1975&amp;rft.au=Karl+Marx&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1844%2Fmanuscripts%2Fneeds.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Krader" title="Lawrence Krader">Lawrence Krader</a> (ed.), <i>The Ethnological Notebooks of Karl Marx: Studies of Morgan, Phear, Maine, Lubbock</i>. Assen: Van Gorcum, 1972, p. 342f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch17.htm">"Grundrisse 17"</a>. <i>Marxists.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221142432/http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch17.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&amp;rft.atitle=Grundrisse+17&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1857%2Fgrundrisse%2Fch17.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Karl Marx,<i>Results of the Immediate Process of Production</i>, appendix in <i>Capital Volume 1</i>. Penguin edition, 1976, p. 983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more details, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoer2010" class="citation journal cs1">Boer, Roland (2010). "That Hideous Pagan Idol: Marx, Fetishism and Graven Images". <i>Critique: Journal of Socialist Theory</i>. <b>38</b> (1): 93–116. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03017600903454413">10.1080/03017600903454413</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143420404">143420404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Critique%3A+Journal+of+Socialist+Theory&amp;rft.atitle=That+Hideous+Pagan+Idol%3A+Marx%2C+Fetishism+and+Graven+Images&amp;rft.volume=38&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=93-116&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03017600903454413&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143420404%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Boer&amp;rft.aufirst=Roland&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith, Adam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html">"An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations"</a>. <i>Geolib.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170127232311/http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>... the paid and unpaid portions of labour are inseparably mixed up with each other, and the nature of the whole transaction is completely masked by the intervention of a contract and the pay received at the end of the week</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&amp;rft.atitle=Value%2C+Price+and+Profit%2C+part+9&amp;rft.au=Karl+Marx&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1865%2Fvalue-price-profit%2Fch02.htm%23c7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Marx1875" class="citation web cs1">Karl Marx (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch02.htm">"<i>Critique of the Gotha Programme</i>"</a>. <i>Marxists.org</i>. p.&#160;part 2 (emphases added). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180716051956/https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1875/gotha/ch02.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Since <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a>'s death, there has asserted itself in our party the scientific understanding that wages are not what they appear to be—namely, the value, or price, of labor—but only a masked form for the value, or price, of labor power".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Marxists.org&amp;rft.atitle=Critique+of+the+Gotha+Programme&amp;rft.pages=part+2+%28emphases+added%29&amp;rft.date=1875&amp;rft.au=Karl+Marx&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fmarx%2Fworks%2F1875%2Fgotha%2Fch02.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">cf. the <i>Resultate</i> manuscript in <i><a href="/wiki/Capital,_Volume_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume I">Capital, Volume I</a></i>, Penguin edition, p. 1064, where Marx uses the word "<i>vertuscht</i>" (covered up).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, <i><a href="/wiki/Capital,_Volume_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital, Volume III">Capital, Volume III</a></i>, Penguin edition, p. 956 (translation corrected to the German edition).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin, Walter</a> (2004). 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Monthly Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109210840/http://www.monthlyreview.org/100901toporowski.php">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=The+Wisdom+of+Property+and+the+Politics+of+the+Middle+Classes+by+Jan+Toporowski&amp;rft.pub=Monthly+Review&amp;rft.date=2010-09-04&amp;rft.aulast=Toporowski&amp;rft.aufirst=Jan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monthlyreview.org%2F100901toporowski.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc Linder, <i>Reification and the consciousness of the critics of political economy</i>. Copenhagen: Rhodos, 1975 and subsequent works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan_Kennedy1985" class="citation journal cs1">Duncan Kennedy (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://duncankennedy.net/documents/The%20Role%20of%20Law%20in%20Econ%20Thought_Essays%20on%20the%20Fetishism%20of%20Commodities.pdf">"The Role of Law in Economic Theory: Essays on the Fetishism of Commodities"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American University Law Review</i>. <b>34</b>: 939–1001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101224014050/http://duncankennedy.net/documents/The%20Role%20of%20Law%20in%20Econ%20Thought_Essays%20on%20the%20Fetishism%20of%20Commodities.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+University+Law+Review&amp;rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Law+in+Economic+Theory%3A+Essays+on+the+Fetishism+of+Commodities&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.pages=939-1001&amp;rft.date=1985&amp;rft.au=Duncan+Kennedy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fduncankennedy.net%2Fdocuments%2FThe%2520Role%2520of%2520Law%2520in%2520Econ%2520Thought_Essays%2520on%2520the%2520Fetishism%2520of%2520Commodities.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr_Helena_Sheehan" class="citation web cs1">Dr Helena Sheehan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webpages.dcu.ie/~sheehanh/portrait.htm">"Portrait of a Marxist as a Young Nun"</a>. <i>Webpages.dcu.ie</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222125617/http://webpages.dcu.ie/~sheehanh/portrait.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Webpages.dcu.ie&amp;rft.atitle=Portrait+of+a+Marxist+as+a+Young+Nun&amp;rft.au=Dr+Helena+Sheehan&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebpages.dcu.ie%2F~sheehanh%2Fportrait.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandel,_Michael2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel, Michael</a> (2012). <i>What money can't buy&#160;: the moral limits of markets</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374203030" title="Special:BookSources/9780374203030"><bdi>9780374203030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=What+money+can%27t+buy+%3A+the+moral+limits+of+markets&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.isbn=9780374203030&amp;rft.au=Sandel%2C+Michael&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBottomore1991" class="citation book cs1">Bottomore, Tom (1991). <i>A Dictionary of Marxist thought</i>. Oxford, UK Cambridge, Mass: Blackwell Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631180821" title="Special:BookSources/9780631180821"><bdi>9780631180821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Marxist+thought&amp;rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+Cambridge%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=Blackwell+Reference&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.isbn=9780631180821&amp;rft.aulast=Bottomore&amp;rft.aufirst=Tom&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebord2009" class="citation book cs1">Debord, Guy (2009). <a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle"><i>The Society of the Spectacle</i></a>. Eastbourne: Soul Bay Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780955955334" title="Special:BookSources/9780955955334"><bdi>9780955955334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Society+of+the+Spectacle&amp;rft.place=Eastbourne&amp;rft.pub=Soul+Bay+Press&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=9780955955334&amp;rft.aulast=Debord&amp;rft.aufirst=Guy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine2010" class="citation book cs1">Fine, Ben (2010). <i>Marx's Capital</i>. London &amp; New York: Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745330167" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745330167"><bdi>978-0745330167</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Marx%27s+Capital&amp;rft.place=London+%26+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Pluto+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-0745330167&amp;rft.aulast=Fine&amp;rft.aufirst=Ben&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">Harvey, David</a> (2010). <i>A companion to Marx's Capital</i>. London New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844673599" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844673599"><bdi>978-1844673599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Marx%27s+Capital&amp;rft.place=London+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Verso&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.isbn=978-1844673599&amp;rft.aulast=Harvey&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukács1971" class="citation book cs1">Lukács, György (1971). <i>History and Class Consciousness&#160;: studies in Marxist dialectics</i>. Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262620208" title="Special:BookSources/9780262620208"><bdi>9780262620208</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=History+and+Class+Consciousness+%3A+studies+in+Marxist+dialectics&amp;rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&amp;rft.pub=MIT+Press&amp;rft.date=1971&amp;rft.isbn=9780262620208&amp;rft.aulast=Luk%C3%A1cs&amp;rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1981" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Karl (1981). <i>Capital :Volume 1: A critique of political economy</i>. London New York, N.Y: Penguin Books in association with New Left Review. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140445688" title="Special:BookSources/9780140445688"><bdi>9780140445688</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Capital+%3AVolume+1%3A+A+critique+of+political+economy&amp;rft.place=London+New+York%2C+N.Y&amp;rft.pub=Penguin+Books+in+association+with+New+Left+Review&amp;rft.date=1981&amp;rft.isbn=9780140445688&amp;rft.aulast=Marx&amp;rft.aufirst=Karl&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1996" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Mary (1996). <i>The world of goods&#160;: towards an anthropology of consumption&#160;: with a new introduction</i>. London New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415130479" title="Special:BookSources/9780415130479"><bdi>9780415130479</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+world+of+goods+%3A+towards+an+anthropology+of+consumption+%3A+with+a+new+introduction&amp;rft.place=London+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Routledge&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.isbn=9780415130479&amp;rft.aulast=Douglas&amp;rft.aufirst=Mary&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommodity+fetishism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commodity_fetishism&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Commodity_fetishism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm#S4">Capital, Chapter 1, Section 4 – The Fetishism of Commodities and the Secret Thereof</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867-c1/ch01.htm">All of Chapter One – Marx's logical presentation </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/rubin/value/">Isaac Rubin's commentary on Marx</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215154/http://sicetnon.org/modules.php?op=modload&amp;name=PagEd&amp;file=index&amp;topic_id=2&amp;page_id=77">"The Reality behind Commodity Fetishism"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey_(geographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Harvey (geographer)">David Harvey</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidharvey.org">Reading Marx's Capital</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://davidharvey.org/2008/06/marxs-capital-class-02/">Reading Marx's Capital – Class 2, Chapters 1–2, The Commodity</a> (video lecture)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seltsamer-zusammenschluss.org/downloads/Die_Marxsche_Kritik_des_Fetischismus_Handout.pdf">Biene Baumeister,<i>Die Marxsche Kritik des Fetischismus</i> (outline in German)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/capitalism_culture.htm">Understanding Capitalism Part IV: 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