CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en" dir="ltr" xmlns:article="http://ogp.me/ns/article#" xmlns:book="http://ogp.me/ns/book#" xmlns:product="http://ogp.me/ns/product#" xmlns:profile="http://ogp.me/ns/profile#" xmlns:video="http://ogp.me/ns/video#" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><meta name="title" content="Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel | Encyclopedia.com" /><link rel="canonical" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel" /><meta name="description" content="IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath) BEN ISRAELIBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath ) BEN ISRAEL (before 1167–1247), gaon and Hebrew poet. Isaac ibn Shuwayk flourished in Baghdad, and was a friend of *Eleazar b. Jacob ha-Bavli, who corresponded with him and composed a long elegy on his death. Abraham b. Moses b. Maimon also addressed a letter to Isaac. Source for information on Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel: Encyclopaedia Judaica dictionary." /><meta name="abstract" content="IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath) BEN ISRAELIBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath ) BEN ISRAEL (before 1167–1247), gaon and Hebrew poet. Isaac ibn Shuwayk flourished in Baghdad, and was a friend of *Eleazar b. Jacob ha-Bavli, who corresponded with him and composed a long elegy on his death. Abraham b. Moses b. Maimon also addressed a letter to Isaac." /><meta name="keywords" content="IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath) BEN ISRAELIBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath ) BEN ISRAEL (before 1167–1247), gaon and Hebrew poet. Isaac ibn Shuwayk flourished in Baghdad, and was a friend of *Eleazar b. Jacob ha-Bavli, who corresponded with him and composed a long elegy on his death. Abraham b. Moses b. Maimon also addressed a letter to Isaac." /><meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 8 (https://www.drupal.org)" /><meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /><meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=0" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /><link rel="revision" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel" /><title>Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel | Encyclopedia.com</title> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-64847704-1', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script data-cfasync="false">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-W4GBLXB');</script> <script>(function(w, d) { w.adthrive = w.adthrive || {}; w.adthrive.cmd = w.adthrive.cmd || []; w.adthrive.plugin = 'adthrive-ads-1.0.41-manual'; w.adthrive.host = 'ads.adthrive.com'; var s = d.createElement('script'); s.async = true; s.referrerpolicy='no-referrer-when-downgrade'; s.src = 'https://' + w.adthrive.host + '/sites/5dc336ff22eddf534ab4417c/ads.min.js?referrer=' + w.encodeURIComponent(w.location.href); var n = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; n.parentNode.insertBefore(s, n); })(window, document);</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_z7D5Imf9MgPYK3ZzfSegbqTmsndFtAZGjuaeVP-v9ZY.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_PKoD1c51rXhDWjoL2z3EIsRnpif7i9DxnaRGocb8JzA.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_k9u1IODySqC3j4I1pBBMqRSLt5ZKAL5HHw12USc5C1U.css" /> <script> var _reportClientErrors = false; var nodeType = "article", rootPath = "node"; var dataLayer = [{ pageType : 'article', }]; </script></head><body class="path-node page-node-type-article"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-W4GBLXB" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <header><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col align-items-center d-flex"><div style="visibility: hidden; position: absolute; width: 0; height: 0;"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <symbol id="encyclopedia-logo"> <path fill="#00428b" d="M0 5.36h11.54v3.38h-7.6v2.16h6.88v3.14H3.94v2.27h7.7v3.38H0zM13.66 5.36h3.7l5.9 7.57V5.35h3.94V19.7h-3.48l-6.12-7.86v7.86h-3.94zM36.13 19.98a7.55 7.55 0 01-2.89-.55 7.06 7.06 0 01-2.34-1.55 7.46 7.46 0 01-2.16-5.31v-.05a7.49 7.49 0 012.15-5.3 7.2 7.2 0 012.39-1.58 7.81 7.81 0 013.02-.58 8.66 8.66 0 012 .22 6.87 6.87 0 011.65.62 6.6 6.6 0 011.35.95 7.88 7.88 0 011.08 1.2l-3 2.32a5.16 5.16 0 00-1.34-1.23 3.35 3.35 0 00-1.79-.45 3.18 3.18 0 00-1.38.3 3.31 3.31 0 00-1.07.81 3.8 3.8 0 00-.7 1.2 4.24 4.24 0 00-.26 1.48v.04a4.39 4.39 0 00.25 1.5 3.77 3.77 0 00.71 1.23 3.3 3.3 0 001.08.8 3.18 3.18 0 001.38.3 3.92 3.92 0 001.01-.12 3.1 3.1 0 00.84-.36 4.6 4.6 0 00.72-.55 8.37 8.37 0 00.67-.7l2.99 2.13a10.63 10.63 0 01-1.12 1.29A6.41 6.41 0 0140 19.06a7.18 7.18 0 01-1.72.68 8.59 8.59 0 01-2.15.24zM47.8 14.33l-5.44-8.98h4.53l2.94 5.23 2.97-5.23h4.45l-5.45 8.91v5.43h-4zM64.87 19.98a7.55 7.55 0 01-2.89-.55 7.07 7.07 0 01-2.34-1.55 7.45 7.45 0 01-2.16-5.31v-.05a7.49 7.49 0 012.15-5.3A7.2 7.2 0 0162 5.64a7.81 7.81 0 013.02-.58 8.65 8.65 0 012.01.22 6.87 6.87 0 011.65.61 6.6 6.6 0 011.35.96 7.86 7.86 0 011.08 1.2l-3 2.32a5.17 5.17 0 00-1.34-1.23 3.35 3.35 0 00-1.79-.45 3.17 3.17 0 00-1.38.3 3.3 3.3 0 00-1.07.81 3.78 3.78 0 00-.71 1.2 4.23 4.23 0 00-.26 1.48v.04a4.38 4.38 0 00.26 1.5 3.75 3.75 0 00.7 1.23 3.3 3.3 0 001.08.8 3.18 3.18 0 001.38.3 3.92 3.92 0 001.02-.12 3.1 3.1 0 00.84-.35 4.58 4.58 0 00.71-.56 8.36 8.36 0 00.67-.7l2.99 2.13a10.6 10.6 0 01-1.12 1.29 6.4 6.4 0 01-1.37 1.02 7.18 7.18 0 01-1.72.68 8.58 8.58 0 01-2.14.24zM72.4 5.36h3.97v10.86h6.95v3.47H72.4zM91.72 19.98a7.97 7.97 0 01-3.07-.58 7.56 7.56 0 01-2.44-1.59 7.32 7.32 0 01-1.6-2.36 7.2 7.2 0 01-.6-2.88v-.05a7.31 7.31 0 012.22-5.27 7.72 7.72 0 012.46-1.6 8.38 8.38 0 016.15 0 7.56 7.56 0 012.43 1.59 7.33 7.33 0 011.61 2.35 7.2 7.2 0 01.59 2.9v.03a7.31 7.31 0 01-2.22 5.28 7.72 7.72 0 01-2.46 1.6 7.97 7.97 0 01-3.07.58zm.04-3.58a3.58 3.58 0 001.5-.31 3.45 3.45 0 001.15-.83 3.85 3.85 0 00.74-1.22 4.08 4.08 0 00.26-1.48v-.04a4.07 4.07 0 00-.26-1.47 3.78 3.78 0 00-.76-1.23 3.74 3.74 0 00-1.17-.85 3.72 3.72 0 00-2.98-.01 3.58 3.58 0 00-1.15.83 3.62 3.62 0 00-.74 1.22 4.24 4.24 0 00-.25 1.47v.04a4.1 4.1 0 00.26 1.48 3.87 3.87 0 00.75 1.23 3.6 3.6 0 001.16.85 3.48 3.48 0 001.5.32zM101.58 5.23h4.1v2.09a6.49 6.49 0 011.82-1.69 5 5 0 012.68-.66 6.41 6.41 0 012.45.49 6.06 6.06 0 012.1 1.44 7.21 7.21 0 011.47 2.35 8.61 8.61 0 01.56 3.2v.05a8.61 8.61 0 01-.56 3.2 7.34 7.34 0 01-1.45 2.35 5.95 5.95 0 01-2.09 1.44 6.49 6.49 0 01-2.48.49 5.15 5.15 0 01-2.7-.65 7.22 7.22 0 01-1.8-1.51V24h-4.1zm7.54 11.26a3.3 3.3 0 001.37-.28 3.38 3.38 0 001.11-.81 3.91 3.91 0 00.77-1.26 4.52 4.52 0 00.29-1.64v-.06a4.54 4.54 0 00-.29-1.63 3.9 3.9 0 00-.77-1.27 3.4 3.4 0 00-1.11-.8 3.41 3.41 0 00-2.73 0 3.25 3.25 0 00-1.1.8 4.03 4.03 0 00-.76 1.27 4.54 4.54 0 00-.28 1.63v.06a4.54 4.54 0 00.28 1.63 4.02 4.02 0 00.75 1.27 3.24 3.24 0 001.11.8 3.3 3.3 0 001.36.3zM125.96 20.01a8.24 8.24 0 01-3-.54 6.96 6.96 0 01-2.4-1.53 7.1 7.1 0 01-1.58-2.36 7.83 7.83 0 01-.57-3.03v-.06a8.08 8.08 0 01.53-2.9 7.4 7.4 0 011.47-2.4 6.85 6.85 0 015.15-2.22 7.04 7.04 0 013.12.65 6.36 6.36 0 012.2 1.74 7.22 7.22 0 011.3 2.5 10.34 10.34 0 01.42 2.95l-.02.51-.04.57h-10.06a3.46 3.46 0 001.23 2.12 3.67 3.67 0 002.3.72 4.56 4.56 0 001.84-.35 6.22 6.22 0 001.67-1.13l2.35 2.07a7.27 7.27 0 01-2.48 1.98 7.7 7.7 0 01-3.43.71zm2.64-8.68a3.99 3.99 0 00-.97-2.22 2.69 2.69 0 00-2.07-.85 2.75 2.75 0 00-2.1.83 4.18 4.18 0 00-1.03 2.24zM140.9 19.97a6.42 6.42 0 01-2.45-.48 6.07 6.07 0 01-2.1-1.45 7.2 7.2 0 01-1.47-2.35 8.6 8.6 0 01-.55-3.2v-.05a8.6 8.6 0 01.55-3.2 7.33 7.33 0 011.46-2.34 5.92 5.92 0 012.09-1.44 6.48 6.48 0 012.47-.49 5.14 5.14 0 012.71.65 7.26 7.26 0 011.8 1.5V0h4.1v19.7h-4.1v-2.07a6.5 6.5 0 01-1.83 1.68 5 5 0 01-2.68.66zm1.06-3.48a3.3 3.3 0 001.36-.28 3.25 3.25 0 001.1-.81 4.03 4.03 0 00.76-1.27 4.55 4.55 0 00.29-1.63v-.05a4.54 4.54 0 00-.29-1.64 4.04 4.04 0 00-.75-1.27 3.26 3.26 0 00-1.1-.8 3.41 3.41 0 00-2.73 0 3.39 3.39 0 00-1.12.8 3.92 3.92 0 00-.77 1.26 4.52 4.52 0 00-.28 1.65v.05a4.55 4.55 0 00.28 1.63 3.89 3.89 0 00.77 1.27 3.38 3.38 0 001.12.81 3.3 3.3 0 001.36.28zM152.58 0h4.31v3.65h-4.3zm.11 5.23h4.1v14.46h-4.1zM204.8 20.01a8.19 8.19 0 01-3.1-.58 7.58 7.58 0 01-2.47-1.59 7.4 7.4 0 01-1.64-2.37 7.25 7.25 0 01-.59-2.92v-.06a7.25 7.25 0 01.6-2.92 7.46 7.46 0 011.64-2.39 7.8 7.8 0 012.48-1.62 8.09 8.09 0 013.13-.59 8.17 8.17 0 013.1.58 7.57 7.57 0 012.46 1.6 7.4 7.4 0 011.64 2.36 7.24 7.24 0 01.59 2.93v.05a7.25 7.25 0 01-.6 2.93 7.45 7.45 0 01-1.64 2.38 7.8 7.8 0 01-2.48 1.62 8.08 8.08 0 01-3.13.6zm.05-3.54a3.79 3.79 0 001.57-.3 3.46 3.46 0 001.17-.85 3.74 3.74 0 00.74-1.25 4.46 4.46 0 00.26-1.52v-.06a4.26 4.26 0 00-.27-1.52 3.82 3.82 0 00-2-2.13 3.61 3.61 0 00-1.53-.33 3.8 3.8 0 00-1.57.31 3.47 3.47 0 00-1.17.85 3.73 3.73 0 00-.74 1.25 4.47 4.47 0 00-.26 1.52v.05a4.27 4.27 0 00.27 1.52 3.86 3.86 0 001.98 2.14 3.59 3.59 0 001.55.32zM214.94 5.23h4.1v2.05a8.81 8.81 0 01.77-.87 5.32 5.32 0 01.93-.74 4.62 4.62 0 011.15-.51 4.98 4.98 0 011.41-.19 4.91 4.91 0 012.47.6 4.01 4.01 0 011.6 1.69 6.6 6.6 0 012.1-1.71 5.84 5.84 0 012.65-.58 4.74 4.74 0 013.59 1.35 5.51 5.51 0 011.3 3.96v9.41h-4.1v-8.06a3.36 3.36 0 00-.63-2.2 2.2 2.2 0 00-1.78-.74 2.31 2.31 0 00-1.82.74 3.21 3.21 0 00-.67 2.2v8.07h-4.1v-8.07a3.35 3.35 0 00-.62-2.2 2.2 2.2 0 00-1.78-.74 2.32 2.32 0 00-1.82.74 3.21 3.21 0 00-.66 2.2v8.07h-4.1zM171.12 12.8a6.45 6.45 0 011.05-3.53l-.16-.6a4.86 4.86 0 00-1.2-1.97 5.17 5.17 0 00-1.98-1.2 8.89 8.89 0 00-2.9-.42 13.07 13.07 0 00-3.13.32 16.1 16.1 0 00-2.48.84l1.03 3.12a13.94 13.94 0 011.9-.58 9.67 9.67 0 012.09-.2 3.46 3.46 0 012.32.68 2.47 2.47 0 01.78 1.97v.25a11.96 11.96 0 00-1.6-.43 10.06 10.06 0 00-1.92-.16 9.12 9.12 0 00-2.35.28 5.37 5.37 0 00-1.83.85 3.93 3.93 0 00-1.2 1.43 4.55 4.55 0 00-.43 2.05v.05a4.39 4.39 0 00.39 1.9 4.07 4.07 0 001.06 1.39 4.51 4.51 0 001.57.85 6.4 6.4 0 001.93.28 5.91 5.91 0 002.56-.5 5.68 5.68 0 001.8-1.34l-.02 1.57h3.97v-3.06a6.45 6.45 0 01-1.25-3.84zm-2.62 1.8a2.24 2.24 0 01-.87 1.83 3.6 3.6 0 01-2.32.7 2.63 2.63 0 01-1.6-.46 1.51 1.51 0 01-.63-1.29v-.05a1.68 1.68 0 01.75-1.49 3.63 3.63 0 012.07-.5 6.4 6.4 0 011.4.14 6.29 6.29 0 011.2.4zM193.66 14.94a7.57 7.57 0 01-1.53 1.11 3.7 3.7 0 01-1.79.42 3.58 3.58 0 01-1.5-.3 3.5 3.5 0 01-1.17-.85 3.7 3.7 0 01-.74-1.27 4.65 4.65 0 01-.26-1.56v-.05a4.45 4.45 0 01.26-1.52 3.84 3.84 0 01.73-1.25 3.5 3.5 0 011.1-.85 3.19 3.19 0 011.42-.3 3.63 3.63 0 011.85.42 6.72 6.72 0 011.44 1.16l2.5-2.7a7.65 7.65 0 00-2.36-1.78 7.83 7.83 0 00-3.4-.65 7.73 7.73 0 00-3.07.6 7.3 7.3 0 00-2.39 1.61 7.47 7.47 0 00-1.54 2.35 6.45 6.45 0 01.14 6.27 7.3 7.3 0 001.4 2.01 7.4 7.4 0 002.4 1.6 7.58 7.58 0 003 .6 7.24 7.24 0 003.5-.75 9.22 9.22 0 002.4-1.9z" class="a"/> <path fill="#f05b13" d="M181.62 12.8a4.01 4.01 0 11-4.01-4.01 4.01 4.01 0 014.01 4z"/> </symbol> </svg></div><div id="logo"> <a id="imagelink" href="/" title="Home" rel="home" class="site-branding__logo"> <svg width="237" height="24"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#encyclopedia-logo"></use></svg> </a></div></div><div class="col hdr-r justify-content-end d-flex align-items-center"><div id="search-form"><form action="https://www.encyclopedia.com/gsearch" method="get"><div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-search form-item-keys js-form-item-keys form-no-label"> <span class="field-preffix"> <input class="button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="" /> </span> <input title="Enter the terms you wish to search for." class="searchbox form-search form-input" placeholder="What do you want to learn today?" data-drupal-selector="edit-keys" type="search" id="edit-keys" name="q" value="" size="15" maxlength="128" /> <span class="field-suffix"> <i class="fa ency-close"></i> </span></div><div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions" > <input class="button js-form-submit form-submit" data-drupal-selector="edit-submit" type="submit" id="edit-submit" value="Search"></div></form></div> <span class="mobile-search-icon"><i class="fa ency-search"></i></span><div class="hdr-categories-container"><a id="rcLink" class="rc-link" onclick="toggleFlyout()"><span class="text" id="block-trustme-main-menu-menu">EXPLORE</span><i class="fa ency-down"></i></a><div class="rc-flyout" id="rcFlyout"><i onclick="closeOverlays();" class="fa fa-close"></i><div class="categories"> <span class="title">EXPLORE</span><ul block="block-trustme-main-menu"><li> <a href="/earth-and-environment" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66206">Earth and Environment</a></li><li> <a href="/history" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66213">History</a></li><li> <a href="/literature-and-arts" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66208">Literature and the Arts</a></li><li> <a href="/medicine" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66205">Medicine</a></li><li> <a href="/people" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66211">People</a></li><li> <a href="/philosophy-and-religion" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66209">Philosophy and Religion</a></li><li> <a href="/places" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66214">Places</a></li><li> <a href="/plants-and-animals" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66210">Plants and Animals</a></li><li> <a href="/science-and-technology" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66204">Science and Technology</a></li><li> <a href="/social-sciences-and-law" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66207">Social Sciences and the Law</a></li><li> <a href="/sports-and-everyday-life" data-drupal-link-system-path="taxonomy/term/66212">Sports and Everyday Life</a></li><li> <a href="/references" data-drupal-link-system-path="references">Additional References</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/articles/">Articles</a></li><li> <a href="/daily/" title="Daily History">Daily</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div> </header><div class="print-logo"><div><div id="block-trustme-printlogo"><div><p><img alt="Encyclopedia.com -- Online dictionary and encyclopedia of facts, information, and biographies" src="/themes/custom/trustme/images/header-logo.jpg" /></p></div></div></div></div><div id="wrapper"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a><div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <main role="main"><div class="container" id="topic_wrap"><div class="row"><div><div id="block-trustme-breadcrumbs"><div id="expapand_breadcrumb_expanded"><ul class="breadcrumb"><li> <a href="/"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 300 1792 1792"><path d="M1472 992v480q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-384v-384h-256v384h-384q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-480q0-1 .5-3t.5-3l575-474 575 474q1 2 1 6zm223-69l-62 74q-8 9-21 11h-3q-13 0-21-7l-692-577-692 577q-12 8-24 7-13-2-21-11l-62-74q-8-10-7-23.5t11-21.5l719-599q32-26 76-26t76 26l244 204v-195q0-14 9-23t23-9h192q14 0 23 9t9 23v408l219 182q10 8 11 21.5t-7 23.5z"/></svg> </a> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path d="M1171 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <span>Religion</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path d="M1171 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <span>Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps</span> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="15" height="15" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path d="M1171 960q0 13-10 23l-466 466q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l393-393-393-393q-10-10-10-23t10-23l50-50q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg></li><li> <span>Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel</span></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="row"><div><div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-9"><div id="block-trustme-content"></div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-trustme-views-block-article-article-detail-block"><div block="block-trustme-views-block-article-article-detail-block"><div class="js-view-dom-id-cd711a881954807acdac6b01e621ecc58b7a403ab5ab0c3cb1a9a14320fea47f"><div class="articleWrapper"><h1 class="doctitle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#collapseExample0" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="multiCollapseExample0" > Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel</h1><div class="divpagetoolscontrol"><div class="logo-copy"><div class="ency-provider ency-logo-gale"> <span class="hidden">gale</span></div> <span class="ency-views">views <strong class="topic_views"></strong></span> <span>updated <strong class="topic_updated"></strong></span></div><div class="icons-topics"><div class="speak-title" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Listen title' > <i> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M832 352v1088q0 26-19 45t-45 19-45-19l-333-333h-262q-26 0-45-19t-19-45v-384q0-26 19-45t45-19h262l333-333q19-19 45-19t45 19 19 45zm384 544q0 76-42.5 141.5t-112.5 93.5q-10 5-25 5-26 0-45-18.5t-19-45.5q0-21 12-35.5t29-25 34-23 29-36 12-56.5-12-56.5-29-36-34-23-29-25-12-35.5q0-27 19-45.5t45-18.5q15 0 25 5 70 27 112.5 93t42.5 142zm256 0q0 153-85 282.5t-225 188.5q-13 5-25 5-27 0-46-19t-19-45q0-39 39-59 56-29 76-44 74-54 115.5-135.5t41.5-173.5-41.5-173.5-115.5-135.5q-20-15-76-44-39-20-39-59 0-26 19-45t45-19q13 0 26 5 140 59 225 188.5t85 282.5zm256 0q0 230-127 422.5t-338 283.5q-13 5-26 5-26 0-45-19t-19-45q0-36 39-59 7-4 22.5-10.5t22.5-10.5q46-25 82-51 123-91 192-227t69-289-69-289-192-227q-36-26-82-51-7-4-22.5-10.5t-22.5-10.5q-39-23-39-59 0-26 19-45t45-19q13 0 26 5 211 91 338 283.5t127 422.5z"/></svg> </i></div> <a class="pagetools_showCitation" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Cite this article' > <i data-toggle="modal" data-target="#citationModal0"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M832 960v384q0 80-56 136t-136 56h-384q-80 0-136-56t-56-136v-704q0-104 40.5-198.5t109.5-163.5 163.5-109.5 198.5-40.5h64q26 0 45 19t19 45v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-64q-106 0-181 75t-75 181v32q0 40 28 68t68 28h224q80 0 136 56t56 136zm896 0v384q0 80-56 136t-136 56h-384q-80 0-136-56t-56-136v-704q0-104 40.5-198.5t109.5-163.5 163.5-109.5 198.5-40.5h64q26 0 45 19t19 45v128q0 26-19 45t-45 19h-64q-106 0-181 75t-75 181v32q0 40 28 68t68 28h224q80 0 136 56t56 136z"/></svg> </i> </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="pagetools_hlPrint" data-toggle="tooltip" data-placement="bottom" title='Print this article' > <i> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 1792 1792"><path fill="#00428b" d="M448 1536h896v-256h-896v256zm0-640h896v-384h-160q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-160h-640v640zm1152 64q0-26-19-45t-45-19-45 19-19 45 19 45 45 19 45-19 19-45zm128 0v416q0 13-9.5 22.5t-22.5 9.5h-224v160q0 40-28 68t-68 28h-960q-40 0-68-28t-28-68v-160h-224q-13 0-22.5-9.5t-9.5-22.5v-416q0-79 56.5-135.5t135.5-56.5h64v-544q0-40 28-68t68-28h672q40 0 88 20t76 48l152 152q28 28 48 76t20 88v256h64q79 0 135.5 56.5t56.5 135.5z"/></svg> </i> </a></div></div><div class="doccontentwrapper collapse show" id="collapseExample0"><div class="article-content-ad"></div><h1>IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC (Ar. Alm al-Fath) BEN ISRAEL</h1><p><b>IBN SHUWAYK, ISAAC</b> (Ar. <b>Alm al-Fath</b> ) <b>BEN ISRAEL</b> (before 1167–1247), <i>gaon</i> and Hebrew poet. Isaac ibn Shuwayk flourished in Baghdad, and was a friend of <a data-article="330132" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/eleazar-ben-jacob-ha-bavli">*Eleazar b. Jacob ha-Bavli</a>, who corresponded with him and composed a long elegy on his death. Abraham b. Moses b. Maimon also addressed a letter to Isaac. <a data-article="437357" href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/al-harizi-judah-ben-solomon">Judah *al-Ḥarizi</a>, who made his acquaintance during his stay in Baghdad (c. 1220), spoke disapprovingly of Isaac's poetry (<i>Taḥkemoni</i>, gate 18), an opinion which is not justified: "Now the pick of their poets was the academy head Isaac bar Israel, few of whose poems were whole and hale; most, pinched and pale, showed weal and wale. He penned a book of <i>maqāmāt</i> cold and remote, filled with songs and letters were best unwrote, that tax the eye and tight the throat. There folly rested, nested, and sickly themes egested, all maggot-infested. Silence had suited Isaac better: he penned neither song nor letter, but worms and fetor." (tr. D.S. Segal, 188) He states that Isaac was the author of a <i>maqāma</i> collection, which has not been preserved. Six of his <i>piyyutim</i> are known today.</p><h2>bibliography:</h2><p>Landshuth, Ammudei, 122; Zunz, Lit Poesie, 204, cf. 504; J. Schirmann, <i>Die hebraeische Uebersetzung der Maqamen des Hariri</i> (1930), 116f.; Fischel, in: mgwj, 79 (1935), 308–10; A. Ben-Jacob, in: <i>Zion</i>, 15 (1950), 56–58; Davidson, Oẓar, 4 (1933), 419; S. Poznański, <i>Babylonische Geonim</i>… (1914), 42–46, 61, 68, 75ff.; A. Neubauer, in: <i>Israelietische Letterbode</i>, 3 (1878), 51.</p><p>[Jefim (Hayyim) Schirmann /</p><p>Angel Sáenz-Badillos (2<sup>nd</sup> ed.)]</p></div><div class="bylinecontainer"> <span>Encyclopaedia Judaica</span> <span></span></div><div class="modal fade" id="citationModal0" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"><div class="modal-dialog modal-lg modal-dialog-scrollable"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button></div><div class="modal-body citation-container"><div class="TopicCitationDiv"><div class="TabbedPanels"><p class="citationprefix"> <a name="citationanchor"></a> <span class="citethis">Cite this article </span> <br> <span class="selectcitationtext">Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography.</span></p><div role="tabpanel" class="TabbedPanels"><ul class="nav nav-tabs" role="tablist"><li role="presentation"> <a href="#mlaTab0" class="active" aria-controls="malTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">MLA</a></li><li role="presentation"> <a href="#chicagoTab0" aria-controls="chicagoTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">Chicago</a></li><li role="presentation"> <a href="#apaTab0" aria-controls="apaTab" role="tab" data-toggle="tab">APA</a></li></ul><div class="tab-content"><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane active" id="mlaTab0"><p class="cittext"> "<a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel ">Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel .</a>" <u>Encyclopaedia Judaica</u>. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> 22 Nov. 2024 <span><</span><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com">https://www.encyclopedia.com</a><span>></span>.</p></div><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="chicagoTab0"><p class="cittext"> "Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel ." <u>Encyclopaedia Judaica</u>. . <i>Encyclopedia.com.</i> (November 22, 2024). <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel ">https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel</a></p></div><div role="tabpanel" class="tab-pane" id="apaTab0"><p class="cittext"> "Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel ." <u>Encyclopaedia Judaica</u>. . Retrieved November 22, 2024 from Encyclopedia.com: <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel "> https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuwayk-isaac-ar-alm-al-fath-ben-israel</a></p></div></div></div><div class="citation-learnmore"> <a class="citationTrigger" data-toggle="collapse" href="#learnCitation0" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="learnCitation0" >Learn more about citation styles <i class="fa fa-angle-down"></i> </a><div class="citation-content collapse" id="learnCitation0"><h3>Citation styles</h3><p> Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA).</p><p> Within the “Cite this article” tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list.</p><p> Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites:</p><div><h4>Modern Language Association</h4><p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.mla.org/style">http://www.mla.org/style</a></p><h4>The Chicago Manual of Style</h4><p><a target="_blank" href="http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html">http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html</a></p><h4>American Psychological Association</h4><p><a target="_blank" href="http://apastyle.apa.org/">http://apastyle.apa.org/</a></p></div><h5>Notes:</h5><ul class="citationnotes"><li> Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Refer to each style’s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates.</li><li> In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list.</li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="label-citation"><div class="icon-citation"> <button class="copy-citation"> <i class="fas fa-copy"></i> </button></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="block-trustme-bottomcontentad"></div><div id="block-moretopicsfromencyclopediacom"><h4>More From encyclopedia.com</h4><div class="bib--rcm-init"><div class="bib__module bib--hover bib--grd-6"></div></div></div></div><div class="col-md-3"><div class="zaga-border"><h4>About this article</h4><h1>Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel</h1><div class="ency-topic-info"> <span class="ency-node-updated"> Updated <b></b> </span> <span class="ency-about-topic"> <a href="/about">About <b>encyclopedia.com content</b></a> </span> <span class="ency-print-topic pagetools_printAll"> Print Article </span></div></div><div><div id="block-trustme-rightcolumntopad"><div style='height: 300px; width: 300px; overflow: hidden;'></div></div><div id="block-trustme-trendingtopics"><div></div></div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-trustme-views-block-related-links-related-combined-links-block"><div block="block-trustme-views-block-related-links-related-combined-links-block"><div class="links-view js-view-dom-id-1a15d450bb627a94f96c25a5e9bcf8b6412ca8d2e178bfae9d1d6ed560dc6877"><div><ul class="no-bullet-list"><li><h4></h4></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="block-trustme-rightcolumnbottomad"></div><div id="block-youmightalsolike"><h4>You Might Also Like</h4><div><ul class="no-bullet-list"></ul></div></div><div id="block-trustme-rightcolumnmiddlead"><div style='height: 300px; width: 300px; overflow: hidden;'></div></div><div id="block-contentbrowsemodule"><h4>NEARBY TERMS</h4><div class="clear-both content-browse-module"><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuaib-joshua"> <span>Ibn Shuaib, Joshua</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shuaib-joel"> <span>Ibn Shuaib, Joel</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shoshan-david"> <span>Ibn Shoshan, David</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shoshan"> <span>Ibn Shoshan</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shem-tov-shem-tov-ben-joseph-ben-shem-tov"> <span>Ibn Shem Tov, Shem Tov ben Joseph ben Shem Tov</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shem-tov-shem-tov"> <span>Ibn Shem Tov, Shem Tov</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shem-tov-joseph-ben-shem-tov"> <span>Ibn Shem Tov, Joseph ben Shem Tov</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-shem-tov-isaac-ben-shem-tov"> <span>Ibn Shem Tov, Isaac ben Shem Tov</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-said-sid-isaac"> <span>Ibn Saʿīd (Sid), Isaac</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-sasson-samuel-ben-joseph"> <span>Ibn Sasson, Samuel ben Joseph</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-saqawayh"> <span>Ibn Sāqawayh</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-sahl-joseph-abu-amr-ben-jacob"> <span>Ibn Sahl, Joseph (Abu-ʿAmr) ben Jacob</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-sahl-abu-ishaq-ibrahim"> <span>Ibn Sahl, Abu Isḥāq Ibrāhīm</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-rushd-abul-walid-muhammad-ibn-ahmad-ibn-muhammad"> <span>Ibn Rushd, Abu’L-Walid Muh?ammad Ibn Ahmad Ibn Muh?ammad</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-rushd-1126-1198"> <span>Ibn Rushd (1126–1198)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-ridw"> <span>Ibn Riḍw</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-qutayba-abu-mu"> <span>Ibn Qutayba, Abū Mu</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-quraysh-judah"> <span>Ibn Quraysh, Judah</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-plat-joseph"> <span>Ibn Plat, Joseph</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-paquda-pakuda-bakoda-david-ben-eleazar"> <span>Ibn Paquda (Pakuda, Bakoda), David ben Eleazar</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-paquda"> <span>Ibn Paqūda</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-musa-hayyim-ben-judah"> <span>Ibn Mūsā, Ḥayyim ben judah</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-musa-ahmad"> <span>Ibn Musa, Ahmad</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-muhajir-abraham-ben-meir"> <span>Ibn Muhājir, Abraham ben Meir</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-muadh-al-jayyani"> <span>Ibn Muadh al-Jayyani</span> </a></div><div class="current-node"> <b>Ibn Shuwayk, Isaac (Ar. Alm Al-Fath) ben Israel</b></div><div> <a href="/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-sina"> <span>Ibn Sīnā</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-sina-980-1037"> <span>Ibn Sina (980-1037)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-sina-or-avicenna-abu-ali-al-hussein-ibn-abdallah"> <span>Ibn Sina (or Avicenna), Abu Ali Al-Hussein Ibn Abdallah</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-sina-abu-ali-al-husayn-ibn-abdallah-also-known-avicenna"> <span>Ibn Sina, Abu ?Ali Al-Husayn Ibn ?Abdallah, also known as Avicenna</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-sina-abu-ali-husayn"> <span>Ibn Sīnā, Abū ʿAlī ḥusayn</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-taimiyya-taymiyah-taqi-al-din"> <span>Ibn Taimiy(y)a (Taymīyah), Taqī al-Din</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-taymiyah"> <span>Ibn Taymīyah</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-taymiyya-1263-1328"> <span>Ibn Taymiyya (1263–1328)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-taymiyya-taqiyy-ad-din-ahmad"> <span>Ibn Taymiyya, Taqiyy ad-Din Ahmad</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-tibbon"> <span>IBN Tibbon</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-tibbon-jacob-ben-machir"> <span>Ibn Tibbon, Jacob Ben Machir</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-tibbon-moses-ben-samuel"> <span>Ibn Tibbon, Moses Ben Samuel</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-tufayl-abubacer"> <span>Ibn Tufayl (Abubacer)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-tufayl-d-580-ah1185-ce"> <span>Ibn Ṭufayl (d. 580 AH/1185 CE)</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-tulun-mosque"> <span>Ibn Tulun Mosque</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-verga-joseph"> <span>Ibn Verga, Joseph</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-verga-solomon"> <span>Ibn Verga, Solomon</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-wafid-abu-al-mutarrif-abd-alrahman"> <span>Ibn Wafid, Abu Al-Mutarrif ?Abd Alrahman</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/ibn-wahshiyya-abu-bakr-ahmad-ibn-sali-ibn-al-mukhtar"> <span>Ibn Wahshiyya, Abu Bakr Ahmad Ibn ?Sali Ibn Al-Mukhtar</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-waqar"> <span>Ibn Waqar</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-waqar-joseph-ben-abraham"> <span>Ibn Waqar, Joseph ben Abraham</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-yahya-or-ibn-yihyah-gedaliah-ben-joseph"> <span>Ibn Yaḥya (or Ibn Yihyah), Gedaliah ben Joseph</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-yahya-david-ben-joseph"> <span>Ibn Yaḥya, David ben Joseph</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-yahya-david-ben-solomon"> <span>Ibn Yaḥya, David ben Solomon</span> </a></div><div> <a href="/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-yahya-gedaliah-ben-david"> <span>Ibn Yaḥya, Gedaliah ben David</span> </a></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></main></div></div><div id="footer"> <footer><div><div class="container"><div id="block-trustme-footerad"><script type="text/javascript" async src="https://btloader.com/tag?o=5698917485248512&upapi=true&domain=encyclopedia.com"></script><script>!function(){"use strict";var e;e=document,function(){var t,n;function r(){var t=e.createElement("script");t.src="https://cafemedia-com.videoplayerhub.com/galleryplayer.js",e.head.appendChild(t)}function a(){var t=e.cookie.match("(^|[^;]+)\\s*__adblocker\\s*=\\s*([^;]+)");return t&&t.pop()}function c(){clearInterval(n)}return{init:function(){var e;"true"===(t=a())?r():(e=0,n=setInterval((function(){100!==e&&"false"!==t||c(),"true"===t&&(r(),c()),t=a(),e++}),50))}}}().init()}(); </script></div></div><div id="block-mailchimp"><div><div id="mc_embed_shell"> </div><link href="//cdn-images.mailchimp.com/embedcode/classic-061523.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /><style type="text/css"> <![CDATA[// ><!]]> </script></div></div><nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-trustme-footer-menu" id="block-trustme-footer"><h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-trustme-footer-menu">Footer menu</h2><ul block="block-trustme-footer"><li> <a href="/" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="<front>">Home</a></li><li> <a href="/about" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319859">About Us</a></li><li> <a href="/faq" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319856">Help</a></li><li> <a href="/emailus" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="contact/feedback">Site Feedback</a></li><li> <a href="/privacy" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319857">Privacy & Cookie Policy</a></li><li> <a href="/termsofservice" rel="nofollow" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/1319858">Terms and Conditions</a></li><li> <a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/daily/" title="Daily Stories" rel="nofollow">Daily</a></li></ul> </nav><div id="block-trustme-copyright"><div><p><span>© 2019 Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved.</span></p></div></div></div> </footer></div> <i class="back-to-top"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="60" height="60" viewBox="0 300 1792 1792"><path d="M1395 1184q0 13-10 23l-50 50q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-393-393-393 393q-10 10-23 10t-23-10l-50-50q-10-10-10-23t10-23l466-466q10-10 23-10t23 10l466 466q10 10 10 23z"/></svg> </i><div class="overlay" onclick="closeOverlays();"></div><script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/653330","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"307da934b26902b030680024e1773791a2d0824c3979c033e76f93f811d7f7eb"}}</script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_c8LbWbHV1txem3q8oAzuadnL-HiBShaQH_WRviNqT_g.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_zqxY3WQzYNR0NiKCpM5itT0--wb4EaKcun2onM0X1is.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_7riCSsmZKOyjnTzzQILMa9_W2mWycOMuqO6ECCFCXEk.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_yLV6HYxC2Rnf9ZekS8oWsZmUNhr7FkzcQDF4zydcT90.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_GGXJRGFtrrnTLJpLJcL7v44-M2G_P5n6mQqLS0mzH_c.js"></script><script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_bRIEh55JqUGgmfYJ85I9HkwLMhGhcHJOS8usqhv6OXk.js"></script></body></html>