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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Failure of the marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failure_of_the_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformer_and_secularist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformer_and_secularist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reformer and secularist</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reformer_and_secularist-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reformer and secularist subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reformer_and_secularist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Criticism of Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Fruits_of_Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Fruits_of_Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>The Fruits of Philosophy</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Fruits_of_Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radical_causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radical_causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Radical causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radical_causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabian_Society_1885–1890" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabian_Society_1885–1890"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fabian Society 1885–1890</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabian_Society_1885–1890-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theosophy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theosophy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Co-freemasonry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-freemasonry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Co-freemasonry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-freemasonry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_of_Theosophical_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_of_Theosophical_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>President of Theosophical Society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_of_Theosophical_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"World_Teacher"_project" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"World_Teacher"_project"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>"World Teacher" project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"World_Teacher"_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_Rule_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_Rule_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Home Rule movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_Rule_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_in_popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_in_popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Recognition in popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_in_popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Annie Besant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA" title="آني بيزنت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آني بيزنت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="এনী বেছাণ্ট – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এনী বেছাণ্ট" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4" title="অ্যানি বেসান্ত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যানি বেসান্ত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besantov%C3%A1" title="Annie Besantová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Annie Besantová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Άννι Μπέσαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άννι Μπέσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="آنی بسانت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنی بسانت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A0%EB%8B%88_%EB%B2%A0%EC%A0%84%ED%8A%B8" title="애니 베전트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="애니 베전트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A9" title="Էննի Բեզանթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էննի Բեզանթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="एनी बेसेन्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एनी बेसेन्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%91%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98" title="אנני בזנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנני בזנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅನ್ನಿ ಬೆಸೆಂಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನ್ನಿ ಬೆಸೆಂಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_Besant" title="Anna Besant – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anna Besant" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ആനി ബസന്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആനി ബസന്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="ॲनी बेझंट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ॲनी बेझंट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AA" title="آنى بيزنت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آنى بيزنت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Анни Безант – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Анни Безант" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%99%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="アニー・ベサント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アニー・ベサント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%BF_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4" title="ଆନି ବେସାନ୍ତ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆନି ବେସାନ୍ତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%9F" title="ਐਨੀ ਬੇਸੈਂਟ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਨੀ ਬੇਸੈਂਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9" title="اینی بیسینٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اینی بیسینٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BC" title="اني بيسانټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اني بيسانټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Безант, Анни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Безант, Анни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D" title="एनी बेसन्ट् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="एनी बेसन्ट्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%B4" title="ᱮᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱱᱤ ᱵᱮᱥᱮᱱᱴ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="ايني بيسنت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايني بيسنت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besantov%C3%A1" title="Annie Besantová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Annie Besantová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="அன்னி பெசண்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அன்னி பெசண்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="అనీ బిసెంట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అనీ బిసెంట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Annie Besant" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Анні Безант – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Анні Безант" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%B9" title="اینی بیسنٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اینی بیسنٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E8%B5%9E%E7%89%B9" title="安妮·贝赞特 – Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English writer and activist (1847–1933)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Annie Besant</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Besant_-_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Annie_Besant_-_portrait.jpg/250px-Annie_Besant_-_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Annie_Besant_-_portrait.jpg/330px-Annie_Besant_-_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Annie_Besant_-_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="405" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Annie Besant as a young woman</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Annie Wood</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1847-10-01</span>)</span>1 October 1847<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Clapham" title="Clapham">Clapham</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 1933<span style="display:none">(1933-09-20)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Adyar,_Chennai" title="Adyar, Chennai">Adyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chingleput_District_(Madras_Presidency)" title="Chingleput District (Madras Presidency)">Chinglepet District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Theosophist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophist">Theosophist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> activist, writer and orator</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Frank Besant</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1867; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1873)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">Arthur, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Besant-Scott" title="Mabel Besant-Scott">Mabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a> (adopted)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsseal1875.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Theosophical Society emblem with the ankh symbol in a seal of Solomon encircled by the ouroboros, topped by a swastika and the om ligature and surrounded by the motto (motto not shown, in caption)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Tsseal1875.gif" decoding="async" width="144" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="154" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i>There Is No Religion Higher Than Truth</i></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Founders</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Theosophists</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Cooper-Oakley" title="Isabel Cooper-Oakley">Isabel Cooper-Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosbie" title="Robert Crosbie">Robert Crosbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Doubleday" title="Abner Doubleday">Abner Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hodson" title="Geoffrey Hodson">Geoffrey Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavan_N._Iyer" title="Raghavan N. Iyer">Raghavan N. Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassily_Kandinsky" title="Wassily Kandinsky">Wassily Kandinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Keightley" title="Archibald Keightley">Archibald Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._R._S._Mead" title="G. R. S. Mead">G. R. S. Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Morgan_Pryse" title="James Morgan Pryse">James Morgan Pryse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallapragada_Subba_Row" title="Tallapragada Subba Row">Subba Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott-Elliot" title="William Scott-Elliot">William Scott-Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">Alfred Percy Sinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Stonehouse" title="Brian Stonehouse">Brian Stonehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Tingley" title="Katherine Tingley">Katherine Tingley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Wood" title="Ernest Wood">Ernest Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Concepts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Root races">Root races</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_rays#In_Theosophy" title="Seven rays">Seven rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Organizations</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America" title="Theosophical Society in America">Theosophical Society in America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_in_America_(Hargrove)" title="Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)">Theosophical Society in America (Hargrove)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Point_Loma_-_Blavatskyhouse" title="Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse">Theosophical Society Point Loma - Blavatskyhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Texts</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/At_the_Feet_of_the_Master" title="At the Feet of the Master">At the Feet of the Master</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Dzyan" title="Book of Dzyan">Book of Dzyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Buddhism_(book)" title="Esoteric Buddhism (book)"><i>Esoteric Buddhism</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Publications</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)"><i>Lucifer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)"><i>Sunrise</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Masters</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuthumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuthumi">Kuthumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Hilarion" title="Master Hilarion">Master Hilarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Jesus" title="Master Jesus">Master Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_(Theosophy)" title="Morya (Theosophy)">Morya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Germain_(Theosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Germain (Theosophy)">St. Germain</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Comparative</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Buddhism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism and Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">Theosophy and literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy and visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Theosophy and Western philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascended_Master_Teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascended Master Teachings">Ascended Master Teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholic_Church" title="Liberal Catholic Church">Liberal Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">Masters of the Ancient Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theosophy" title="Template:Theosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theosophy" title="Template talk:Theosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Annie Besant</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span> <b>Wood</b>; 1 October 1847 – 20 September 1933) was a British <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">freemason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">women's rights</a> and Home Rule activist, <a href="/wiki/Educationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Educationist">educationist</a> and campaigner for Indian nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was an ardent supporter of both Irish and Indian <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the first female president of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> in 1917. </p><p>She became a prominent speaker for the <a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a> (NSS), as well as a writer, and a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a>. In 1877 they were prosecuted for publishing a book by birth control campaigner <a href="/wiki/Charles_Knowlton" title="Charles Knowlton">Charles Knowlton</a>. Thereafter, she became involved with union actions, including the <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)" title="Bloody Sunday (1887)">Bloody Sunday</a> demonstration and the <a href="/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="London matchgirls strike of 1888">London matchgirls strike of 1888</a>. She was a leading speaker for both the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a> and the Marxist <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a> (SDF). She was also elected to the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tower_Division" title="Tower Division">Tower Hamlets</a>, topping the poll, even though few women were qualified to vote at that time. </p><p>In 1890 Besant met <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>, and over the next few years her interest in <a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a> grew, whilst her interest in secular matters waned. She became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> and a prominent lecturer on the subject. As part of her theosophy-related work, she travelled to India. In 1898 she helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hindu College">Central Hindu School</a>, and in 1922 she helped establish the <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_(Sind)_National_Collegiate_Board" title="Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board">Hyderabad (Sind) National Collegiate Board</a> in Bombay (today's <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>), India. The Theosophical Society Auditorium in <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad,_Sindh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyderabad, Sindh">Hyderabad, Sindh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>) is called Besant Hall in her honor. In 1902, she established the first overseas Lodge of the International Order of Co-Freemasonry, <a href="/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain" title="Le Droit Humain">Le Droit Humain</a>. Over the next few years, she established lodges in many parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. In 1907 she became president of the Theosophical Society, whose international headquarters were, by then, located in <a href="/wiki/Adyar_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyar (Chennai)">Adyar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>). </p><p>Besant also became involved in politics in India, joining the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out in 1914, she helped launch the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Home Rule Movement">Home Rule League</a> to campaign for democracy in India, and dominion status within the British Empire. This led to her election as president of the Indian National Congress, in late 1917. In the late 1920s, Besant travelled to the United States with her protégé and adopted son <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, who she claimed was the new Messiah and incarnation of Buddha. Krishnamurti rejected these claims in 1929. After the war, she continued to campaign for Indian independence and for the causes of theosophy, until her death in 1933. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Annie Wood</b> was born on 1 October 1847 in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the daughter of William Burton Persse Wood (1816–1852) and his wife Emily Roche Morris (died 1874). Her father was English, attended <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, and attained a medical degree; her mother was an <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a>. Her paternal grandfather Robert Wright Wood was a brother of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Matthew_Wood,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Matthew Wood, 1st Baronet">Sir Matthew Wood, 1st Baronet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood's father died when she was five years old, leaving a son, Henry Trueman Wood, and one daughter. Her mother supported Henry's education at <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a>, by running a boarding house there. Annie was fostered by Ellen Marryat, sister of the author <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Marryat" title="Frederick Marryat">Frederick Marryat</a>, who ran a school at <a href="/wiki/Charmouth" title="Charmouth">Charmouth</a>, until age 16. She returned to her mother at Harrow self-confident, aware of a sense of duty to society, and under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Tractarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractarians">Tractarians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young woman, she was also able to travel in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In summer 1867, Wood and her mother stayed at <a href="/wiki/Pendleton,_Lancashire" title="Pendleton, Lancashire">Pendleton</a> near Manchester with the radical solicitor <a href="/wiki/William_Prowting_Roberts" title="William Prowting Roberts">William Prowting Roberts</a>, who questioned Wood's political assumptions.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December of that year, at age 20, Annie married the cleric Frank Besant (1840–1917), younger brother of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Besant" title="Walter Besant">Walter Besant</a>, an evangelical, serious <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Failure_of_the_marriage">Failure of the marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Failure of the marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rev. Frank Besant was a graduate of <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Cambridge" title="Emmanuel College, Cambridge">Emmanuel College, Cambridge</a>, ordained priest in 1866, but had no living: in 1866 he was teaching at <a href="/wiki/Stockwell" title="Stockwell">Stockwell</a> Grammar School as second master, and in 1867 he moved to teach at <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham_College" title="Cheltenham College">Cheltenham College</a> as assistant master.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1872, he became vicar of <a href="/wiki/Sibsey" title="Sibsey">Sibsey</a> in Lincolnshire, a benefice in the gift of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chancellor" title="Lord Chancellor">Lord Chancellor</a>—who was <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hatherley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Hatherley">Lord Hatherley</a>, a Wood family connection, son of Sir Matthew Wood, 1st Baronet.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Besant family, with their two children, Arthur and <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Besant-Scott" title="Mabel Besant-Scott">Mabel</a>, moved to Sibsey, but the marriage was already under strain. As Besant wrote in her <i>Autobiography</i>, "we were an ill-matched pair".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sibsey_church_tower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sibsey_church_tower.JPG/250px-Sibsey_church_tower.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sibsey_church_tower.JPG/500px-Sibsey_church_tower.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>St. Margaret's church in <a href="/wiki/Sibsey" title="Sibsey">Sibsey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, where Frank Besant was vicar from 1872 to 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Money was short and Frank Besant was stingy. Annie Besant was sure a third child would impose too much on the family finances.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote short stories, books for children, and articles, the money she earned being controlled by her husband. </p><p>Besant began to question her own faith, after her daughter Mabel was seriously ill in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She consulted <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bouverie_Pusey" title="Edward Bouverie Pusey">Edward Bouverie Pusey</a>: by post he gave her advice along orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Bampton_Lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bampton Lecture">Bampton Lecture</a> lines, and in person he sharply reprimanded her unorthodox theological tendencies.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attended in London, with her mother, a service at <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Hall,_London" title="St. George's Hall, London">St George's Hall</a> given by the heterodox cleric <a href="/wiki/Charles_Voysey_(theist)" title="Charles Voysey (theist)">Charles Voysey</a>, in autumn 1871, and struck up an acquaintance with the Voyseys, reading in "theistic" authors such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Newman" title="Francis Newman">Francis Newman</a> on Voysey's recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voysey also introduced Besant to the freethinker and publisher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Scott_(1808%E2%80%931878)" title="Thomas Scott (1808–1878)">Thomas Scott</a>. Encouraged by Scott, Besant wrote an anonymous pamphlet <i>On the Deity of Jesus of Nazareth</i>, by "the wife of a beneficed clergyman", which appeared in 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ellen Dana Conway, wife of <a href="/wiki/Moncure_Conway" class="mw-redirect" title="Moncure Conway">Moncure Conway</a> befriended Annie at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Besants made an effort to repair the marriage. The tension came to a head when Annie Besant refused to attend <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Communion</a>, which Frank Besant demanded, now fearing for his own reputation and position in the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1873 she left him and went to London. She had a temporary place to stay, with Moncure Conway.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scotts found her a small house in Colby Road, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Norwood" title="Upper Norwood">Upper Norwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The couple were legally separated and Annie Besant took her daughter Mabel with her, the agreement of 25 October 1873 giving her custody. Annie remained Mrs. Besant for the rest of her life. At first, she was able to keep contact with both children and to have Mabel live with her; she also got a small allowance from her husband. In 1878 Frank Besant successfully argued her unfitness, after Annie Besant's public campaigning on <a href="/wiki/Contraception" class="mw-redirect" title="Contraception">contraception</a>, and had custody from then of both children. Later, Annie Besant was reconciled with her son and daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her son Arthur Digby Besant (1869–1960) was President of the Institute of Actuaries, 1924–26, and wrote <i>The Besant Pedigree</i> (1930).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially in London, Besant attempted to support her daughter, her mother (who died the following year) and herself with <a href="/wiki/Needlework" title="Needlework">needlework</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG/220px-Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG/330px-Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG/440px-Annie_Besant_plaque.JPG 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Annie Besant's house, 39 Colby Road, Upper Norwood, now bearing a blue plaque</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformer_and_secularist">Reformer and secularist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reformer and secularist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant began in 1874 to write for the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Reformer" title="National Reformer">National Reformer</a></i>, the organ of the <a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a> (NSS), run by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Charles Bradlaugh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also continued to write for Thomas Scott's small press.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the account given by <a href="/wiki/W._T._Stead" title="W. T. Stead">W. T. Stead</a>, Besant had encountered the <i>National Reformer</i> on sale in the shop of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Truelove" title="Edward Truelove">Edward Truelove</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stead_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stead-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besant had heard of Bradlaugh from Moncure Conway.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote to Bradlaugh and was accepted as an NSS member. She first heard him speak on 2 August 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-Stead_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stead-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Bradlaugh, Besant met and became a supporter of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Arch" title="Joseph Arch">Joseph Arch</a>, the farmworkers' leader.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her career as a platform speaker began on 25 August 1874, with topic "The Political Status of Women".<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lecture was at the Co-operative Hall, Castle Street, <a href="/wiki/Long_Acre" title="Long Acre">Long Acre</a> in Covent Garden.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was followed in September by an invitation from Moncure Conway to speak at his Camden Town church on "The True Basis of Morality".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besant published an essay under this title, in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a prolific writer and a powerful orator.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She addressed causes including <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>, women's rights, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabian socialism">Fabian socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Workers' rights">workers' rights</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cole" title="Margaret Cole">Margaret Cole</a> called her "the finest woman orator and organiser of her day".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism_of_Christianity">Criticism of Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism of Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant opined that for centuries the leaders of <a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Christian thought</a> spoke of women as a necessary evil and that the greatest saints of the Church were those who despised women the most, "Against the teachings of eternal torture, of the vicarious atonement, of the infallibility of the Bible, I leveled all the strength of my brain and tongue, and I exposed the history of the Christian Church with unsparing hand, its persecutions, its religious wars, its cruelties, its oppressions."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the section named "Its Evidences Unreliable" of her work "Christianity", Besant presents the case of why the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a> are not authentic: "before about A.D. 180 there is no trace of <small>FOUR</small> gospels among the Christians."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Fruits_of_Philosophy"><i>The Fruits of Philosophy</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Fruits of Philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant and Bradlaugh set up the <a href="/wiki/The_Freethought_Publishing_Company" title="The Freethought Publishing Company">Freethought Publishing Company</a> at the beginning of 1877;<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it followed the 1876 prosecution of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Watts_(secularist)" title="Charles Watts (secularist)">Charles Watts</a>, and they carried on his work.<sup id="cite_ref-Academia_Press_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academia_Press-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became household names later that year, when they published <i><a href="/wiki/Fruits_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits of Philosophy">Fruits of Philosophy</a></i>, a book by the American birth-control campaigner <a href="/wiki/Charles_Knowlton" title="Charles Knowlton">Charles Knowlton</a>. It claimed that working-class families could never be happy until they were able to decide how many children they wanted. It also suggested ways to limit the size of their families.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Knowlton book was highly controversial and was vigorously opposed by the Church. Besant and Bradlaugh proclaimed in the <i>National Reformer</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>We intend to publish nothing we do not think we can morally defend. All that we publish we shall defend.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The pair were arrested and put on trial for publishing the Knowlton book. They were found guilty but released pending appeal. The trial became a <i><a href="/wiki/Cause_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bre" title="Cause célèbre">cause célèbre</a></i>, and ultimately the verdict was overturned on a technical legal point.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besant was then instrumental in founding the <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a>, reviving a name coined earlier by Bradlaugh. It would go on to advocate for the abolition of penalties for the promotion of contraception.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besant and Bradlaugh supported the Malthusian League for some 12 years. They were concerned with birth control, but were not <a href="/wiki/Neo-Malthusian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Malthusian">neo-Malthusians</a> in the sense of convinced believers in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> and his demographic theories.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besant did advocate <a href="/wiki/Population_control" title="Population control">population control</a> as an antidote to the <a href="/wiki/Struggle_for_survival" class="mw-redirect" title="Struggle for survival">struggle for survival</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She became the secretary of the League, with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Robert_Drysdale" title="Charles Robert Drysdale">Charles Robert Drysdale</a> as President.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time the League veered towards <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, and it was from the outset an <a href="/wiki/Individualist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist">individualist</a> organisation, also for many members supportive of a <a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">social conservatism</a> that was not Besant's view.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her pamphlet <i>The Law of Population</i> (1878) sold well.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radical_causes">Radical causes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Radical causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant was a leading member of the National Secular Society alongside Charles Bradlaugh.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She attacked the status of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> as <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>. The NSS argued for a secular state and an end to the special status of Christianity and allowed her to act as one of its public speakers. On 6 March 1881 she spoke at the opening of <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Secular_Society" title="Leicester Secular Society">Leicester Secular Society</a>'s new <a href="/wiki/Leicester_Secular_Hall" title="Leicester Secular Hall">Secular Hall</a> in Humberstone Gate, Leicester. The other speakers were <a href="/wiki/George_Jacob_Holyoake" class="mw-redirect" title="George Jacob Holyoake">George Jacob Holyoake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Law" title="Harriet Law">Harriet Law</a> and Bradlaugh.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradlaugh was elected to Parliament in 1881. Because of his atheism, he asked to be allowed to <a href="/wiki/Affirmation_(law)" title="Affirmation (law)">affirm</a>, rather than swear the oath of loyalty. It took more than six years before the matter was completely resolved, in Bradlaugh's favour, after a series of by-elections and court appearances. He was an individualist and opposed to <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> in any form. While he defended free speech, he was very cautious about encouraging working-class militancy.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Aveling" title="Edward Aveling">Edward Aveling</a>, a rising star in the National Secular Society, tutored Besant during 1879, and she went on to a degree course at London University.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, 1879 to 1882, she was a student of physical sciences at <a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution</a>. Embarrassed by her activist reputation, the Institution omitted her name from the published list of graduands, and mailed her certificates to her.<sup id="cite_ref-BBK_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBK-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Aveling in a speech in 1884 announced he had become a socialist after five years close study, Besant argued that his politics over that whole period had been aligned with Bradlaugh's and her own.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aveling and <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Marx" title="Eleanor Marx">Eleanor Marx</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Federation" title="Social Democratic Federation">Social Democratic Federation</a>, followers of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_League_(UK,_1885)" title="Socialist League (UK, 1885)">Socialist League</a>, a small Marxist splinter group which formed around the artist <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">William Morris</a>. In 1883 Besant started her own periodical, <i>Our Corner</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a literary and in time a socialist monthly, and published <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>'s novel <i>The Irrational Knot</i> in serial form.<sup id="cite_ref-Academia_Press_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Academia_Press-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Besant built close contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Devolution#Irish_home_rule" title="Devolution">Irish Home Rulers</a> and supported them in her newspaper columns during what are considered crucial years, when the Irish nationalists were forming an alliance with Liberals and Radicals. Besant met the leaders of the Irish home rule movement. In particular, she got to know <a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a>, who wanted to mobilise the Irish peasantry through a Land War, a direct struggle against the landowners. She spoke and wrote in favour of Davitt and his Land League many times over the coming decades. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bradlaugh's family circumstances changed in May 1877 with the death of his wife Susannah, an <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism"> alcoholic</a> who had left him for <a href="/wiki/James_Thomson_(poet,_born_1834)" title="James Thomson (poet, born 1834)">James Thomson</a>. His two children, Alice then aged 21, and <a href="/wiki/Hypatia_Bradlaugh_Bonner" title="Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner">Hypatia</a> then 19, returned to live with him from his in-laws. He had been able to take a house in <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_Wood" title="St John's Wood">St John's Wood</a> in February of that year, at 20 Circus Road, near Besant. They continued what had become a close friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fabian_Society_1885–1890"><span id="Fabian_Society_1885.E2.80.931890"></span>Fabian Society 1885–1890</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fabian Society 1885–1890"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant made an abrupt public change in her political views, at the 1885 New Year's Day meeting of the London Dialectical Society, founded by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hiam_Levy" title="Joseph Hiam Levy">Joseph Hiam Levy</a> to promote individualist views.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians54_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians54-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It followed a noted public debate at <a href="/wiki/St._James%27s_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="St. James's Hall">St. James's Hall</a> on 17 April 1884, on <i>Will Socialism Benefit the English People?</i>, in which Bradlaugh had put individualist views, against the Marxist line of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hyndman" title="Henry Hyndman">Henry Hyndman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On that occasion Besant still supported Bradlaugh. While Bradlaugh may have had the better of the debate, followers then began to migrate into left-wing politics.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians54_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians54-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Bernard Shaw was the speaker on 1 January 1885, talking on socialism, but, instead of the expected criticism from Besant, he saw her opposing his opponent. Shaw then sponsored Besant to join the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fabians54_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fabians54-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fabians were defining political goals, rejecting <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a> in 1886, and forming the Fabian Parliamentary League, with both Besant and Shaw on its Council which promoted political candidacy.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unemployment was a central issue of the time, and in 1887 some of the London unemployed started to hold protests in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a>. Besant agreed to appear as a speaker at a meeting on 13 November. The police tried to stop the assembly, fighting broke out, and troops were called. Many were hurt, one man died, and hundreds were arrested; Besant offered herself for arrest, an offer disregarded by the police.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events became known as <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1887)" title="Bloody Sunday (1887)">Bloody Sunday</a>. Besant threw herself into organising legal aid for the jailed workers and support for their families.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its aftermath the Law and Liberty League, defending <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_expression" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of expression">freedom of expression</a>, was formed by Besant and others, and Besant became editor of <i>The Link</i>, its journal.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besant's involvement in the <a href="/wiki/London_matchgirls_strike_of_1888" class="mw-redirect" title="London matchgirls strike of 1888">London matchgirls strike of 1888</a> came after a Fabian Society talk that year on <a href="/wiki/Female_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Female labour">female labour</a> by <a href="/wiki/Clementina_Black" title="Clementina Black">Clementina Black</a>. Besant wrote in <i>The Link</i> about conditions at the <a href="/wiki/Bryant_%26_May" title="Bryant & May">Bryant & May</a> match factory. She was drawn further into this battle of the "New Unionism" by a young socialist, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Burrows" title="Herbert Burrows">Herbert Burrows</a>, who had made contact with workers at the factory, in <a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a>. They were mainly young women, were very poorly paid, and subject to occupational disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Phossy_jaw" title="Phossy jaw">Phossy jaw</a> caused by the chemicals used in match manufacture.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louise Raw in <i>Striking a Light</i> (2011) has, however, contested the historiography of the strike, stating that "A proper examination of the primary evidence about the strike makes it impossible to continue to believe that Annie Besant led it."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Morris played some part in converting Besant to Marxism, but it was to the Social Democratic Federation of Hyndman, not his Socialist League, that she turned in 1888. She remained a member for a number of years and became one of its leading speakers. She was still a member of the Fabian Society, the two movements being compatible at the time. Besant was elected to the <a href="/wiki/London_School_Board" title="London School Board">London School Board</a> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women at that time were not able to take part in parliamentary politics but had been brought into the London local electorate in 1881. Besant drove about with a red ribbon in her hair, speaking at meetings. "No more hungry children", her manifesto proclaimed. She combined her socialist principles with feminism: </p> <blockquote><p>"I ask the electors to vote for me, and the non-electors to work for me because women are wanted on the Board and there are too few women candidates." </p></blockquote> <p>From the early 1880s Besant had also been an important feminist leader in London, with <a href="/wiki/Alice_Vickery" title="Alice Vickery">Alice Vickery</a>, Ellen Dana Moncure and <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a>. This group, at the <a href="/wiki/South_Place_Ethical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="South Place Ethical Society">South Place Ethical Society</a>, had a national standing.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She frequented the home of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pankhurst_(politician)" title="Richard Pankhurst (politician)">Richard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> on <a href="/wiki/Russell_Square" title="Russell Square">Russell Square</a>, and Emmeline had participated in the matchgirl organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besant came out on top of the poll in <a href="/wiki/Tower_Division" title="Tower Division">Tower Hamlets</a>, with over 15,000 votes. She wrote in the <i>National Reformer</i>: </p> <blockquote><p>"Ten years ago, under a cruel law, Christian bigotry robbed me of my little child. Now the care of the 763,680 children of London is placed partly in my hands."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Financial constraints meant that Besant closed down both <i>Our Corner</i> and <i>The Link</i> at the end of 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besant was further involved in the <a href="/wiki/London_dock_strike_of_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="London dock strike of 1889">London dock strike of 1889</a>. The dockers, <a href="/wiki/Casual_work" class="mw-redirect" title="Casual work">casual workers</a> who were employed by the day, were led by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Tillett" title="Ben Tillett">Ben Tillett</a> in a struggle for the "Dockers' Tanner". Besant helped Tillett draw up the union's rules and played an important part in the meetings and agitation which built up the organisation. She spoke for the dockers at public meetings and on street corners. Like the match-girls, the dockers won public support for their struggle, and the strike was won.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Theosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_(1847_%E2%80%93_1933),_c._1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_%281847_%E2%80%93_1933%29%2C_c._1910.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_%281847_%E2%80%93_1933%29%2C_c._1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_%281847_%E2%80%93_1933%29%2C_c._1910.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_%281847_%E2%80%93_1933%29%2C_c._1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_%281847_%E2%80%93_1933%29%2C_c._1910.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Annie_Besant_%281847_%E2%80%93_1933%29%2C_c._1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Studio portrait of Annie Besant, c. 1910, by Falk Studio</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1889, Besant was asked to write a review for the <i>Pall Mall Gazette</i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i>, a book by <a href="/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" class="mw-redirect" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a>. After reading it, she sought an interview with its author, meeting Blavatsky in Paris. In this way, she was converted to Theosophy. She allowed her membership of the Fabian Society to lapse (1890) and broke her links with the Marxists.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her <i>Autobiography</i>, Besant follows her chapter on "Socialism" with "Through Storm to Peace", the peace of Theosophy. In 1888, she described herself as "marching toward the Theosophy" that would be the "glory" of her life. Besant had found the economic side of life lacking a spiritual dimension, so she searched for a belief based on "Love". She found this in Theosophy, so she joined the Theosophical Society, a move that distanced her from Bradlaugh and other former activist co-workers.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Blavatsky died in 1891, Besant was left as one of the leading figures in theosophy and in 1893 she represented it at the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition" title="World's Columbian Exposition">Chicago World Fair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, soon after becoming a member of the Theosophical Society, she went to India for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society#Schisms" title="Theosophical Society">dispute</a> the American section split away into an independent organisation. The original society, then led by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a> and Besant, is today based in <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India, and is known as the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a>. Following the split, Besant devoted much of her energy not only to the society but also to India's freedom and progress. <a href="/wiki/Besant_Nagar" title="Besant Nagar">Besant Nagar</a>, a neighbourhood near the Theosophical Society in Chennai, is named in her honour.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1893, she was a representative of The Theosophical Society at the World Parliament of Religions in Chicago. The World Parliament is famous in India because Indian monk <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> addressed the same event. </p><p>In 1895, together with the founder-president of the Theosophical Society, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Marie_Musaeus_Higgins" title="Marie Musaeus Higgins">Marie Musaeus Higgins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_De_Abrew" title="Peter De Abrew">Peter De Abrew</a>, she was instrumental in developing the Buddhist school, <a href="/wiki/Musaeus_College" title="Musaeus College">Musaeus College</a>, in Colombo on the island of Sri Lanka. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Besant,_LoC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Annie_Besant%2C_LoC.jpg/220px-Annie_Besant%2C_LoC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Annie_Besant%2C_LoC.jpg/330px-Annie_Besant%2C_LoC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Annie_Besant%2C_LoC.jpg/440px-Annie_Besant%2C_LoC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="3805" /></a><figcaption>Annie Besant, c. 1897</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg/250px-Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg/330px-Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg/500px-Steiner_mit_Annie_Besant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> and Annie Besant in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, 1907</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-freemasonry">Co-freemasonry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Co-freemasonry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant saw freemasonry, in particular <a href="/wiki/Co-Freemasonry" title="Co-Freemasonry">Co-Freemasonry</a>, as an extension of her interest in the rights of women and the greater brotherhood of man and saw co-freemasonry as a "movement which practised true brotherhood, in which women and men worked side by side for the perfecting of humanity. She immediately wanted to be admitted to this organisation", known now as the <a href="/wiki/Le_Droit_Humain" title="Le Droit Humain">International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, "Le Droit Humain"</a>. </p><p>The link was made in 1902 by the theosophist Francesca Arundale, who accompanied Besant to Paris, along with six friends. "They were all initiated, passed, and raised into the first three degrees and Annie returned to England, bearing a Charter and founded there the first Lodge of International Mixed Masonry, Le Droit Humain." Besant eventually became the Order's Most Puissant Grand Commander and was a major influence in the international growth of the Order.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President_of_Theosophical_Society">President of Theosophical Society</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: President of Theosophical Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olcott_Besant_Leadbeater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Olcott_Besant_Leadbeater.jpg/250px-Olcott_Besant_Leadbeater.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Olcott_Besant_Leadbeater.jpg/330px-Olcott_Besant_Leadbeater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Olcott_Besant_Leadbeater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption>Annie Besant with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Olcott" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Olcott">Henry Olcott</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Leadbeater</a> (right) in <a href="/wiki/Adyar_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyar (Chennai)">Adyar</a>, Madras in December 1905</figcaption></figure> <p>Besant met fellow theosophist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">Charles Webster Leadbeater</a> in London in April 1894. They became close co-workers in the theosophical movement and would remain so for the rest of their lives. Leadbeater claimed <a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> and reputedly helped Besant become clairvoyant herself in the following year. In a letter dated 25 August 1895 to Francisca Arundale, Leadbeater narrates how Besant became clairvoyant. Together they clairvoyantly investigated the universe, matter, thought-forms, and the history of mankind, and co-authored a book called <i><a href="/wiki/Occult_Chemistry" title="Occult Chemistry">Occult Chemistry</a></i>. </p><p>In 1906 Leadbeater became the centre of controversy when it emerged that he had advised the practice of masturbation to some boys under his care and spiritual instruction. Leadbeater stated he had encouraged the practice to keep the boys celibate, which was considered a prerequisite for advancement on the spiritual path.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the controversy, he offered to resign from the Theosophical Society in 1906, which was accepted. The next year Besant became president of the society and in 1908, with her express support, Leadbeater was readmitted to the society. Leadbeater went on to face accusations of improper relations with boys, but none of the accusations were ever proven and Besant never deserted him.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until Besant's presidency, the society had as one of its foci <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and the island of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, where Henry Olcott did the majority of his useful work.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Besant's leadership there was more stress on the teachings of "The Aryavarta", as she called central India, as well as on esoteric Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besant set up a new school for boys, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Hindu_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Hindu College">Central Hindu College</a> (CHC) at <a href="/wiki/Banaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Banaras">Banaras</a> which was formed on underlying theosophical principles, and which counted many prominent theosophists in its staff and faculty. Its aim was to build a new leadership for India. The students spent 90 minutes a day in prayer and studied religious texts, but they also studied modern science. It took 3 years to raise the money for the CHC, most of which came from Indian princes.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1911, Besant met Pandit <a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a> and they decided to unite their forces and work for a common Hindu University at Banaras. Besant and fellow trustees of the Central Hindu College also agreed to the Government of India's precondition that the college should become a part of the new University. The <a href="/wiki/Banaras_Hindu_University" title="Banaras Hindu University">Banaras Hindu University</a> started functioning from 1 October 1917 with the Central Hindu College as its first constituent college. </p><p>Blavatsky had stated in 1889 that the main purpose of establishing the society was to prepare humanity for the future reception of a "torch-bearer of Truth", an emissary of a hidden <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Hierarchy">Spiritual Hierarchy</a> that, according to theosophists, guides the evolution of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was repeated by Besant as early as 1896; Besant came to believe in the imminent appearance of the "emissary", who was identified by theosophists as the so-called <i><a href="/wiki/World_Teacher" class="mw-redirect" title="World Teacher">World Teacher</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg/250px-Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg/330px-Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg/500px-Music_of_Gounod_-_Annie_Besant_Thought_Form_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_16269.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thoughtform" class="mw-redirect" title="Thoughtform">Thought-form</a> of the music of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gounod" title="Charles Gounod">Charles Gounod</a>, according to Besant and C. W. Leadbeater in <i>Thought-Forms </i> (1905)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""World_Teacher"_project"><span id=".22World_Teacher.22_project"></span>"World Teacher" project</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: "World Teacher" project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1909, soon after Besant's assumption of the presidency, Leadbeater "discovered" fourteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a> (1895–1986), a South Indian boy who had been living, with his father and brother, on the grounds of the headquarters of the Theosophical Society at <a href="/wiki/Adyar_(Chennai)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyar (Chennai)">Adyar</a>, and declared him the probable "vehicle" for the expected "<a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">World Teacher</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "discovery" and its objective received widespread publicity and attracted a worldwide following, mainly among theosophists. It also started years of upheaval and contributed to splits in the Theosophical Society and doctrinal schisms in theosophy. Following the discovery, Jiddu Krishnamurti and his younger brother Nityananda ("Nitya") were placed under the care of theosophists and Krishnamurti was extensively groomed for his future mission as the new vehicle for the "World Teacher". Besant soon became the boys' <a href="/wiki/Legal_guardianship" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal guardianship">legal guardian</a> with the consent of their father, who was very poor and could not take care of them. However, his father later changed his mind and began a legal battle to regain guardianship, against the will of the boys.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in their relationship, Krishnamurti and Besant had developed a very close bond and he considered her a surrogate mother – a role she happily accepted. (His biological mother had died when he was ten years old.)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, twenty years after his "discovery", Krishnamurti, who had grown disenchanted with the <i>World Teacher Project</i>, repudiated the role that many theosophists expected him to fulfil. He dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a>, an organisation founded to assist the World Teacher in his mission, and eventually left the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a> and theosophy at large.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spent the rest of his life travelling the world as an unaffiliated speaker, becoming in the process widely known as an original, independent thinker on philosophical, psychological, and spiritual subjects. His love for Besant never waned, as also was the case with Besant's feelings towards him;<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> concerned for his wellbeing after he declared his independence, she had purchased 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land near the Theosophical Society estate which later became the headquarters of the Krishnamurti Foundation India. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_Rule_movement">Home Rule movement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Home Rule movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1902 Besant had written that "India is not ruled for the prospering of the people, but rather for the profit of her conquerors, and her sons are being treated as a conquered race." She encouraged Indian national consciousness, attacked <a href="/wiki/Caste_system_in_India" title="Caste system in India">caste</a> and child marriage, and worked effectively for Indian education.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosemary._2004_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosemary._2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with her theosophical activities, Besant continued to actively participate in political matters. She had joined the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>. As the name suggested, this was originally a debating body, which met each year to consider resolutions on political issues. Mostly it demanded more of a say for middle-class Indians in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British Indian</a> government. It had not yet developed into a permanent mass movement with a local organisation. About this time her co-worker Leadbeater moved to Sydney. </p><p>In 1914, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out, and Britain asked for the support of its Empire in the fight against <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Echoing an Irish nationalist slogan, Besant declared, "England's need is India's opportunity". As editor of the <i><a href="/wiki/New_India_(newspaper)" title="New India (newspaper)">New India</a></i> newspaper, she attacked the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">colonial government</a> of India and called for clear and decisive moves towards self-rule. As with Ireland, the government refused to discuss any changes while the war lasted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annie_Besant.001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Annie_Besant.001.jpg/250px-Annie_Besant.001.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Annie_Besant.001.jpg/255px-Annie_Besant.001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Annie_Besant.001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Annie Besant in Sydney, 1922</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1916, Besant launched the <a href="/wiki/All_India_Home_Rule_League" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Home Rule League">All India Home Rule League</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Lokmanya_Tilak" class="mw-redirect" title="Lokmanya Tilak">Lokmanya Tilak</a>, once again modelling demands for India on Irish nationalist practices. This was the first political party in India to have regime change as its main goal. Unlike the Congress itself, the League worked all year round. It built a structure of local branches, enabling it to mobilise demonstrations, public meetings, and agitations. In June 1917, Besant was arrested and interned at a <a href="/wiki/Hill_station" title="Hill station">hill station</a>, where she defiantly flew a red and green flag.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congress and the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">Muslim League</a> together threatened to launch protests if she were not set free; Besant's arrest had created a focus for protest.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government was forced to give way and to make vague but significant concessions. It was announced that the ultimate aim of British rule was Indian self-government, and moves in that direction were promised. Besant was freed in September 1917, welcomed by crowds all over India,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in December she took over as president of the Indian National Congress for a year. Both <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> spoke of Besant's influence with admiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosemary._2004_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosemary._2004-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, a new leadership of the Indian National Congress emerged around <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> – one of those who had written to demand Besant's release. He was a lawyer who had returned from leading Asians in a peaceful struggle against racism in South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>, Gandhi's closest collaborator, had been educated by a theosophist tutor. </p><p>The new leadership was committed to action that was both militant and non-violent, but there were differences between them and Besant. Despite her past, she was not happy with their socialist leanings. Until the end of her life, however, she continued to campaign for India's independence, not only in India but also on speaking tours of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her own version of Indian dress, she remained a striking presence on speakers' platforms. She produced a torrent of letters and articles demanding independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years_and_death">Later years and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Later years and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besant tried as a person, theosophist, and president of the Theosophical Society, to accommodate Krishnamurti's views into her life, without success; she vowed to personally follow him in his new direction although she apparently had trouble understanding both his motives and his new message.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two remained friends until the end of her life. </p><p>In 1931, she became ill in India.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besant died on 20 September 1933, at age 85, in <a href="/wiki/Adyar,_Chennai" title="Adyar, Chennai">Adyar</a>, Madras Presidency, British India. Her body was <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-smh1933_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh1933-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was survived by her daughter, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Besant-Scott" title="Mabel Besant-Scott">Mabel</a>. After her death, colleagues <a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a>, Guido Ferrando, and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Rajagopal" title="Rosalind Rajagopal">Rosalind Rajagopal</a>, built the Happy Valley School in California, now renamed the <a href="/wiki/Besant_Hill_School_of_Happy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Besant Hill School of Happy Valley">Besant Hill School of Happy Valley</a> in her honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Widely recognized as a pioneer of women's birth control<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for her contributions to the Indian freedom movement<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, roads have been named in her honor in the Indian cities <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Patna" title="Patna">Patna</a><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The <a href="/wiki/Besant_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Besant Road">Besant Road</a> in the city of Vijayawada was named after her. In <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, a residential neighborhood, <a href="/wiki/Besant_Nagar" title="Besant Nagar">Besant Nagar</a>, and an urban park, the <a href="/wiki/Dr._Annie_Besant_Park" title="Dr. Annie Besant Park">Dr. Annie Besant Park</a>, have also been named in her honor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides being a prolific writer, Besant was a "practised <a href="/wiki/Stump_orator" class="mw-redirect" title="Stump orator">stump orator</a>" who gave sixty-six public lectures in one year. She also engaged in public debates.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> List of Works on Online Books <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Besant%2C%20Annie%2C%201847-1933">Annie Besant (Besant, Annie, 1847-1933) | The Online Books Page</a><br /> List of Work on Open Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL16933A/Annie_Wood_Besant">Annie Wood Besant</a> </p> <ul><li><i>The Political Status of Women</i> (1874)<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Christianity: Its Evidences, Its Origin, Its Morality, Its History</i> (1876)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawofpopulationi00besauoft">The Law of Population</a></i> (1877)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mypathtoatheism00besarich">My Path to Atheism</a></i> (1878, 3rd ed 1885)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MarriageAsItWasAsItIsAndAsItShouldBe/MarriageAsItWasAsItIsAsItShouldBe_Besant_64pgs.070#page/n1/mode/2up">Marriage, As It Was, As It Is, And As It Should Be: A Plea for Reform</a></i> (1878)</li> <li><i>Light, Heat and Sound</i> (1881)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jh8HAAAAQAAJ">The Atheistic Platform: 12 Lectures</a></i> Nos. 1, 5, 9 and 12 by Besant (1884)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiographica00besagoog">Autobiographical Sketches</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/whyiamsocialist441besa#page/n0/mode/2up">Why I Am a Socialist</a></i> (1886)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nnc1.50020125#view=1up;seq=5">Why I Became a Theosophist</a></i> (1889)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenprinciples02besagoog">The Seven Principles of Man</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/bhagavadgtorlor00unkngoog#page/n6/mode/2up">Bhagavad Gita</a></i> (translated as <i>The Lord's Song</i>) (1895)</li> <li><i>Karma</i> (1895)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theosophy.world/sites/default/files/ebooks/Annie%20Besant-In-The-Outer-Court.pdf">In the Outer Court</a></i>(1895)</li> <li><i>The Ancient Wisdom</i> (1897)</li> <li><i>Dharma</i> (1898)</li> <li><i>Evolution of Life and Form</i> (1898)</li> <li><i>Avatâras</i> (1900)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousproblem00besa">The Religious Problem in India</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thoughtpowerits00besagoog">Thought Power: Its Control and Culture</a></i> (1901)</li> <li><i>A Study in Consciousness: A contribution to the science of psychology.</i> (1904)</li> <li><i>Theosophy and the new psychology: A course of six lectures</i> (1904)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thought-Forms_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought-Forms (book)">Thought Forms</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a> (1905)<sup id="cite_ref-:02_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31426">Esoteric Christianity</a></i> (1905 2nd ed)</li> <li><i>Death - and After?</i> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_Chemistry_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Occult Chemistry (book)"><i>Occult Chemistry</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a> (1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015002136920;view=1up;seq=13">Occult chemistry;: clairvoyant observations on the chemical elements</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_introduction_to_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="An introduction to Yoga">An Introduction to Yoga</a></i> (1908) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc2.ark:/13960/t07w6bf24#view=1up;seq=7">An introduction to yoga; four lectures delivered at the 32nd anniversary of the Theosophical Society, held at Benares, on Dec. 27th, 28th, 29th, 30th, 1907</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/australianlectur00besarich">Australian Lectures</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRA3AQAAMAAJ">Annie Besant: An Autobiography</a></i> (1908 2nd ed)</li> <li><i>The Religious Problem in India</i> Lectures on Islam, Jainism, Sikhism, Theosophy (1909) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousproblem00besa">The religious problem in India: four lectures delivered during the twenty-sixth annual convention of the Theosophical Society at Adyar, Madras, 1901</a></li> <li><i>Man and His Bodies</i> (1896, rpt 1911) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandgholap.net/Man_And_His_Bodies-AB.htm">Theosophy: Man and His Bodies by Annie Besant</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elementary_Lessons_on_Karma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elementary Lessons on Karma (page does not exist)">Elementary Lessons on Karma</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Study_in_Karma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Study in Karma (page does not exist)">A Study in Karma</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i>Initiation: The Perfecting of Man</i> (1912) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandgholap.net/Initiation_Perfecting_Of_Man-AB.htm">Theosophy: Initiation The Perfecting of Man by Annie Besant - MahatmaCWLeadbeater.org</a></li> <li><i>Giordano Bruno</i> (1913)</li> <li><i>Man's Life in This and Other Worlds</i> (1913) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003575728">Man's life in this and other worlds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man:_whence,_how_and_whither,_a_record_of_clairvoyant_investigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Man: whence, how and whither, a record of clairvoyant investigation"><i>Man: Whence, How and Whither</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/C._W._Leadbeater" class="mw-redirect" title="C. W. Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a> (1913) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105170346/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CADAL/B31426815/">Man, whence, how and whither: a record of clairvoyant investigation / by Annie Besant and C.W. Leadbeater.</a></li> <li><i>Theosophy and Life's Deeper Problems</i> 1916</li> <li><i>The Doctrine of the Heart</i> (1920) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandgholap.net/Doctrine_Of_The_Heart-AB.htm">Theosophy: Doctrine of the Heart by Annie Besant</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futureofindianpo00besarich">The Future of Indian Politics</a></i> 1922</li> <li><i>The Life and Teaching of Muhammad</i> (1932) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/AnnieBesantTheLifeAndTeachingsOfMuhammadTheProphetOfIslam">Annie Besant The Life And Teachings Of Muhammad ( The Prophet Of Islam)</a></li> <li><i>Memory and Its Nature</i> (1935) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandgholap.net/AP/Memory_And_It's_Nature-AB.htm">Memory and Its Nature - by Annie Besant & H.P.Blavatsky - Adyar Pamphlets No. 203 & 204</a></li> <li>Various writings regarding <a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a> (1889–1910) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blavatskyarchives.com/compitems2.htm#Besant">Blavatsky Archives contains 100s of articles on HP Blavatsky & Theosophy</a></li> <li>Selection of Pamphlets as follows: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZYwAQAAMAAJ&q=gbs_navlinks_s">Pamphlets</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>"Sin and Crime" (1885)</li> <li>"God's Views on Marriage" (1890)</li> <li>"A World Without God" (1885)</li> <li>"Life, Death, and Immortality" (1886)</li> <li>"Theosophy" (1925?)</li> <li>"The World and Its God" (1886)</li> <li>"Atheism and Its Bearing on Morals" (1887)</li> <li>"On Eternal Torture" (n.d.)</li> <li>"The Fruits of Christianity" (n.d.)</li> <li>"The Jesus of the Gospels and the Influence of Christianity" (n.d.)</li> <li>"The Gospel of Christianity and the Gospel of Freethought" (1883)</li> <li>"Sins of the Church: Threatenings and Slaughters" (n.d.)</li> <li>"For the Crown and Against the Nation" (1886)</li> <li>"Christian Progress" (1890)</li> <li>"Why I Do Not Believe in God" (1887)</li> <li>"The Myth of the Resurrection" (1886)</li> <li>"The Teachings of Christianity" (1887)</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Indian National Movement </p> <dl><dd><ul><li>The Commonweal (a weekly dealing on Indian national issues)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>New India (a daily newspaper which was a powerful mouthpiece for 15 years advocating Home Rule and revolutionizing Indian journalism)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_in_popular_media">Recognition in popular media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Recognition in popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 1 October 2015, search engine Google commemorated Annie Besant with a <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Doodle</a> on her 168th birth anniversary. Google commented: "A fierce advocate of Indian self-rule, Annie Besant loved the language, and over a lifetime of vigorous study cultivated tremendous abilities as a writer and orator. She published mountains of essays, wrote a textbook, curated anthologies of classic literature for young adults and eventually became editor of the New India newspaper, a periodical dedicated to the cause of Indian Autonomy".<sup id="cite_ref-Annie_Besant_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annie_Besant-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book, <i>Rebels Against the Raj</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Guha" title="Ramachandra Guha">Ramchandra Guha</a> tells the story of how Besant and six other foreigners served <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in its quest for independence from the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besant appears as a character in the children's novel <i>Billy and the Match Girl</i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Haston" title="Paul Haston">Paul Haston</a>, about the matchgirls' strike.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, an exhibition called <i>Intention to Know</i>, focusing on Besant's "thought forms"<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, was curated at the <a href="/wiki/Stony_Island_Arts_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stony Island Arts Bank">Stony Island Arts Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy and Christianity">Theosophy and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Theosophy and visual arts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/besant_annie.shtml">"BBC - History - Annie Besant"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191114020202/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/besant_annie.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+-+History+-+Annie+Besant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fhistoric_figures%2Fbesant_annie.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/annie-besant">"Annie Besant, Making Britain"</a>. <i>www.open.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221203222839/https://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/annie-besant">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.open.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Annie+Besant%2C+Making+Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.open.ac.uk%2Fresearchprojects%2Fmakingbritain%2Fcontent%2Fannie-besant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/independence-day-india-women-freedom-struggle-unsung-heroines-12973202.html">"Independence Day 2024: How India's gritty and courageous women helped in the freedom struggle"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independence+Day+2024%3A+How+India%27s+gritty+and+courageous+women+helped+in+the+freedom+struggle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fexplainers%2Findependence-day-india-women-freedom-struggle-unsung-heroines-12973202.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1930" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Arthur Digby (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/besantpedigreeby00besa/page/455/mode/1up"><i>The Besant Pedigree</i></a>. London: Besant & Co. p. 455.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Besant+Pedigree&rft.place=London&rft.pages=455&rft.pub=Besant+%26+Co.&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Digby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbesantpedigreeby00besa%2Fpage%2F455%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Taylor, Anne. "Besant, Annie (1847–1933)". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30735">10.1093/ref:odnb/30735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Besant%2C+Annie+%281847%E2%80%931933%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30735&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CHVMAwAAQBAJ&dq=annie+besant+anglican&pg=PA127"><i>The Victorian Church, Part Two: 1860-1901</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. April 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781608992621" title="Special:BookSources/9781608992621"><bdi>9781608992621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Church%2C+Part+Two%3A+1860-1901&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2010-04&rft.isbn=9781608992621&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCHVMAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dannie%2Bbesant%2Banglican%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eE5GDwAAQBAJ&dq=annie+besant+anglican+comte&pg=PA190"><i>The Anthem Companion to Auguste Comte</i></a>. Anthem Press. 15 May 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857281944" title="Special:BookSources/9780857281944"><bdi>9780857281944</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anthem+Companion+to+Auguste+Comte&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2017-05-15&rft.isbn=9780857281944&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeE5GDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dannie%2Bbesant%2Banglican%2Bcomte%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1893" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie Wood (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anniebesantautob00besaiala/page/71/mode/1up"><i>Annie Besant : an autobiography</i></a>. London : T. Fisher Unwin. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%3A+an+autobiography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.pub=London+%3A+T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanniebesantautob00besaiala%2Fpage%2F71%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeat1975" class="citation journal cs1">Leat, Diana (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409644">"The Rise and Rôle of the Poor Man's Lawyer"</a>. <i>British Journal of Law and Society</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1409644">10.2307/1409644</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-3704">0306-3704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409644">1409644</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620064853/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1409644">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+R%C3%B4le+of+the+Poor+Man%27s+Lawyer&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0306-3704&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1409644%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1409644&rft.aulast=Leat&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1409644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFACADBSNT859F" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=BSNT859F&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Besant, Frank (BSNT859F)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Besant%2C+Frank+%28BSNT859F%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DBSNT859F%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m2RzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54"><i>Crockford's Clerical Directory for 1868</i></a>. BoD – Books on Demand. 6 June 2022. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-375-04550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-375-04550-0"><bdi>978-3-375-04550-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crockford%27s+Clerical+Directory+for+1868&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=BoD+%E2%80%93+Books+on+Demand&rft.date=2022-06-06&rft.isbn=978-3-375-04550-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm2RzEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1893" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie Wood (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anniebesantautob00besaiala/page/81/mode/1up"><i>Annie Besant : an autobiography</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%3A+an+autobiography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanniebesantautob00besaiala%2Fpage%2F81%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1893" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie Wood (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anniebesantautob00besaiala/page/109/mode/1up"><i>Annie Besant : an autobiography</i></a>. London : T. Fisher Unwin. pp. <span class="nowrap">109–</span>112.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%3A+an+autobiography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E109-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.pub=London+%3A+T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanniebesantautob00besaiala%2Fpage%2F109%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1893" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie Wood (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anniebesantautob00besaiala/page/106/mode/2up"><i>Annie Besant : an autobiography</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin. pp. <span class="nowrap">106–</span>107.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%3A+an+autobiography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E106-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanniebesantautob00besaiala%2Fpage%2F106%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoolrick1922" class="citation book cs1">Goolrick, John Tackett (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicfrederic00goolri/page/100/mode/1up"><i>Historic Fredericksburg; the story of an old town</i></a>. Richmond, Va., Printed by Whittet & Shepperson. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Fredericksburg%3B+the+story+of+an+old+town&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Richmond%2C+Va.%2C+Printed+by+Whittet+%26+Shepperson&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Goolrick&rft.aufirst=John+Tackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricfrederic00goolri%2Fpage%2F100%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabians-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzieMacKenzie1979" class="citation book cs1">MacKenzie, Norman Ian; MacKenzie, Jeanne (1979). <i>The First Fabians</i>. London: Quartet Books. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0704332515" title="Special:BookSources/0704332515"><bdi>0704332515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fabians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0704332515&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Norman+Ian&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1893" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie Wood (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anniebesantautob00besaiala/page/120/mode/1up"><i>Annie Besant : an autobiography</i></a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin. p. 120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%3A+an+autobiography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie+Wood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanniebesantautob00besaiala%2Fpage%2F120%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U234700">"Besant, Arthur Digby"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i>. A & C Black.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Besant%2C+Arthur+Digby&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU234700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stead-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stead_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stead_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStead1891" class="citation book cs1">Stead, William Thomas (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uLj-iimSd8gC&pg=PA360"><i>Mrs. Annie Besant</i></a>. p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mrs.+Annie+Besant&rft.pages=360&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Stead&rft.aufirst=William+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuLj-iimSd8gC%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArchWarwick1898" class="citation book cs1">Arch, Joseph; Warwick, Frances Evelyn Maynard Greville (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/josepharchstoryo00archuoft/page/124/mode/1up"><i>Joseph Arch. The story of his life</i></a>. London: Hutchinson. p. 124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joseph+Arch.+The+story+of+his+life&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=Hutchinson&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Arch&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Warwick%2C+Frances+Evelyn+Maynard+Greville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjosepharchstoryo00archuoft%2Fpage%2F124%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title=""><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Political_Status_of_Women"><i>On the Political Status of Women</i> </a></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPécastaing-Boissière2017" class="citation web cs1">Pécastaing-Boissière, Muriel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">"Annie Besant (1847-1933): Struggles and Quest"</a>. Theosophical Publishing House Limited. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%281847-1933%29%3A+Struggles+and+Quest&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9castaing-Boissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03895392%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCobbe2022" class="citation book cs1">Cobbe, Frances Power (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyRXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34"><i>Frances Power Cobbe: Essential Writings of a Nineteenth-Century Feminist Philosopher</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762822-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-762822-5"><bdi>978-0-19-762822-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frances+Power+Cobbe%3A+Essential+Writings+of+a+Nineteenth-Century+Feminist+Philosopher&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-19-762822-5&rft.aulast=Cobbe&rft.aufirst=Frances+Power&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyRXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Bevir, <i>The Making of British Socialism</i> (Princeton University, 2011), 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCole1961" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Margaret (1961). <i>The Story of Fabian Socialism</i>. University Press. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Fabian+Socialism&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Besant, Annie Wood (1893). <i>Annie Besant : an autobiography</i>. London : T. Fisher Unwin. Chapter VII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1876: "Christianity", <i>The freethinker's text-book</i>, Part II. (Issued by authority of the <a href="/wiki/National_Secular_Society" title="National Secular Society">National Secular Society</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Academia_Press-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Academia_Press_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Academia_Press_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrakeDemoor2009" class="citation book cs1">Brake, Laurel; Demoor, Marysa (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qVrUTUelE6YC&pg=PA72"><i>Dictionary of Nineteenth-century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Academia Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-382-1340-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-382-1340-8"><bdi>978-90-382-1340-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Nineteenth-century+Journalism+in+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Academia+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-382-1340-8&rft.aulast=Brake&rft.aufirst=Laurel&rft.au=Demoor%2C+Marysa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqVrUTUelE6YC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnowlton1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Knowlton" title="Charles Knowlton">Knowlton, Charles</a> (October 1891) [1840]. Besant, Annie; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bradlaugh" title="Charles Bradlaugh">Bradlaugh, Charles</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38185/38185-h/38185-h.htm"><i>Fruits of philosophy: a treatise on the population question</i></a>. San Francisco: Reader's Library. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/626706770">626706770</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210415002755/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/38185/38185-h/38185-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fruits+of+philosophy%3A+a+treatise+on+the+population+question&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Reader%27s+Library&rft.date=1891-10&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F626706770&rft.aulast=Knowlton&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F38185%2F38185-h%2F38185-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span> A publication about birth control. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fruitsphilosoph00knogoog">View original copy.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBesant1885" class="citation book cs1">Besant, Annie (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28977245"><i>Autobiographical sketches</i></a>. Freethought Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28977245/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL26315876M">26315876M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autobiographical+sketches&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Freethought+Publishing&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL26315876M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Besant&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28977245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLazarus2022" class="citation book cs1">Lazarus, Joyce B. (26 July 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSV6EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117"><i>Ernestine L. Rose: To Change a Nation</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-7343-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-7343-3"><bdi>978-0-7618-7343-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ernestine+L.+Rose%3A+To+Change+a+Nation&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2022-07-26&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-7343-3&rft.aulast=Lazarus&rft.aufirst=Joyce+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPSV6EAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'arcy1977" class="citation journal cs1">D'arcy, F. (November 1977). "The Malthusian League and resistance to birth control propaganda in late Victorian Britain". <i>Population Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">429–</span>448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00324728.1977.10412759">10.1080/00324728.1977.10412759</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2173367">2173367</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11630505">11630505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Population+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Malthusian+League+and+resistance+to+birth+control+propaganda+in+late+Victorian+Britain&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E429-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.date=1977-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11630505&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2173367%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00324728.1977.10412759&rft.aulast=D%27arcy&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLedbetter1976" class="citation book cs1">Ledbetter, Rosanna (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmalthus0000ledb/page/18/mode/2up"><i>A history of the Malthusian League, 1877-1927</i></a>. Columbus : Ohio State University. pp. <span class="nowrap">18–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0257-9"><bdi>978-0-8142-0257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Malthusian+League%2C+1877-1927&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Columbus+%3A+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0257-9&rft.aulast=Ledbetter&rft.aufirst=Rosanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmalthus0000ledb%2Fpage%2F18%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLedbetter1976" class="citation book cs1">Ledbetter, Rosanna (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmalthus0000ledb/page/44/mode/2up"><i>A history of the Malthusian League, 1877-1927</i></a>. Columbus : Ohio State University. pp. <span class="nowrap">44–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8142-0257-9"><bdi>978-0-8142-0257-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+Malthusian+League%2C+1877-1927&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E44-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Columbus+%3A+Ohio+State+University&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8142-0257-9&rft.aulast=Ledbetter&rft.aufirst=Rosanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmalthus0000ledb%2Fpage%2F44%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDolan2000" class="citation book cs1">Dolan, Brian (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2znzI0_nzXcC&pg=PA146"><i>Malthus, Medicine & Morality: Malthusianism After 1798</i></a>. Rodopi. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0851-9"><bdi>978-90-420-0851-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malthus%2C+Medicine+%26+Morality%3A+Malthusianism+After+1798&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0851-9&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2znzI0_nzXcC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPécastaing-Boissière2017" class="citation web cs1">Pécastaing-Boissière, Muriel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">"Annie Besant (1847-1933): Struggles and Quest"</a>. Theosophical Publishing House Limited. pp. 106, 167, 156. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620105725/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%281847-1933%29%3A+Struggles+and+Quest&rft.pages=106%2C+167%2C+156&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9castaing-Boissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03895392%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacKillop, I. D. (1986) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mqgsFS_MN9UC">The British Ethical Societies</a></i>, Cambridge University Press. Accessed 13 May 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leicestersecularsociety.org.uk/history_gimson.htm#(1)">"Random Recollections of Leicester Secular Society"</a>. <i>leicestersecularsociety.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031025/http://www.leicestersecularsociety.org.uk/history_gimson.htm#(1)">Archived</a> from the original on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leicestersecularsociety.org.uk&rft.atitle=Random+Recollections+of+Leicester+Secular+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fleicestersecularsociety.org.uk%2Fhistory_gimson.htm%23%281%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theresa Notare, <i>A Revolution in Christian Morals: Lambeth 1930-Resolution #15. History and Reception</i> (ProQuest, 2008), 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribunemag.co.uk/2019/10/the-socialist-roots-of-birth-control">"The Socialist Roots of Birth Control"</a>. <i>tribunemag.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017182514/https://tribunemag.co.uk/2019/10/the-socialist-roots-of-birth-control">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tribunemag.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Socialist+Roots+of+Birth+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribunemag.co.uk%2F2019%2F10%2Fthe-socialist-roots-of-birth-control&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzieMacKenzie1979" class="citation book cs1">MacKenzie, Norman Ian; MacKenzie, Jeanne (1979). <i>The First Fabians</i>. London: Quartet Books. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0704332515" title="Special:BookSources/0704332515"><bdi>0704332515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fabians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0704332515&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Norman+Ian&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBK-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBK_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPécastaing-Boissière2017" class="citation web cs1">Pécastaing-Boissière, Muriel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">"Annie Besant (1847-1933): Struggles and Quest"</a>. Theosophical Publishing House Limited. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620105725/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%281847-1933%29%3A+Struggles+and+Quest&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9castaing-Boissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03895392%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKapp2018" class="citation book cs1">Kapp, Yvonne (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1W_nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT288"><i>Eleanor Marx: A Biography</i></a>. Verso Books. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-594-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78663-594-5"><bdi>978-1-78663-594-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eleanor+Marx%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.isbn=978-1-78663-594-5&rft.aulast=Kapp&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1W_nDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPécastaing-Boissière2017" class="citation web cs1">Pécastaing-Boissière, Muriel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">"Annie Besant (1847-1933): Struggles and Quest"</a>. Theosophical Publishing House Limited. p. 166. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620105725/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%281847-1933%29%3A+Struggles+and+Quest&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9castaing-Boissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03895392%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyle" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Royle, Edward. "Bradlaugh, Charles". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3183">10.1093/ref:odnb/3183</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bradlaugh%2C+Charles&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F3183&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fabians54-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians54_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians54_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fabians54_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzieMacKenzie1979" class="citation book cs1">MacKenzie, Norman Ian; MacKenzie, Jeanne (1979). <i>The First Fabians</i>. London: Quartet Books. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0704332515" title="Special:BookSources/0704332515"><bdi>0704332515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fabians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0704332515&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Norman+Ian&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShawTyson1991" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Bernard; Tyson, Brian (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui6sNgX5vfQC&pg=PA111"><i>Bernard Shaw's Book Reviews: 1884-1950</i></a>. Penn State Press. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01548-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-01548-4"><bdi>978-0-271-01548-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bernard+Shaw%27s+Book+Reviews%3A+1884-1950&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-271-01548-4&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft.au=Tyson%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUi6sNgX5vfQC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoyle1980" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Edward (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMhRAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA348"><i>Radicals, Secularists, and Republicans: Popular Freethought in Britain, 1866-1915</i></a>. Manchester University Press. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0783-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0783-5"><bdi>978-0-7190-0783-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radicals%2C+Secularists%2C+and+Republicans%3A+Popular+Freethought+in+Britain%2C+1866-1915&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-0783-5&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMhRAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2000" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Julia (7 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRS_AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA81"><i>A Woman of Passion: The Life of E. Nesbit</i></a>. New Amsterdam Books. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3622-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4616-3622-9"><bdi>978-1-4616-3622-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Woman+of+Passion%3A+The+Life+of+E.+Nesbit&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam+Books&rft.date=2000-11-07&rft.isbn=978-1-4616-3622-9&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRS_AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBevir2016" class="citation book cs1">Bevir, Mark (13 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e3CYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA202"><i>The Making of British Socialism</i></a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">202–</span>203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17372-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17372-6"><bdi>978-0-691-17372-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+British+Socialism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E202-%3C%2Fspan%3E203&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016-12-13&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17372-6&rft.aulast=Bevir&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De3CYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sally Peters, <i>Bernard Shaw: The Ascent of the Superman</i> (Yale University, 1996), 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumar, Raj, <i>Annie Besant's Rise to Power in Indian Politics, 1914–1917</i> (Concept Publishing, 1981), 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2020" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Rachel (15 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3oTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA55"><i>Sylvia Pankhurst: Natural Born Rebel</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-8041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-8041-8"><bdi>978-1-4088-8041-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+Natural+Born+Rebel&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-8041-8&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3oTEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html">"White slavery in London"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719031718/http://www.mernick.org.uk/thhol/thelink.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Link, Issue no. 21 (via Tower Hamlets' Local History Library and Archives)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaw2011" class="citation book cs1">Raw, Louise (10 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBoSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT19"><i>Striking a Light: The Bryant and May Matchwomen and their Place in History</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2104-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-2104-2"><bdi>978-1-4411-2104-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Striking+a+Light%3A+The+Bryant+and+May+Matchwomen+and+their+Place+in+History&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011-03-10&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-2104-2&rft.aulast=Raw&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBoSBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Pease" title="Edward R. Pease">Edward R. Pease</a>, <i>The History of the Fabian Society</i> (E. P. Dutton, 1916, rpt Aware Journalism, 2014), 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownNashLynch2023" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Callum G.; Nash, David; Lynch, Charlie (12 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=liGnEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72"><i>The Humanist Movement in Modern Britain: A History of Ethicists, Rationalists and Humanists</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">72–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-13661-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-13661-8"><bdi>978-1-350-13661-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Humanist+Movement+in+Modern+Britain%3A+A+History+of+Ethicists%2C+Rationalists+and+Humanists&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2023-01-12&rft.isbn=978-1-350-13661-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Callum+G.&rft.au=Nash%2C+David&rft.au=Lynch%2C+Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DliGnEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2020" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Rachel (15 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3oTEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62"><i>Sylvia Pankhurst: Natural Born Rebel</i></a>. Bloomsbury USA. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-8041-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-8041-8"><bdi>978-1-4088-8041-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sylvia+Pankhurst%3A+Natural+Born+Rebel&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=2020-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-8041-8&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3oTEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurvis2003" class="citation book cs1">Purvis, June (2 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wtx_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA26"><i>Emmeline Pankhurst: A Biography</i></a>. Routledge. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34191-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-34191-7"><bdi>978-1-134-34191-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emmeline+Pankhurst%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-09-02&rft.isbn=978-1-134-34191-7&rft.aulast=Purvis&rft.aufirst=June&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWtx_AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jyoti Chandra, <i>Annie Besant: from theosophy to nationalism</i> (K.K. Publications, 2001), 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPécastaing-Boissière2017" class="citation web cs1">Pécastaing-Boissière, Muriel (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">"Annie Besant (1847-1933): Struggles and Quest"</a>. Theosophical Publishing House Limited. p. 188. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620105725/https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/hal-03895392/document">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annie+Besant+%281847-1933%29%3A+Struggles+and+Quest&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House+Limited&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9castaing-Boissi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Muriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.sorbonne-universite.fr%2Fhal-03895392%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Margaret Cole, <i>The Story of Fabian Socialism</i> (Stanford University, 1961), 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutyens, <i>Krishnamurti: The Years of Awakening</i>, Avon/Discus. 1983. p 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzieMacKenzie1979" class="citation book cs1">MacKenzie, Norman Ian; MacKenzie, Jeanne (1979). <i>The First Fabians</i>. London: Quartet Books. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0704332515" title="Special:BookSources/0704332515"><bdi>0704332515</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Fabians&rft.place=London&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Quartet+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0704332515&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=Norman+Ian&rft.au=MacKenzie%2C+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Annie Besant, <i>Annie Besant: an Autobiography</i> (Unwin 1908), 330, 338, 340, 344, 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emmett A. Greenwalt, <i>The Point Loma Community in California, 1897–1942: A Theosophical Experiment</i> (University of California, 1955), 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumari Jayawardena, <i>The White Woman's Other Burden</i> (Routledge, 1995, 62.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRamakrishnan2019" class="citation web cs1">Ramakrishnan, Venkatesh (19 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073801/https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/05/19072935/1118897/Annie-Besant-Firebrand-Marxist-to-Devi-Vasanthe-of-.vpf">"Annie Besant: Firebrand Marxist to 'Devi Vasanthe' of Theosophists"</a>. <i>dtNext.in</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2019/05/19072935/1118897/Annie-Besant-Firebrand-Marxist-to-Devi-Vasanthe-of-.vpf">the original</a> on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dtNext.in&rft.atitle=Annie+Besant%3A+Firebrand+Marxist+to+%27Devi+Vasanthe%27+of+Theosophists&rft.date=2019-05-19&rft.aulast=Ramakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Venkatesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtnext.in%2FNews%2FCity%2F2019%2F05%2F19072935%2F1118897%2FAnnie-Besant-Firebrand-Marxist-to-Devi-Vasanthe-of-.vpf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The International Bulletin, 20 September 1933, The International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Le Droit Humain. "In a very short time, Sister Besant founded new lodges: three in London, three in the south of England, three in the North and North-West; she even organised one in Scotland. Travelling in 1904 with her sisters and brothers she met in the Netherlands, other brethren of male obedience, who, being interested, collaborated in the further expansion of Le Droit Humain. Annie continued to work with such ardour that soon new lodges were formed in Great Britain, South America, Canada, India, Ceylon, Australia, and New Zealand. The lodges in all these countries were united under the name of the British Federation."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leadbeater.org/tillettcwlchap10.htm">Charles Webster Leadbeater 1854–1934: A Biographical Study, by Gregory John Tillett, 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703063510/http://leadbeater.org/tillettcwlchap10.htm">Archived</a> 3 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Besant, Annie (2 June 1913). "Naranian v. Besant". [Letters to the Editor]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> (London). p. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0140-0460">0140-0460</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blavatsky and Olcott had become Buddhists in Sri Lanka and promoted Buddhist revival on the subcontinent. See also: <a href="/wiki/Maha_Bodhi_Society" title="Maha Bodhi Society">Maha Bodhi Society</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. K. Singh, <i>Encyclopaedia Of Indian War Of Independence (1857–1947)</i> (Anmol Publications, 2009) 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kumari Jayawardena, <i>The White Woman's Other Burden</i> (Routledge, 1995), 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Blavatsky, H. P.</a> (1889). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></i>. London: The Theosophical Publishing Company. pp. 306–307.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutyens, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wessinger, Catherine Lowman (1988). <i>Annie Besant and Progressive Messianism, 1847–1933</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-523-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88946-523-7">978-0-88946-523-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lutyens" title="Mary Lutyens">Lutyens, Mary</a> (1975). <i><a href="/wiki/Krishnamurti:_The_Years_of_Awakening" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishnamurti: The Years of Awakening">Krishnamurti: The Years of Awakening</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Farrar_Straus_and_Giroux" class="mw-redirect" title="Farrar Straus and Giroux">Farrar Straus and Giroux</a>. Hardcover. pp. 20–21. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-18222-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-18222-1">0-374-18222-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutyens ch. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutyens p. 5. Also in p. 31, Krishnamurti's letter to Besant dated 24 December 1909, and in p. 62, letter dated 5 January 1913.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutyens pp. 276–278, 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lutyens" title="Mary Lutyens">Lutyens, Mary</a> (2003). <i>The Life and Death of Krishnamurti</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bramdean" title="Bramdean">Bramdean</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kfoundation.org.uk/acatalog/">Krishnamurti Foundation Trust</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525214520/http://www.kfoundation.org.uk/acatalog/">Archived</a> 25 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. p. 81. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900506-22-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900506-22-9">0-900506-22-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosemary._2004-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosemary._2004_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosemary._2004_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRosemary2004" class="citation book cs1">Rosemary, Dinnage (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alonealoneliveso00dinn"><i>Alone! alone! : lives of some outsider women</i></a>. New York: New York Review Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1590170695" title="Special:BookSources/1590170695"><bdi>1590170695</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/54047029">54047029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alone%21+alone%21+%3A+lives+of+some+outsider+women&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Review+Books&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F54047029&rft.isbn=1590170695&rft.aulast=Rosemary&rft.aufirst=Dinnage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falonealoneliveso00dinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/house-arrest-of-annie-besant-remembered/article19201976.ece">"House arrest of Annie Besant remembered"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 3 July 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118215043/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/house-arrest-of-annie-besant-remembered/article19201976.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=House+arrest+of+Annie+Besant+remembered&rft.date=2017-07-03&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fcities%2FCoimbatore%2Fhouse-arrest-of-annie-besant-remembered%2Farticle19201976.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGopal1990" class="citation book cs1">Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada"><i>India through the ages</i></a>. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/192">192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+through+the+ages&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Publication+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting%2C+Government+of+India&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=Madan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Findiathroughages00mada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/mrs-besant-in-madras-magnificent-ovation-unprecedented-demonstration/article19723116.ece">"Mrs. Besant in Madras. Magnificent ovation. Unprecedented demonstration"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 21 September 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131180545/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/mrs-besant-in-madras-magnificent-ovation-unprecedented-demonstration/article19723116.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Besant+in+Madras.+Magnificent+ovation.+Unprecedented+demonstration.&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fopinion%2Fop-ed%2Fmrs-besant-in-madras-magnificent-ovation-unprecedented-demonstration%2Farticle19723116.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/archives/reception-to-president-elect-of-the-congress/article22271423.ece">"Reception to President-elect of the Congress"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 25 December 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Reception+to+President-elect+of+the+Congress.&rft.date=2017-12-25&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Farchives%2Freception-to-president-elect-of-the-congress%2Farticle22271423.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennifer S. Uglow, Maggy Hendry, <i>The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography</i> (Northeastern University, 1999).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutyens pp. 236, 278–280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1931/11/07/archives/mrs-annie-besant-84-is-gravely-ill-in-india-leader-of-theosophists.html">"Mrs. Annie Besant, 84, Is Gravely Ill in India. Leader of Theosophists Says Work in This Life Is Done, but Promises to Return"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. 6 November 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714081909/https://www.nytimes.com/1931/11/07/archives/mrs-annie-besant-84-is-gravely-ill-in-india-leader-of-theosophists.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>. <q>Mrs. Annie Besant, 84-year-old Theosophist, is so ill, it was learned today, that she is unable to take nourishment.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mrs.+Annie+Besant%2C+84%2C+Is+Gravely+Ill+in+India.+Leader+of+Theosophists+Says+Work+in+This+Life+Is+Done%2C+but+Promises+to+Return&rft.date=1931-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1931%2F11%2F07%2Farchives%2Fmrs-annie-besant-84-is-gravely-ill-in-india-leader-of-theosophists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/09/22/archives/annie-besant-cremated-theosophist-leaders-body-put-on-pyre-on-river.html">"Annie Besant Cremated. Theosophist Leader's Body Put on Pyre on River Bank in India"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. 22 September 1933. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180714082028/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/09/22/archives/annie-besant-cremated-theosophist-leaders-body-put-on-pyre-on-river.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Annie+Besant+Cremated.+Theosophist+Leader%27s+Body+Put+on+Pyre+on+River+Bank+in+India&rft.date=1933-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1933%2F09%2F22%2Farchives%2Fannie-besant-cremated-theosophist-leaders-body-put-on-pyre-on-river.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smh1933-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smh1933_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LvVUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7137%2C2455951">"Dr. Annie Besant"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a></i>. 22 September 1933. p. 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211114103313/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LvVUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7137,2455951">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_News_Archive" title="Google News Archive">Google News Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Dr.+Annie+Besant&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1933-09-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DLvVUAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7137%252C2455951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jacobin.com/2019/08/socialism-birth-control-annie-besant-margaret-sanger">"The Socialist Pioneers of Birth Control"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Socialist+Pioneers+of+Birth+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjacobin.com%2F2019%2F08%2Fsocialism-birth-control-annie-besant-margaret-sanger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/top-10-listing/10-historic-quotes-freedom-fighters-india-ndependence-day-2024-9501795/">"Celebrating 78th Independence Day: 10 slogans that inspired India's freedom movement"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+78th+Independence+Day%3A+10+slogans+that+inspired+India%27s+freedom+movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Ftrending%2Ftop-10-listing%2F10-historic-quotes-freedom-fighters-india-ndependence-day-2024-9501795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/253017258/history/#map=18/18.988819/72.813848">"Way History: Dr Annie Besant Road"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Way+History%3A+Dr+Annie+Besant+Road&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openstreetmap.org%2Fway%2F253017258%2Fhistory%2F%23map%3D18%2F18.988819%2F72.813848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pincode.net.in/annie-besant-road-anei-bankipore-sampatchak-patna-bihar-800004">"Pin Code ANNIE BESANT ROAD"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pin+Code+ANNIE+BESANT+ROAD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpincode.net.in%2Fannie-besant-road-anei-bankipore-sampatchak-patna-bihar-800004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Political Status of Women</i> (1874) was Besant's first public lecture. Carol Hanbery MacKay, <i>Creative Negativity: Four Victorian Exemplars of the Female Quest</i> (Stanford University, 2001), 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrow2012" class="citation journal cs1">Crow, John L (July–October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003170805/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49528728/Thought-Forms-A-Bibliographic-Error-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1664818964&Signature=LskmX-UZjrOk9l3pTJnGoITdtDJPIge8pYUWzPjsZd4oRolHkER5XIcYDS~dnrTMIlDcdBU24G6If5dwdADvT8AR9hbNV9hli8qYBfjSPXWc5YilKkiOQakt4s4g~pKs5CSdv~dG1LEv6gQTSmxAiVuZ88JRnspAdfz1TuCGJiPUkFchGSH50MaC1dtkUuscVS19lKikNgbUuSEE8pj6IH1B9ezyEBrOdFc8VljTh9ZXsOQnHgti84xxOLb~-pxiMbQMNeojuYXodIVx19bvfEirOlDzKQWTTsOD~o~wwQYUlZ4b8eQBxRgQ9XV6iWUVc0vXUw9E4v3kpbpMbmKnmQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"Thought Forms: A Bibliographic Error"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Theosophical History: A Quarterly Journal of Research</i>. <b>16</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">126–</span>127. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/49528728/Thought-Forms-A-Bibliographic-Error-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1664818964&Signature=LskmX-UZjrOk9l3pTJnGoITdtDJPIge8pYUWzPjsZd4oRolHkER5XIcYDS~dnrTMIlDcdBU24G6If5dwdADvT8AR9hbNV9hli8qYBfjSPXWc5YilKkiOQakt4s4g~pKs5CSdv~dG1LEv6gQTSmxAiVuZ88JRnspAdfz1TuCGJiPUkFchGSH50MaC1dtkUuscVS19lKikNgbUuSEE8pj6IH1B9ezyEBrOdFc8VljTh9ZXsOQnHgti84xxOLb~-pxiMbQMNeojuYXodIVx19bvfEirOlDzKQWTTsOD~o~wwQYUlZ4b8eQBxRgQ9XV6iWUVc0vXUw9E4v3kpbpMbmKnmQ__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theosophical+History%3A+A+Quarterly+Journal+of+Research&rft.atitle=Thought+Forms%3A+A+Bibliographic+Error&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.date=2012-07%2F2012-10&rft.aulast=Crow&rft.aufirst=John+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F49528728%2FThought-Forms-A-Bibliographic-Error-with-cover-page-v2.pdf%3FExpires%3D1664818964%26Signature%3DLskmX-UZjrOk9l3pTJnGoITdtDJPIge8pYUWzPjsZd4oRolHkER5XIcYDS~dnrTMIlDcdBU24G6If5dwdADvT8AR9hbNV9hli8qYBfjSPXWc5YilKkiOQakt4s4g~pKs5CSdv~dG1LEv6gQTSmxAiVuZ88JRnspAdfz1TuCGJiPUkFchGSH50MaC1dtkUuscVS19lKikNgbUuSEE8pj6IH1B9ezyEBrOdFc8VljTh9ZXsOQnHgti84xxOLb~-pxiMbQMNeojuYXodIVx19bvfEirOlDzKQWTTsOD~o~wwQYUlZ4b8eQBxRgQ9XV6iWUVc0vXUw9E4v3kpbpMbmKnmQ__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530190457/http://www.ts-adyar.org/content/annie-besant-1847-1933">"ANNIE BESANT (1847–1933) | TS Adyar"</a>. <i>www.ts-adyar.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ts-adyar.org/content/annie-besant-1847-1933">the original</a> on 30 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ts-adyar.org&rft.atitle=ANNIE+BESANT+%281847%E2%80%931933%29+%7C+TS+Adyar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ts-adyar.org%2Fcontent%2Fannie-besant-1847-1933&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annie_Besant-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Annie_Besant_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doodles.google/doodle/annie-besants-168th-birthday/">"Annie Besant's 168th Birthday"</a>. <i>Google</i>. 1 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215061753/https://doodles.google/doodle/annie-besants-168th-birthday/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google&rft.atitle=Annie+Besant%27s+168th+Birthday&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoodles.google%2Fdoodle%2Fannie-besants-168th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/ramachandra-guha-i-havent-written-rebels-against-the-raj-to-influence-indians-on-their-political-preferences-10299041.html">"Ramachandra Guha: I haven't written Rebels Against the Raj to influence Indians on their political preferences"</a>. <i>Firstpost</i>. 20 January 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220712163924/https://www.firstpost.com/art-and-culture/ramachandra-guha-i-havent-written-rebels-against-the-raj-to-influence-indians-on-their-political-preferences-10299041.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Firstpost&rft.atitle=Ramachandra+Guha%3A+I+haven%27t+written+Rebels+Against+the+Raj+to+influence+Indians+on+their+political+preferences&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstpost.com%2Fart-and-culture%2Framachandra-guha-i-havent-written-rebels-against-the-raj-to-influence-indians-on-their-political-preferences-10299041.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaston2019" class="citation book cs1">Haston, Paul (16 July 2019). <i>Billy and the Match Girl</i>. Independently published. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-0804-1989-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-0804-1989-0"><bdi>978-1-0804-1989-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Billy+and+the+Match+Girl&rft.pub=Independently+published&rft.date=2019-07-16&rft.isbn=978-1-0804-1989-0&rft.aulast=Haston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.frieze.com/article/intention-know-thought-forms-annie-besant">"Intention to Know: The Thought Forms of Annie Besant"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intention+to+Know%3A+The+Thought+Forms+of+Annie+Besant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frieze.com%2Farticle%2Fintention-know-thought-forms-annie-besant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.artforum.com/events/annie-besant-218614/">"Annie Besant Stony Island Arts Bank"</a>. <i>Artforum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artforum&rft.atitle=Annie+Besant+Stony+Island+Arts+Bank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.artforum.com%2Fevents%2Fannie-besant-218614%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnnie+Besant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Briggs, Julia. <i>A Woman of Passion: The Life of E. Nesbit</i>. New Amsterdam Books, 2000, 68, 81–82, 92–96, 135–139</li> <li>Chandrasekhar, S. <i>A Dirty, Filthy Book: The Writing of Charles Knowlton and Annie Besant on Reproductive Physiology and Birth Control and an Account of the Bradlaugh-Besant Trial</i>. University of California Berkeley 1981</li> <li>Grover, Verinder and Ranjana Arora (eds.) <i>Annie Besant: Great Women of Modern India – 1</i>: Published by Deep of Deep Publications, New Delhi, India, 1993</li> <li>Kumar, Raj Rameshwari Devi and Romila Pruthi. <i>Annie Besant: Founder of Home Rule Movement</i>, Pointer Publishers, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7132-321-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-7132-321-9">81-7132-321-9</a></li> <li>Kumar, Raj, <i>Annie Besant's Rise to Power in Indian Politics, 1914–1917</i>. Concept Publishing, 1981</li> <li>Manvell, Roger. <i>The trial of Annie Besant and Charles Bradlaugh</i>. Elek, London 1976</li> <li>Nethercot, Arthur H. <i>The first five lives of Annie Besant</i> Hart-Davis: London, 1961</li> <li>Nethercot, Arthur H. <i>The last four lives of Annie Besant</i> Hart-Davis: London (also University of Chicago Press 1963) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-57317-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-57317-6">0-226-57317-6</a></li> <li>Taylor, Anne. <i>Annie Besant: A Biography</i>, Oxford University Press, 1991 (also US edition 1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-211796-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-211796-3">0-19-211796-3</a></li> <li>Uglow, Jennifer S., Maggy Hendry, <i>The Northeastern Dictionary of Women's Biography</i>. Northeastern University, 1999</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Besant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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A Biographical Sketch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alpheus.org/html/articles/theosophy/bevir3.html">Annie Besant's Quest for Truth: Christianity, Secularism, and New Age Thought</a></li> <li>Framke, Maria: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/besant_annie/">Besant, Annie</a>, in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/">1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/001635">Newspaper clippings about Annie Besant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemasonryformenandwomen.co.uk/">The British Federation of the International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Le Droit Humain, founded by Annie Besant in 1902</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ledroithumain.international/?lang=en">The International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women, Le Droit Humain</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jobalert360.com/annie-besant-in-odia/">Annie Besant perused 2000 words in the Odia language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39076005046201;view=1up;seq=9">Thought power, its control, and culture</a> Cornell University Library Historical Monographs Collection.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Stead" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomas Stead">William Thomas Stead</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/reviews/besant.php">“Character Sketch: October of Mrs. Annie Besant” 349–367 in <i>Review of Reviews</i> IV:22, October 1891.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/3633">Works by Annie Besant</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL16933A">Works by Annie Besant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/1425">Works by Annie Besant</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Besant%2C%20Annie%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Annie%20Besant%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Besant%2C%20Annie%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Annie%20Besant%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Besant%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Annie%20Besant%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Besant%2C%20Annie%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Annie%20Besant%22%29%20OR%20%28%221847-1933%22%20AND%20Besant%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Annie Besant</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Indian National Congress">President of the Indian National Congress</a> </b><br />1917 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bihar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee">Chhattisgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Delhi Pradesh Congress Committee">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Goa Pradesh Congress Committee">Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Gujarat Pradesh Congress Committee">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Haryana Pradesh Congress Committee">Haryana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jammu and Kashmir Pradesh Congress Committee">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Jharkhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Jharkhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Madhya Pradesh Congress Committee"> Madhya Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Manipur Pradesh Congress Committee">Manipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalaya_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Meghalaya Pradesh Congress Committee">Meghalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizoram_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Mizoram Pradesh Congress Committee">Mizoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagaland_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Nagaland Pradesh Congress Committee">Nagaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odisha_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Odisha Pradesh Congress Committee">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puducherry_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Puducherry Pradesh Congress Committee">Puducherry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee">Punjab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Rajasthan Pradesh Congress Committee">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Sikkim Pradesh Congress Committee">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Congress_Committee" title="Tamil Nadu Congress Committee">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee">Tripura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttarakhand Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="Uttar Pradesh Congress Committee">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal_Pradesh_Congress_Committee" title="West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee">West Bengal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territorial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_and_Nicobar_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Andaman and Nicobar Territorial Congress Committee">Andaman and Nicobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Chandigarh Territorial Congress Committee">Chandigarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli Territorial Congress Committee">Dadra and Nagar Haveli Diu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daman_and_Diu_Territorial_Congress_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Daman and Diu Territorial Congress Committee">Daman and Diu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Ladakh Territorial Congress Committee">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep_Territorial_Congress_Committee" title="Lakshadweep Territorial Congress Committee">Lakshadweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Regional_Congress_Committee" title="Mumbai Regional Congress Committee">Mumbai RCC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="List of presidents of the Indian National Congress">Presidents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badruddin_Tyabji" title="Badruddin Tyabji">Badruddin Tyabji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Yule_(businessman)" title="George Yule (businessman)">George Yule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pherozeshah_Mehta" title="Pherozeshah Mehta">Pherozeshah Mehta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandacharlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Anandacharlu">Anandacharlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womesh_Chunder_Bonnerjee" title="Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee">Womesh Chunder Bonnerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Webb" title="Alfred Webb">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahimtulla_M._Sayani" title="Rahimtulla M. Sayani">Rahimtulla M. Sayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">C. Sankaran Nair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamohan_Bose" title="Anandamohan Bose">Anandamohan Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romesh_Chunder_Dutt" title="Romesh Chunder Dutt">Romesh Chunder Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._G._Chandavarkar" title="N. G. Chandavarkar">N. G. Chandavarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinshaw_Edulji_Wacha" title="Dinshaw Edulji Wacha">Dinshaw Edulji Wacha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranath_Banerjee" title="Surendranath Banerjee">Surendranath Banerjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalmohan_Ghosh" title="Lalmohan Ghosh">Lalmohan Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(civil_servant)" title="Henry Cotton (civil servant)">Henry Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Ghosh" title="Rash Behari Ghosh">Rash Behari Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wedderburn" title="William Wedderburn">William Wedderburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishan_Narayan_Dar" title="Bishan Narayan Dar">Bishan Narayan Dar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunath_Narasinha_Mudholkar" title="Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar">Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Syed_Muhammad_Bahadur" title="Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur">Nawab Syed Muhammad Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Nath_Bose" title="Bhupendra Nath Bose">Bhupendra Nath Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Prasanna_Sinha,_1st_Baron_Sinha" title="Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha">Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambica_Charan_Mazumdar" title="Ambica Charan Mazumdar">Ambica Charan Mazumdar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Hasan_Imam" title="Syed Hasan Imam">Syed Hasan Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Vijayaraghavachariar" title="C. Vijayaraghavachariar">C. Vijayaraghavachariar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Ajmal_Khan" title="Hakim Ajmal Khan">Hakim Ajmal Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Srinivasa_Iyengar" title="S. Srinivasa Iyengar">S. Srinivasa Iyengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_Ahmed_Ansari" title="Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari">Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Nehru" title="Motilal Nehru">Motilal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madan_Mohan_Malaviya" title="Madan Mohan Malaviya">Madan Mohan Malaviya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhogaraju_Pattabhi_Sitaramayya" title="Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya">Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neelam_Sanjiva_Reddy" title="Neelam Sanjiva Reddy">Neelam Sanjiva Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Nijalingappa" title="S. Nijalingappa">S. Nijalingappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagjivan_Ram" title="Jagjivan Ram">Jagjivan Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankar_Dayal_Sharma" title="Shankar Dayal Sharma">Shankar Dayal Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._K._Barooah" title="D. K. Barooah">D. K. Barooah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitaram_Kesri" title="Sitaram Kesri">Sitaram Kesri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of prime ministers of India">Prime ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lok Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Narayan_Sinha" title="Satya Narayan Sinha">Satya Narayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._M._Stephen" title="C. M. Stephen">Chembakassery Mathai Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Singh_(Madhya_Pradesh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjun Singh (Madhya Pradesh politician)">Arjun Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Gandhi" title="Sonia Gandhi">Sonia Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushilkumar_Shinde" title="Sushilkumar Shinde">Sushilkumar Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhir_Ranjan_Chowdhury" title="Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury">Adhir Ranjan Chowdhury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravneet_Singh_Bittu" title="Ravneet Singh Bittu">Ravneet Singh Bittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Gandhi" title="Rahul Gandhi">Rahul Gandhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rajya Sabha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N._Gopalaswamy_Ayyangar" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar">N. Gopalaswamy Ayyangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charu_Chandra_Biswas" title="Charu Chandra Biswas">Charu Chandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Chavan" title="Yashwantrao Chavan">Yashwantrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._C._Chagla" title="M. C. Chagla">M. C. Chagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaisukhlal_Hathi" title="Jaisukhlal Hathi">Jaisukhlal Hathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodardas_Kalidas_Shah" title="Kodardas Kalidas Shah">Kodardas Kalidas Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalapati_Tripathi" title="Kamalapati Tripathi">Kamalapati Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishwanath_Pratap_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwanath Pratap Singh">V.P. Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayan_Dutt_Tiwari" class="mw-redirect" title="Narayan Dutt Tiwari">Narayan Dutt Tiwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Shiv_Shankar" title="P. Shiv Shankar">P. Shiv Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankarrao_Chavan" title="Shankarrao Chavan">Shankarrao Chavan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motilal_Vora" title="Motilal Vora">Motilal Vora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Patel" title="Ahmed Patel">Ahmed Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Sharma" title="Anand Sharma">Anand Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jairam_Ramesh" title="Jairam Ramesh">Jairam Ramesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Antony" title="A. K. Antony">A. K. Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digvijaya_Singh" title="Digvijaya Singh">Digvijaya Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Chidambaram" title="P. Chidambaram">P. Chidambaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhishek_Singhvi" title="Abhishek Singhvi">Abhishek Singhvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajeev_Shukla" title="Rajeev Shukla">Rajeev Shukla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Nabi_Azad" title="Ghulam Nabi Azad">Ghulam Nabi Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallikarjun_Kharge" title="Mallikarjun Kharge">Mallikarjun Kharge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political wings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Dal" title="Seva Dal">Seva Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Mahila_Congress" title="All India Mahila Congress">All India Mahila Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Youth_Congress" title="Indian Youth Congress">Indian Youth Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Students%27_Union_of_India" title="National Students' Union of India">National Students' Union of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Trade_Union_Congress" title="Indian National Trade Union Congress">Indian National Trade Union Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Professionals_Congress" title="All India Professionals Congress">All India Professionals Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_from_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="List of chief ministers from the Indian National Congress">Chief ministers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Current7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sukhvinder_Singh_Sukhu" title="Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu">Sukhvinder Singh Sukhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddaramaiah" title="Siddaramaiah">Siddaramaiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revanth_Reddy" title="Revanth Reddy">Anumula Revanth Reddy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_National_Congress" title="Category:Indian National Congress">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_independence_movement250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Template talk:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_Independence_Movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian Independence Movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_independence_movement250" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_India#Indian_independence_movement_(1885–1947)" title="History of India">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_settlement_in_Chittagong" title="Portuguese settlement in Chittagong">Porto Grande de Bengala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Bengal" title="Dutch Bengal">Dutch Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Battle of Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Mysore_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Mysore Wars">Anglo-Mysore Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="First Anglo-Mysore War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Mysore War">Fourth</a></li></ul></li> <li>Anglo-Maratha Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="First Anglo-Maratha War">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Third Anglo-Maratha War">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwalior_campaign" title="Gwalior campaign">Gwalior</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygar_Wars" title="Polygar Wars">Polygar Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellore_Mutiny" title="Vellore Mutiny">Vellore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasi_rebellion" title="Sannyasi rebellion">Sannyasi rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcliffe_Line" title="Radcliffe Line">Radcliffe Line</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:British_India" title="Category:British India">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophies<br />and ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat_Movement" title="Khilafat Movement">Khilafat Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">Muslim nationalism in South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swadeshi_movement" title="Swadeshi movement">Swadeshi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj" title="Swaraj">Swaraj</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and<br /> movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1905)" title="Partition of Bengal (1905)">Partition of Bengal (1905)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)" title="Partition of Bengal (1947)">Partition of Bengal (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_movement_for_Indian_independence" title="Revolutionary movement for Indian independence">Revolutionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_conspiracy_case" title="Delhi conspiracy case">Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Sociologist" title="The Indian Sociologist">The Indian Sociologist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Singapore_Mutiny" title="1915 Singapore Mutiny">Singapore Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha_of_1918" title="Kheda Satyagraha of 1918">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Committee" title="Rowlatt Committee">Rowlatt Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowlatt_Act" title="Rowlatt Act">Rowlatt Bills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallianwala_Bagh_massacre" title="Jallianwala Bagh massacre">Jallianwala Bagh massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-cooperation_movement_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)">Non-cooperation movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Day_Plot" title="Christmas Day Plot">Christmas Day Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie-Begar_movement" title="Coolie-Begar movement">Coolie-Begar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauri_Chaura_incident" title="Chauri Chaura incident">Chauri Chaura incident, 1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_conspiracy" title="Kakori conspiracy">Kakori conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qissa_Khwani_massacre" title="Qissa Khwani massacre">Qissa Khwani massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Satyagraha" title="Flag Satyagraha">Flag Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">1928 Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteen_Points_of_Jinnah" title="Fourteen Points of Jinnah">Fourteen Points of Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purna_Swaraj" title="Purna Swaraj">Purna Swaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharasana_Satyagraha" title="Dharasana Satyagraha">Dharasana Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_armoury_raid" title="Chittagong armoury raid">Chittagong armoury raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi–Irwin Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round table conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Act of 1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aundh_Experiment" title="Aundh Experiment">Aundh Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Legion" title="Indian Legion">Indian Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cripps_Mission" title="Cripps Mission">Cripps Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Indian_Navy_mutiny" title="Royal Indian Navy mutiny">Bombay Mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_strikes_of_1946" title="Royal Air Force strikes of 1946">Royal Air Force strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_Yanaon" title="Coup d'état of Yanaon">Coup d'état of Yanaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_India" title="Provisional Government of India">Provisional Government of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(India)" title="Independence Day (India)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_India_States_Peoples%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="All India States Peoples' Conference">Praja Mandala movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucknow_Pact" title="Lucknow Pact">Lucknow Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_India_Kisan_Sabha" title="All India Kisan Sabha">All India Kisan Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushilan_Samiti" title="Anushilan Samiti">Anushilan Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arya_Samaj" title="Arya Samaj">Arya Samaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Committee" title="Berlin Committee">Berlin Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadar_Movement" title="Ghadar Movement">Ghadar Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Socialist_Republican_Association" title="Hindustan Socialist Republican Association">Hindustan Socialist Republican Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_National_Congress" title="History of the Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_House" title="India House">India House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Home_Rule_movement" title="Indian Home Rule movement">Indian Home Rule movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_League" title="Indian Independence League">Indian Independence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugantar" title="Jugantar">Jugantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaksar_movement" title="Khaksar movement">Khaksar movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaraj_Party" title="Swaraj Party">Swaraj Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_movement" title="Category:Indian independence movement">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social<br />reformers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Vaidyanatha_Iyer" title="A. Vaidyanatha Iyer">A. Vaidyanatha Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayya_Vaikundar" title="Ayya Vaikundar">Ayya Vaikundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayyankali" title="Ayyankali">Ayyankali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Amte" title="Baba Amte">Baba Amte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Subramania_Iyer" title="G. Subramania Iyer">G. Subramania Iyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazulu_Lakshminarasu_Chetty" title="Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty">Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Ganesh_Agarkar" title="Gopal Ganesh Agarkar">Gopal Ganesh Agarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Hari_Deshmukh" title="Gopal Hari Deshmukh">Gopal Hari Deshmukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopaldas_Ambaidas_Desai" title="Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai">Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishwar_Chandra_Vidyasagar" title="Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar">Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._Kripalani" title="J. B. Kripalani">J. B. Kripalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotirao_Phule" title="Jyotirao Phule">Jyotirao Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandukuri_Veeresalingam" title="Kandukuri Veeresalingam">Kandukuri Veeresalingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadev_Govind_Ranade" title="Mahadev Govind Ranade">Mahadev Govind Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niralamba_Swami" title="Niralamba Swami">Niralamba Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandita_Ramabai" title="Pandita Ramabai">Pandita Ramabai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periyar" title="Periyar">Periyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Mohan_Roy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram Mohan Roy">Ram Mohan Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rettamalai_Srinivasan" title="Rettamalai Srinivasan">Rettamalai Srinivasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitribai_Phule" title="Savitribai Phule">Savitribai Phule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahu_of_Kolhapur" title="Shahu of Kolhapur">Shahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vakkom_Moulavi" title="Vakkom Moulavi">Vakkom Moulavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoba_Bhave" title="Vinoba Bhave">Vinoba Bhave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthal_Ramji_Shinde" title="Vitthal Ramji Shinde">Vitthal Ramji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence<br /> activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abul_Kalam_Azad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Kalam Azad">Abul Kalam Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accamma_Cherian" title="Accamma Cherian">Accamma Cherian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achyut_Patwardhan" title="Achyut Patwardhan">Achyut Patwardhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Fazlul_Huq" title="A. K. Fazlul Huq">A. K. Fazlul Huq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluri_Sitarama_Raju" title="Alluri Sitarama Raju">Alluri Sitarama Raju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapurna_Maharana" title="Annapurna Maharana">Annapurna Maharana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashfaqulla_Khan" title="Ashfaqulla Khan">Ashfaqulla Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunwar_Singh" title="Kunwar Singh">Babu Kunwar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagha_Jatin" title="Bagha Jatin">Bagha Jatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basawon_Singh" title="Basawon Singh">Basawon Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begum_Hazrat_Mahal" title="Begum Hazrat Mahal">Begum Hazrat Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Singh" title="Bhagat Singh">Bhagat Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharathidasan" title="Bharathidasan">Bharathidasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavabhushan_Mitra" title="Bhavabhushan Mitra">Bhavabhushan Mitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikaiji_Cama" title="Bhikaiji Cama">Bhikaiji Cama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhupendra_Kumar_Datta" title="Bhupendra Kumar Datta">Bhupendra Kumar Datta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidhan_Chandra_Roy" title="Bidhan Chandra Roy">Bidhan Chandra Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipin_Chandra_Pal" title="Bipin Chandra Pal">Bipin Chandra Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandra_Shekhar_Azad" title="Chandra Shekhar Azad">Chandra Shekhar Azad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetram_Jatav" title="Chetram Jatav">Chetram Jatav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittaranjan_Das" title="Chittaranjan Das">Chittaranjan Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Dadabhai Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhan_Singh" title="Dhan Singh">Dhan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkipati_Nageswara_Rao" title="Dukkipati Nageswara Rao">Dukkipati Nageswara Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gopal Krishna Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Govind_Ballabh_Pant" title="Govind Ballabh Pant">Govind Ballabh Pant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har_Dayal" title="Har Dayal">Har Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu_Kalani" title="Hemu Kalani">Hemu Kalani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayatullah_Khan_Mashriqi" title="Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi">Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Mohan_Sengupta" title="Jatindra Mohan Sengupta">Jatindra Mohan Sengupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatindra_Nath_Das" title="Jatindra Nath Das">Jatindra Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._Kamaraj" title="K. Kamaraj">K. Kamaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaiyalal_Maneklal_Munshi" title="Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi">Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudiram_Bose" title="Khudiram Bose">Khudiram Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Krishna_Sinha" title="Shri Krishna Sinha">Shri Krishna Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_Lajpat_Rai" title="Lala Lajpat Rai">Lala Lajpat Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Bhaktavatsalam" title="M. Bhaktavatsalam">M. Bhaktavatsalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy" title="M. N. Roy">M. N. Roy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghfoor_Ahmad_Ajazi" title="Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi">Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadaji_Shinde" title="Mahadaji Shinde">Mahadaji Shinde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Qasim" title="Mir Qasim">Mir Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithuben_Petit" title="Mithuben Petit">Mithuben Petit‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jauhar" title="Mohammad Ali Jauhar">Mohammad Ali Jauhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mian_Mansoor_Ansari" title="Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari">Muhammad Mian Mansoor Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagnath_Naikwadi" title="Nagnath Naikwadi">Nagnath Naikwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Fadnavis" title="Nana Fadnavis">Nana Fadnavis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nana_Saheb_Peshwa_II" title="Nana Saheb Peshwa II">Nana Saheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Kakkan" title="P. Kakkan">P. Kakkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prafulla_Chaki" title="Prafulla Chaki">Prafulla Chaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritilata_Waddedar" title="Pritilata Waddedar">Pritilata Waddedar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purushottam_Das_Tandon" title="Purushottam Das Tandon">Purushottam Das Tandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Ahmed_Kidwai" title="Rafi Ahmed Kidwai">Rafi Ahmed Kidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaswamy_Venkataraman" title="Ramaswamy Venkataraman">R. Venkataraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahul_Sankrityayan" title="Rahul Sankrityayan">Rahul Sankrityayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajendra_Prasad" title="Rajendra Prasad">Rajendra Prasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Prasad_Bismil" title="Ram Prasad Bismil">Ram Prasad Bismil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi" title="Rani of Jhansi">Rani Lakshmibai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rash_Behari_Bose" title="Rash Behari Bose">Rash Behari Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajanand_Saraswati" title="Sahajanand Saraswati">Sahajanand Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangolli_Rayanna" title="Sangolli Rayanna">Sangolli Rayanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyapal_Dang" title="Satyapal Dang">Satyapal Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuja-ud-Daula" title="Shuja-ud-Daula">Shuja-ud-Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shyamji_Krishna_Varma" title="Shyamji Krishna Varma">Shyamji Krishna Varma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_of_Pagaro_VI" title="Pir of Pagaro VI">Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_ud-Daulah" class="mw-redirect" title="Siraj ud-Daulah">Siraj ud-Daulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramania_Bharati" title="Subramania Bharati">Subramania Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subramaniya_Siva" title="Subramaniya Siva">Subramaniya Siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya_Sen" title="Surya Sen">Surya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Syama Prasad Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_Rani_Srivastava" title="Tara Rani Srivastava">Tara Rani Srivastava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak_Nath_Das" title="Tarak Nath Das">Tarak Nath Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatya_Tope" title="Tatya Tope">Tatya Tope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiruppur_Kumaran" title="Tiruppur Kumaran">Tiruppur Kumaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._O._Chidambaram_Pillai" title="V. O. Chidambaram Pillai">V. O. Chidamabaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabhbhai_Patel" title="Vallabhbhai Patel">Vallabhbhai Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanchinathan" title="Vanchinathan">Vanchinathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veeran_Sundaralingam" title="Veeran Sundaralingam">Veeran Sundaralingam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virendranath_Chattopadhyaya" title="Virendranath Chattopadhyaya">Virendranath Chattopadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashwantrao_Holkar" title="Yashwantrao Holkar">Yashwantrao Holkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogendra_Shukla" title="Yogendra Shukla">Yogendra Shukla</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_independence_activists" title="Category:Indian independence activists">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell" title="Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell">Wavell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Canning,_1st_Earl_Canning" title="Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wood,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Curzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Robinson,_1st_Marquess_of_Ripon" title="George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound,_1st_Earl_of_Minto" title="Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto">Minto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Broun-Ramsay,_1st_Marquess_of_Dalhousie" title="James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie">Dalhousie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Bentinck" title="Lord William Bentinck">Bentinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley" title="Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley">Wellesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bulwer-Lytton,_1st_Earl_of_Lytton" title="Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton">Lytton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Clive" title="Robert Clive">Clive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Outram,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet">Outram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stafford_Cripps" title="Stafford Cripps">Cripps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hope,_2nd_Marquess_of_Linlithgow" title="Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow">Linlithgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Hastings" title="Warren Hastings">Hastings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Cabinet_Mission_to_India" title="1946 Cabinet Mission to India">Cabinet Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Republic of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">Indian annexation of Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_integration_of_India" title="Political integration of India">Political integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simla_Conference" title="Simla Conference">Simla Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Template talk:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Modern_Hindu_writers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Modern Hindu writers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Modern_Hindu_writers_(1848_to_date)492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Modern <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> writers <small><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/India#Modern_India" title="India">1848</a> to date)</span></small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West" title="Hinduism in the West">Hinduism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Religious writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirra_Alfassa" title="Mirra Alfassa">Mirra Alfassa (The Mother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Anirvan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Anirvan">Sri Anirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananda_Coomaraswamy" title="Ananda Coomaraswamy">Ananda Coomaraswamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati_(Arsha_Vidya)" title="Dayananda Saraswati (Arsha Vidya)">Dayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsvarupa_dasa_Goswami" title="Satsvarupa dasa Goswami">Satsvarupa dasa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahendranath_Gupta" title="Mahendranath Gupta">Mahendranath Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._G._Mohan" title="A. G. Mohan">A. G. Mohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Nivedita" title="Sister Nivedita">Sister Nivedita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Prabhavananda" title="Swami Prabhavananda">Swami Prabhavananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Prem" title="Krishna Prem">Krishna Prem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama" title="Swami Rama">Swami Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivatsa_Ramaswami" title="Srivatsa Ramaswami">Srivatsa Ramaswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Swami Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda_Saraswati" title="Chinmayananda Saraswati">Chinmayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati (Arya Samaj)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Satprakashananda" title="Swami Satprakashananda">Swami Satprakashananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Swami Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Swarup" title="Ram Swarup">Ram Swarup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Political writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Gautier" title="François Gautier">François Gautier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Ram_Goel" title="Sita Ram Goel">Sita Ram Goel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Gopal_(author)" title="Ram Gopal (author)">Ram Gopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arun_Shourie" title="Arun Shourie">Arun Shourie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal_Gangadhar_Tilak" title="Bal Gangadhar Tilak">Bal Gangadhar Tilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartik_Oraon" title="Kartik Oraon">Kartik Oraon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh" title="Jaswant Singh">Jaswant Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary writers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bankim_Chandra_Chattopadhyay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay">Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdhari_Singh_Dinkar" title="Ramdhari Singh Dinkar">Ramdhari Singh Dinkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Rajagopalachari" title="C. Rajagopalachari">C. Rajagopalachari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._D._Sethna" title="K. D. Sethna">K. D. Sethna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amish_Tripathi" title="Amish Tripathi">Amish Tripathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Vinayak Damodar Savarkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westerners influenced<br /> by Hinduism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Dass" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Dyer" title="Wayne Dyer">Wayne Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">R.W. Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_Ginsberg" title="Allen Ginsberg">Allen Ginsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison" title="George Harrison">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Aldous Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miller" title="Henry Miller">Henry Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">H.S. Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">Oppenheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Watts" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wilber" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Scholars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Balagangadhara" title="S. N. Balagangadhara">S. N. Balagangadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Danino" title="Michel Danino">Michel Danino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Deussen" title="Paul Deussen">Paul Deussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharampal" title="Dharampal">Dharampal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Gargi" title="Sister Gargi">Sister Gargi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Feuerstein" title="Georg Feuerstein">Georg Feuerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Jain" title="Meenakshi Jain">Meenakshi Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Klostermaier" title="Klaus Klostermaier">Klaus Klostermaier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Nakamura" title="Hajime Nakamura">Hajime Nakamura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantanand_Rambachan" title="Anantanand Rambachan">Anantanand Rambachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvind_Sharma" title="Arvind Sharma">Arvind Sharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Schweig" title="Graham Schweig">Graham Schweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_Eastern_religions_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of modern Eastern religions writers">List of modern Eastern religions writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_Hinduism" title="List of writers on Hinduism">List of writers on Hinduism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theosophy137" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theosophy_topics" title="Template:Theosophy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theosophy_topics" title="Template talk:Theosophy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theosophy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theosophy137" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical Society founders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Quan_Judge" title="William Quan Judge">William Quan Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Steel_Olcott" title="Henry Steel Olcott">Henry Steel Olcott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Devi_Arundale" title="Rukmini Devi Arundale">Rukmini Devi Arundale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Bailey" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Annie Besant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Evans-Wentz" title="Walter Evans-Wentz">Walter Evans-Wentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curuppumullage_Jinarajadasa" title="Curuppumullage Jinarajadasa">Jinarajadasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertram_Keightley" title="Bertram Keightley">Bertram Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiddu_Krishnamurti" title="Jiddu Krishnamurti">Jiddu Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_Leadbeater" title="Charles Webster Leadbeater">C. W. Leadbeater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Powell" title="Arthur E. Powell">Arthur E. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_de_Purucker" title="Gottfried de Purucker">Gottfried de Purucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Roerich" title="Helena Roerich">Helena Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Roerich" title="Nicholas Roerich">Nicholas Roerich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Percy_Sinnett" title="Alfred Percy Sinnett">A. P. Sinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Manen" title="Johan van Manen">Johan van Manen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Wachtmeister" title="Constance Wachtmeister">Constance Wachtmeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Theosophists" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Theosophists">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theosophical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isis_Unveiled" title="Isis Unveiled">Isis Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Key_to_Theosophy" title="The Key to Theosophy">The Key to Theosophy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mahatma_Letters_to_A.P._Sinnett" title="The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett">The Mahatma Letters to A.P. Sinnett</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Doctrine" title="The Secret Doctrine">The Secret Doctrine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Glossary" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophical Glossary">Theosophical Glossary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_the_Silence" title="The Voice of the Silence">The Voice of the Silence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_texts" title="Category:Theosophical texts">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophical concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_records" title="Akashic records">Akashic records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_body" title="Astral body">Astral body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_body" title="Mental body">Mental body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophical_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Theosophical philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blavatsky_Lodge" title="Blavatsky Lodge">Blavatsky Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Adyar" title="Theosophical Society Adyar">Theosophical Society Adyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society_Pasadena" title="Theosophical Society Pasadena">Theosophical Society Pasadena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Lodge_of_Theosophists" title="United Lodge of Theosophists">United Lodge of Theosophists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucifer_(magazine)" title="Lucifer (magazine)">Lucifer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sunrise_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunrise (magazine)">Sunrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophist" title="The Theosophist">The Theosophist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Theosophical_Movement" title="The Theosophical Movement">The Theosophical Movement</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theosophy" title="Category:Theosophy">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In relation to ...</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Theosophy" title="Christianity and Theosophy">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_literature" title="Theosophy and literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_visual_arts" title="Theosophy and visual arts">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_and_Western_philosophy" title="Theosophy and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_(Theosophy)" title="Maitreya (Theosophy)">Maitreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_in_the_East" title="Order of the Star in the East">Order of the Star in the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Plane (cosmology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_mysticism" title="Theosophical mysticism">Theosophical mysticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121379468">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68925562">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1734666/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4MD4rpTx8pGDGGxMF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118877453">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011124">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11891773x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11891773x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00433181">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Besant, Annie"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001368">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36561320">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000600841&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX863778">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26431">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072550333">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90381534">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000043828&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000104831&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000041088">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527010106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13908008">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0200432X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500433919">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1293228">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118877453.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118877453">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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