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href="#Khmer_Rouge_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Khmer Rouge rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khmer_Rouge_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnamese_invasion_and_famine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnamese_invasion_and_famine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vietnamese invasion and famine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnamese_invasion_and_famine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_land_bridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_land_bridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The land bridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_land_bridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_humanitaria_en_Camboya" title="Crisis humanitaria en Camboya – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis humanitaria en Camboya" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%92%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%8C%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="វិបត្តិមនុស្សធម៌កម្ពុជា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិបត្តិមនុស្សធម៌កម្ពុជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_humanit%C3%A1ria_cambojana" title="Crise humanitária cambojana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise humanitária cambojana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கம்போடியாவின் மனிதாபிமான நெருக்கடிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கம்போடியாவின் மனிதாபிமான நெருக்கடிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2" title="วิกฤตการณ์ด้านมนุษยธรรมของกัมพูชา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์ด้านมนุษยธรรมของกัมพูชา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16209065#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Events resulting in death, displacement or resettlement abroad</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the series of humanitarian crises from 1969 to the 1990s. For the period between 1975 to 1979, see <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg/220px-Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg/330px-Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg/440px-Houses_in_Nong_Samet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nong_Samet_Refugee_Camp" title="Nong Samet Refugee Camp">Nong Samet Refugee Camp</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cambodia-Thailand_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodia-Thailand border">Cambodia-Thailand border</a> in 1984.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Cambodia" title="Category:History of Cambodia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">History of <span class="fn org label">Cambodia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Angkor Wat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/75px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/113px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/150px-Angkor_Wat_in_Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Cambodia" title="Early history of Cambodia">Early history</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Chenla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer%E2%80%93Cham_wars" title="Khmer–Cham wars">Khmer–Cham wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t%E2%80%93Khmer_War" title="Đại Việt–Khmer War">Đại Việt–Khmer War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Post-Angkor_period" title="Post-Angkor period">Post-Angkor period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaktomuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaktomuk">Chaktomuk era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longvek" title="Longvek">Longvek era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Cambodian_War_(1591%E2%80%931594)" title="Siamese–Cambodian War (1591–1594)">Siamese-Cambodian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Spanish_War" title="Cambodian–Spanish War">Cambodian–Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Dutch_War" title="Cambodian–Dutch War">Cambodian–Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudong#History" title="Oudong">Oudong era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Krom#History" title="Khmer Krom">Loss of Mekong Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_invasions_of_Cambodia" title="Vietnamese invasions of Cambodia">Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Colonial period</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">French protectorate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Japanese occupation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia in 1945</a>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Independence and conflict</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cambodia_(1953%E2%80%931970)" title="Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970)">Post-independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menu" title="Operation Menu">US bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihanouk_Trail" title="Sihanouk Trail">Sihanouk Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_campaign" title="Cambodian campaign">Cambodian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1970 Cambodian coup d'état">1970 coup</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Republic" title="Khmer Republic">Khmer Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freedom_Deal" title="Operation Freedom Deal">US bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Phnom_Penh" title="Fall of Phnom Penh">Fall of Phnom Penh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayaguez_incident" title="Mayaguez incident"><i>Mayaguez</i> incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Cambodian–Vietnamese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">exiled coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K5_Plan" title="K5 Plan">K5 Plan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> Peace process</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">1991 Paris Peace Agreements</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">United Nations Transitional<br />Authority <span style="font-size:85%;">(UNTAC, 1992–93)</span></a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Cambodian_general_election" title="1993 Cambodian general election">1993 election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_unrecognized_government_(1994%E2%80%931998)" title="Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998)">Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> <a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Cambodia" title="Economy of Cambodia">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Cambodian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1997 Cambodian coup d'état">1997 coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Khmer Rouge Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Phnom_Penh_riots" title="2003 Phnom Penh riots">2003 Phnom Penh riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%932014_Cambodian_protests" title="2013–2014 Cambodian protests">2013–2014 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Cambodia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Cambodia">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:LightSteelBlue"> By topic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="History of Buddhism in Cambodia">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Economic history</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Humanitarian crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Cambodia" title="Military history of Cambodia">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Cambodia" title="Names of Cambodia">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content nowraplinks" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cambodian_history" title="Timeline of Cambodian history"><b>Timeline</b></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cambodia" title="Portal:Cambodia">Cambodia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Cambodia" title="Template talk:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Cambodia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Cambodia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cambodian humanitarian crisis</b> from 1969 to 1993 consisted of a series of related events which resulted in the death, displacement, or resettlement abroad of millions of Cambodians. </p><p>The crisis had several phases. First was the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> government and the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> from 1970 to 1975. This phase was also marked by intensive <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> bombing from 1969 to 1973 of the Khmer Rouge and sanctuaries and bases inside Cambodia of the <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="North Vietnamese Army">North Vietnamese Army</a> as part of its strategy to win the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The second phase was the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">rule of the Khmer Rouge</a> from 1975 to 1979. The Khmer Rouge murdered or starved about one-fourth of the 8 million population in the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a>. </p><p>In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War" title="Cambodian–Vietnamese War">Vietnam invaded Cambodia</a> and overthrew the Khmer Rouge. Vietnam and the Cambodian government it created ruled the country for the next 12 years. The Khmer Rouge and other groups <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" title="Cambodian conflict (1979–1998)">fought a guerrilla war</a> against the Vietnamese occupiers and the Cambodian government. In 1979 and 1980, the chaos caused hundreds of thousands of Cambodians to rush to the border with Thailand to escape the violence and to avoid the <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> which threatened Cambodia. Humanitarian organizations coped with the crisis with the "land bridge", one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a> efforts ever undertaken. </p><p>From 1981 to 1991, the guerrilla war against the Vietnamese and Cambodian government continued and hundreds of thousands of Cambodians continued to reside in refugee camps in Thailand or on the border with Thailand. About 260,000 of the refugees were resettled abroad, more than <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">one-half of them in the United States</a>. The final phase of the Cambodian humanitarian crisis was its resolution in 1991–1993. Vietnam withdrew from the country and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> led Cambodia toward an elected government and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriated</a> 360,000 Cambodians, emptying and closing the refugee camps. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War_and_U.S._bombing">Civil War and U.S. bombing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Civil War and U.S. bombing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Civil_War" title="Cambodian Civil War">Cambodian Civil War</a></div> <p>In 1969, the United States began extensive bombing of North Vietnamese sanctuaries and bases, mostly in eastern Cambodia. The bombing later expanded to target the Khmer Rouge. During the same time period, the Khmer Rouge began its rise as an indigenous guerrilla force to challenge the government. The impact and interrelationship of the bombing and the growth of the Khmer Rouge is disputed by historians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On March 18, 1970, <a href="/wiki/Lon_Nol" title="Lon Nol">Lon Nol</a> overthrew the government of Prince <a href="/wiki/Norodom_Sihanouk" title="Norodom Sihanouk">Norodom Sihanouk</a>. Lon Nol initiated an unsuccessful campaign to oust the soldiers and cut the supply lines of the North Vietnamese in Cambodia. In response, the NVA poured out of the sanctuaries and captured additional Cambodian territory. This territory was handed over the Khmer Rouge. Around the same time, US and South Vietnamese troops initiated the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Campaign">Cambodian Campaign</a> to oust North Vietnamese troops from the sanctuaries. </p><p>The humanitarian consequences of U.S. bombing were high. The U.S. may have dropped a tonnage of bombs on Cambodia nearly equal to all the bombs dropped by the U.S. in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Estimates of Cambodian military and civilian deaths resulting from the 1969-1973 bombing range from 40,000 to more than 150,000.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impact of the Khmer Rouge on the rural population was severe. Their tactics were "terror, violence, and force."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The civil war forced many Cambodians in the countryside to flee to the cities for safety. The population of <a href="/wiki/Phnom_Penh" title="Phnom Penh">Phnom Penh</a> increased from 600,000 to more than 2 million. Resupply of the city by land and sea was cut off by the Khmer Rouge and, by the time the government surrendered on April 17, 1975, many of the inhabitants were starving.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the civil war, 200,000 to 300,000 Cambodians died from all causes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marek_Sliwinski_1995_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marek_Sliwinski_1995-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Khmer_Rouge_rule">Khmer Rouge rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Khmer Rouge rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">Democratic Kampuchea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genocide_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Genocide_museum.jpg/220px-Genocide_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Genocide_museum.jpg/330px-Genocide_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Genocide_museum.jpg/440px-Genocide_museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>Images of victims of the <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first action of the Khmer Rouge on taking power in Phnom Penh was to order the populace to abandon the cities of Cambodia. "One third to one half of the population of the country was forced by the communists at gunpoint to walk into the countryside in tropical temperatures and monsoon rains without provision for food, water, shelter, physical security, or medical care."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban dwellers who survived were forced to create new settlements in the jungle. Former civil servants and soldiers of the Lon Nol government were executed.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death toll from execution, starvation, and disease during the almost four years of Khmer Rouge rule is usually estimated at between one and three million persons.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vietnamese_invasion_and_famine">Vietnamese invasion and famine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vietnamese invasion and famine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></div> <p>On December 25, 1978, Vietnam invaded Cambodia and soon took over most of the country, establishing a pro-Vietnamese government to rule Cambodia, which they called the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a>. Tens of thousands of Cambodians were killed in the invasion or executed by the new government.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remnants of the Khmer Rouge retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Cardamon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardamon Mountains">Cardamon Mountains</a> near the border with Thailand and other resistance movements sprang up in western Cambodia. </p><p>During the rule of the Khmer Rouge only a few thousand Cambodians had been able to escape Cambodia and take refuge in Thailand. With the Vietnamese invasion, the floodgates opened and Cambodians attempted to cross into Thailand in large numbers. In June 1979, the Thai government forced more than 40,000 Cambodian refugees back into Cambodia at <a href="/wiki/Prasat_Preah_Vihear" class="mw-redirect" title="Prasat Preah Vihear">Preah Vihear</a> temple. 3,000 or more Cambodians were killed attempting to cross a minefield. The Preah Vihear incident stimulated the international humanitarian community into action to help Cambodians who often arrived at the Thai border in the last extremity of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1979, Vietnamese offensives against the Khmer Rouge and other opposition groups plus a threatened famine in Cambodia had forced 750,000 people, many of them combatants against the Vietnamese, to the Thai border.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most were prevented from entering Thailand, but resided in makeshift camps along the border, although more than 100,000 were inside Thailand at <a href="/wiki/Khao-I-Dang" title="Khao-I-Dang">Khao-I-Dang</a> Holding Center. Many of the new arrivals were malnourished or starving.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_land_bridge">The land bridge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The land bridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fighting between the Vietnamese and anti-Vietnamese forces disrupted Cambodian rice production in 1979. A country-wide famine was anticipated in 1980. Aid agencies estimated that up to 2.5 million Cambodians were at risk of starvation.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pro-Vietnamese government in Phnom Penh demanded that all humanitarian aid be channeled through it, and some UN and aid organizations attempted to work with the government. However, there were reports of "delivery and distribution problems".<sup id="cite_ref-migration_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migration-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Nong_Chan_Refugee_Camp#Robert_Ashe.27s_.22Land_Bridge.22" title="Nong Chan Refugee Camp">"land bridge"</a>, conceived by aid worker Robert Patrick Ashe, was a relief measure that bypassed the Phnom Penh government.<sup id="cite_ref-Shawcross_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shawcross-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanitarian organizations and international aid agencies brought rice and other rice seed to <a href="/wiki/Nong_Chan_Refugee_Camp" title="Nong Chan Refugee Camp">Nong Chan Refugee Camp</a> on the Cambodian border in Thailand and distributed the rice to Cambodians who came to the border. "Vast numbers of Cambodians with oxcarts and bicycles...came to the border every day" and were given sacks of rice to take home with them.<sup id="cite_ref-migration_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-migration-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The land bridge was a "huge and successful operation," distributing together with other aid operations, including rice distribution to occupants of urban Phnom Penh, about 150,000 metric tons of rice, other food, and rice seed to Cambodians from December 1979 to September 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the land bridge was successful in helping to avert what appeared to be an impending famine in Cambodia, it was controversial among aid agencies. Some aid agencies favored cooperation with the government in Phnom Penh and accused the land bridge of encouraging a black market in food and assisting anti-government forces, including the Khmer Rouge. The impact of the land bridge can not be fully measured as there was no means of monitoring the end use of the food it distributed.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resettlement_and_refugee_camps">Resettlement and refugee camps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Resettlement and refugee camps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps,_1984.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps%2C_1984.jpg/220px-Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps%2C_1984.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps%2C_1984.jpg/330px-Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps%2C_1984.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps%2C_1984.jpg/440px-Map_of_Thai_Border_Refugee_Camps%2C_1984.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Map of Thai Border Refugee Camps, with roads and nearby Thai communities, distributed to aid workers by the <a href="/wiki/American_Refugee_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="American Refugee Committee">American Refugee Committee</a> in May 1984.</figcaption></figure><p>The border camps fluctuated in size during the 1980s depending upon the intensity of fighting inside Cambodia. Combatants took shelter in the border camps and both Vietnamese and Cambodian government forces <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_border_raids_in_Thailand" title="Vietnamese border raids in Thailand">frequently shelled the camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, at Khao-I-Dang and other refugee camps a few miles inside Thailand, Cambodians, mostly urban middle-class survivors of the Khmer Rouge, hoped for resettlement abroad. Khao-I-Dang reached a peak population of 160,000 in March 1980, but with resettlement, repatriation (sometimes involuntary), and transfer to other camps the population declined to 40,000 by December 1982 and the camp took on a status described as "the most elaborately serviced refugee camp in the world." <a href="/wiki/Site_Two_Refugee_Camp" title="Site Two Refugee Camp">Site Two Refugee Camp</a> grew to a population of 160,000 in 1987. Both refugee and border camps were characterized by fighting among political factions, violence, rape, depression, and inactivity. The refugee camps were declared closed to new arrivals by the government of Thailand, but Cambodians gained access through bribery or being smuggled into the camps.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the Cambodians in the refugee and border camps remained there for years, fearful of returning to their country and desiring resettlement abroad. A total of 260,000 Cambodians would be resettled between 1975 and 1997, mostly in the United States (153,000) and France (53,000).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repatriation">Repatriation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Repatriation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1991, a comprehensive peace agreement was reached between the contending parties in Cambodia which called for the withdrawal of Vietnamese military forces and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia</a> (UNTAC) with the responsibility of enforcing a ceasefire, organizing elections for a new Cambodian government, and repatriating Cambodians still in refugee camps in Thailand or in border camps.<sup id="cite_ref-UNTAC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNTAC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> supervised the repatriation effort which resulted in 360,000 Cambodians returning to the country from refugee and border camps in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-UNTAC_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNTAC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khao-I-Dang and other refugee camps were closed. Their remaining population was transferred to Site Two which was closed in mid-1993 after its population was repatriated to Cambodia<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elections in May 1993 established an independent Cambodian government and UNTAC was dismantled. A sizable number of UN and humanitarian aid workers remained in the country to promote human rights and democracy and support reconstruction and economic development.<sup id="cite_ref-UNTAC_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNTAC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concerts_for_the_People_of_Kampuchea" title="Concerts for the People of Kampuchea">Concerts for the People of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">Indochina refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao-I-Dang" title="Khao-I-Dang">Khao-I-Dang Holding Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Samet_Refugee_Camp" title="Nong Samet Refugee Camp">Nong Samet Refugee Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nong_Chan_Refugee_Camp" title="Nong Chan Refugee Camp">Nong Chan Refugee Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_Two_Refugee_Camp" title="Site Two Refugee Camp">Site Two Refugee Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Kaeo_Refugee_Camp" title="Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp">Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Border_Relief_Operation" title="United Nations Border Relief Operation">United Nations Border Relief Operation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambodian_humanitarian_crisis&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L'Harmattan, 1995), pp41-8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKiernanOwen" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Owen, Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf">"Bombs over Cambodia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walrus" title="The Walrus">The Walrus</a></i> (October 2006): 62–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Walrus&rft.atitle=Bombs+over+Cambodia&rft.issue=October+2006&rft.pages=62-69&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fcgp%2FWalrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACambodian+humanitarian+crisis" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia," in Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; and Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies, for an overview of Cambodian civil war estimates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quinn, Kenneth Michael. "The Origins and Development of Radical Cambodian Communism." Diss. University of Maryland, 1982. Quinn was later U.S. Ambassador to Cambodia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Larry Clinton <i>Refugee Workers in the Indochina Exodus, 1975-1982</i> Jefferson, NC: MacFarland Publishing Company, 2010, pp. 34-38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heuveline, Patrick (2001). "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia." In Forced Migration and Mortality, eds. Holly E. Reed and Charles B. Keely. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marek_Sliwinski_1995-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marek_Sliwinski_1995_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marek Sliwinski, Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique (L'Harmattan, 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banister, Judith, and Paige Johnson (1993). "After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia." In Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community, ed. Ben Kiernan. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Cambodia's Crime" <i>The New York Times</i> July 9, 1975, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States, Congress, House. <i>Human Rights in Cambodia</i> 95th Congress, lst Session, Washington, DC: GPO, 1973, pp. 10-11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heuveline, Patrick "The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970-1979" in <i>Forced Migration and Mortality</i> Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2001, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Etcheson, Craig, <i>After the Killing Fields</i> New York: Praeger, 2005, pp 24-27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 177-178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, p. 200</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UNHCR, <i>State of the World's Refugees, 2000</i> p. 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, W. Courtland, <i>Terms of Refuge</i> London: Zed Books Ltd., 1998, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-migration-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-migration_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-migration_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forcedmigration.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/book/export/html/306">"The Land Bridge" <i>Forced Migration</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100626142307/http://forcedmigration.ccnmtl.columbia.edu/book/export/html/306">Archived</a> 2010-06-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 21 Jan 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shawcross-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shawcross_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shawcross, William. <i>The Quality of Mercy: Cambodia, Holocaust, and Modern Conscience.</i> New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, pp. 215-216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bad0.html">UNHCR <i>State of the World's Refugees, 2000</i></a>, p. 95, accessed 20 Jan 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, p. 89-98; Mason, L. and R. Brown, <i>Rice, Rivalry, and Politics: Managing Cambodian Relief</i>. 1983, Notre Dame [Ind.]: University of Notre Dame Press, p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson, Appendix 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNTAC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNTAC_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNTAC_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNTAC_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/untacbackgr1.html">"United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC)</a>, accessed 20 Jan 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grant M, Grant T, Fortune G, Horgan B. <i>Bamboo & Barbed Wire: Eight Years as a Volunteer in a Refugee Camp.</i> Mandurah, W.A.: DB Pub., 2000.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cambodian_genocide" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cambodian_genocide" title="Template:Cambodian genocide"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cambodian_genocide" title="Template talk:Cambodian genocide"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodian_genocide" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cambodian genocide"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cambodian_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People_(Cambodia)" title="New People (Cambodia)">New People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_Zero_(political_notion)" title="Year Zero (political notion)">Year Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Killing_caves_of_Phnom_Sampeau" title="Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau">Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_Fields" title="Killing Fields">Killing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_Ch%C3%BAc_massacre" title="Ba Chúc massacre">Ba Chúc massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%95_Chu_Island_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thổ Chu Island massacre (page does not exist)">Thổ Chu Island massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuol_Sleng_Genocide_Museum" title="Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum">S-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Zone_massacres" title="Eastern Zone massacres">Eastern Zone massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choeung_Ek" title="Choeung Ek">Choeung Ek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangrek_genocide" title="Dangrek genocide">Dangrek genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Angkar" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkar">Angkar</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuon_Chea" title="Nuon Chea">Nuon Chea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ieng_Sary" title="Ieng Sary">Ieng Sary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khieu_Samphan" title="Khieu Samphan">Khieu Samphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Sen" title="Son Sen">Son Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta_Mok" title="Ta Mok">Ta Mok</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Kampuchea" title="Communist Party of Kampuchea">Communist Party of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampuchea_Revolutionary_Army" title="Kampuchea Revolutionary Army">Liberation Army of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santebal" title="Santebal">Santebal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Kek_Iew" title="Kang Kek Iew">Kang Kek Iew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_Nai" title="Mam Nai">Mam Nai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tang_Sin_Hean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tang Sin Hean (page does not exist)">Tang Sin Hean</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bun_Chanmol" title="Bun Chanmol">Bun Chanmol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chau_Seng" title="Chau Seng">Chau Seng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chou_Chet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chou Chet (page does not exist)">Chou Chet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Nim" title="Hu Nim">Hu Nim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dawson_Dewhirst" title="John Dawson Dewhirst">John Dawson Dewhirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Chhmar_Salas" title="Joseph Chhmar Salas">Joseph Chhmar Salas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keo_Meas" title="Keo Meas">Keo Meas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerry_Hamill&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerry Hamill (page does not exist)">Kerry Hamill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoy_Thoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoy Thoun">Koy Thuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Theam_Teng" title="Ly Theam Teng">Ly Theam Teng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_S._Deeds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael S. Deeds (page does not exist)">Michael S. Deeds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ney_Sarann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ney Sarann (page does not exist)">Ney Sarann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non_Suon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non Suon (page does not exist)">Non Suon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phouk_Chhay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phouk Chhay (page does not exist)">Phouk Chhay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tauch_Phoeun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tauch Phoeun (page does not exist)">Tauch Phoeun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinh_Hoanh" title="Trinh Hoanh">Trinh Hoanh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Tep_Im_Sotha" title="Paul Tep Im Sotha">Paul Tep Im Sotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/So_Phim" title="So Phim">So Phim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_Ol" title="Tiv Ol">Tiv Ol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorn_Vet" title="Vorn Vet">Vorn Vet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Survivors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bou_Meng" title="Bou Meng">Bou Meng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chum_Mey" title="Chum Mey">Chum Mey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dith_Pran" title="Dith Pran">Dith Pran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haing_S._Ngor" title="Haing S. Ngor">Haing S. Ngor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Sathavy" title="Kim Sathavy">Kim Sathavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengly_Jandy_Quach" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengly Jandy Quach">Mengly Jandy Quach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prum_Manh" title="Prum Manh">Prum Manh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vann_Nath" title="Vann Nath">Vann Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Investigations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Tribunal_(Cambodia)" title="People's Revolutionary Tribunal (Cambodia)">People's Revolutionary Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal" title="Khmer Rouge Tribunal">Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentation_Center_of_Cambodia" title="Documentation Center of Cambodia">Documentation Center of Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bophana_Center" title="Bophana Center">Bophana Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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