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<span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_Standard_Lithuanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_Standard_Lithuanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Differences from Standard Lithuanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_Standard_Lithuanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_morphological_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_morphological_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other morphological differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_morphological_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samogitian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogities" title="Samogities – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samogities" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%88%9E%E1%8C%8A%E1%89%B5%E1%8A%9B" title="ሳሞጊትኛ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳሞጊትኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللهجة الساموغية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللهجة الساموغية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_samogitiano" title="Idioma samogitiano – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma samogitiano" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitia%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Samogitiañe’ẽ – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Samogitiañe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuxiti_aru" title="Samuxiti aru – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Samuxiti aru" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitia-g%C3%AD" title="Samogitia-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Samogitia-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жамойцкая мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жамойцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жамойцкая мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жамойцкая мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitianeg" title="Samogitianeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Samogitianeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogiti%C3%A0" title="Samogitià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samogitià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemait%C5%A1tina" title="Žemaitština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Žemaitština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemaitisk_(dialekt)" title="Žemaitisk (dialekt) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Žemaitisk (dialekt)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schemaitisch" title="Schemaitisch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schemaitisch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemaidi_keel" title="Žemaidi keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Žemaidi keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_samogitiano" title="Idioma samogitiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma samogitiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B4emajtia_dialekto" title="Ĵemajtia dialekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĵemajtia dialekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitiera" title="Samogitiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samogitiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان ساموگیتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ساموگیتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitien" title="Samogitien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samogitien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoxiciano" title="Samoxiciano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Samoxiciano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitia-ng%C3%AE" title="Samogitia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Samogitia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%AA%A8%EA%B8%B0%ED%8B%B0%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="사모기티아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사모기티아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitski_jezik" title="Samogitski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samogitski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek_Samogitia" title="Dialek Samogitia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dialek Samogitia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_samogitica" title="Lingua samogitica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua samogitica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Жемайт кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Жемайт кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemai%C5%A1u_vol%C5%ABda" title="Žemaišu volūda – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Žemaišu volūda" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Samogitica" title="Lingua Samogitica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Samogitica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemai%C5%A1u_dialekts" title="Žemaišu dialekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Žemaišu dialekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemai%C4%8Di%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97" title="Žemaičių tarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemaičių tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szamogit_nyelv" title="Szamogit nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szamogit nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86" title="سيموجيشن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيموجيشن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Жемайтиень кяль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Жемайтиень кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitisch" title="Samogitisch – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samogitisch" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A2%E3%82%AE%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="サモギティア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サモギティア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schemaitisk" title="Schemaitisk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Schemaitisk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitisk" title="Samogitisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samogitisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سیموگیٹین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیموگیٹین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_%C5%BCmudzki" title="Język żmudzki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język żmudzki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samog%C3%ADcio_(dialeto)" title="Samogício (dialeto) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samogício (dialeto)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Жемайтское наречие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Жемайтское наречие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B8%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱜᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱟᱢᱳᱜᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_samogitiano" title="Gjuha samogitiano – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha samogitiano" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogitian_dialect" title="Samogitian dialect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samogitian dialect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemajtsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1re%C4%8Die" title="Žemajtské nárečie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Žemajtské nárečie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogiitti" title="Samogiitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samogiitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemaitiska" title="Žemaitiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Žemaitiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Samogityano" title="Wikang Samogityano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Samogityano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சமோகீத்திய மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமோகீத்திய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samogit%C3%A7e" title="Samogitçe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samogitçe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Жмудська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жмудська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ساموگیتی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ساموگیتی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaidi_kiil" title="Semaidi kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Semaidi kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinamogitan" title="Sinamogitan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sinamogitan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%8E%AB%E5%90%89%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="薩莫吉提亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩莫吉提亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemaitiu_kalba" title="Žemaitiu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žemaitiu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E8%8E%AB%E5%90%89%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="薩莫吉提亞語 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="薩莫吉提亞語" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213434#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Eastern Baltic language spoken in Lithuania</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samoyedic_languages" title="Samoyedic languages">Samoyedic languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samogitian+language%22">"Samogitian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samogitian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samogitian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samogitian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Samogitian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">Žemaitiu kalba</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">< 500,000 (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Samogitian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/sgs" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:sgs">sgs</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/samo1265">samo1265</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Samogitian</b> (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a>: <i lang="sgs">žemaitiu kalba</i> or sometimes <span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">žemaitiu rokunda</i></span>, <span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">žemaitiu šnekta</i></span> or <span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">žemaitiu ruoda</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">žemaičių tarmė, žemaičių kalba</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often considered a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian dialects">dialect of Lithuanian</a>, is an Eastern Baltic language spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Samogitia" title="Samogitia">Samogitia</a>. </p><p>It has preserved many features of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian language</a>, such as specific phonological traits and vocabulary. Samogitian differs significantly from <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">standard Lithuanian</a> in phonetics, morphology, syntax, and lexis, with unique archaic features not found in other Lithuanian dialects. This difference often causes speakers of Aukštaitian dialects to not be able to understand speakers of Samogitian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The use of Samogitian is currently in decline, with limited presence in media and education. Efforts are being made to preserve the language, including local initiatives and cultural societies. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/250px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/375px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg/500px-Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>The Samogitians, Lithuanians and other Baltic tribes, around the year 1200</figcaption></figure> <p>The Samogitian language, heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a>, originated from the <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a> proto-Samogitian dialect which was close to <a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian dialects</a>. </p><p>During the 5th century, Proto-Samogitians migrated from the lowlands of central Lithuania, near <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>, into the <a href="/wiki/Dubysa" title="Dubysa">Dubysa</a> and <a href="/wiki/J%C5%ABra" title="Jūra">Jūra</a> basins, as well as into the <a href="/wiki/Samogitian_Upland" title="Samogitian Upland">Samogitian Upland</a>. They displaced or assimilated the local, Curonian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Baltic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic peoples">Baltic</a> populations. Further north, they displaced or assimilated the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a>-speaking peoples. Assimilation of Curonians and Semigallians gave birth to the three Samogitian subdialects. </p><p>In the 13th century, Žemaitija became a part of the Baltic confederation called <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Duchy of Lithuania">Lietuva</a> (Lithuania), which was formed by <a href="/wiki/Mindaugas" title="Mindaugas">Mindaugas</a>. Lithuania conquered the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian order">Livonian order</a>. The coast was populated by <a href="/wiki/Curonians" title="Curonians">Curonians</a>, but became a part of <a href="/wiki/Eldership_of_Samogitia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eldership of Samogitia">Samogitia</a>. From the 13th century onwards, Samogitians settled within the former Curonian lands, and intermarried with the population over the next three hundred years. The Curonians were assimilated by the 16th century. Its <a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">dying language</a> has influenced the dialect, in particular phonetics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest writings in the Samogitian language appeared in the 19th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Samogitian and its subdialects preserved many features of the Curonian language, for example: </p> <ul><li>widening of proto Baltic short <i>i</i> (i → ė sometimes e)</li> <li>widening of proto Baltic short <i>u</i> (u → o)</li> <li>preservation of West Baltic diphthong <i>ei</i> (standard Lithuanian <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ie</i></span> → Samogitian <i>ėi</i>)</li> <li>no t' d' palatalization to č dž (Latvian š, ž)</li> <li>specific lexis, like cīrulis (lark), pīle (duck), leitis (Lithuanian) etc.</li> <li>retraction of stress</li> <li>shortening of ending -as to -s like in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Prussian">Old Prussian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/O-stem" class="mw-redirect" title="O-stem">o-stem</a>)</li></ul> <p>as well as various other features not listed here. </p><p>The earliest writings in Samogitian language appeared in the 16th century (<a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_Martynas_Ma%C5%BEvydas" title="Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas">Catechism of Martynas Mažvydas</a> has been written mostly in south Samogtian dialect), more in 18th century (starting with "Ziwatas Pona Yr Diewa Musu Jezusa Christusa" written in 1759 in north Samogitian dialect). </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td rowspan="2">(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span>)</td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></td> <td colspan="2"></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span>) ė may be retracted in some sub-dialects to form (<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span>) represented by the letter õ. Tėkrus → tõkrus, lėngvus → lõngvus, tėn → tõn. The vowel can be realized as close-mid central [ɘ] or close-mid back [ɤ], depending on the speaker. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental affricate">t͡s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental affricate">d͡z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiceless</span> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental sibilant fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">voiced</span> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental sibilant fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Samogitian language is highly <a href="/wiki/Inflected_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflected language">inflected</a> like <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">standard Lithuanian</a>, in which the relationships between parts of speech and their roles in a sentence are expressed by numerous flexions. There are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_genders" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical genders">grammatical genders</a> in Samogitian – feminine and masculine. Relics of historical <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter</a> are almost fully extinct while in standard Lithuanian some isolated forms remain. Those forms are replaced by masculine ones in Samogitian. Samogitian <a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> is mobile but often retracted at the end of words, and is also characterised by <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>. Samogitian has a broken tone like the <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> languages. The circumflex of standard Lithuanian is replaced by an acute tone in Samogitian. </p><p>It has five <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and three <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a> <a href="/wiki/Declensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Declensions">declensions</a>. Noun declensions are different from standard Lithuanian (see the next section). There are only two <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> conjugations. All verbs have <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present</a>, <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past</a>, <a href="/wiki/Past_iterative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past iterative tense">past iterative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Future_tense" title="Future tense">future</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tenses</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative mood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Conditional_mood" title="Conditional mood">conditional</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperative moods</a> (both without distinction of tenses) and <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a>. The formation of past iterative is different from standard Lithuanian. There are three numbers in Samogitian: <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a>. Dual is almost extinct in standard Lithuanian. The third person of all three numbers is common. Samogitian as the standard Lithuanian has a very rich system of participles, which are derived from all tenses with distinct active and passive forms, and several gerund forms. Nouns and other declinable words are declined in eight cases: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inessive">inessive</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illative" class="mw-redirect" title="Illative">illative</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest writings in Samogitian dialect appear in the 19th century. Famous authors writing in Samogitian: </p> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silvestras_Teofilis_Vali%C5%ABnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silvestras Teofilis Valiūnas (page does not exist)">Silvestras Teofilis Valiūnas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvestras_Teofilis_Vali%C5%ABnas" class="extiw" title="lt:Silvestras Teofilis Valiūnas">lt</a>]</span> and his heroic poem “Biruta”, first printed in 1829. “Biruta” became a hymn of Lithuanian student emigrants in the 19th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonas_Stanevi%C4%8Dius" title="Simonas Stanevičius">Simonas Stanevičius</a> (Sėmuons Stanevėčios) with his famous book <span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">Šešės pasakas</i></span> (Six fables) printed in 1829.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonas_Daukantas" title="Simonas Daukantas">Simonas Daukantas</a> (Sėmuons Daukonts in Samogitian), he was the first Lithuanian historian writing in Lithuanian (actually in its dialect). His famous book – <span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">Būds Senovės Lietuviu Kalnienu ir Zamaitiu</i></span> (Customs of ancient Lithuanian highlanders and Samogitians) was printed in 1854.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motiejus_Valan%C4%8Dius" title="Motiejus Valančius">Motiejus Valančius</a> (Muotiejos Valončios or Valontė) and one of his books <span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">Palangos Juzė</i></span> (Joseph of Palanga), printed in 1869.</li></ul> <p>There are no written grammar books in Samogitian because it was considered to be a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>, but there were some attempts to standardise its written form. Among those who have tried are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stasys_Anglickis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stasys Anglickis (page does not exist)">Stasys Anglickis</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stasys_Anglickis" class="extiw" title="lt:Stasys Anglickis">lt</a>]</span>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pranas_Genys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pranas Genys (page does not exist)">Pranas Genys</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranas_Genys" class="extiw" title="lt:Pranas Genys">lt</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Sofija_Kymantait%C4%97-%C4%8Ciurlionien%C4%97" title="Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė">Sofija Kymantaitė-Čiurlionienė</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=B._Jurgutis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B. Jurgutis (page does not exist)">B. Jurgutis</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juozas_Pabr%C4%97%C5%BEa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juozas Pabrėža (page does not exist)">Juozas Pabrėža</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juozas_Pabr%C4%97%C5%BEa" class="extiw" title="lt:Juozas Pabrėža">lt</a>]</span>. Today, Samogitian has a standardised writing system but it still remains a spoken language, as nearly everyone writes in their native speech. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_Standard_Lithuanian">Differences from Standard Lithuanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Differences from Standard Lithuanian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samogitian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Samogitian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samogitian+language%22">"Samogitian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samogitian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samogitian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samogitian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Samogitian differs from Standard Lithuanian in <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>. </p><p>Phonetic differences from standard Lithuanian are varied, each Samogitian subdialect (West, North and South) has different reflections. </p><p>Standard Lithuanian → Samogitian </p> <ul><li>i → short ė, sometimes e;</li> <li>u → short o (in some cases u);</li> <li>ė → <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ie</i></span>;</li> <li>o → uo;</li> <li><span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ie</i></span> → long ė, ėi, ī (y) (West, North and South);</li> <li>uo → ō, ou, ū (West, North and South);</li> <li>ai → ā ;</li> <li>ei, iai → ē;</li> <li>ui → oi;</li> <li>oi (oj) → uo;</li> <li>an → on (an in south-east);</li> <li>un → on (un in south-east);</li> <li>ą → an in south-eastern, on in the central region and ō or ou in the north;</li> <li>ę → en in south-eastern, ėn in the central region and õ, ō or ėi in the north;</li> <li>ū → ū (in some cases un, um);</li> <li>ų in stressed endings → un and um;</li> <li>unstressed ų → o;</li> <li>y → ī (y), sometimes in;</li> <li>i from ancient ī → ī;</li> <li>u from ancient ō (Lithuanian uo) → ō, ou, ū (West, North and South)</li> <li>i from ancient ei (Lithuanian <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">ie</i></span>) → long ė, ėi, ī (West, North and South)</li> <li>č → t (also č under Lithuanian influence);</li> <li>dž → d (also dž under Lithuanian influence);</li> <li>ia → ė (somewhere between i and e);</li> <li>io → ė (somewhere between i and e);</li> <li>unstressed ią → ė (somewhere between i and e);</li></ul> <p>The main difference between Samogitian and standard Lithuanian is verb <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Past_iterative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past iterative tense">past iterative tense</a> is formed differently from Lithuanian (e.g., in Lithuanian the <a href="/wiki/Past_iterative_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Past iterative tense">past iterative tense</a>, meaning that action which was done in the past repeatedly, is made by removing the ending <i>-ti</i> and adding <i>-davo</i> (<i>mirti</i> – <i>mirdavo</i>, <i>pūti</i> – <i>pūdavo</i>), while in Samogitian, the word <i>liuob</i> is added instead before the word). The second verb conjugation merged with the first in Samogitian. The plural reflexive ending is <i>-muos</i> instead of expected <i>-mies</i> which is in standard Lithuanian (<i>-mės</i>) and other dialects. Samogitian preserved a lot of relics of athematic conjugation which did not survive in standard Lithuanian. The intonation in the future tense third person is the same as in the infinitive, in standard Lithuanian it shifts. The subjunctive conjugation is different from standard Lithuanian. Dual is preserved perfectly while in standard Lithuanian it has been completely lost. </p><p>The differences between <a href="/wiki/Nominal_(linguistics)" title="Nominal (linguistics)">nominals</a> are considerable too. The fifth noun declension has almost completely merged with the third declension. The plural and some singular cases of the fourth declension have endings of the first declension (e.g.: singular nominative <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">sūnos</i></span></i>, plural nom. <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">sūnā</i></span></i>, in standard Lithuanian: sg. nom. <i><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">sūnus</i></span></i>, pl. nom. <i><span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">sūnūs</i></span></i>). The neuter of adjectives has been pushed out by adverbs (except for <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">šėlt</i></span></i> 'warm', <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">šalt</i></span></i> 'cold', <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">karšt</i></span></i> 'hot') in Samogitian. Neuter pronouns were replaced by masculine. The second declension of adjectives has almost merged with the first declension, with only singular nominative case endings staying separate. The formation of pronominals is also different from standard Lithuanian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_morphological_differences">Other morphological differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other morphological differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samogitian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Samogitian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samogitian+language%22">"Samogitian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samogitian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samogitian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samogitian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Samogitian also has many words and figures of speech that are altogether different from typically Lithuanian ones, e.g., <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">kiuocis</i></span></i> – basket (Lith. <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">krepšys</i></span>, Latvian <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">ķocis</i></span>), <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">tevs</i></span></i> – thin (Lith. <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">plonas, tęvas</i></span>, Latvian <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">tievs</i></span>), <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">rebas</i></span></i> – ribs (Lith. <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">šonkauliai</i></span>, Latvian <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">ribas</i></span>), <i><span title="Samogitian-language text"><i lang="sgs">a jebentas!</i></span></i> – "can't be!" (Lith. <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">negali būti!</i></span>) and many more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samogitian_language" title="Special:EditPage/Samogitian language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samogitian+language%22">"Samogitian language"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samogitian+language%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samogitian+language%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samogitian+language%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samogitian+language%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg/250px-Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg/375px-Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg/500px-Map_of_Samogitian_dialect.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Map of the sub-dialects of the Lithuanian language (Zinkevičius and Girdenis, 1965). <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#986b1f; color:white;"> </span> Western Samogitian sub-dialect</div> Northern Samogitian : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e65c5c; color:black;"> </span> Sub-dialect of Kretinga</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e26399; color:black;"> </span> Sub-dialect of Telšiai</div> Southern Samogitian : <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e8ec0e; color:black;"> </span> Sub-dialect of Varniai</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f3b317; color:black;"> </span> Sub-dialect of Raseiniai</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Samogitian is divided into three major dialects: Northern Samogitian (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telšiai">Telšiai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kretinga" title="Kretinga">Kretinga</a> regions), Western Samogitian (was spoken in the region around <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda</a>, now nearly extinct, – after 1945, many people were expelled and new ones came to this region) and Southern Samogitian (spoken in <a href="/wiki/Varniai" title="Varniai">Varniai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelm%C4%97" title="Kelmė">Kelmė</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurag%C4%97" title="Tauragė">Tauragė</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raseiniai" title="Raseiniai">Raseiniai</a> regions). Historically, these are classified by their pronunciation of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> word <i>Duona,</i> "bread". They are referred to as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dounininkai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dounininkai (page does not exist)">Dounininkai</a> (from <i>Douna</i>), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donininkai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donininkai (page does not exist)">Donininkai</a> (from <i>Dona</i>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C5%ABnininkai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dūnininkai (page does not exist)">Dūnininkai</a> (from <i>Dūna</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_situation">Political situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Samogitian language is rapidly declining: it is not used in the local school system and there is only one quarterly magazine and no television broadcasts in Samogitian. There are some radio broadcasts in Samogitian (in <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telšiai">Telšiai</a>). Local newspapers and broadcast stations use standard <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> instead. There is no new literature in Samogitian either, as authors prefer standard Lithuanian for its accessibility to a larger audience. Out of those people who speak Samogitian, only a few can understand its written form. </p><p>Migration of Samogitian speakers to other parts of the country and migration into Samogitia have reduced contact between Samogitian speakers, and therefore the level of fluency of those speakers. </p><p>There are attempts by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_Cultural_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samogitian Cultural Society (page does not exist)">Samogitian Cultural Society</a> to stem the loss of the dialect. The council of <a href="/wiki/Tel%C5%A1iai" title="Telšiai">Telšiai</a> city put marks with Samogitian names for the city at the roads leading to the city, while the council of <a href="/wiki/Skuodas" title="Skuodas">Skuodas</a> claim to use the language during the sessions. A new system for writing Samogitian was created.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first use of a unique writing system for Samogitian was in the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, however it was neglected during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> period, so only elderly people knew how to write in Samogitian at the time Lithuania regained independence. The Samogitian Cultural Society renewed the system to make it more usable. </p><p>The writing system uses similar letters to standard Lithuanian, but with the following differences: </p> <ul><li>There are no <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal vowels</a> (letters with <a href="/wiki/Ogonek" title="Ogonek">ogoneks</a>: ą, ę, į, ų).</li> <li>There are five additional <a href="/wiki/Vowel_length" title="Vowel length">long vowels</a>, written with <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)" title="Macron (diacritic)">macrons</a> above (as in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>): ā, ē, ė̄, ī, and ō. Lithuanian only has one letter with a macron: ū.</li> <li>Long i in Samogitian is written with a macron above: ī (unlike standard Lithuanian where it is y).</li> <li>The long vowel ė is written like ė with macron: Ė̄ and ė̄. <a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:E_smg.jpg" class="extiw" title="sgs:Image:E smg.jpg">Image:E smg.jpg</a> In the pre-Unicode 8-bit computer fonts for Samogitian, the letter 'ė with macron' was mapped on the code of the letter õ. From this circumstance a belief sprang that 'ė with macron' could be substituted with the character õ. It is not so, however. In fact, if the letter 'ė with macron' is for some reason not available, it can be substituted with the doubling of the macron-less letter, that is, 'ėė'.</li> <li>There are two additional <a href="/wiki/Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" title="Diphthongs">diphthongs</a> in Samogitian that are written as <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>: ou and ėi. (The component letters are part of the standard Lithuanian alphabet.)</li></ul> <p>As previously it was difficult to add these new characters to typesets, some older Samogitian texts use double letters instead of macrons to indicate long vowels, for example aa for ā and ee for ē; now the Samogitian Cultural Society discourages these conventions and recommends using the letters with macrons above instead. The use of double letters is accepted in cases where computer <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a> do not have Samogitian letters; in such cases y is used instead of Samogitian ī, the same as in standard Lithuanian, while other long letters are written as double letters. The <a href="/wiki/Apostrophe" title="Apostrophe">apostrophe</a> might be used to denote <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">palatalization</a> in some cases; in others i is used for this, as in standard Lithuanian. </p><p>A Samogitian computer keyboard layout has been created.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Samogitian alphabet: </p> <table align="center" cellpadding="10" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td align="left"><i>Letter</i><br /><i>Name</i></td> <td><b>A a</b> <br /> [ā] </td> <td><b>Ā ā</b> <br /> [ėlguojė ā] </td> <td><b>B b</b> <br /> [bė] </td> <td><b>C c</b> <br /> [cė] </td> <td><b>Č č</b> <br /> [čė] </td> <td><b>D d</b> <br /> [dė] </td> <td><b>E e</b> <br /> [ē] </td> <td><b>Ē ē</b> <br /> [ėlguojė ē] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Letter</i><br /><i>Name</i></td> <td><b>Ė ė</b> <br />[ė̄] </td> <td><b>Ė̄ ė̄</b> <br />[ėlguojė ė̄] </td> <td><b>F f</b> <br />[ėf] </td> <td><b>G g</b> <br />[gė, gie] </td> <td><b>H h</b> <br />[hā] </td> <td><b>I i</b> <br />[ī] </td> <td><b>Ī ī</b> <br />[ėlguojė ī] </td> <td><b>J j</b> <br />[jot] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Letter</i><br /><i>Name</i></td> <td><b>K k</b> <br />[kā] </td> <td><b>L l</b> <br />[ėl] </td> <td><b>M m</b> <br />[ėm] </td> <td><b>N n</b> <br />[ėn] </td> <td><b>O o</b> <br />[ō] </td> <td><b>Ō ō</b> <br />[ėlguojė ō] </td> <td><b>P p</b> <br />[pė] </td> <td><b>R r</b> <br />[ėr] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><i>Letter</i><br /><i>Name</i></td> <td><b>S s</b> <br />[ės] </td> <td><b>Š š</b> <br />[ėš] </td> <td><b>T t</b> <br />[tė] </td> <td><b>U u</b> <br />[ū] </td> <td><b>Ū ū</b> <br />[ėlguojė ū] </td> <td><b>V v</b> <br />[vė] </td> <td><b>Z z</b> <br />[zė, zet] </td> <td><b>Ž ž</b> <br />[žė, žet]. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samples">Samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Samogitian </th> <th>Lithuanian </th> <th>Latvian </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Samogitian</td> <td><i><b>žemaitiu ruoda</b></i></td> <td>žemaičių tarmė</td> <td>žemaišu valoda</td> <td>žemaišu volūda </td></tr> <tr> <td>English</td> <td><i><b>onglu kalba</b></i></td> <td>anglų kalba</td> <td>angļu valoda</td> <td>ongļu volūda </td></tr> <tr> <td>Yes</td> <td><i>Je, Noje, Tēp</i></td> <td>Taip</td> <td>Jā</td> <td>Nuj </td></tr> <tr> <td>No</td> <td><i>Ne</i></td> <td>Ne</td> <td>Nē</td> <td>Nā </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hello!</td> <td><i>Svēks</i></td> <td>Sveikas</td> <td>Sveiks</td> <td>Vasals </td></tr> <tr> <td>How are you?</td> <td><i>Kāp gīvenė?</i></td> <td>Kaip gyveni / laikaisi / einasi?</td> <td>Kā tev iet?</td> <td>Kai īt? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good evening!</td> <td><i>Lab vakar!</i></td> <td>Labas vakaras!</td> <td>Labvakar!</td> <td>Lobs vokors! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Welcome [to...]</td> <td><i>Svēkė atvīkė̄!</i></td> <td>Sveiki atvykę</td> <td>Laipni lūdzam</td> <td>Vasali atguojuši </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good night!</td> <td><i>Labanakt</i></td> <td>Labos nakties / Labanakt!</td> <td>Ar labu nakti</td> <td>Lobys nakts! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodbye!</td> <td><i>Sudieu, vėsa gera</i></td> <td>Viso gero / Sudie(vu) / Viso labo!</td> <td>Visu labu</td> <td>Palicyt vasali </td></tr> <tr> <td>Have a nice day!</td> <td><i>Geruos dėinuos!</i></td> <td>Geros dienos / Labos dienos!</td> <td>Jauku dienu!</td> <td>Breineigu dīnu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Good luck!</td> <td><i>Siekmies!</i></td> <td>Sėkmės!</td> <td>Veiksmi!</td> <td>Lai lūbsīs! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Please</td> <td><i>Prašau</i></td> <td>Prašau</td> <td>Lūdzu</td> <td>Lyudzams </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thank you</td> <td><i>Diekou</i></td> <td>Ačiū / Dėkui / Dėkoju</td> <td>Paldies</td> <td>Paļdis </td></tr> <tr> <td>You're welcome</td> <td><i>Prašuom</i></td> <td>Prašom</td> <td>Lūdzu!</td> <td>Lyudzu! </td></tr> <tr> <td>I'm sorry</td> <td><i>Atsėprašau</i></td> <td>Atsiprašau / Atleiskite</td> <td>Atvaino (Piedod)</td> <td>Atlaid </td></tr> <tr> <td>Who?</td> <td><i>Kas?</i></td> <td>Kas?</td> <td>Kas? (Kurš?)</td> <td>Kas? </td></tr> <tr> <td>When?</td> <td><i>Kumet?</i></td> <td>Kada / Kuomet?</td> <td>Kad?</td> <td>Kod? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where?</td> <td><i>Kor?</i></td> <td>Kur?</td> <td>Kur?</td> <td>Kur? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Why?</td> <td><i>Kudie / Diukuo?</i></td> <td>Kodėl / Dėl ko?</td> <td>Kādēļ? (Kāpēc?)</td> <td>Dieļ kuo? </td></tr> <tr> <td>What's your name?</td> <td><i>Kuoks tava vards?</i></td> <td>Koks tavo vardas? / Kuo tu vardu?</td> <td>Kāds ir tavs vārds? (Kā tevi sauc?)</td> <td>Kai tevi sauc? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Because</td> <td><i>Tudie / Diutuo</i></td> <td>Todėl / Dėl to</td> <td>Tādēļ (Tāpēc)</td> <td>Dieļ tuo </td></tr> <tr> <td>How?</td> <td><i>Kāp?</i></td> <td>Kaip?</td> <td>Kā?</td> <td>Kai? </td></tr> <tr> <td>How much?</td> <td><i>Kėik?</i></td> <td>Kiek?</td> <td>Cik daudz?</td> <td>Cik daudzi? </td></tr> <tr> <td>I do not understand.</td> <td><i>Nesopronto/Nasopronto</i></td> <td>Nesuprantu</td> <td>Nesaprotu</td> <td>Nasaprūtu </td></tr> <tr> <td>I understand.</td> <td><i>Soprontu</i></td> <td>Suprantu</td> <td>Saprotu</td> <td>Saprūtu </td></tr> <tr> <td>Help me!</td> <td><i>Ratavuokėt!</i></td> <td>Padėkite / Gelbėkite!</td> <td>Palīgā!</td> <td>Paleigā! </td></tr> <tr> <td>Where is the toilet?</td> <td><i>Kor īr tolets?</i></td> <td>Kur yra tualetas?</td> <td>Kur ir tualete?</td> <td>Kur irā tualets? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Do you speak English?</td> <td><i>Ruokounaties onglėškā?</i></td> <td>(Ar) kalbate angliškai?</td> <td>Vai runājat angliski?</td> <td>Runuojit ongliski? </td></tr> <tr> <td>I don't speak Samogitian.</td> <td><i>Neruokoujous žemaitėškā.</i></td> <td>Žemaitiškai nekalbu</td> <td>Es nerunāju žemaitiski</td> <td>As narunuoju žemaitiski </td></tr> <tr> <td>The check, please. (In restaurant)</td> <td><i>Sāskaita prašītiuo</i></td> <td>Prašyčiau sąskaitą / Sąskaitą, prašyčiau / Sąskaitą, prašau, pateikite</td> <td>Rēķinu, lūdzu!</td> <td>Lyudzu, saskaitu </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2009-050_sgs.pdf">"Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ISO 639-3 Registration Authority. 2009-08-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Request+for+New+Language+Code+Element+in+ISO+639-3&rft.pub=ISO+639-3+Registration+Authority&rft.date=2009-08-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.sil.org%2Fiso639-3%2Fcr_files%2F2009-050_sgs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamogitian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juozas Pabrėža. <i>Žemaičių kalba ir rašyba</i>. Šiauliai: Šiaulių universitetas, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaráczRosello2012" class="citation book cs1">Marácz, László; Rosello, Mireille, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRz0DQAAQBAJ&q=standardisation+of+samogitian&pg=PA177"><i>Multilingual Europe, Multilingual Europeans</i></a>. Brill. p. 177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0803-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0803-1"><bdi>978-94-012-0803-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Multilingual+Europe%2C+Multilingual+Europeans&rft.pages=177&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0803-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRz0DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dstandardisation%2Bof%2Bsamogitian%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamogitian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samogitian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bat-smg:"> Samogitian edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">For a list of words relating to Samogitian dialect, see the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:Samogitian_language" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:Samogitian language"><i><b>Samogitian language</b></i> category of words</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Samogitian_phrasebook#Q213434" class="extiw" title="voy:Samogitian phrasebook">Samogitian phrasebook</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/index-en.htm">Samogitia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samogitia.mch.mii.lt/KALBA/girdstr.en.htm#Map">Maps of Lithuania with Samogitian Dialects' Borders</a></li> <li><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Sign_Language" title="Lithuanian Sign Language">Lithuanian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Sign_Language" title="Russian Sign Language">Russian Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Baltic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Baltic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconstructed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Baltic_language" title="Proto-Baltic language">Proto-Baltic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/West_Baltic_languages" title="West Baltic languages">West Baltic</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>West <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_Prussian_language" title="Old Prussian language">Old Prussian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomor-Baltic_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomor-Baltic language (page does not exist)">Pomor-Baltic</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Поморско-балтийский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudovian_language" title="Sudovian language">Sudovian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skalvians#Language" title="Skalvians">Skalvian</a></i> (possibly separate West Baltic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_languages" title="East Baltic languages">East Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Curonian_language" title="Curonian language">Curonian</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kursenieki_language" title="Kursenieki language">Kursenieki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latgalian_language" title="Latgalian language">Latgalian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auk%C5%A1taitian_dialect" title="Aukštaitian dialect">Aukštaitian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samogitian</a>*</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selonian_language" title="Selonian language">Selonian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semigallian_language" title="Semigallian language">Semigallian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dnieper-Oka_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dnieper-Oka language (page does not exist)">Dnieper-Oka</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Днепровско-окский язык">ru</a>]</span></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>East <a href="/wiki/Galindian_language" title="Galindian language">Galindian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <b>·</b> Languages between parentheses are <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of the language on their left <b>·</b> Asterisk (*) indicates <a href="/wiki/Dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialects">dialects</a> occasionally classified as languages <b>·</b> Question mark (?) indicates disputed classification.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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