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<div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div 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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forekomst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forekomst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Forekomst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forekomst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anvendelse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anvendelse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Anvendelse</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anvendelse-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Anvendelse</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anvendelse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thoriumbasert_kjernekraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thoriumbasert_kjernekraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Thoriumbasert kjernekraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thoriumbasert_kjernekraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faremomenter_og_sikkerhetstiltak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faremomenter_og_sikkerhetstiltak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Faremomenter og sikkerhetstiltak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faremomenter_og_sikkerhetstiltak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_også" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_også"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se også</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_også-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Innholdsfortegnelse" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thorium</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 140 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-140" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">140 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – norsk nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norsk nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – færøysk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%ADn" title="Þórín – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þórín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B6%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ቶሪየም – amharisk" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቶሪየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثوريوم – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوريوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriu" title="Toriu – aromansk" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Toriu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriu" title="Toriu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Toriu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – balinesisk" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="থোরিয়াম – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="থোরিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Торый – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Торый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Тор (элемэнт) – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тор (элемэнт)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – bihari" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="bihari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryo" title="Toryo – sentralbikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Toryo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="sentralbikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐོ་རིམ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐོ་རིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torij" title="Torij – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Torij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriom" title="Toriom – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Toriom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori" title="Tori – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tori" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryo" title="Toryo – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Toryo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriu" title="Toriu – korsikansk" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Toriu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriwm" title="Thoriwm – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thoriwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="طوريوم – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوريوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toorium" title="Toorium – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Toorium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Θόριο – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmerket artikkel-merke"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="توریم – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توریم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – fijiansk hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="fijiansk hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tori" title="Tori – friuliansk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Tori" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friuliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3iriam" title="Tóiriam – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tóiriam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – mansk" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – skotsk-gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk-gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="થોરીયમ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="થોરીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ториум – kalmukkisk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Ториум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="kalmukkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A5%A8" title="토륨 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토륨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Թորիում – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թորիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torij" title="Torij – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Torij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiThomsizi" title="IsiThomsizi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiThomsizi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="תוריום – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוריום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%94r%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Tɔrɩyɔm – kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɔrɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥೋರಿಯಮ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥೋರಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="თორიუმი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თორიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriom" title="Thoriom – kornisk" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Thoriom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thori" title="Thori – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thori" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory%C3%B2m" title="Toryòm – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Toryòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – kirgisisk" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – vestmarisk" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="vestmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torijs" title="Torijs – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Torijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – luxemburgsk" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toris" title="Toris – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Toris" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – ligurisk" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii" title="Torii – livvisk" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Torii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="livvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lidycevjinme" title="lidycevjinme – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lidycevjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torio" title="Torio – lombardisk" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Torio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rium" title="Tórium – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tórium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ториум – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ториум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ri%C3%B4ma" title="Tôriôma – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tôriôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="തോറിയം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോറിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ثوريوم – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثوريوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Тори – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тори" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="သိုရီယမ် – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သိုရီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="トリウム – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トリウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toorium" title="Toorium – nordfrisisk" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Toorium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2ri" title="Tòri – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tòri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A5%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="ଥୋରିଅମ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଥୋରିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriy" title="Toriy – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Toriy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85" title="تھوریم – vestpunjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھوریم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="vestpunjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="توريوم – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توريوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2rio" title="Tòrio – piemontesisk" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tòrio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tor_(pierwiastek)" title="Tor (pierwiastek) – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tor (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rio" title="Tório – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tório" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoriu" title="Thoriu – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thoriu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuryu" title="Thuryu – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thuryu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Ториум – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ториум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="थोरियम – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="थोरियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B2riu" title="Tòriu – sardisk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tòriu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – saterfrisisk" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriumi" title="Toriumi – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Toriumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toriu" title="Toriu – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Toriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="තෝරියම් – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තෝරියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thorium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3rium" title="Tórium – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tórium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torij" title="Torij – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Torij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="تۆریۆم – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تۆریۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Торијум – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Торијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torijum" title="Torijum – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Torijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torium" title="Torium – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Torium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryo" title="Toryo – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Toryo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தோரியம் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோரியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – tatarisk" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="థోరియం – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థోరియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="ทอเรียม – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอเรียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Торий – tadsjikisk" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Торий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryum" title="Toryum – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Toryum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Торій – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Торій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="تھوریئم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھوریئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A" title="تورىي – uigurisk" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تورىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigurisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torii" title="Torii – vepsisk" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Torii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepsisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thori" title="Thori – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thori" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%B7" title="釷 – klassisk kinesisk" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="釷" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="klassisk kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryo" title="Toryo – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Toryo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钍" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3r%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Tóríọ̀m – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tóríọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%B7" title="釷 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="釷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toryum" title="Toryum – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Toryum" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1115#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Vis innholdssiden [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikkel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Diskusjon:Thorium" rel="discussion" title="Diskusjon om innholdssiden [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskusjon</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bytt språkvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">norsk bokmål</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Visninger"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > 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<div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verktøy</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Flere alternativer" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Handlinger </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Thorium"><span>Les</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit" title="Rediger siden [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Rediger</span></a></li><li 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th{padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.bilde td{text-align:center;font-weight:normal;border:none;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output table.infoboks tr.overskrift td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><table class="infobox infoboks bred biografi"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Thorium</th></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4" class="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Th-TableImage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Th-TableImage.svg/300px-Th-TableImage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Th-TableImage.svg/450px-Th-TableImage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Th-TableImage.svg/600px-Th-TableImage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center">Basisdata</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Navn</th><td colspan="2">Thorium</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Symbol</th><td colspan="2">Th</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atomnummer" title="Atomnummer">Atomnummer</a></th><td colspan="2">90</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Utseende</th><td colspan="2">sølvhvitt</td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center">Plass i <a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">periodesystemet</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Periodesystemets_grupper" title="Periodesystemets grupper">Gruppe</a></th><td colspan="2">n/a</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Periodesystemets_perioder" title="Periodesystemets perioder">Periode</a></th><td colspan="2">7</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Blokk</th><td colspan="2">f</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kjemisk_serie" title="Kjemisk serie">Kjemisk serie</a></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Actinoid" title="Actinoid">actinoider</a></td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center">Atomegenskaper</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Atommasse" title="Atommasse">Atomvekt</a></th><td colspan="2">232.03806(2) <a href="/wiki/Atommasseenhet" title="Atommasseenhet">g</a>/mol</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Empirisk <a href="/wiki/Atomradius" title="Atomradius">atomradius</a></th><td colspan="2">180 <a href="/wiki/Picometer" title="Picometer">pm</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kalkulert <a href="/wiki/Atomradius" title="Atomradius">atomradius</a></th><td colspan="2">MV pm</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Kovalent atomradius</th><td colspan="2">105 pm</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektronkonfigurasjon" title="Elektronkonfigurasjon">Elektronkonfigurasjon</a></th><td colspan="2">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>]6d<sup>2</sup>7s<sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">Elektroner</a> per energinivå</th><td colspan="2">2,8,18,32,18,10,2</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Oksidasjonstilstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Oksidasjonstilstand">Oksidasjonstilstander</a></th><td colspan="2">4</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Krystallstruktur" title="Krystallstruktur">Krystallstruktur</a></th><td colspan="2">flatesentrert kubisk</td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center">Fysiske egenskaper</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stofftilstand" class="mw-redirect" title="Stofftilstand">Stofftilstand</a></th><td colspan="2">fast stoff</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Smeltepunkt" title="Smeltepunkt">Smeltepunkt</a></th><td colspan="2">1 842°<a href="/wiki/Celsiusskalaen" class="mw-redirect" title="Celsiusskalaen">C</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kokepunkt" title="Kokepunkt">Kokepunkt</a></th><td colspan="2">4 788 °C</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Molart_volum" title="Molart volum">Molart volum</a></th><td colspan="2">19,9·10<sup>-5</sup> m³/mol</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tetthet" title="Tetthet">Tetthet</a></th><td colspan="2">11,7 g/cm³</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hardhet_(materialvitenskap)" title="Hardhet (materialvitenskap)">Hardhet</a></th><td colspan="2">3,0 (<a href="/wiki/Mohs_skala" title="Mohs skala">Mohs skala</a>)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kritisk_temperatur" title="Kritisk temperatur">Kritisk temperatur</a></th><td colspan="2">MV °C</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritisk_trykk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritisk trykk (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kritisk trykk</a></th><td colspan="2">MV bar</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritisk_tetthet_(kjemi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritisk tetthet (kjemi) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Kritisk tetthet</a></th><td colspan="2">MV g/L</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fordampningsvarme" title="Fordampningsvarme">Fordampningsvarme</a></th><td colspan="2">514,4 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Smeltevarme" title="Smeltevarme">Smeltevarme</a></th><td colspan="2">16,10 kJ/mol</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Damptrykk" title="Damptrykk">Damptrykk</a></th><td colspan="2">MV Pa</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lydfart" class="mw-redirect" title="Lydfart">Lydfart</a></th><td colspan="2">2 490 m/s ved 20 °C</td></tr><tr class="overskrift"><td colspan="4" class="center">Diverse</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektronegativitet" title="Elektronegativitet">Elektronegativitet</a> etter Pauling-skalaen</th><td colspan="2">1,3</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Spesifikk_varmekapasitet" title="Spesifikk varmekapasitet">Spesifikk varmekapasitet</a></th><td colspan="2">MV J/(kg·K)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_ledningsevne" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektrisk ledningsevne">Elektrisk ledningsevne</a></th><td colspan="2">147 n&Omega m</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Termisk_konduktivitet" title="Termisk konduktivitet">Termisk konduktivitet</a></th><td colspan="2">54,0 W/(m·K)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><small><a href="/wiki/SI-systemet" title="SI-systemet">SI</a>-enheter & <a href="/wiki/Standard_trykk_og_temperatur" title="Standard trykk og temperatur">STP</a> er brukt, hvis ikke annet er nevnt. MV = Manglende verdi.</small></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Thorium</b> er et <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet">radioaktivt</a> <a href="/wiki/Grunnstoff" title="Grunnstoff">grunnstoff</a> med <a href="/wiki/Atomnummer" title="Atomnummer">atomnummer</a> 90 og <a href="/wiki/Atomsymbol" title="Atomsymbol">atomsymbol</a> <b>Th</b>. Det er et <a href="/wiki/Actinoid" title="Actinoid">actinoid</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Historie"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium ble oppdaget i <a href="/wiki/1828" title="1828">1828</a> av den svenske kjemikeren <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jakob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jakob Berzelius">Jöns Jakob Berzelius</a> i forbindelse med analyser av et nytt mineral som <a href="/wiki/Morten_Thrane_Esmark" title="Morten Thrane Esmark">Morten Thrane Esmark</a> hadde funnet på Løvøya ved <a href="/wiki/Brevik" title="Brevik">Brevik</a> i Langesundsfjorden. Thorium hadde ikke noe bruksområde før gasslamper med glødenett ble oppfunnet i <a href="/wiki/1885" title="1885">1885</a>. I 1898 oppdaget <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> og Gerhard Schmidt, hver for seg, at thorium er radioaktivt. </p><p>Grunnstoffet og mineralet (thoritt) ble oppkalt etter den <a href="/wiki/Norr%C3%B8n_mytologi" title="Norrøn mytologi">norrøne</a> «tordenguden» <a href="/wiki/Tor" title="Tor">Tor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thorium ble i 2019 kåret til Norges nasjonalgrunnstoff.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg/250px-Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg/375px-Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg/500px-Electron_shell_090_Thorium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Thoriumatomets <a href="/wiki/Elektronskall" title="Elektronskall">elektronskall</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Egenskaper">Egenskaper</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Egenskaper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Egenskaper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium er et sølvhvitt radioaktivt metall som tilhører <a href="/wiki/Actinoid" title="Actinoid">actinoidene</a>. Helt rent thorium er mykt og formbart, og kan kaldvalses. Det beholder overflateglansen i opptil flere måneder, men ved kontakt med oksygen dannes <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoriumdioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoriumdioksid (ikke skrevet ennå)">thoriumdioksid</a> og overflaten blir gradvis grå, så svart. </p><p>Thorium angripes langsomt av vann, og løses langsomt opp av fortynnede <a href="/wiki/Syre" title="Syre">syrer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flussyre" title="Flussyre">flussyre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salpetersyre" title="Salpetersyre">salpetersyre</a> og <a href="/wiki/Svovelsyre" title="Svovelsyre">svovelsyre</a>) og konsentrerte syrer (<a href="/wiki/Saltsyre" title="Saltsyre">saltsyre</a> og <a href="/wiki/Fosforsyre" title="Fosforsyre">fosforsyre</a>). I varm salpetersyre og <a href="/wiki/Kongevann" title="Kongevann">kongevann</a> løses det raskt opp. Thorium brenner i luft med en hvit lysende flamme. </p><p>Thoriumdioksid (ThO<sub>2</sub>) har et av de høyeste <a href="/wiki/Kokepunkt" title="Kokepunkt">kokepunktene</a> (3300 °C) blant <a href="/wiki/Oksid" title="Oksid">oksidene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotoper">Isotoper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Isotoper" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Isotoper"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thorium har ingen stabile isotoper. Naturlig forekommende thorium består utelukkende av den ustabile (og dermed radioaktive) isotopen <sup>232</sup><b>Th</b> med <a href="/wiki/Halveringstid" title="Halveringstid">halveringstid</a> 1,405 × 10<sup>10</sup> år. I tillegg er 29 kunstig fremstilte isotoper kjent. De mest stabile av disse er <sup>230</sup><b>Th</b> med halveringstid 75 380 år, <sup>229</sup><b>Th</b> med halveringstid 7 340 år, <sup>228</sup><b>Th</b> med halveringstid 1,9116 år, <sup>234</sup><b>Th</b> med halveringstid 24,10 døgn, <sup>227</sup><b>Th</b> med halveringstid 18,72 døgn, og <sup>231</sup><b>Th</b> med halveringstid 25,52 timer. Alle de resterende isotopene har halveringstider kortere enn 1 time, og de fleste kortere enn 10 minutter.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Atomvekten til thoriumisotopene varierer mellom 212 <a href="/wiki/Atommasseenhet" title="Atommasseenhet">u</a> (<sup>212</sup><b>Th</b>) og 236 u (<sup>236</sup><b>Th</b>). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_Abstracts_Service" title="Chemical Abstracts Service">CAS</a>-nummer: 7440-29-1 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forekomst">Forekomst</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Forekomst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Forekomst"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Thorium-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thorium-2.jpg/250px-Thorium-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thorium-2.jpg/375px-Thorium-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Thorium-2.jpg/500px-Thorium-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>En bit med (litt korrodert) thorium</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Fensfeltet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fensfeltet.svg/250px-Fensfeltet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fensfeltet.svg/500px-Fensfeltet.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fensfeltet" title="Fensfeltet">Fensfeltets</a> beliggenhet i <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Thoriumreservene i verden er beregnet til (i <a href="/wiki/Tonn" title="Tonn">tonn</a>):<br /> 360 000 i <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><br /> 300 000 i <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a><br /> 170 000 i <a href="/wiki/Norge" title="Norge">Norge</a><br /> 160 000 i <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a><br /> 100 000 i <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a><br /> 35 000 i <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Afrika" title="Sør-Afrika">Sør-Afrika</a><br /> 16 000 i <a href="/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil">Brasil</a><br /> 95 000 tonn i andre land. </p><p>Disse dataene er usikre fordi det i dag er begrenset kommersiell produksjon av thorium, og data varierer en del mellom forskjellige kilder. Enkelte kilder har vesentlig høyere anslag for for eksempel Brasil, <a href="/wiki/Kasakhstan" title="Kasakhstan">Kasakhstan</a> og Russland og fører til at norsk forekomst rangeres fra tredje- til syvendeplass. </p><p>Thorium forekommer i små mengder i de aller fleste <a href="/wiki/Bergart" title="Bergart">berg-</a> og jordarter. Det forekommer omtrent tre ganger så hyppig som <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">uran</a> og omtrent like hyppig som <a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">bly</a>. De fleste jordarter har en thoriumtetthet på omtrent 6 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>. Thorium forekommer også i flere <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineraler</a>, i hovedsak <a href="/wiki/Monazitt" title="Monazitt">monazitt</a>, som inneholder omtrent 12 % thoriumoksid, og som forekommer i større mengder i flere land. Mineralet er svært motstandsdyktig mot forvitring og kan enkelte steder hentes løst sammen med sand, for eksempel Australia og India. Så lenge markedet er lite, dekker denne lett tilgjengelige forekomsten behovet. </p><p>Den norske forekomsten befinner seg i den østlige delen av gruvefeltet <a href="/wiki/Fensfeltet" title="Fensfeltet">Fensfeltet</a> i <a href="/wiki/Nome_kommune" class="mw-redirect" title="Nome kommune">Nome kommune</a> i <a href="/wiki/Telemark" title="Telemark">Telemark</a>, og flere andre mindre forekomster, fordelt i rødberg og en bergart som blir kalt «ferrokarbonatitt». Den gjennomsnittlige konsentrasjonen av thoriumoksid i Fensfeltet er rundt 0,2 %, og det er usikkert om dette i dag gir tilstrekkelig drivverdighet for utvinning av thorium til kjernekraft. De beste større forekomster internasjonalt har konsentrasjoner over 1 %.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leting i Norge har i stor grad vært foretatt fra luft og bakkenivå ved måling av <a href="/wiki/Gammastr%C3%A5ling" title="Gammastråling">gammastråling</a> fra nedbrytningsprodukter av thorium. Disse målingene vil ikke finne forekomster som er overdekket for eksempel av tette marine avleiringer. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium-232&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium-232 (ikke skrevet ennå)">Thorium-232</a> brytes ned sakte, og har en halveringstid som tilsvarer tre ganger jordas alder, men andre isotoper forekommer i nedbrytingen av <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">uran</a>. De aller fleste av disse har mye kortere halveringstider enn Th-232 og er derfor mye mer radioaktive. I forhold til Th-232 er forekomstene av disse ubetydelige. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anvendelse">Anvendelse</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Anvendelse" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Anvendelse"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Dfr_px826.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Dfr_px826.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="500" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Petromax-lampe med glødenett av ceriumoksid og thoriumoksid</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Oksid" title="Oksid">Oksidet</a> blir brukt: </p> <ul><li>sammen med ceriumoksid i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gl%C3%B8denett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glødenett (ikke skrevet ennå)">glødenett</a> i transportable gasslamper. Disse nettinghettene gløder med et kraftig, blendende hvitt lys når de varmes av gassflamme (Auer-brenner og Petromax-lamper).</li> <li>som legeringselement i <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, noe som gir økt styrke og motstand mot sliteskader over lengre tid og ved høy temperatur.</li> <li>som belegg på <a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">wolframledninger</a> i elektroniske apparat.</li> <li>i <a href="/wiki/Sveising" title="Sveising">sveiseelektroder</a> og i <a href="/wiki/Keramikk" title="Keramikk">keramikk</a> som må tåle høy temperatur.</li> <li>i laboratoriebeholdere for å gjøre dem motstandsdyktige mot høy temperatur.</li> <li>for å lage glass som skal brukes i veldig nøyaktige linser og vitenskapelige instrumenter.</li> <li>Thoriumoksid blir brukt som <a href="/wiki/Katalysator" title="Katalysator">katalysator</a> i <ul><li>omdannelsen av <a href="/wiki/Ammoniakk" title="Ammoniakk">ammoniakk</a> til <a href="/wiki/Salpetersyre" title="Salpetersyre">salpetersyre</a>.</li> <li>i <a href="/wiki/Krakking" title="Krakking">krakking</a> i petroleumsindustrien.</li> <li>i <a href="/wiki/Svovelsyre" title="Svovelsyre">svovelsyreproduksjon</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">Uran</a>-Thoriumdatering brukes for å datere <a href="/wiki/Hominid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominid">hominidrester</a>.</li> <li>i produksjon av radioaktivt materiale. Blant annet ville man bruke thorium i energiforsterkeren. Thorium kan brukes i kjernekraftverk til helt eller delvis å erstatte <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">uran</a> som brensel. For å gjøre dette må det bygges en ny industri for å handtere thorium siden en ikke kan bruke dagens anlegg for uran til det.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoriumdioksid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoriumdioksid (ikke skrevet ennå)">Thoriumdioksid</a> (Th0<sub>2</sub>) er den aktive komponenten i <a href="/wiki/Thorotrast" title="Thorotrast">Thorotrast</a>, et <a href="/wiki/Kontrastmiddel" title="Kontrastmiddel">kontrastmiddel</a> som ble brukt i <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgen" class="mw-redirect" title="Røntgen">røntgendiagnostikk</a>, men som man har gått vekk fra grunnet thoriums skadelige virkninger på kroppen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thoriumbasert_kjernekraft">Thoriumbasert kjernekraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Thoriumbasert kjernekraft" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Thoriumbasert kjernekraft"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fordi Norge har den fjerde (noen kilder oppgir tredje) største forekomsten av thorium i verden,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og fordi forekomsten av thorium totalt er vesentlig høyere enn uran, har det vært interesse for å anvende thorium i kjernefysiske <a href="/wiki/Atomreaktor" title="Atomreaktor">fisjonsreaktorer</a>, også i Norge. Selv om stoffet i seg selv ikke er <a href="/wiki/Kjernefysisk_fisjon" title="Kjernefysisk fisjon">fissilt</a>, absorberer Thorium-232 (Th-232) <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8ytron" title="Nøytron">nøytroner</a> i en prosess som til slutt danner <a href="/w/index.php?title=Uran-233&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uran-233 (ikke skrevet ennå)">Uran-233</a> (U-233), som kan brukes direkte i fisjon. Derfor er Thorium-232, i likhet med <a href="/wiki/Uran-238" title="Uran-238">Uran-238</a> en god kilde til fissilt materiale. </p><p>I en såkalt formeringsreaktor kan nøytroner fra pågående fisjon av Uran-235 eller U-233 bestråle Thorium-232 for å fremstille ytterligere aktivt U-233 som kjernebrensel.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er en markant forskjell mellom bruken av Th-232 og U-238 eller <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>-239 i fremstillingen av fissilt materiale, i at Th-232 er en god del mer effektivt. Når Th-232 utsettes for en mindre mengde fissilt materiale (for eksempel -235), starter en reaksjon hvor thoriumet tar til seg et <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B8ytron" title="Nøytron">nøytron</a>, for så å gjennomgå to steg <a href="/wiki/Kjernereaksjon" title="Kjernereaksjon">betanedbrytning</a> til <a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a>-233, og videre til <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">uran</a>-233, som er fissilt. <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">Uranet</a> skilles så fra gjenværende thorium og kan settes direkte inn i fissilt energiproduksjon. Denne prosessen er lik som ved bruk av U-238 eller Pu-239, men er som sagt en god del mer effektiv. </p><p>Det er også mulig å fremstille fissilt U-233 direkte med en nøytronkilde som bestråler Th-232.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dette prinsippet betegnes ADR (Akselerasjons Drevet Reaktor). U-233 vil absorbere nøytroner og fisjonere og sende ut nye nøytroner. Det hevdes at dette er en sikrere prosess siden det kun er thorium som omformes til U-233 som kan fisjonere og at mengden fissilt materiale i reaktoren derfor vil være for lavt til å forårsake nedsmeltning ved uhell. Det er imidlertid en rekke praktiske løsninger som krever betydelige investeringer i forskning (foreslått 500 mill. € for første protoyp), og beholder risikoproblemer knyttet til radioaktivt avfall og fremstilling av U-233 for atomvåpen.<sup class="Template-Fact noexcerpt" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Det er enkelte problemer med bruken av thorium som kilde til fissilt materiale, blant annet de høye kostnadene ved å rense U-233 for rester av det uegnede U-232, som alltid forekommer i en slik prosess. Thorium som har vært brukt i denne produksjonen inneholder også alltid rester av Th-228, som er mye mer radioaktivt og uegnet for prosessen. I teorien er det mulig å bruke U-233 i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisjonsv%C3%A5pen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisjonsvåpen (ikke skrevet ennå)">fisjonsvåpen</a>, men prosessen med å fjerne isotopen U-232 er for komplisert til å opprike naturlig uran og lage en konvensjonell U-235-bombe. Det har også vist seg å være besværlig å gjenvinne thorium til gjenbruk. På grunn av disse problemene er thorium per i dag ikke velegnet for kommersiell energiproduksjon, og det vil være nødvendig med mye teknologisk utvikling innen feltet for å kunne ta i bruk thorium i stor skala. Så lenge man har tilstrekkelige forekomster av <a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">uran</a> er det tvil om denne utviklingen kan forsvares økonomisk.<sup class="Template-Fact noexcerpt" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>På lang sikt har thorium et stort potensial. Påviste reserver av thorium tilsvarer omkring tre ganger mengden av uran, og på lang sikt kan nok thorium være et viktig ledd i fortsatt bruk av kjernefysisk energi. Anvendelsen har imidlertid mindre, men sammenlignbare problemer med radioaktive avfallsprodukter fra uranbasert fisjon og tilhørende fraskilling, transport og lagring. I et langsiktig globalt perspektiv er tilgang på råstoff også begrenset til noen hundre år ved satsing av thoriumbasert atomkraft. På enda lengre sikt blir det nødvendig å finne energiløsninger basert på <a href="/wiki/Kjernefysisk_fusjon" title="Kjernefysisk fusjon">kjernefysisk fusjon</a> eller andre underliggende mekanismer.<sup class="Template-Fact noexcerpt" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> har store thoriumforekomster, og planlegger en gradvis overgang fra bruken av uran til thorium i produksjon av fissilt materiale. Russland har også drevet forskning med thorium i forskningsreaktorer og ved tester i enkelte kjernekraftverk, ettersom flere russiske reaktorer er godt egnet for dette.<sup class="Template-Fact noexcerpt" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Hjelp:Trenger_referanse" title="Hjelp:Trenger referanse"><span title="Foregående påstand trenger referanse">trenger referanse</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faremomenter_og_sikkerhetstiltak">Faremomenter og sikkerhetstiltak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Faremomenter og sikkerhetstiltak" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Faremomenter og sikkerhetstiltak"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thoriummetall i pulverform kan selvantenne, og må håndteres forsiktig. Thorium brytes ned til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thoron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thoron (ikke skrevet ennå)">thoron</a>, som er en <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radonisotop</a> (<sup>220</sup><b>Rn</b>). Da <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radongass</a> er <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet">radioaktiv</a> og påvist skadelig for mennesker, er det viktig at oppbevaringslokaler og steder der thorium brukes eller håndteres er godt ventilerte. </p><p>Kontakt med thorium eksternt (på <a href="/wiki/Hud" title="Hud">huden</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Lunge" title="Lunge">lungene</a>) kan føre til økt fare for <a href="/wiki/Kreft" title="Kreft">kreft</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lungekreft" title="Lungekreft">lungene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukspyttkjertel" title="Bukspyttkjertel">bukspyttkjertelen</a> og <a href="/wiki/Leukemi" title="Leukemi">blodet</a>. Kontakt med thorium internt (i <a href="/wiki/Ford%C3%B8yelsessystemet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fordøyelsessystemet">fordøyelsessystemet</a>) kan føre til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leversykdom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leversykdom (ikke skrevet ennå)">leversykdommer</a>. Thorium forekommer ikke naturlig i menneskekroppen, og har ingen kjent bruk i biologiske mekanismer. Se <a href="/wiki/Thorotrast" title="Thorotrast">Thorotrast</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_også"><span id="Se_ogs.C3.A5"></span>Se også</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Se også" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Se også"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grunnstoffliste" class="mw-redirect" title="Grunnstoffliste">Grunnstoffliste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotoptabell" title="Isotoptabell">Isotoptabell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">Periodesystemet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=9" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">J.J.Berzelius (1829), Vet.Akad.Handl., S. 1 ff. Pogg. Ann. 15, 633; 16, 383 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190926115415/https://titan.uio.no/node/3466">«Thorium er Norges nasjonalgrunnstoff»</a>. <i>titan.uio.no</i>. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://titan.uio.no/node/3466">originalen</a> 26. september 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 26. september 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AThorium&rft.atitle=Thorium+er+Norges+nasjonalgrunnstoff&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=titan.uio.no&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftitan.uio.no%2Fnode%2F3466&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Th_iso.htm">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory – Isotoptabell for thorium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100203162843/http://ie.lbl.gov/education/parent/Th_iso.htm">Arkivert</a> 3. februar 2010 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geoportalen.no/sfiles/2/16/5/file/thorium36.pdf">Geoportalen: En stor ressurs – Men har vi en forekomst?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141028133711/http://www.geoportalen.no/sfiles/2/16/5/file/thorium36.pdf">Arkivert</a> 28. oktober 2014 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107083059/http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.htm">«Thorium»</a> (på engelsk). World Nuclear Association. mai 2007. Arkivert fra <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf62.htm">originalen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(html)</span> 7. november 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 20. august 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AThorium&rft.btitle=Thorium&rft.date=2007-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=World+Nuclear+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-nuclear.org%2Finfo%2Finf62.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thorium/thorimcs07.pdf">«Thorium mineral ressources 2007»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(pdf)</span> (på engelsk). US Geological Survey (USGS)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 18. november 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AThorium&rft.btitle=Thorium+mineral+ressources+2007&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=US+Geological+Survey+%28USGS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fthorium%2Fthorimcs07.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Mujid S. Kazimi (september–oktober 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/25710">«Thorium Fuel for Nuclear Energy»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(html)</span> (på engelsk). American Scientist Online. <a href="/wiki/Digital_objektidentifikator" title="Digital objektidentifikator">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1511%2F2003.5.408">10.1511/2003.5.408</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 29. august 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AThorium&rft.au=Mujid+S.+Kazimi&rft.btitle=Thorium+Fuel+for+Nuclear+Energy&rft.date=2003-09%2F2003-10&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=American+Scientist+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanscientist.org%2Ftemplate%2FAssetDetail%2Fassetid%2F25710&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1511%2F2003.5.408&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lars Holger Ursin (november 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyheter.uib.no/?modus=vis_engelsk&id=33936">«Safe nuclear power can avert the energy crisis»</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(html)</span>. Universitetet i Bergen Nettavis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besøkt 29. august 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fno.wikipedia.org%3AThorium&rft.au=Lars+Holger+Ursin&rft.btitle=Safe+nuclear+power+can+avert+the+energy+crisis&rft.date=2006-11&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Universitetet+i+Bergen+Nettavis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnyheter.uib.no%2F%3Fmodus%3Dvis_engelsk%26id%3D33936&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium&action=edit&section=10" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itheo.org/">International Thorium Energy Organisation - www.IThEO.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175633/http://www.itheo.org/">Arkivert</a> 6. mars 2016 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Th/key.html">Webelements.com – thorium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211152524/http://www.zero.no/publikasjoner/thorium-som-kjernebrensel">Thorium som kjernebrensel. En vurdering av tekniske muligheter og miljømessige utfordringer. Miljøstiftelsen Zero.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/oed/pressesenter/pressemeldinger/2008/Statsrad-Haga-har-mottatt-rapport-fra-Th.html?id=500775">Det norske Thoriumutvalgets rapport 2008 (PDF)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forskning.no/alternativ-energi-kjernefysikk-radioaktivitet/2008/02/thoriumreaktoren">Thoriumreaktoren</a> - Interaktiv multimedia fra forskning.no 12.11.06</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forskning.no/bergfag-energi-fysikk-kjernefysikk-miljoteknologi/2011/03/thorium-til-massene">Thorium til massene</a> - artikkel fra forskning.no 28.3.11</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24994932">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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malen">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-rediger"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Rediger_side/Mal:Periodesystemet" title="Spesial:Rediger side/Mal:Periodesystemet"><abbr title="Rediger denne malen">r</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodesystemet19" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodesystemet" title="Periodesystemet">Periodesystemet</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table border="1" style="text-align:center; border:1px solid #ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; width:100%" rules="all" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" colspan="30">  </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6666"><a href="/wiki/Litium" title="Litium">Li</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Bor_(grunnstoff)" title="Bor (grunnstoff)">B</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Oksygen" title="Oksygen">O</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6666"><a href="/wiki/Natrium" title="Natrium">Na</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24">  </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Silisium" title="Silisium">Si</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">P</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Svovel" title="Svovel">S</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Klor" title="Klor">Cl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6666"><a href="/wiki/Kalium" title="Kalium">K</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Kalsium" title="Kalsium">Ca</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Titan_(grunnstoff)" title="Titan (grunnstoff)">Ti</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Krom" title="Krom">Cr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Jern" title="Jern">Fe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kobolt" title="Kobolt">Co</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Nikkel" title="Nikkel">Ni</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kobber" title="Kobber">Cu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Zn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#a0ffa0"><a href="/wiki/Selen" title="Selen">Se</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Br</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6666"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td colspan="14">  </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Zirkonium" title="Zirkonium">Zr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Niob" title="Niob">Nb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Molybden" title="Molybden">Mo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8lv" title="Sølv">Ag</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kadmium" title="Kadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Tinn_(grunnstoff)" title="Tinn (grunnstoff)">Sn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Antimon" title="Antimon">Sb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Tellur" title="Tellur">Te</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Jod" title="Jod">I</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FF6666"><a href="/wiki/Cesium" title="Cesium">Cs</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">La</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Praseodym" title="Praseodym">Pr</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Neodym" title="Neodym">Nd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#FFBFFF"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Tantal" title="Tantal">Ta</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Wolfram" title="Wolfram">W</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Platina" title="Platina">Pt</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">Au</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Kvikks%C3%B8lv" title="Kvikksølv">Hg</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Bly" title="Bly">Pb</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Vismut" title="Vismut">Bi</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#cccc99"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Astat" title="Astat">At</a> </td> <td width="3.125%" style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6666"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDEAD"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Th</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Uran" title="Uran">U</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ntgenium" title="Røntgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffff99"><a href="/wiki/Tenness" title="Tenness">Ts</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#c0ffff"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table><br /> <table border="1" align="center" style="border:1px solid #ffffff; border-collapse:collapse; font-size: smaller; width:100%" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#FF6666" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Alkalimetall" title="Alkalimetall">Alkalimetaller</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFDEAD" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Jordalkalimetall" title="Jordalkalimetall">Jordalkalimetaller</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFBFFF" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Lantanoid" title="Lantanoid">Lantanoider</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ef99cc" width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Actinoid" title="Actinoid">Actinoider</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#ffc0c0" width="10%"><a 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