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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_sl.wikipedia.org&uselang=sl" class=""><span>Denarni prispevki</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Registracija&returnto=Kemijska+formula" title="Predlagamo vam, da si ustvarite račun in se prijavite, vendar to ni obvezno." class=""><span>Ustvari račun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Prijava&returnto=Kemijska+formula" title="Prijava je zaželena, vendar ni obvezna [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Prijava</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Več možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osebna orodja" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osebna orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uporabniški meni" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Strani za neprijavljene urejevalce <a href="/wiki/Pomo%C4%8D:Uvod" aria-label="Več o urejanju"><span>več o tem</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojiPrispevki" title="Seznam urejanj s tega IP-naslova [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Prispevki</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:MojPogovor" title="Pogovor o urejanjih s tega IP-naslova [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pogovorna stran</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Vsebina" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vsebina</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Uvod</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Empirična_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empirična_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Empirična formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empirična_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molekulska_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molekulska_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Molekulska formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molekulska_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strukturna_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strukturna_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Strukturna formula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strukturna_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posebnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posebnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Posebnosti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Posebnosti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vklopi podrazdelek Posebnosti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Posebnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dvojne_in_trojne_vezi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dvojne_in_trojne_vezi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Dvojne in trojne vezi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dvojne_in_trojne_vezi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molekule_z_mnogokratnimi_funkcionalnimi_skupinami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molekule_z_mnogokratnimi_funkcionalnimi_skupinami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Molekule z mnogokratnimi funkcionalnimi skupinami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molekule_z_mnogokratnimi_funkcionalnimi_skupinami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polimeri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polimeri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Polimeri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polimeri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ioni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ioni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ioni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ioni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izotopi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izotopi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Izotopi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izotopi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ujeti_atomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ujeti_atomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Ujeti atomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ujeti_atomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nestehiometrične_formule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nestehiometrične_formule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Nestehiometrične formule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nestehiometrične_formule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Splošna_formula_organskih_spojin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Splošna_formula_organskih_spojin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Splošna formula organskih spojin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Splošna_formula_organskih_spojin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hillov_sistem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hillov_sistem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Hillov sistem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hillov_sistem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Vsebina" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vklopi kazalo vsebine" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vklopi kazalo vsebine</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kemijska formula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="P9jdi na članek v drugem jeziku. Na voljo v 99 jezikih." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 jezikov</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiese_formule" title="Chemiese formule – afrikanščina" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemiese formule" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صيغة كيميائية – arabščina" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيغة كيميائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فورمولة كيماوية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فورمولة كيماوية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – asturijščina" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimy%C9%99vi_formul" title="Kimyəvi formul – azerbajdžanščina" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimyəvi formul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хімічная формула – beloruščina" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімічная формула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="beloruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химична формула – bolgarščina" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химична формула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92_%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4" title="রাসায়নিক সংকেত – bengalščina" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রাসায়নিক সংকেত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formulenn_gimiek" title="Formulenn gimiek – bretonščina" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Formulenn gimiek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemijska_formula" title="Hemijska formula – bosanščina" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – katalonščina" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk-s%C3%A9k" title="Huá-hŏk-sék – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk-sék" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8E%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="شێوگی کیمیایی – osrednja kurdščina" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شێوگی کیمیایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="osrednja kurdščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_vzorec" title="Chemický vzorec – češčina" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemický vzorec" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химилле формула – čuvaščina" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Химилле формула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumformel" title="Sumformel – danščina" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sumformel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_Formel" title="Chemische Formel – nemščina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemische Formel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Χημικός τύπος – grščina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημικός τύπος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula – angleščina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemical formula" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angleščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia_formulo" title="Kemia formulo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemia formulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – španščina" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemiline_valem" title="Keemiline valem – estonščina" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemiline valem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_kimiko" title="Formula kimiko – baskovščina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Formula kimiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="فرمول شیمیایی – perzijščina" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرمول شیمیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiallinen_kaava" title="Kemiallinen kaava – finščina" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemiallinen kaava" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formule_chimique" title="Formule chimique – francoščina" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Formule chimique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francoščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foirmle_cheimiceach" title="Foirmle cheimiceach – irščina" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Foirmle cheimiceach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" title="化學式 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="化學式" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – galicijščina" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formley_kemmigagh" title="Formley kemmigagh – manščina" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Formley kemmigagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%91_%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99" title="כתיב כימי – hebrejščina" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתיב כימי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रासायनिक सूत्र – hindijščina" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रासायनिक सूत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Kemijska formula – hrvaščina" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="hrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B2mil_chimik" title="Fòmil chimik – haitijska kreolščina" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fòmil chimik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitijska kreolščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9miai_k%C3%A9plet" title="Kémiai képlet – madžarščina" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémiai képlet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="madžarščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B1%D6%87" title="Քիմիական բանաձև – armenščina" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիական բանաձև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_chimic" title="Formula chimic – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Formula chimic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia – indonezijščina" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumus kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemiala_formulo" title="Kemiala formulo – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemiala formulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnaform%C3%BAla" title="Efnaformúla – islandščina" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnaformúla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_chimica" title="Formula chimica – italijanščina" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Formula chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italijanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式 – japonščina" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumus_kimia" title="Rumus kimia – javanščina" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rumus kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ქიმიური ფორმულა – gruzijščina" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმიური ფორმულა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taftart_takrurant" title="Taftart takrurant – kabilščina" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taftart takrurant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химиялық формула – kazaščina" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химиялық формула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8" title="រូបមន្តគីមី – kmerščina" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រូបមន្តគីមី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmerščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%8B%9D" title="화학식 – korejščina" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학식" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Химиялык формулалар – kirgiščina" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химиялык формулалар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_chemica" title="Formula chemica – latinščina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Formula chemica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemesch_Formel" title="Cheemesch Formel – luksemburščina" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cheemesch Formel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furmula_chimica" title="Furmula chimica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Furmula chimica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemin%C4%97_formul%C4%97" title="Cheminė formulė – litovščina" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cheminė formulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litovščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmisk%C4%81_formula" title="Ķīmiskā formula – latvijščina" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmiskā formula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хемиска формула – makedonščina" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемиска формула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രാസസൂത്രം – malajalamščina" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രാസസൂത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रासायनिक सूत्र – maratščina" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रासायनिक सूत्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_kimia" title="Formula kimia – malajščina" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Formula kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92_%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ – burmanščina" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ ဖော်မျူလာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summenformel" title="Summenformel – nizka nemščina" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Summenformel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nizka nemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रासायनिक सूत्र – nepalščina" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रासायनिक सूत्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemische_formule" title="Chemische formule – nizozemščina" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chemische formule" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_formel" title="Kjemisk formel – novonorveščina" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemisk formel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="novonorveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemisk_formel" title="Kjemisk formel – knjižna norveščina" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemisk formel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="knjižna norveščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_quimica" title="Formula quimica – okcitanščina" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Formula quimica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਫ਼ਾਰਮੂਲਾ – pandžabščina" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣਕ ਫ਼ਾਰਮੂਲਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolika_chemiczna" title="Symbolika chemiczna – poljščina" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Symbolika chemiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیمیائی فارمولا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمیائی فارمولا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3rmula_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Fórmula química – portugalščina" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fórmula química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formul%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Formulă chimică – romunščina" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Formulă chimică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romunščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Химическая формула – ruščina" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химическая формула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Химия формулата – jakutščina" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия формулата" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula – škotščina" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemical formula" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="škotščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Kemijska formula – srbohrvaščina" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kemijska formula" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbohrvaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB" title="රසායනික සූත්‍ර – sinhalščina" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායනික සූත්‍ර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhalščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemical formula" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemick%C3%BD_vzorec" title="Chemický vzorec – slovaščina" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chemický vzorec" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="کیمیائی فارمولا – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کیمیائی فارمولا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_kimike" title="Formula kimike – albanščina" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Formula kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хемијска формула – srbščina" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемијска формула" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemiske_Formel" title="Chemiske Formel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chemiske Formel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisk_formel" title="Kemisk formel – švedščina" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemisk formel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="மூலக்கூற்று வாய்பாடு – tamilščina" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலக்கூற்று வாய்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రసాయన సూత్రం – telugijščina" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన సూత్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugijščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Формулаи химиявӣ – tadžiščina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Формулаи химиявӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="สูตรเคมี – tajščina" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สูตรเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pormulang_kemikal" title="Pormulang kemikal – tagalogščina" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pormulang kemikal" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalogščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyasal_form%C3%BCl" title="Kimyasal formül – turščina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimyasal formül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хімічна формула – ukrajinščina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімічна формула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%81" title="کیمیائی صیغہ – urdujščina" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیائی صیغہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdujščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyoviy_formulalar" title="Kimyoviy formulalar – uzbeščina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyoviy formulalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_th%E1%BB%A9c_h%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Công thức hóa học – vietnamščina" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Công thức hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_nga_kimikal" title="Formula nga kimikal – varajščina" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Formula nga kimikal" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式 – wu-kitajščina" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化学式" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%BC%8F" title="化学式 – kitajščina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化学式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" title="化學式 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="化學式" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk-sek" title="Hòa-ha̍k-sek – min nan kitajščina" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòa-ha̍k-sek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kitajščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%BC%8F" title="化學式 – kantonščina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="化學式" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonščina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83147#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi medjezikovne povezave" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi povezave</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Ogled vsebinske strani [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pogovor:Kemijska_formula&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Pogovor o vsebinski strani (stran ne obstaja) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pogovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Spremeni različico jezika" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">slovenščina</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kemijska_formula"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=history" title="Prejšnje redakcije te strani [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Orodja" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Orodja</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Orodja</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">prestavi v stransko letvico</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Več možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dejanja </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kemijska_formula"><span>Preberi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit" title="Uredite to stran [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi stran</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit" title="Uredi izvorno kodo te strani [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kodo</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=history"><span>Zgodovina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Splošno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:KajSePovezujeSem/Kemijska_formula" title="Seznam vseh strani, ki se povezujejo sem [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Kaj se povezuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:RecentChangesLinked/Kemijska_formula" rel="nofollow" title="Zadnje spremembe na straneh, s katerimi se povezuje ta stran [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane spremembe</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:PosebneStrani" title="Seznam vseh posebnih strani [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne strani</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&oldid=5532646" title="Trajna povezava na to redakcijo strani"><span>Trajna povezava</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=info" title="Več informacij o tej strani"><span>Podatki o strani</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Navedi&page=Kemijska_formula&id=5532646&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacije o tem, kako navajati to stran"><span>Navedba članka</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKemijska_formula"><span>Pridobi skrajšani URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FKemijska_formula"><span>Prenesi kodo QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tiskanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Kemijska+formula"><span>Ustvari e-knjigo</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Kemijska_formula&action=show-download-screen"><span>Prenesi kot PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&printable=yes" title="Različica te strani za tisk [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Različica za tisk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> V drugih projektih </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chemical_formulas" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedijina zbirka</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q83147" title="Povezava na ustrezni predmet v podatkovni shrambi [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Predmet v Wikipodatkih</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Orodja strani"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Videz"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" 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dir="ltr"><p><b>Kemijska formula</b> je simbolični ali grafični prikaz sestave oziroma zgradbe <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekule</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_spojina" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska spojina">kemijske spojine</a>. Formule se zapisujejo s simboli <a href="/wiki/Kemi%C4%8Dni_element" title="Kemični element">elementov</a>, številkami, ki pomenijo število <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomov</a> posameznega elementa ali število atomskih struktur, oklepaji, ki ločujejo vgnezdene ali ponavljajoče se strukture, in črtami, ki simbolizirajo <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska vez">kemijske vezi</a>. Kemijske formule služijo tudi za zapis <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_reakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska reakcija">kemijskih reakcij</a>. </p><p>Takšen sistem zapisovanja je zasnoval <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0vedi" title="Švedi">švedski</a> <a href="/wiki/Kemik" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemik">kemik</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a> v <a href="/wiki/19._stoletje" title="19. stoletje">19. stoletju</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Empirična_formula"><span id="Empiri.C4.8Dna_formula"></span>Empirična formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi razdelek: Empirična formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=1" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Empirična formula"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Empirična formula je najenostavnejša kemijska formula, v kateri je prikazano, kateri elementi so v spojini in v kakšnem razmerju so. Empirične formule so standradne za ionske spojine, na primer MgSO<sub>4</sub>, in <a href="/wiki/Makromolekula" title="Makromolekula">makromolekule</a>, na primer SiO<sub>2</sub>. Empirična formula ne upošteva <a href="/wiki/Izomer" title="Izomer">izomerije</a>, povezav med posameznimi atomi znotraj molekule in dejanskega števila atomov v molekuli. </p><p>Izraz <i>empiričen</i> izhaja iz elementarne analize, ene od tehnik <a href="/wiki/Analizna_kemija" title="Analizna kemija">analizne kemije</a>, ki ugotavlja <a href="/wiki/Masni_dele%C5%BE" title="Masni delež">masni delež</a> posameznega elementa v čisti spojini. Primer: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heksan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heksan (stran ne obstaja)">heksan</a> ima molekulsko formulo C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>14</sub> in strukturno formulo CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> iz katerih je razvidno, da posamezna molekula vsebuje 6 atomov <a href="/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik">ogljika</a> in 14 atomov <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodika</a>, njegova empirična formula pa je C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>7</sub>, ker je razmerje med ogljikom in vodikom 3:7. Podobno je pri <a href="/wiki/Vodikov_peroksid" title="Vodikov peroksid">vodikovemu peroksidu</a> (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>). Njegova empirična formula je HO, ker je razmerje med elementoma 1:1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molekulska_formula">Molekulska formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi razdelek: Molekulska formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=2" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Molekulska formula"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molekulska formula pove veliko več kot empirična formula in sicer kateri elementi so v molekuli in koliko atomov posameznega elementa je v molekuli. Primer: empirična formula glukoze je CH<sub>2</sub>O, njena molekulska formula, ki ustreza resničnemu stanju, pa je C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>6</sub>. Molekulska formula ne upošteva izomerije in razporeditve atomov znotraj molekule. Molekulska formula: etilester acetocetna kislina:CH<sub>3</sub>COCH<sub>2</sub>COOC<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strukturna_formula">Strukturna formula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi razdelek: Strukturna formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=3" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Strukturna formula"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula">Strukturna formula</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Strukturna formula kemijske spojine je grafični prikaz zgradbe molekule, iz katere je razvidna razporeditev atomom in kemijskih vezi. Najpogosteje se uporabljajo racionalna, strukturna in skeletna formula. Poleg teh formul se uporabljajo tudi drugi načini zapisa kemijske strukture. </p><p>Strukturna formula ima v primerjavi z molekulsko formulo več prednosti. Ena od njih je prav gotovo velika preglednost zapisa kemijske reakcije: iz strukturne formule je razviden potek reakcije in vse spremembe, ki so med reakcijo nastale. Druga prednost je prikaz različnih izomernih oblik neke spojine, ki iz njene molekulske formule niso razvidne. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Posebnosti">Posebnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi razdelek: Posebnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=4" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Posebnosti"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dvojne_in_trojne_vezi">Dvojne in trojne vezi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi razdelek: Dvojne in trojne vezi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=5" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Dvojne in trojne vezi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska vez">Kemijska vez</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Etan" title="Etan">Etan</a> vsebuje dva ogljikova atoma, ki sta povezana z <a href="/wiki/Kemijska_vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemijska vez">enojno vezjo</a>, na vsak ogljikov atom pa so, tudi z enojnimi vezmi, vezani trije vodikovi atomi. Njegovo formulo se lahko zapiše s C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub> ali CH<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>. </p><p>V <a href="/wiki/Eten" title="Eten">etenu</a> (C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>) je med ogljikovima atomoma <a href="/wiki/Dvojna_vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvojna vez">dvojna vez</a>. Njen zapis se lahko opusti, ker je implicitno zapisana s tem, da ima vsak ogljik samo dva vodika. Formulo se v tem primeru zapiše s CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>. Zaradi boljše preglednosti je bolje, da se dvojno vez zapiše eksplicitno s CH<sub>2</sub>=CH<sub>2</sub> ali CH<sub>2</sub><b>::</b>CH<sub>2</sub>, pri čemer vsak par točk predstavlja vezni elektronski par. </p><p>Takšen zapis je sicer boljši, vendar iz njega ni razviden položaj funkcionalnih skupin na ogljikovih atomih ob dvojni vezi. Primer: <a href="/wiki/Alken" title="Alken">alken</a> but-2-en ima dva <a href="/wiki/Izomer" title="Izomer">izomera</a>, kar iz kemijske formule CH<sub>3</sub>CH=CHCH<sub>3</sub> ni razvidno. Kadar je položaj funkcionalnih skupin pomemben, se njihov položaj eksplicitno označi s <i><a href="/wiki/Cis_izomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis izomer">cis</a></i> (Z) ali <i><a href="/wiki/Trans_izomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans izomer">trans</a></i> (E). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trojna_vez" class="mw-redirect" title="Trojna vez">Trojno vez</a> se zapiše s tremi črticami ≡, na primer CH≡CH, ali s tremi pari točk <b>:::</b>. Vsaka črtica ali par točk pomeni eno vez med ogljikovima atomoma. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molekule_z_mnogokratnimi_funkcionalnimi_skupinami">Molekule z mnogokratnimi funkcionalnimi skupinami</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi razdelek: Molekule z mnogokratnimi funkcionalnimi skupinami" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=6" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Molekule z mnogokratnimi funkcionalnimi skupinami"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mnogokratne funkcionalne skupine v molekuli se zapiše v okroglih oklepajih, z indeksom na desni pa se označi njihovo število. Primer: Ca<sub>3</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> ali (CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CH (2-metilpropan). Prvi zapis pomeni, da sta v molekuli kalcijevega fosfata dve skupini PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>, drugi zapis pa pomeni, da so na osrednji ogljikov atom vezane tri metilne skupine. Drugo spojino se lahko zapiše tudi kot CH<sub>3</sub>CH(CH<sub>3</sub>)CH<sub>3</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polimeri">Polimeri</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi razdelek: Polimeri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=7" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Polimeri"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formule <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimerov</a> se zapisujejo tako, da se ponavljajočo se enoto oziroma sekvenco zapiše v oklepaju z desnim indeksom, ki pomeni število enot. Zapis CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>50</sub>CH<sub>3</sub> pomeni, da je v polimeru 50 CH<sub>2</sub> skupin. V polimerih število ponavljajočih se enot običajno ni znano, zato se njihovo furmulo zapiše kar s splošno formulo CH<sub>3</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>n</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ioni">Ioni</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi razdelek: Ioni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=8" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Ioni"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a> posameznega elementa se zapiše s simbolom elementa in desnim eksponentom, ki pomeni njegov naboj, na primer K<sup>+</sup> in Al <sup>3+</sup>. </p><p>Večatomski ioni se zapisujejo tako, da se v desni eksponent zapiše njihov skupni naboj, na primer SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> ali PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>. </p><p>Za zapise kompleksnih ionov se uporabljajo oglati oklepaji, na primer [B<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>. Ionske skupine, ki so vgnezdene znotraj kompleksnega iona, se zapišejo v okroglem oklepaju, na primer [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup>. Zadnji zapis pomeni, da kompleksni ion vsebuje šest NH<sub>3</sub> skupin, celotna skupina v oglatem oklepaju pa ima naboj +3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Izotopi">Izotopi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi razdelek: Izotopi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=9" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Izotopi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">Izotop</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Izotopi so najbolj aktualni v jedrski kemiji in kemiji stabilnih izotopov, v kemijski formuli pa se označujejo z levim eksponentom ob simbolu elementa. Primer: fosfatni ion, ki vsebuje <a href="/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost">radioaktivni</a> <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfor</a> 32, se zapiše kot <sup>32</sup>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>. </p><p>Zapisu izotopa se pogosto doda še zapis atomskega števila, ki se zapiše kot levi indeks, na primer <sup>16</sup><sub>8</sub>O<sub>2</sub> za kisikov najpogostejše izotop. Takšen zapis je zaradi preglednosti zelo uporaben pri pisanju in urejanju <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jedrska_reakcija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jedrska reakcija (stran ne obstaja)">jedrskih reakcij</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ujeti_atomi">Ujeti atomi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi razdelek: Ujeti atomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=10" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Ujeti atomi"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Za zapis atomov in molekul, ki so ujeti v kletko, vendar z njo niso kemijsko povezani, se uporablja simbol @. Takšen zapis se je začel uporabljati po letu <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a>, ko so odkrili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuleren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fuleren (stran ne obstaja)">fulerenske</a> kletke, v katere so lahko ujeti atomi, na primer <a href="/wiki/Lantan" title="Lantan">lantana</a>. Tako ujeti atom se zapiše, na primer, z La@C<sub>60</sub> ali La@C<sub>82</sub>. </p><p>Primer nefulerenske kletke je ion [As@Ni<sub>12</sub>As<sub>20</sub>]<sup>3-</sup>, v kateri je arzenov ion ujet v kletki iz 32 atomov <a href="/wiki/Nikelj" title="Nikelj">niklja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arzen" title="Arzen">arzena</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nestehiometrične_formule"><span id="Nestehiometri.C4.8Dne_formule"></span>Nestehiometrične formule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi razdelek: Nestehiometrične formule" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=11" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Nestehiometrične formule"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kemijske formule so praviloma zapisane s celimi števili atomov, obstoja pa cel razred tako imenovanih <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nestehiometri%C4%8Dna_spojina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nestehiometrična spojina (stran ne obstaja)">nestehiometričnih spojin</a>, ki se jih ne da zapisati s celimi števili. Takšne formule se zapisujejo z decimalnimi števili, na primer Fe<sub>0,95</sub>O, ali s številko in črko, na primer Fe<sub>1–x</sub>O , pri čemer je x praviloma mnogo manjši od 1. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Splošna_formula_organskih_spojin"><span id="Splo.C5.A1na_formula_organskih_spojin"></span>Splošna formula organskih spojin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi razdelek: Splošna formula organskih spojin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=12" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Splošna formula organskih spojin"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Homologna_vrsta" title="Homologna vrsta">Homologna vrsta</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>Organske spojine, ki se med seboj razlikujejo za enako enoto, na primer CH<sub>2</sub>, so homologi in tvorijo tako imenovano homologno vrsto. Člene homologne vrste se pogosto zapiše kar s splošnim členom oziroma s splošno formulo. Primer: splošna formula <a href="/wiki/Alkan" title="Alkan">alkanov</a> je C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n+2</sub>, <a href="/wiki/Alken" title="Alken">alkenov</a> C<sub>n</sub>H<sub>2n</sub> itd., pri čemer je n število ogljikovih atomov oziroma zaporedna številka homologa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hillov_sistem">Hillov sistem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi razdelek: Hillov sistem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=13" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Hillov sistem"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članek: <a href="/wiki/Hillov_sistem" title="Hillov sistem">Hillov sistem</a>.</i></div></dd></dl> <p>V Hillovem sistemu pisanje kemijskih formul se na prvem mestu zapiše <a href="/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik">ogljik</a>. Ogljiku sledi <a href="/wiki/Vodik" title="Vodik">vodik</a>, vodiku pa ostali elementi po abecednem vrstnem redu. Če v formuli ni ogljika, se vsi elementi, vključno z vodikom, zapisujejo po abecedi. Hillov sistem omogoča enostavno sortiranje in iskanje kemijskih spojin. Primeri: C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>BrI, BrH, HI itd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viri">Viri</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi razdelek: Viri" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_formula&action=edit&section=14" title="Urejanje izvorne kode razdelka: Viri"><span>uredi kodo</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ralph S. Petrucci, William S. Harwood and F. 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