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rel="bookmark">Synthesis Resources</h1> <p id="breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://lternet.edu/">Home</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Synthesis Resources</span></span></p> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="container"> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-md-8" role="main" itemscope itemprop="mainContentOfPage" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <article id="post-362" class="cf post-362 page type-page status-publish hentry" role="article" itemscope itemprop="blogPost" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"> <section class="entry-content cf" itemprop="articleBody"> <p>Studies in the “science of team science” are now identifying specific practices that encourage more effective and productive collaborative teams. LTER synthesis working groups benefit from NCEAS’ and the LTER Network’s experience with working group dynamics, as well as the literature of team science and open science for synthesis.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Building your team</h3> <p>Participation in a synthesis group can be a career altering opportunity. Everyone wants a team with good chemistry, where you know people will pull their weight and respect each other’s ideas. So it can be tempting to choose only people you know personally. We urge you to reach beyond your comfort zone to engage individuals with different skills and approaches, from different backgrounds. Draw on your extended network, keep a special eye out at conferences, and build partnerships with undergraduate or minority-serving institutions.</p> <p>A paper published in 2019 by a group of then-early career researchers, <em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/fee.2115">Hear Every Voice — working groups that work</a></em>, shares suggestions for making the working group experience more equitable and inclusive.</p> <p>Try to be deliberate about adding knowledge and skills to complement those already on the team. Adding another community ecologist or biogeochemist (for example) may not add as much to the team’s capabilities as a biostatistician, a modeler, or a hydrologist. </p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Identifying appropriate data</h3> <figure class="wp-block-pullquote alignright has-border-color has-background" style="border-color:#0090a3;border-width:7px;border-radius:0px;background-color:#08a6c921"><blockquote><p>“<em>Think about the data you need and why you need them</em>.”</p><cite>— Kathleen Gregory</cite></blockquote></figure> <p>It’s easy to make assumptions about what data might or should be available when you are in the throes of a good idea. By thinking carefully about what data will be needed early in the process, researchers can save themselves a lot of time and frustration down the road.</p> <p><a href="https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006038">Eleven Quick Tips for Finding Research Data</a> (Gregory et al. 2018) has a plethora of ideas for where and how to look, but the authors’ first tip is this: “<em>think about the data you need and why you need them</em>.” Remember to consider what kinds of data may be needed to normalize your primary data and be sure they are available.</p> <p>Derived data products developed under this funding opportunity must be made publicly available, so be sure that contributors understand the requirement when they agree to participate—and remember to keep track of the sources, access dates, and any constraints associated with each data set.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Facilitation</h3> <p>The very quality that adds value to a synthesis group can also be its downfall. By including multiple perspectives on a problem, researchers increase the chances of arriving at a new solution. But it can take a surprising amount of time to identify and resolve conflicting understandings. Participants often reach a plateau (or even a valley) where they feel they are simply not comprehending one another — or the insights they are reaching are completely derivative.</p> <p>Persist! That’s what’s known as the groan zone (a concept drawn from Sam Kaner’s book, <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Facilitators-Participatory-Decision-Making-Jossey-bass-Management/dp/1118404955">Facilitator’s Guide to Participatory Decision-Making</a>) and it is where the real intellectual work of synthesis happens.</p> <p>Not all researchers are born facilitators, but it is a skill that can be learned. Kaner’s book is one good resource, as are these shorter articles and reports:</p> <figure class="wp-block-image alignright is-resized"><a href="https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/news/how-spark-joy-groan-zone-collaboration" rel="noopener noreferrer"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1200" height="855" class="wp-image-81741" style="width: 510px; height: auto;" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%201200%20855'%3E%3C/svg%3E" alt="diagram relating number and diversity of ideas through the duration of a working group" data-lazy-srcset="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small.jpeg 1200w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-300x214.jpeg 300w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-125x89.jpeg 125w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-768x547.jpeg 768w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-561x400.jpeg 561w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-281x200.jpeg 281w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-140x100.jpeg 140w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-115x82.jpeg 115w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-70x50.jpeg 70w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-42x30.jpeg 42w" data-lazy-sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" data-lazy-src="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small.jpeg" /><noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1200" height="855" class="wp-image-81741" style="width: 510px; height: auto;" src="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small.jpeg" alt="diagram relating number and diversity of ideas through the duration of a working group" srcset="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small.jpeg 1200w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-300x214.jpeg 300w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-125x89.jpeg 125w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-768x547.jpeg 768w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-561x400.jpeg 561w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-281x200.jpeg 281w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-140x100.jpeg 140w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-115x82.jpeg 115w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-70x50.jpeg 70w, https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Kaner_groan_zone_adapted_by_CKappel_small-42x30.jpeg 42w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /></noscript></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Adaptation of Kaner’s Diamond Model of Participation, as found in his book ‘Facilitator’s Guide to Participatory Decision Making.’ Credit: Carrie Kappel.</figcaption> </figure> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/news/how-spark-joy-groan-zone-collaboration">How to Spark Joy in the Groan Zone</a>. C. Kappel. NCEAS web site. 2019</li> <li><a href="https://ssir.org/articles/entry/cutting_through_the_complexity_a_roadmap_for_effective_collaboration">Cutting through the Complexity: A Roadmap for Effective Collaboration</a>. 2018. Stanford Social Innovation Review. </li> <li><a href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.9">Collaboration and Productivity in Scientific Synthesis</a>. S. Hampton and J. Parker. 2011. BioScience. doi: 10.1525/bio.2011.61.11.9</li> <li><a href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v523/n7559/full/nj7559-245a.html">Collaborations: Recipe for a Team</a>. 2015. Nature. doi:10.1038/nj7559-245a</li> <li><a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877343516300033">Practices for Facilitating Interdisciplinary Synthetic Research</a>: the National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center (SESYNC). M.A. Palmer, J. G. Kramer, J. Boyd, D. Hawthorne. 2016. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. doi: 10.1016/j.cosust.2016.01.002</li> <li><a href="https://journals.plos.org/ploscompbiol/article?id=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005278">Ten Simple Rules to Enable Multi-site Collaborations through Data Sharing</a>. M.R. Boland, K.J. Karczewski, N.P. Tatonett. 2017. PLoS Computational Biology. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005278">10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005278</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.nap.edu/read/19007/chapter/1">Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science.</a> N.J. Cooke, M.L. Hilton, eds. 2015. National Academies Press.</li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Discussing Authorship</h3> <p>Candidly discussing expectations for authorship early in the collaboration process can avoid conflict, hard feelings, and wasted energy later in the process. When individuals from diverse fields, sectors, and backgrounds come together, it is especially helpful to have a transparent discussion of what the group understands as an author-level contribution. <span style="font-weight: 400;">For an anecdotal case of how and why groups need to discuss authorship, see </span><a href="https://catalystjournal.org/index.php/catalyst/article/view/28850/pdf_18"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Equity in Author Order: A Feminist Laboratory’s Approach</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amy-Brand-2/publication/274098676_Beyond_authorship_Attribution_contribution_collaboration_and_credit/links/565b08c608aeafc2aac60656/Beyond-authorship-Attribution-contribution-collaboration-and-credit.pdf"><span style="font-weight: 400;">CRediT</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> framework has become the default for many journals and institutions in the past few years. This is a great starting point for determining authorship, </span>though many perspectives exist<span style="font-weight: 400;"> (see </span><a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11948-019-00113-3"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Smith et al.</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;"> for a selection). Also, data-intensive research efforts such as synthesis may demand consideration of a wider variety of roles, as noted in <a href="https://eos.org/opinions/credit-where-credit-is-due?utm_source=EosBuzz&mkt_tok=OTg3LUlHVC01NzIAAAGEf-ZemKoHrBTfsJ3CA8OTSg3B70JBkDGBXJi0wMKE4FvVou-Bn9mRSFMUAL3R_i7YsW5U6YFZKThYu6LJRwMrfsY3IZOxV9BrzKvTg34">this opinion piece</a> from the Earth Science Information Partners (ESIP) Research Artifact Citation Cluster.</span></p> <p>The exact boundaries of what constitutes authorship will vary by the group and the type of paper, but they should be discussed as a group, early in the process, to minimize misunderstandings. The simplified authorship, data, and acknowledgements template linked here provides a solid starting point for discussion. </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><strong><a href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1gDVFEKrw2hSc_x433n1B0TC1h5mk9q7Gi141Nq2nf4E/edit?usp=sharing">Simplified Authorship, Data, and Acknowledgements Template</a></strong></li> </ul> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Maintaining Momentum</h3> <p>Working group meetings can be exciting, with in-depth discussion and rapid progress toward shared goals, but they will be most productive if the group has maintained momentum between meetings. Everyone doesn’t need to be involved in every decision, but working group leaders should establish a mechanism for regular group interaction between meetings. The best mechanism for your group is the one they will use. Some approaches that we have seen work well are:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>An email list. (LNO can set up a shared list with immediate delivery and digest options.)</li> <li>Instant messaging on <a href="https://join.slack.com/t/lter/shared_invite/enQtNTYxNzA3OTUzNDU2LTVkNjFhY2JlOTQ4ZmVmZmI1ODRkOTg4MWNmODE2ZTc5MjBmZWJhNjc1OGJmMTAyOGRiZDM2YTBiNGIzY2I0MGE">LTER Slack</a> or the <a href="https://lternet.discourse.group/">LTER Forum</a> and a running task board on <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/issues/planning-and-tracking-with-projects">GitHub Projects</a> or other project manager, such as <a href="https://trello.com">Trello</a>.</li> <li><span style="font-size: inherit;">A google website, with space for a shared calendar, uploaded documents, and group discussion. Simple to set up and maintain, this can also serve as a public presence for the group.</span></li> <li>For those who are reasonably fluent in it, GitHub has great versioning for code, markdown for private/public documents, shared wikis, and assignable task lists.</li> </ul> <p>The growing use of remote collaboration has introduced both new challenges and new opportunities to the practice of group synthesis. <span style="font-weight: 400;">“</span><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-021-01521-0"><span style="font-weight: 400;">Maintaining momentum for collaborative working groups in a post-pandemic world,</span></a><span style="font-weight: 400;">” authored by a number of researchers who represent synthesis groups, is an excellent resource specifically tailored to synthetic science.</span></p> <p><a href="https://www.esa.org/esablog/2020/06/03/ecology-and-covid-4-leveraging-the-liabilities-of-virtual-collaboration/">Leveraging the liabilities of virtual collaboration</a>, co-written by members of the LTER Network Office and NCEAS, offers a variety of approaches to capitalize on the remote environment.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading"><span style="font-size: 1.125em;">Computing and analysis</span></h3> <p>Using resources such as GitHub, R, Python and other scripting languages, savvy investigators can develop reproducible workflows that encourage effective documentation and allow users to quickly adapt analyses or rerun them with new or expanded data. <a href="https://lter.github.io/scicomp/">T</a><a href="https://nceas.github.io/scicomp.github.io/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">he LNO computing staff</a> is eager to help you find solutions to your data and collaboration challenges. They offer:</p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>set-up of collaborative tools (e.g., shared drive, mailing lists, project management, team websites),</li> <li>training and consultation in reproducible and collaborative workflows,</li> <li>help with data discovery, data harmonization and wrangling,</li> <li>direct assistance with setting up scripted analyses,</li> <li>access to NCEAS’ high-performance analytical servers,</li> <li>assistance with documentation and archiving of derived datasets</li> </ul> <p>LTER synthesis groups can expect support from LNO data analysts for a period of two years for full synthesis groups and one year for SPARC groups.</p> <p>For a brief primer on the how and why groups should participate in open science and reproducible research, see <a href="https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1890/ES14-00402.1">The tao of open science for ecology</a> and <a href="https://datascience.codata.org/articles/10.5334/dsj-2019-052/">The History and Future of Data Citation in Practice</a>.</p> <p>Additional resources are also available through the <a href="https://dataoneorg.github.io/Education/">NCEAS/DataONE Learning Hub</a>, <a href="https://environmentaldatainitiative.org/resources/dm-resources/#Data%20Management%20Best%20Practices%20&%20Training%20Materials%20and%20Tools">The Environmental Data Initiative</a>‘s resource pages, <a href="https://carpentries.org/">Data Carpentry</a>, and many other entities in the Earth and environmental sciences space.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Publication</h3> <p>When you publish, please remember to acknowledge support provided through the LTER Network Office, grants DEB 1545288 and DEB 1929393, alert the LTER Network Office, the NCEAS Communications Office, and the National Science Foundation Office of Public Affairs of your publication on acceptance.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">Communicating Results</h3> <p>The LTER Network Office and NCEAS also provide communications training and advice to broaden the impact and social utility of the synthesis research, and leverage connections through other partnerships such as <a href="https://www.nceas.ucsb.edu/morpho">NCEAS’ Morpho Initiative</a> to engage audiences such as NGOs and public agencies in using synthesis results.</p> </section> </article> <p class="byline vcard"> Updated <time class="updated" datetime="2024-08-22" itemprop="datePublished">August 22, 2024</time></p> </div> <div id="sidebar" class="col-md-4" role="complementary"> <div id="custom_html-4" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"></div></div><div id="custom_html-2" class="widget_text widget widget_custom_html"><div class="textwidget custom-html-widget"><a href="/story_types/synthesis/"><h4 class="widgettitle">Synthesis Stories</h4></a><a href="https://lternet.edu/stories/rfp-2025/"><div class="row story-list"><div class="col-md-5 story-thumb"><img width="120" height="80" 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provides roadmap for synthesizing long-term and large-scale data</div></div></a><a href="https://lternet.edu/stories/2021-synthesis-awards/"><div class="row story-list"><div class="col-md-5 story-thumb"><img width="120" height="80" src="data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/svg'%20viewBox='0%200%20120%2080'%3E%3C/svg%3E" class="attachment-top_story size-top_story wp-post-image" alt="arrows pointing to the center of a circle" decoding="async" data-lazy-src="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/synthesis-icon-120x80.png" /><noscript><img width="120" height="80" src="https://lternet.edu/wp-content/uploads/synthesis-icon-120x80.png" class="attachment-top_story size-top_story wp-post-image" alt="arrows pointing to the center of a circle" decoding="async" /></noscript></div> <div class="col-md-7 story-info">2021 LTER Synthesis Awards: Reproduction and Resilience </div></div></a></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer data-wpr-lazyrender="1" class="footer" 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