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<li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgarian_Emperors_from_the_Asen_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgarian_Emperors_from_the_Asen_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bulgarian Emperors from the Asen dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgarian_Emperors_from_the_Asen_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byzantine_branch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_branch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Byzantine branch</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Byzantine_branch-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Byzantine branch subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_branch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Byzantine_Asens_elsewhere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byzantine_Asens_elsewhere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Byzantine Asens elsewhere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byzantine_Asens_elsewhere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asen dynasty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="آسين (أسرة حاكمة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آسين (أسرة حاكمة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Asen sülaləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Asen sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Асені – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Асені" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Асеневци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Асеневци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenovci" title="Asenovci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Asenovci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assen_(Adelsgeschlecht)" title="Assen (Adelsgeschlecht) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Assen (Adelsgeschlecht)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CF%83%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Οίκος των Ασέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οίκος των Ασέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Asen" title="Dinastía Asen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Asen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ass%C3%A9nides" title="Assénides – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assénides" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%84%BC%EA%B0%80" title="아센가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아센가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenovci" title="Asenovci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Asenovci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Asen" title="Dinastia Asen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Asen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ასენის დინასტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასენის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Асен әулеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Асен әулеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenai" title="Asenai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Asenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Асениди – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Асениди" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen_(dynastie)" title="Asen (dynastie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asen (dynastie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenowicze" title="Asenowicze – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Asenowicze" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Asen" title="Dinastia Asen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Asen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_As%C4%83ne%C8%99tilor" title="Dinastia Asăneștilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Asăneștilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Асени – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Асени" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseni" title="Aseni – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aseni" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Асени – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асени" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="ราชวงศ์อาแซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์อาแซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asen_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Asen Hanedanı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asen Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Асени (династія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Асени (династія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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href="/wiki/File:Blason_Jean_Assen_II,_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_(selon_Gelre).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blason_Jean_Assen_II%2C_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_%28selon_Gelre%29.svg/250px-Blason_Jean_Assen_II%2C_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_%28selon_Gelre%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blason_Jean_Assen_II%2C_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_%28selon_Gelre%29.svg/375px-Blason_Jean_Assen_II%2C_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_%28selon_Gelre%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Blason_Jean_Assen_II%2C_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_%28selon_Gelre%29.svg/500px-Blason_Jean_Assen_II%2C_Tsar_de_Bulgarie_%28selon_Gelre%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg/250px-Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg/375px-Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg/500px-Bulgarian_Asen_dynasty_monument_Veliko_Tarnovo_Klearchos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="4226" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Asen dynasty in their capital <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, sculptor prof. Krum Damianov</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>House of Asen</b>, also <b>Asen dynasty</b> or the <b>Asenids</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Асеневци</span>, <i>Asenevtsi</i>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Asănești</i>), founded and ruled a medieval <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria#Second_Bulgarian_Empire_(1185–1396)" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> state, called in modern historiography the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a>, between 1185 and 1280. </p><p>The Asen dynasty rose as the leaders of Bulgaria after a <a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Asen_and_Peter" title="Uprising of Asen and Peter">rebellion</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> at the turn of the year 1185/1186 caused by the increase in the Imperial taxes. </p><p>Some members of the Asen family entered Byzantine service in the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries. The name also occurs as a family name in modern Greek, and could go back to the same name. Their origin is obscure.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asen_dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Asen_dynasty.png/280px-Asen_dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Asen_dynasty.png/420px-Asen_dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Asen_dynasty.png/560px-Asen_dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3394" /></a><figcaption>Genealogy of the Asen dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of the dynasty, especially the ethnic background of the three Asen brothers (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Peter_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Peter of Bulgaria">Teodor I Peter IV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Teodor I Petru IV</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Ioan Asan I</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Caloian</i>)) are still a source of much controversy, debated among historians. There are three main hypotheses regarding their origins:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlach</a> origin,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view supported by most contemporary sources and scholars who base their claims on Western Crusade chronicles, and letters between <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaloyan of Bulgaria">Kaloyan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1949178,_180,_185,_190,_198_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1949178,_180,_185,_190,_198-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199412_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199412-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a> origin,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as some of the names in the dynasty, including Asen and Belgun, are derived from <a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman language</a>, as well as the close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, such as intermarriage (including <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a>'s wife),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcropolitae2007246_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcropolitae2007246-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> immediate entourage and allies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimnik2004266_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimnik2004266-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups of Cumans settled and mingled with the local population in many regions of the Balkans between the 10th and 13th centuries and founded also other successive Bulgarian dynasties (<a href="/wiki/Terterids" class="mw-redirect" title="Terterids">Terterids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shishman_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shishman dynasty">Shishmanids</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-István_Vásáry_2005_p._2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-István_Vásáry_2005_p._2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Early_Inner_Asia_pg_279_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_Inner_Asia_pg_279-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bulgarian_Folk_Customs_pg_27_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bulgarian_Folk_Customs_pg_27-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> origin, a view that is common among the Bulgarian historians who reckon that all native sources (from the 13th century<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199412_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199412-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) use predominantly the terms Bulgaria, Bulgarians and Bulgarian, the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> names like <a href="/wiki/Ivanko" title="Ivanko">Ivanko</a> (relative and murderer of <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Asen I of Bulgaria">Ivan Asen I</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1949167–206_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1949167–206-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Boril_of_Bulgaria" title="Boril of Bulgaria">Boril</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexius_Slav" title="Alexius Slav">Slav</a>, that tsar <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a> claimed provenance from the old <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> rulers and his state from the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and declares himself a <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a> avenger, adopting the moniker <a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">the Romanslayer</a> by analogy with the emperor <a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II the Bulgar Slayer</a> and shows cruelty to the Byzantines as revenge for the murdered and blinded <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>In their own administrative documents and correspondence, the three rulers viewed themselves as descendants and successors of the Bulgarian Tsars <a href="/wiki/Samuil_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuil of Bulgaria">Samuil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Peter I of Bulgaria">Peter I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Simeon I of Bulgaria">Simeon I</a>, and the state they founded as a continuation of the First Bulgarian Empire. However, this could be just a way to proclaim their legitimacy for the throne of the Empire. </p><p>In a correspondence, of 1199, the Pope talks about the "Roman descent" of Kaloyan. However, considering the actual text says <i>Nos autem audito quod de nobili urbis Romae prosapia progenitores tui originem traxerint</i> ("We heard that your forefathers come from a noble family from the city of Rome"), it is usually dismissed as simply a hidden compliment of the Pope to Kaloyan. </p><p>Pope Innocent III in his letter to the Bulgarian King Kaloyan (Calojoannes) in 1204 addressed him "King of Bulgarians and Vlachs" (<i>rex Bulgarorum et Blachorum</i>); in answering the Pope, John called himself <i>imperator omnium Bulgarorum et Blachorum</i> ("Emperor of all Bulgarians and Vlachs'), but signed himself <i>imperator Bulgariae Calojoannes</i> ("Emperor Kaloyan of Bulgaria"); besides, the archbishop of Veliko Tarnovo called himself <i>totius Bulgariae et Blaciae Primas</i> ("Primate of all Bulgaria and Vlachia"). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a> styles himselve “Tsar and sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a>“<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and “Tsar of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>”.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bulgarian historiography negate, while the Romanian highlight the role of the Vlachs in the uprising. However, the scientific debate reflects the nationalistic rivality from the 19-20th century, which did not exist in the 12-13th century. Vlachs and Bulgarian Slavs jointly inhabited Bulgaria, and both groups in sufferance were united against the common cause under a leader, regardless of the leader "race". The Asen brothers were associated with the Vlach population of the mountainous regions around Trnovo, <a href="/wiki/Niketas_Choniates" title="Niketas Choniates">Niketas Choniates</a> recorded Vlach shamans during revolt exhibition, but nevertheless of their ethnicity, it was a joint venture of the Bulgarians, Vlachs and Cumans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199412–13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199412–13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the dynasty comes from one of the brothers, namely Asen I. The etymology is most likely of Cuman Turkic origin, derived from "esen" which meant "safe, sound, healthy" and the Belgun nickname seems to be derived from Turkic "bilgün", which meant "wise". Further support to this connection can be found in the charters of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra_(Athos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Lavra (Athos)">Great Lavra</a> of Mt. Athos from the end of the 12th century, which mention the monastery's problems with some of the Cuman stratiotes, where "Asen" is listed as the name of one of those Cumans.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other study shows that the only name that makes sense is <i>änish</i> ("descent") and the word can be found almost exclusively in the languages of the Kipchak Turks<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bulgarian_Emperors_from_the_Asen_dynasty">Bulgarian Emperors from the Asen dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bulgarian Emperors from the Asen dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg/500px-Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg/750px-Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg/1000px-Veloko_Tarnovo-Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6330" data-file-height="1744" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><p> Monument to the Asen Dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a> </p><table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_I" title="Ivan Asen I">Ivan Asen I</a></b> (<i><b>Asen</b></i>) </td> <td><b>1187 - 1196</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Peter_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Peter of Bulgaria">Peter IV</a></b> (<i><b>Teodor</b></i>) </td> <td><b>1186 - 1197</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kaloyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaloyan">Kaloyan</a></b> (<i><b>Ioanitsa</b></i>) </td> <td><b>1197 - 1207</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Boril_of_Bulgaria" title="Boril of Bulgaria">Boril</a></b> (<i><b>Boril Kaliman</b></i>) </td> <td><b>1207 - 1218</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a></b> </td> <td><b>1218 - 1241</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliman_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Kaliman I of Bulgaria">Kaliman I Asen</a></b> (<i><b>Koloman</b></i>) </td> <td><b>1241 - 1246</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Michael_II_Asen_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael II Asen of Bulgaria">Michael II Asen</a></b> </td> <td><b>1246 - 1256</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliman_II_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliman II of Bulgaria">Kaliman II Asen</a></b> (<i><b>Koloman</b></i>) </td> <td><b>1256</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Mitso_Asen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitso Asen">Mitso Asen</a></b> </td> <td><b>1256 - 1257</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_III" title="Ivan Asen III">Ivan Asen III</a></b> </td> <td><b>1279 - 1280</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Byzantine_branch">Byzantine branch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Byzantine branch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Asens in Byzantium largely descend from Ivan Asen III, who ruled briefly as Emperor of Bulgaria before fleeing to Constantinople as <a href="/wiki/Ivaylo_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivaylo of Bulgaria">Ivaylo</a>'s uprising was gaining momentum in 1280. A <i>despotes</i> under <a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a>, Ivan Asen III had already been married to the Byzantine Emperor's eldest daughter, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Palaiologina,_Empress_of_Bulgaria" title="Irene Palaiologina, Empress of Bulgaria">Irene Palaiologina</a>. The couple's five sons and two daughters were the progenitors of one of the highest-regarded Byzantine noble families of their time, along with the <a href="/wiki/Palaiologoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaiologoi">Palaiologoi</a>. Among the Byzantine Asens, three bore the title of <i><a href="/wiki/Despot_(court_title)" title="Despot (court title)">despotes</a></i>, three that of <i><a href="/wiki/Sebastokrator" title="Sebastokrator">sebastokrator</a></i>, two <i><a href="/wiki/Panhypersebastos" title="Panhypersebastos">panhypersebastos</a></i>, one was a <i><a href="/wiki/Megas_doux" title="Megas doux">megas doux</a></i> and two were titled <i><a href="/wiki/Megas_primikerios" class="mw-redirect" title="Megas primikerios">megas primikerios</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-bozilov20-22_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozilov20-22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Greek, the male form of the family name is rendered as Ἀσάνης (<i>Asanis</i>) and the female as Ασανίνα (<i>Asanina</i>). </p><p>A smaller branch descends from <a href="/wiki/Elena_Asenina_of_Bulgaria" title="Elena Asenina of Bulgaria">Elena Asenina of Bulgaria</a>, wife of Nicaean Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Asens of Byzantium intermarried with other prominent noble dynasties, including the <a href="/wiki/Kantakouzenos" title="Kantakouzenos">Kantakouzenos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doukas" title="Doukas">Doukas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laskaris" title="Laskaris">Laskaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tornikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornikios">Tornikios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_(Byzantine_family)" title="Raoul (Byzantine family)">Raoul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaccaria" title="Zaccaria">Zaccaria</a> families. Notable members of the Asen family in the Byzantine Empire include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Asen" title="Andronikos Asen">Andronikos Asen</a>, <i>epitropos</i> of the Morea (1316–1322)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Asanina" title="Irene Asanina">Irene Asanina</a>, Empress Consort of <a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (1347–1354)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew Asen Kantakouzenos</a>, Co-Emperor of Byzantium (1353–1357)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Palaiologos_Asen" title="Matthew Palaiologos Asen">Matthew Palaiologos Asen</a>, Lord of Corinth (1454–1458)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byzantine_Asens_elsewhere">Byzantine Asens elsewhere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Byzantine Asens elsewhere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From Byzantium, the Asens spread as far as <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Greece">Frankish Greece</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Theodoro" title="Principality of Theodoro">Principality of Theodoro</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Kingdom of Aragon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bozilov20-22_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bozilov20-22-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxia_Laskarina" title="Eudoxia Laskarina">Eudoxia Laskarina Asanina</a> (1248–1311), Nicaean princess, Countess of Ventimiglia and Tende and nun in Aragon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Asanina_Kantakouzene" title="Helena Asanina Kantakouzene">Helena Asanina Kantakouzene</a>, Dowager Countess of Salona (1380–1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Asen_Zaccaria" title="Andronikos Asen Zaccaria">Andronikos Asen Zaccaria</a>, Prince of Achaea (before 1386-1401)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Asen_Palaiologos" title="Thomas Asen Palaiologos">Thomas Asen Palaiologos</a>, exile in Naples and <i>ktetor</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_of_Mangup" title="Maria of Mangup">Maria Asanina Palaiologina</a>, Princess Consort of Moldavia (1472–1477)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashina_tribe" title="Ashina tribe">Ashina tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">History of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">List of Bulgarian monarchs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick B. Chary, History of Bulgaria, The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, ABC-CLIO, 2011, ISBN 0313384479, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hum08">Humanitas 2008</a>: 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1">Runciman, Steven (December 3, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mrw8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA13"><i>A History of the Crusades</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521347723" title="Special:BookSources/9780521347723"><bdi>9780521347723</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1987-12-03&rft.isbn=9780521347723&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmrw8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Stephenson, <i>Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900-1204</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521027564" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521027564">978-0521027564</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boldur Alexandru, Istoria Basarabiei, Editura Frunza, Bucuresti, 1990, p 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Madgearu, Alexandru (2014). Asăneștii. Istoria politico-militara a statului dinastiei Asan (1185–1280). Târgoviște: Cetatea de Scaun. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786065372276" title="Special:BookSources/9786065372276">9786065372276</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/o-city-of-byzantium-annals-of-niketas-choniates-ttranslated-by-harry-j-magoulias-1984">"o-city-of-byzantium-annals-of-niketas-choniates-ttranslated-by-harry-j-magoulias-1984"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=o-city-of-byzantium-annals-of-niketas-choniates-ttranslated-by-harry-j-magoulias-1984&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fo-city-of-byzantium-annals-of-niketas-choniates-ttranslated-by-harry-j-magoulias-1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1949178,_180,_185,_190,_198-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1949178,_180,_185,_190,_198_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1949">Wolff 1949</a>, p. 178, 180, 185, 190, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199412-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199412_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199412_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifford J. Rogers, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1, Oxford University Press, 2010, ISBN 0195334035, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Baumer, The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2016, ISBN 1838609407, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer Lawler, of the Byzantine Empire, McFarland, 2011, ISBN 0786466162, p. 234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAcropolitae2007246-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAcropolitae2007246_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAcropolitae2007">Acropolitae 2007</a>, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDimnik2004266-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDimnik2004266_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDimnik2004">Dimnik 2004</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-István_Vásáry_2005_p._2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-István_Vásáry_2005_p._2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Vásáry (2005) <i>Cumans and Tatars</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Early_Inner_Asia_pg_279-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Early_Inner_Asia_pg_279_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1, Denis Sinor, pg 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrumeza2010" class="citation book cs1">Grumeza, Ion (August 4, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DTxu6RxdecUC&pg=PA51"><i>The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500-1500</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761851356" title="Special:BookSources/9780761851356"><bdi>9780761851356</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Balkanization%3A+Eastern+Europe+C.E.+500-1500&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.isbn=9780761851356&rft.aulast=Grumeza&rft.aufirst=Ion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDTxu6RxdecUC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bulgarian_Folk_Customs_pg_27-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bulgarian_Folk_Customs_pg_27_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bulgarian Folk Customs, Mercia MacDermott, pg 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolff1949167–206-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolff1949167–206_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolff1949">Wolff 1949</a>, pp. 167–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies Balkan Studies Library, Roumen Daskalov, Alexander Vezenkov, Publisher BRILL, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004290362" title="Special:BookSources/9004290362">9004290362</a>, pp. 289-316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.promacedonia.org/en/bulgarien1943/zweite.html"><i>„Kalojan, der Griechentöter"</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnovo inscription of Tsar Ivan Asen II in the Holy 40 Martyrs Church in honour of the victory at Klokotnitsa on 9 March 1230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Иван Божилов, Васил Гюзелев: <i>История на средновековна България VII - XIV век.</i> Verlag Anubis, Sofia 2006, deutsche Übersetzung des Titels: Iwan Boschilow, Wasil Gjuselew: <i>Geschichte des mittelalterlichen Bulgariens VII. – XIV. Jahrhundert. Band 1 der dreibändigen Geschichte Bulgariens.</i> ISBN 978-954-426-718-6, S. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFine199412–13-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFine199412–13_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFine1994">Fine 1994</a>, p. 12–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liternet.bg/publish13/p_pavlov/buntari/skitski.htm">"Пламен Павлов - Бунтари и авантюристи в средновековна България"</a>. <i>liternet.bg</i> (in Bulgarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=liternet.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+-+%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliternet.bg%2Fpublish13%2Fp_pavlov%2Fbuntari%2Fskitski.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Korobeinikov, A broken mirror: the Kipçak world in the thirteenth century. In the volume: The other Europe from the Middle Ages, Edited by Florin Curta, Brill 2008, p. 400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bozilov20-22-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bozilov20-22_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bozilov20-22_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Božilov, pp. 20-22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Božilov, pp. 102-103.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asen_dynasty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcropolitae2007" class="citation book cs1">Acropolitae, George (2007). <i>George Akropolites: The History</i>. Translated by, with commentary and introduction from, Ruth Macrides. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921067-1"><bdi>978-0-19-921067-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Akropolites%3A+The+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-921067-1&rft.aulast=Acropolitae&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBožilov1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Božilov, Ivan (1985). <i>Familijata na Asenevci (1186–1460)</i> (in Bulgarian). Sofia: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Bulgarian Academy of Sciences">Bulgarian Academy of Sciences</a>. OCLC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/14378091">14378091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Familijata+na+Asenevci+%281186%26ndash%3B1460%29&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bo%C5%BEilov&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimnik2004" class="citation book cs1">Dimnik, Martin (2004). "Kievan Rus', the Bulgars and the southern Slavs, <i>c.</i> 1020–<i>c.</i> 1200". In <a href="/wiki/David_Luscombe" title="David Luscombe">Luscombe, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Riley-Smith" title="Jonathan Riley-Smith">Riley-Smith, Jonathan</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/CHOL9780521414111"><i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13905403-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13905403-4"><bdi>978-1-13905403-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kievan+Rus%27%2C+the+Bulgars+and+the+southern+Slavs%2C+c.+1020%E2%80%93c.+1200&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%2C+Volume+4%2C+c.1024%E2%80%93c.1198%2C+Part+2&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=254-276&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-13905403-4&rft.aulast=Dimnik&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521414111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vasary, Istvan (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press: pp. 34–42</li> <li>Stephenson, Paul (2000) "Byzantium's Balkan Frontier — A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900–1204" pp. 289–300</li> <li>History of the Byzantine Empire, A. A. Vasiliev 1935</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hum08" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neagu_Djuvara" title="Neagu Djuvara">Djuvara, Neagu</a> (2008). <i>O scurta istorie a romanilor povestita celor tineri</i>. Humanitas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-973-50-2591-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-973-50-2591-5"><bdi>978-973-50-2591-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+scurta+istorie+a+romanilor+povestita+celor+tineri&rft.pub=Humanitas&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-973-50-2591-5&rft.aulast=Djuvara&rft.aufirst=Neagu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stelian Brezeanu, Istoria Imperiului Bizantin, Bucuresti, MERONIA, 2007</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoldur1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Boldur, Alexandru (1990). <i>Istoria Basarabiei</i> (in Romanian). Bucuresti: Editura Frunza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+Basarabiei&rft.place=Bucuresti&rft.pub=Editura+Frunza&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Boldur&rft.aufirst=Alexandru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolff1949" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lee_Wolff" title="Robert Lee Wolff">Wolff, Robert Lee</a> (April 1949). "The Second Bulgarian Empire. Its Origin and History to 1204". <i>Speculum</i>. <b>24</b> (2). The University of Chicago Press: 167–199. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2848560">10.2307/2848560</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848560">2848560</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164165193">164165193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=The+Second+Bulgarian+Empire.+Its+Origin+and+History+to+1204&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-199&rft.date=1949-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164165193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2848560%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2848560&rft.aulast=Wolff&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Van_Antwerp_Fine,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.">Fine, John</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LvVbRrH1QBgC"><i>The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472082605" title="Special:BookSources/9780472082605"><bdi>9780472082605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Medieval+Balkans%3A+A+Critical+Survey+from+the+Late+Twelfth+Century+to+the+Ottoman+Conquest&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780472082605&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLvVbRrH1QBgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsen+dynasty" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Royal_houses_of_Bulgaria" title="Template:Royal houses of Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_houses_of_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Royal houses of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_houses_of_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal houses of Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Royal_houses_of_Bulgaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Royal houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">Bulgaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dulo" title="Dulo">Dulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krum%27s_dynasty" title="Krum's dynasty">Krum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cometopuli_dynasty" title="Cometopuli dynasty">Cometopuli</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilets_dynasty" title="Smilets dynasty">Smilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terter_dynasty" title="Terter dynasty">Terter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Shishman" title="House of Shishman">Shishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sratsimir_dynasty" title="Sratsimir dynasty">Sratsimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_dynasty" title="Ottoman dynasty">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battenberg_family" title="Battenberg family">Battenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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