Articles – DOAJ

<!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="ltr" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1"> <title>Articles – DOAJ</title>  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/assets/img/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/assets/img/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/assets/img/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/assets/img/favicon/site.webmanifest"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/assets/img/favicon/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#fd5a3b"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/assets/img/favicon/favicon.ico"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/assets/img/favicon/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <meta name="description" content="Find open access articles in DOAJ.">  <meta property="og:url" content="https://doaj.org/search/articles?source=%7B%22query%22%3A%7B%22query_string%22%3A%7B%22query%22%3A%22%5C%22Baba%20Ahmed%20Nawel%5C%22%22%2C%22default_operator%22%3A%22AND%22%2C%22default_field%22%3A%22bibjson.author.name%22%7D%7D%7D"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <meta property="og:title" content="Articles – DOAJ"> <meta property="og:description" content="Find open access articles in DOAJ."> <meta property="og:image" content="https://doaj.org/assets/img/opengraph/img.png">  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"> <meta property="twitter:domain" content="doaj.org"> <meta property="twitter:creator" content="@DOAJplus"> <meta property="twitter:url" content="https://doaj.org"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Articles – DOAJ"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Find open access articles in DOAJ."> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://doaj.org/assets/img/opengraph/img.png">  <link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin /> <link rel="preload" as="style" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap" media="print" onload="this.media='all'" /> <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Sans+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&family=Spectral:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600;1,700&display=swap" /> </noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/static/vendor/select2-3.5.4/select2.css">  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/doaj/css/main.css?v=7.0.3"> </head> <body class="" id="body" data-spy="scroll" data-offset="70"> <div id="cookie-consent" class="cookie-consent"> <p>This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. <a href="/privacy/" style="text-decoration: underline;">Learn more about DOAJ’s privacy policy.</a></p> <p> <a class="button" id="cookie-consent-hide" href="/cookie_consent?continue=/search/articles">Hide this message</a> </p> </div> <a href="#maincontent" class="skip-to-main"><span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="arrow-down"></span></a> <header class="page-header">  <div class="primary-nav" id="primary-nav"> <div class="container"> <div class="row flex-center primary-nav__content"> <div class="col-xs-4"> <a href="/" class="logo"> <h2 class="sr-only">The Directory of Open Access Journals</h2> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 1854 400"> <title>DOAJ Logotype</title> <path fill="#982e0a" d="M275.861 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fd5a3b" d="M137.93 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fa9a87" d="M0 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0C89.543 0 0 89.543 0 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <g fill="currentColor"> <path d="M576 7.692v384.616h131.868c103.297 0 158.242-51.099 158.242-156.044v-72.528c0-104.945-54.945-156.044-158.242-156.044zm72.527 65.934h60.44c62.088 0 84.615 31.869 84.615 87.912v76.924c0 56.044-22.527 87.912-84.615 87.912h-60.44zM910.182 159.341v81.318c0 101.099 59.89 159.341 158.238 159.341 98.36 0 158.25-58.242 158.25-159.341v-81.318C1226.67 60.989 1166.78 0 1068.42 0c-98.348 0-158.238 60.989-158.238 159.341zm72.527-3.297c0-52.198 30.221-91.209 85.711-91.209 53.85 0 85.72 36.813 85.72 91.209v87.912c0 53.297-25.83 91.209-85.72 91.209-58.24 0-85.711-35.714-85.711-91.209zM1353.64 7.692l-106.59 384.616h74.72l23.08-85.715h134.06l23.08 85.715h74.73L1470.12 7.692zm8.24 232.967 46.7-172.527h6.6l46.7 172.527zM1853.37 7.692h-72.52v269.231c0 36.264-18.69 57.143-51.1 57.143-34.62 0-54.4-21.429-54.4-57.143v-36.264h-72.53v36.264c0 77.473 50 123.077 129.12 123.077 75.28 0 121.43-43.407 121.43-123.077z"/> </g> </svg> <span class="logo__tagline"> Open <br/>Global <br/>Trusted </span> </a> </div> <nav class="col-xs-8 flex-end"> <h2 class="sr-only">Main actions</h2> <ul class="nav-bar" role="menubar" id="main_actions"> <li class="dropdown primary-nav__item_desktop" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link label" id="action-menu-support" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Support <span data-feather="heart" aria-hidden="true"></span> <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="action-menu-support" role="menu" aria-label="Support"> <li> <a href="/support/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutions and libraries </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/publisher-supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publishers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutional and library supporters </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown primary-nav__item_desktop" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link label" id="action-menu-apply" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Apply <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="action-menu-apply" role="menu" aria-label="Apply"> <li> <a href="/apply/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Application form </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/guide/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Guide to applying </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/seal/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> The DOAJ Seal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/transparency/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Transparency & best practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/publisher-responsibilities/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publisher information </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/copyright-and-licensing/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Licensing & copyright </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="flex-center primary-nav__search" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-search" tabindex="0" role="button"> <span class="label"> Search</span> <span data-feather="search" aria-hidden="true"></span> </li> </ul> <div class="nav-bar secondary-nav__menu-toggle" aria-label="Click to open menu" role="button"> <span class="label">Menu</span> <span data-feather="menu" aria-hidden="true"></span> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="secondary-nav "> <div class="container"> <h2 class="sr-only">Secondary actions</h2> <div class="flex-space-between"> <ul class="nav-bar secondary-nav__menu" role="menu"> <li class="dropdown " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-journals-articles" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Search <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-journals-articles" aria-label="Search" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/search/journals" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/search/articles" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Articles </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-documentation" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Documentation <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-documentation" aria-label="Documentation" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/docs/api/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> API </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/oai-pmh/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> OAI-PMH </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/widgets/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Widgets </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/public-data-dump/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Public data dump </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/openurl/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> OpenURL </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/xml/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> XML </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/faq/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Metadata help </a> </li> <li> <a href="/preservation/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Preservation </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown " role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-about" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> About <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-about" aria-label="About" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/about/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> About DOAJ </a> </li> <li> <a href="/at-20/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> DOAJ at 20 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/team/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> DOAJ team </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/ambassadors/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Ambassadors </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/advisory-board-council/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Advisory Board & Council </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/editorial-policy-advisory-group/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Editorial Policy Advisory Group </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/volunteers/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Volunteers </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.doaj.org" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> News </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown secondary-nav__item_mobile" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-support" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Support <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-support" aria-label="Support" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/support/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutions and libraries </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/publisher-supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publishers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/supporters/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Institutional and library supporters </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="dropdown secondary-nav__item_mobile" role="menuitem"> <a href="#" class="dropdown__trigger nav-bar__link" data-toggle="dropdown" id="menu-apply" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" role="menuitem"> Apply <span data-feather="chevron-down" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> <ul class="dropdown__menu" aria-labelledby="menu-apply" aria-label="Apply" role="menu"> <li> <a href="/apply/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Application form </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/guide/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Guide to applying </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/seal/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> The DOAJ Seal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/transparency/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Transparency & best practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/publisher-responsibilities/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Publisher information </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/copyright-and-licensing/" class="dropdown__link" role="menuitem"> Licensing & copyright </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="secondary-nav__item_mobile" role="menuitem"> <a href="/account/login" class="nav-bar__link"> Login <span data-feather="log-in" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="nav-bar secondary-nav__menu" role="menu"> <li class="" role="menuitem"> <a href="/account/login" class="nav-bar__link"> Login <span data-feather="log-in" aria-hidden="true"></span> </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="container"> </div> </header> <section class="modal" id="modal-search" tabindex="-1" role="dialog"> <div class="modal__dialog" role="document"> <header class="flex-space-between modal__heading"> <h2 class="modal__title">Quick search</h2> <span type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="type-01"><span class="sr-only">Close</span>×</span> </header> <form class="quick-search__form doaj-minisearch--container" role="search" action="/search" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="ref" value="quick-search"> <input type="hidden" name="origin" value="ui"> <input type="radio" id="quick-search-journals" name="content-type" value="journals" checked> <label for="quick-search-journals">Journals</label> <input type="radio" id="quick-search-articles" name="content-type" value="articles"> <label for="quick-search-articles">Articles</label> <div class="input-group"> <label for="quick-search-keywords" class="sr-only">Search by keywords:</label> <input type="text" name="keywords" id="quick-search-keywords" required> <label for="quick-search-fields" class="sr-only">In the field:</label> <select name="fields" id="quick-search-fields" class="input-group__input"> <option value="all">In all fields</option> <option value="title">Title</option> <option value="issn">ISSN</option> <option value="subject">Subject</option> <option value="publisher">Publisher</option> <option value="country">Country of publisher</option> </select> <button type="submit"> <span data-feather="search" aria-hidden="true"></span><span class="sr-only"> Search</span> </button> </div> </form> </div> </section> <main id="maincontent"> <div class="container page-content"> <div id="public-article-search"></div> <div class="modal" id="modal-help" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modalLabel-help" style="display: none;"> <div class="modal__dialog" role="document"> <header class="flex-space-between modal__heading"> <div> <p class="label">Tips</p> <h3 class="modal__title" id="modalLabel-help"> Refining your search </h3> </div> <span type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="type-01"><span class="sr-only">Close</span>×</span> </header> <ul> <li>Searching for words separated by space(s) will add an Implicit AND between each word. For example searching for 'international development' will search for both <i>international</i> and <i>development</i>.</li> <li>To search a phrase, add quotation marks, for example “international development”. For higher accuracy when searching for ISSNs, add quotes around the ISSN or choose ISSN from dropdown list</li> <li>To broaden your search: <ul> <li>use the Boolean OR, for example 'bird OR flu OR avian';</li> <li>use the truncation character * to replace characters, for example 'sustain*' retrieves records with sustain, sustainability, sustainable, sustained, sustaining.</li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div class="modal" id="modal-wechat" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="modalLabel-wechat"> <div class="modal__dialog" role="document" style="width: 25vw;"> <h3 class="modal__title sr-only" id="modalLabel-wechat"> WeChat QR code </h3> <img src="/assets/img/wechat/wechat-qr.jpeg" alt="" style="width: 100%;"/> <div class="flex-center"> <button type="button" data-dismiss="modal" class="no-margins">Close</button> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="page-footer"> <div class="container"> <a class="back-to-top" data-spy="affix" href="#" id="top"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="arrow-up"></span> <span class="sr-only">Back to top</span> </a> <section class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Search </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/search/journals"> Journals </a> </li> <li> <a href="/search/articles"> Articles </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Documentation </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/docs/api/"> API </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/oai-pmh/"> OAI-PMH </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/widgets/"> Widgets </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/public-data-dump/"> Public data dump </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/openurl/"> OpenURL </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/xml/"> XML </a> </li> <li> <a href="/docs/faq/"> Metadata help </a> </li> <li> <a href="/preservation/"> Preservation </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> About </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/about/"> About DOAJ </a> </li> <li> <a href="/at-20/"> DOAJ at 20 </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/team/"> DOAJ team </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/ambassadors/"> Ambassadors </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/advisory-board-council/"> Advisory Board & Council </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/editorial-policy-advisory-group/"> Editorial Policy Advisory Group </a> </li> <li> <a href="/about/volunteers/"> Volunteers </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://blog.doaj.org"> News </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Support </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/support/"> Institutions and libraries </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/publisher-supporters/"> Publishers </a> </li> <li> <a href="/support/supporters/"> Institutional and library supporters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Apply </h2> <ul> <li> <a href="/apply/"> Application form </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/guide/"> Guide to applying </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/seal/"> The DOAJ Seal </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/transparency/"> Transparency & best practice </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/publisher-responsibilities/"> Publisher information </a> </li> <li> <a href="/apply/copyright-and-licensing/"> Licensing & copyright </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 col-sm-4 col-lg-2"> <h2> Stay up to date </h2> <ul> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/DOAJplus"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="twitter"></span> Twitter </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/DirectoryofOpenAccessJournals/"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="facebook"></span> Facebook </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://github.com/DOAJ"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="github"></span> Github </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/directory-of-open-access-journals-doaj-/"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="linkedin"></span> Linkedin </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="#" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-wechat" role="button"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 24 24" style="height: 1em;" fill="currentColor"> <path d="M21.502 19.525C23.026 18.42 24 16.787 24 14.971c0-3.326-3.237-6.023-7.229-6.023s-7.229 2.697-7.229 6.023c0 3.327 3.237 6.024 7.229 6.024.825 0 1.621-.117 2.36-.33l.212-.032c.139 0 .265.043.384.111l1.583.914.139.045a.241.241 0 00.241-.241l-.039-.176-.326-1.215-.025-.154a.48.48 0 01.202-.392zM8.675 2.297C3.884 2.297 0 5.533 0 9.526c0 2.178 1.168 4.139 2.997 5.464a.575.575 0 01.243.471l-.03.184-.391 1.458-.047.211c0 .16.13.29.289.29l.168-.054 1.899-1.097a.908.908 0 01.46-.133l.255.038c.886.255 1.842.397 2.832.397l.476-.012a5.586 5.586 0 01-.291-1.771c0-3.641 3.542-6.593 7.911-6.593l.471.012c-.653-3.453-4.24-6.094-8.567-6.094zm5.686 11.711a.964.964 0 11.001-1.927.964.964 0 01-.001 1.927zm4.82 0a.964.964 0 110-1.928.964.964 0 010 1.928zM5.783 8.369a1.156 1.156 0 110-2.312 1.156 1.156 0 010 2.312zm5.783 0a1.156 1.156 0 110-2.312 1.156 1.156 0 010 2.312z"/> </svg> WeChat </a> </li> <li> <a href="/feed"> <span aria-hidden="true" data-feather="rss"></span> Atom feed </a> </li> </ul> </div> </section> <section class="legal"> <h2 class="sr-only"> Legal & admin </h2> <div> <a href="/" class="logo"> <h2 class="sr-only">The Directory of Open Access Journals</h2> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 1854 400"> <title>DOAJ Logotype</title> <path fill="#982e0a" d="M275.861 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fd5a3b" d="M137.93 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0c-110.457 0-200 89.543-200 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <path fill="#fa9a87" d="M0 400c110.457 0 200-89.543 200-200V0C89.543 0 0 89.543 0 200z" class="logo__leaf"/> <g fill="currentColor"> <path d="M576 7.692v384.616h131.868c103.297 0 158.242-51.099 158.242-156.044v-72.528c0-104.945-54.945-156.044-158.242-156.044zm72.527 65.934h60.44c62.088 0 84.615 31.869 84.615 87.912v76.924c0 56.044-22.527 87.912-84.615 87.912h-60.44zM910.182 159.341v81.318c0 101.099 59.89 159.341 158.238 159.341 98.36 0 158.25-58.242 158.25-159.341v-81.318C1226.67 60.989 1166.78 0 1068.42 0c-98.348 0-158.238 60.989-158.238 159.341zm72.527-3.297c0-52.198 30.221-91.209 85.711-91.209 53.85 0 85.72 36.813 85.72 91.209v87.912c0 53.297-25.83 91.209-85.72 91.209-58.24 0-85.711-35.714-85.711-91.209zM1353.64 7.692l-106.59 384.616h74.72l23.08-85.715h134.06l23.08 85.715h74.73L1470.12 7.692zm8.24 232.967 46.7-172.527h6.6l46.7 172.527zM1853.37 7.692h-72.52v269.231c0 36.264-18.69 57.143-51.1 57.143-34.62 0-54.4-21.429-54.4-57.143v-36.264h-72.53v36.264c0 77.473 50 123.077 129.12 123.077 75.28 0 121.43-43.407 121.43-123.077z"/> </g> </svg> <span class="logo__tagline"> Open <br/>Global <br/>Trusted </span> </a> <p> © DOAJ 2024 default by all rights reserved <a href="/terms/" style="text-decoration: underline;">unless otherwise specified</a>. </p> <ul> <li> <a href="/accessibility/"> Accessibility </a> </li> <li> <a href="/privacy/"> Privacy </a> </li> <li> <a href="/contact/"> Contact </a> </li> <li> <a href="/terms/"> T&Cs </a> </li> <li> <a href="/media/"> Media </a> </li> </ul> <ul> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://is4oa.org/"> IS4OA </a> </li> <li> <a rel="noopener" target="_blank" href="https://cottagelabs.com"> Cottage Labs </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="page-footer__licensing"> <p> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="See license summary"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.785" cy="28.501" r="28.836"/> <path d="M37.441-3.5c8.951,0,16.572,3.125,22.857,9.372c3.008,3.009,5.295,6.448,6.857,10.314 c1.561,3.867,2.344,7.971,2.344,12.314c0,4.381-0.773,8.486-2.314,12.313c-1.543,3.828-3.82,7.21-6.828,10.143 c-3.123,3.085-6.666,5.448-10.629,7.086c-3.961,1.638-8.057,2.457-12.285,2.457s-8.276-0.808-12.143-2.429 c-3.866-1.618-7.333-3.961-10.4-7.027c-3.067-3.066-5.4-6.524-7-10.372S5.5,32.767,5.5,28.5c0-4.229,0.809-8.295,2.428-12.2 c1.619-3.905,3.972-7.4,7.057-10.486C21.08-0.394,28.565-3.5,37.441-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.314,0-13.467,2.553-18.458,7.657 c-2.515,2.553-4.448,5.419-5.8,8.6c-1.354,3.181-2.029,6.505-2.029,9.972c0,3.429,0.675,6.734,2.029,9.913 c1.353,3.183,3.285,6.021,5.8,8.516c2.514,2.496,5.351,4.399,8.515,5.715c3.161,1.314,6.476,1.971,9.943,1.971 c3.428,0,6.75-0.665,9.973-1.999c3.219-1.335,6.121-3.257,8.713-5.771c4.99-4.876,7.484-10.99,7.484-18.344 c0-3.543-0.648-6.895-1.943-10.057c-1.293-3.162-3.18-5.98-5.654-8.458C50.984,4.844,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M37.156,23.187 l-4.287,2.229c-0.458-0.951-1.019-1.619-1.685-2c-0.667-0.38-1.286-0.571-1.858-0.571c-2.856,0-4.286,1.885-4.286,5.657 c0,1.714,0.362,3.084,1.085,4.113c0.724,1.029,1.791,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.867,0,3.181-0.915,3.944-2.743l3.942,2 c-0.838,1.563-2,2.791-3.486,3.686c-1.484,0.896-3.123,1.343-4.914,1.343c-2.857,0-5.163-0.875-6.915-2.629 c-1.752-1.752-2.628-4.19-2.628-7.313c0-3.048,0.886-5.466,2.657-7.257c1.771-1.79,4.009-2.686,6.715-2.686 C32.604,18.558,35.441,20.101,37.156,23.187z M55.613,23.187l-4.229,2.229c-0.457-0.951-1.02-1.619-1.686-2 c-0.668-0.38-1.307-0.571-1.914-0.571c-2.857,0-4.287,1.885-4.287,5.657c0,1.714,0.363,3.084,1.086,4.113 c0.723,1.029,1.789,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.865,0,3.18-0.915,3.941-2.743l4,2c-0.875,1.563-2.057,2.791-3.541,3.686 c-1.486,0.896-3.105,1.343-4.857,1.343c-2.896,0-5.209-0.875-6.941-2.629c-1.736-1.752-2.602-4.19-2.602-7.313 c0-3.048,0.885-5.466,2.658-7.257c1.77-1.79,4.008-2.686,6.713-2.686C51.117,18.558,53.938,20.101,55.613,23.187z"/> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.637" cy="28.806" r="28.276"/> <g> <path d="M37.443-3.5c8.988,0,16.57,3.085,22.742,9.257C66.393,11.967,69.5,19.548,69.5,28.5c0,8.991-3.049,16.476-9.145,22.456 C53.879,57.319,46.242,60.5,37.443,60.5c-8.649,0-16.153-3.144-22.514-9.43C8.644,44.784,5.5,37.262,5.5,28.5 c0-8.761,3.144-16.342,9.429-22.742C21.101-0.415,28.604-3.5,37.443-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.276,0-13.428,2.553-18.457,7.657 c-5.22,5.334-7.829,11.525-7.829,18.572c0,7.086,2.59,13.22,7.77,18.398c5.181,5.182,11.352,7.771,18.514,7.771 c7.123,0,13.334-2.607,18.629-7.828c5.029-4.838,7.543-10.952,7.543-18.343c0-7.276-2.553-13.465-7.656-18.571 C50.967,4.824,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M46.129,20.557v13.085h-3.656v15.542h-9.944V33.643h-3.656V20.557 c0-0.572,0.2-1.057,0.599-1.457c0.401-0.399,0.887-0.6,1.457-0.6h13.144c0.533,0,1.01,0.2,1.428,0.6 C45.918,19.5,46.129,19.986,46.129,20.557z M33.042,12.329c0-3.008,1.485-4.514,4.458-4.514s4.457,1.504,4.457,4.514 c0,2.971-1.486,4.457-4.457,4.457S33.042,15.3,33.042,12.329z"/> </g> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="36.944" cy="28.631" r="29.105"/> <g> <path d="M37.443-3.5c8.951,0,16.531,3.105,22.742,9.315C66.393,11.987,69.5,19.548,69.5,28.5c0,8.954-3.049,16.457-9.145,22.514 C53.918,57.338,46.279,60.5,37.443,60.5c-8.649,0-16.153-3.143-22.514-9.429C8.644,44.786,5.5,37.264,5.5,28.501 c0-8.723,3.144-16.285,9.429-22.685C21.138-0.395,28.643-3.5,37.443-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.276,0-13.428,2.572-18.457,7.715 c-5.22,5.296-7.829,11.467-7.829,18.513c0,7.125,2.59,13.257,7.77,18.4c5.181,5.182,11.352,7.771,18.514,7.771 c7.123,0,13.334-2.609,18.629-7.828c5.029-4.876,7.543-10.99,7.543-18.343c0-7.313-2.553-13.485-7.656-18.513 C51.004,4.842,44.832,2.272,37.557,2.272z M23.271,23.985c0.609-3.924,2.189-6.962,4.742-9.114 c2.552-2.152,5.656-3.228,9.314-3.228c5.027,0,9.029,1.62,12,4.856c2.971,3.238,4.457,7.391,4.457,12.457 c0,4.915-1.543,9-4.627,12.256c-3.088,3.256-7.086,4.886-12.002,4.886c-3.619,0-6.743-1.085-9.371-3.257 c-2.629-2.172-4.209-5.257-4.743-9.257H31.1c0.19,3.886,2.533,5.829,7.029,5.829c2.246,0,4.057-0.972,5.428-2.914 c1.373-1.942,2.059-4.534,2.059-7.771c0-3.391-0.629-5.971-1.885-7.743c-1.258-1.771-3.066-2.657-5.43-2.657 c-4.268,0-6.667,1.885-7.2,5.656h2.343l-6.342,6.343l-6.343-6.343L23.271,23.985L23.271,23.985z"/> </g> </g> </svg> </a> <br> <strong>Content</strong> on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;">Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0) license</a>. </p> <p> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" title="See license summary"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" id="Layer_1" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="5.5 -3.5 64 64" enable-background="new 5.5 -3.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <g> <circle fill="#FFFFFF" cx="37.785" cy="28.501" r="28.836"/> <path d="M37.441-3.5c8.951,0,16.572,3.125,22.857,9.372c3.008,3.009,5.295,6.448,6.857,10.314 c1.561,3.867,2.344,7.971,2.344,12.314c0,4.381-0.773,8.486-2.314,12.313c-1.543,3.828-3.82,7.21-6.828,10.143 c-3.123,3.085-6.666,5.448-10.629,7.086c-3.961,1.638-8.057,2.457-12.285,2.457s-8.276-0.808-12.143-2.429 c-3.866-1.618-7.333-3.961-10.4-7.027c-3.067-3.066-5.4-6.524-7-10.372S5.5,32.767,5.5,28.5c0-4.229,0.809-8.295,2.428-12.2 c1.619-3.905,3.972-7.4,7.057-10.486C21.08-0.394,28.565-3.5,37.441-3.5z M37.557,2.272c-7.314,0-13.467,2.553-18.458,7.657 c-2.515,2.553-4.448,5.419-5.8,8.6c-1.354,3.181-2.029,6.505-2.029,9.972c0,3.429,0.675,6.734,2.029,9.913 c1.353,3.183,3.285,6.021,5.8,8.516c2.514,2.496,5.351,4.399,8.515,5.715c3.161,1.314,6.476,1.971,9.943,1.971 c3.428,0,6.75-0.665,9.973-1.999c3.219-1.335,6.121-3.257,8.713-5.771c4.99-4.876,7.484-10.99,7.484-18.344 c0-3.543-0.648-6.895-1.943-10.057c-1.293-3.162-3.18-5.98-5.654-8.458C50.984,4.844,44.795,2.272,37.557,2.272z M37.156,23.187 l-4.287,2.229c-0.458-0.951-1.019-1.619-1.685-2c-0.667-0.38-1.286-0.571-1.858-0.571c-2.856,0-4.286,1.885-4.286,5.657 c0,1.714,0.362,3.084,1.085,4.113c0.724,1.029,1.791,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.867,0,3.181-0.915,3.944-2.743l3.942,2 c-0.838,1.563-2,2.791-3.486,3.686c-1.484,0.896-3.123,1.343-4.914,1.343c-2.857,0-5.163-0.875-6.915-2.629 c-1.752-1.752-2.628-4.19-2.628-7.313c0-3.048,0.886-5.466,2.657-7.257c1.771-1.79,4.009-2.686,6.715-2.686 C32.604,18.558,35.441,20.101,37.156,23.187z M55.613,23.187l-4.229,2.229c-0.457-0.951-1.02-1.619-1.686-2 c-0.668-0.38-1.307-0.571-1.914-0.571c-2.857,0-4.287,1.885-4.287,5.657c0,1.714,0.363,3.084,1.086,4.113 c0.723,1.029,1.789,1.544,3.201,1.544c1.865,0,3.18-0.915,3.941-2.743l4,2c-0.875,1.563-2.057,2.791-3.541,3.686 c-1.486,0.896-3.105,1.343-4.857,1.343c-2.896,0-5.209-0.875-6.941-2.629c-1.736-1.752-2.602-4.19-2.602-7.313 c0-3.048,0.885-5.466,2.658-7.257c1.77-1.79,4.008-2.686,6.713-2.686C51.117,18.558,53.938,20.101,55.613,23.187z"/> </g> </svg> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0" x="0px" y="0px" width="64px" height="64px" viewBox="-0.5 0.5 64 64" enable-background="new -0.5 0.5 64 64" xml:space="preserve" class="cc-icon"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M9.479 9.3C15.574 3.09 23.056 0 31.933 0C40.885 0 48.525 3.119 54.813 9.367C57.822 12.377 60.108 15.812 61.67 19.697C63.23 23.546 64 27.657 64 32C64 36.383 63.23 40.5 61.669 44.347C60.146 48.156 57.868 51.52 54.857 54.453C51.732 57.54 48.198 59.895 44.236 61.534C40.273 63.173 36.162 63.999 31.933 63.999C27.703 63.999 23.65 63.203 19.764 61.601C15.915 59.963 12.451 57.613 9.366 54.564C6.318 51.48 3.997 48.018 2.397 44.168C0.797 40.32 0 36.268 0 32C0 27.771 0.797 23.719 2.397 19.832C4.036 15.907 6.392 12.387 9.479 9.3ZM50.621 13.468C45.479 8.325 39.305 5.759 32.067 5.759C24.752 5.759 18.592 8.318 13.602 13.421C11.088 15.975 9.147 18.849 7.776 22.049C6.443 25.211 5.759 28.531 5.759 31.998C5.759 35.427 6.443 38.726 7.776 41.925C9.147 45.088 11.087 47.927 13.602 50.441C16.117 52.919 18.955 54.823 22.118 56.157C25.279 57.452 28.599 58.105 32.067 58.105C35.496 58.105 38.794 57.445 41.994 56.111C45.232 54.777 48.142 52.846 50.734 50.33C55.724 45.454 58.24 39.354 58.24 32C58.24 28.457 57.587 25.101 56.291 21.939C54.996 18.778 53.098 15.945 50.621 13.468ZM18.778 32C18.778 23.549 21.435 13.58 32 13.58C42.564 13.58 45.221 23.549 45.221 32C45.221 40.452 42.564 50.42 32 50.42C21.434 50.42 18.778 40.452 18.778 32ZM33.188 20.683C32.82 20.592 32.429 20.526 32 20.526C26.566 20.526 26.308 28.277 26.308 31.999C26.308 33.196 26.339 34.8 26.555 36.436L33.591 23.506C34.321 22.244 33.949 21.339 33.188 20.683ZM37.692 32C37.692 30.543 37.639 28.471 37.266 26.487L29.402 40.069C28.304 41.716 29.066 42.647 30.276 43.162C30.382 43.204 30.5 43.24 30.612 43.272C30.68 43.296 30.744 43.318 30.814 43.339C31.18 43.43 31.574 43.475 32.002 43.475C37.434 43.475 37.692 35.723 37.692 32Z" fill="black"/> </svg> </a> <br> Copyrights and related rights for <strong>article metadata</strong> waived via <a href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/" rel="noopener" target="_blank" style="text-decoration: underline;">CC0 1.0 Universal (CC0) Public Domain Dedication</a>. </p> <p style="line-height: 1.05;"> <small> Photos used throughout the site by <a href="https://unsplash.com/@davidjorre" target="_blank" rel="noopener">David Jorre</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jipy32" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Jean-Philippe Delberghe</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@jjying" target="_blank" rel="noopener">JJ Ying</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@lucabravo" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Luca Bravo</a>, <a href="https://unsplash.com/@brandi1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Brandi Redd</a>, & <a href="https://unsplash.com/@christianperner" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Christian Perner</a> from <a href="https://unsplash.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Unsplash</a>. </small> </p> </div> </section> </div> </footer> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/feather-4.28.0/feather.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/jquery-3.4.1/jquery-3.4.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/static/js/vendors/jquery.hoverIntent.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/bootstrap.doaj.js"></script> <script defer data-domain="doaj.org" src="https://plausible.io/js/script.outbound-links.file-downloads.js"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/tablesorter-2.3.10/js/jquery.tablesorter.js?v=7.0.3"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/autocomplete.js?v=7.0.3"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/formutils.js?v=7.0.3"></script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/select2-3.5.4/select2.min.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript">var current_domain = document.location.host;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var current_scheme = window.location.protocol;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var es_domain = current_domain;</script> <script type="text/javascript">var es_scheme = current_scheme;</script>  <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/doaj.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script> jQuery (document).ready (function($) { doaj.init(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(document).ready(function() { $(".cookie-consent #cookie-consent-hide").on("click", setCookieConsent); $(".site-note-dismiss").on("click", dissmissSiteNote); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> $.extend(true, doaj, { publicSearchConfig : { publicSearchPath : '/query/article/_search?ref=public_article', lccTree: [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "SH1-691", "text": "Aquaculture. Fisheries. Angling"}, {"children": [], "id": "SK1-664", "text": "Hunting sports"}, {"children": [], "id": "SD1-669.5", "text": "Forestry"}, {"children": [], "id": "S1-972", "text": "Agriculture (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "SB1-1110", "text": "Plant culture"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "SF250.5-275", "text": "Dairy processing. Dairy products"}, {"children": [], "id": "SF221-250", "text": "Dairying"}], "id": "SF191-275", "text": "Cattle"}, {"children": [], "id": "SF600-1100", "text": "Veterinary medicine"}], "id": "SF1-1100", "text": "Animal culture"}], "id": "S", "text": "Agriculture"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "NC1-1940", "text": "Drawing. Design. Illustration"}, {"children": [], "id": "ND25-3416", "text": "Painting"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "NE380", "text": "Conservation and restoration of prints"}], "id": "NE1-978", "text": "Printmaking and engraving"}], "id": "NE1-3002", "text": "Print media"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "NX440-632", "text": "History of the arts"}], "id": "NX1-820", "text": "Arts in general"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "NA2695-2793", "text": "Architectural drawing and design"}, {"children": [], "id": "NA9000-9428", "text": "Aesthetics of cities. City planning and beautifying"}], "id": "NA1-9428", "text": "Architecture"}, {"children": [], "id": "NK1-9990", "text": "Decorative arts"}, {"children": [], "id": "NB1-1952", "text": "Sculpture"}, {"children": [], "id": "N1-9211", "text": "Visual arts"}], "id": "N", "text": "Fine Arts"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "L7-991", "text": "Education (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "LA5-2396", "text": "History of education"}, {"children": [], "id": "LC8-6691", "text": "Special aspects of education"}, {"children": [], "id": "LB5-3640", "text": "Theory and practice of education"}], "id": "L", "text": "Education"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TC1501-1800", "text": "Ocean engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TN1-997", "text": "Mining engineering. Metallurgy"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TX341-641", "text": "Nutrition. Foods and food supply"}, {"children": [], "id": "TX901-946.5", "text": "Hospitality industry. Hotels, clubs, restaurants, etc. Food service"}, {"children": [], "id": "TX642-840", "text": "Cookery"}], "id": "TX1-1110", "text": "Home economics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TE1-450", "text": "Highway engineering. Roads and pavements"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TA401-492", "text": "Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials"}, {"children": [], "id": "TK452-454.4", "text": "Electric apparatus and materials. Electric circuits. Electric networks"}, {"children": [], "id": "TK3001-3521", "text": "Distribution or transmission of electric power"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA365-367", "text": "Acoustics in engineering. Acoustical engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TK1001-1841", "text": "Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations"}, {"children": [], "id": "TK9001-9401", "text": "Nuclear engineering. Atomic power"}, {"children": [], "id": "TK5101-6720", "text": "Telecommunication"}, {"children": [], "id": "TK4001-4102", "text": "Applications of electric power"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TK7885-7895", "text": "Computer engineering. Computer hardware"}], "id": "TK7800-8360", "text": "Electronics"}], "id": "TK1-9971", "text": "Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TG1-470", "text": "Bridge engineering"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TC401-506", "text": "River, lake, and water-supply engineering (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "TC530-537", "text": "River protective works. Regulation. Flood control"}, {"children": [], "id": "TC601-791", "text": "Canals and inland navigation. Waterways"}, {"children": [], "id": "TC160-181", "text": "Technical hydraulics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TC801-978", "text": "Irrigation engineering. Reclamation of wasteland. Drainage"}, {"children": [], "id": "TC540-558", "text": "Dams. Barrages"}, {"children": [], "id": "TC203-380", "text": "Harbors and coast protective works. Coastal engineering. Lighthouses"}], "id": "TC1-978", "text": "Hydraulic engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TF1-1620", "text": "Railroad engineering and operation"}, {"children": [], "id": "TR1-1050", "text": "Photography"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TD201-500", "text": "Water supply for domestic and industrial purposes"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD1020-1066", "text": "Hazardous substances and their disposal"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD783-812.5", "text": "Municipal refuse. Solid wastes"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD172-193.5", "text": "Environmental pollution"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD169-171.8", "text": "Environmental protection"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD194-195", "text": "Environmental effects of industries and plants"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD878-894", "text": "Special types of environment"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD511-780", "text": "Sewage collection and disposal systems. Sewerage"}, {"children": [], "id": "TD920-934", "text": "Rural and farm sanitary engineering"}], "id": "TD1-1066", "text": "Environmental technology. Sanitary engineering"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TJ163.26-163.5", "text": "Energy conservation"}, {"children": [], "id": "TJ807-830", "text": "Renewable energy sources"}, {"children": [], "id": "TJ212-225", "text": "Control engineering systems. Automatic machinery (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "TJ227-240", "text": "Machine design and drawing"}], "id": "TJ1-1570", "text": "Mechanical engineering and machinery"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TP1080-1185", "text": "Polymers and polymer manufacture"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP785-869", "text": "Clay industries. Ceramics. Glass"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP875-888", "text": "Cement industries"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TP690-692.5", "text": "Petroleum refining. Petroleum products"}], "id": "TP670-699", "text": "Oils, fats, and waxes"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP315-360", "text": "Fuel"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP200-248", "text": "Chemicals: Manufacture, use, etc."}, {"children": [], "id": "TP890-933", "text": "Textile bleaching, dyeing, printing, etc."}, {"children": [], "id": "TP155-156", "text": "Chemical engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP700-746", "text": "Illuminating industries (Nonelectric)"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP267.5-301", "text": "Explosives and pyrotechnics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP480-498", "text": "Low temperature engineering. Cryogenic engineering. Refrigeration"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP248.13-248.65", "text": "Biotechnology"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP250-261", "text": "Industrial electrochemistry"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP751-762", "text": "Gas industry"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP368-456", "text": "Food processing and manufacture"}, {"children": [], "id": "TP934-945", "text": "Paints, pigments, varnishes, etc."}, {"children": [], "id": "TP500-660", "text": "Fermentation industries. Beverages. Alcohol"}], "id": "TP1-1185", "text": "Chemical technology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TA174", "text": "Engineering design"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA349-359", "text": "Mechanics of engineering. Applied mechanics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA213-215", "text": "Engineering machinery, tools, and implements"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA170-171", "text": "Environmental engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA1501-1820", "text": "Applied optics. Photonics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA1001-1280", "text": "Transportation engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA177.4-185", "text": "Engineering economy"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA630-695", "text": "Structural engineering (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA715-787", "text": "Earthwork. Foundations"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA495", "text": "Disasters and engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA168", "text": "Systems engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA2001-2040", "text": "Plasma engineering. Applied plasma dynamics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA501-625", "text": "Surveying"}, {"children": [], "id": "TA703-712", "text": "Engineering geology. Rock mechanics. Soil mechanics. Underground construction"}], "id": "TA1-2040", "text": "Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "TL1-4050", "text": "Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics"}, {"children": [], "id": "TT1-999", "text": "Handicrafts. Arts and crafts"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TH845-895", "text": "Architectural engineering. Structural engineering of buildings"}, {"children": [], "id": "TH7005-7699", "text": "Heating and ventilation. Air conditioning"}, {"children": [], "id": "TH2025-3000", "text": "Details in building design and construction. Including walls, roofs"}, {"children": [], "id": "TH1000-1725", "text": "Systems of building construction. Including fireproof construction, concrete construction"}, {"children": [], "id": "TH9025-9745", "text": "Protection of buildings. Including protection from dampness, fire, burglary"}], "id": "TH1-9745", "text": "Building construction"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "T57-57.97", "text": "Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods"}, {"children": [], "id": "T58.7-58.8", "text": "Production capacity. Manufacturing capacity"}, {"children": [], "id": "T58.6-58.62", "text": "Management information systems"}, {"children": [], "id": "T59.5", "text": "Automation"}, {"children": [], "id": "T58.5-58.64", "text": "Information technology"}], "id": "T55.4-60.8", "text": "Industrial engineering. Management engineering"}, {"children": [], "id": "T351-385", "text": "Mechanical drawing. Engineering graphics"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "T55-55.3", "text": "Industrial safety. Industrial accident prevention"}], "id": "T11.95-12.5", "text": "Industrial directories"}], "id": "T1-995", "text": "Technology (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "TS195-198.8", "text": "Packaging"}, {"children": [], "id": "TS155-194", "text": "Production management. Operations management"}], "id": "TS1-2301", "text": "Manufactures"}], "id": "T", "text": "Technology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "VM1-989", "text": "Naval architecture. Shipbuilding. Marine engineering"}], "id": "V", "text": "Naval Science"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "AG2-600", "text": "Dictionaries and other general reference works"}, {"children": [], "id": "AN", "text": "Newspapers"}, {"children": [], "id": "AE1-90", "text": "Encyclopedias"}, {"children": [], "id": "AZ20-999", "text": "History of scholarship and learning. The humanities"}, {"children": [], "id": "AM1-501", "text": "Museums. Collectors and collecting"}, {"children": [], "id": "AP1-271", "text": "Periodicals"}, {"children": [], "id": "AS1-945", "text": "Academies and learned societies"}], "id": "A", "text": "General Works"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "GN301-674", "text": "Ethnology. Social and cultural anthropology"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "GN282-286.7", "text": "Fossil man. Human paleontology"}], "id": "GN281-289", "text": "Human evolution"}], "id": "GN49-298", "text": "Physical anthropology. Somatology"}, {"children": [], "id": "GN700-890", "text": "Prehistoric archaeology"}], "id": "GN1-890", "text": "Anthropology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "GV557-1198.995", "text": "Sports"}, {"children": [], "id": "GV1580-1799.4", "text": "Dancing"}, {"children": [], "id": "GV181.35-181.6", "text": "Recreation leadership. Administration of recreation services"}], "id": "GV1-1860", "text": "Recreation. Leisure"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "GF125", "text": "Cities. Urban geography"}], "id": "GF101-127", "text": "Settlements"}], "id": "GF1-900", "text": "Human ecology. Anthropogeography"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "G9900-9980", "text": "Unlocalized maps (Asian studies only)"}], "id": "G3180-9980", "text": "Maps"}, {"children": [], "id": "GT1-7070", "text": "Manners and customs (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "GR1-950", "text": "Folklore"}, {"children": [], "id": "GB3-5030", "text": "Physical geography"}, {"children": [], "id": "GE1-350", "text": "Environmental sciences"}, {"children": [], "id": "G1-922", "text": "Geography (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "GA51-87", "text": "Surveys (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "GA109.5", "text": "Cadastral mapping"}], "id": "GA101-1776", "text": "Cartography"}], "id": "GA1-1776", "text": "Mathematical geography. Cartography"}, {"children": [], "id": "GC1-1581", "text": "Oceanography"}], "id": "G", "text": "Geography. Anthropology. Recreation"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "CD1-6471", "text": "Diplomatics. Archives. Seals"}, {"children": [], "id": "CS1-3090", "text": "Genealogy"}, {"children": [], "id": "CT21-9999", "text": "Biography"}, {"children": [], "id": "CC1-960", "text": "Archaeology"}, {"children": [], "id": "CB3-482", "text": "History of Civilization"}], "id": "C", "text": "Auxiliary sciences of history"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "DA1-995", "text": "History of Great Britain"}, {"children": [], "id": "DS1-937", "text": "History of Asia"}, {"children": [], "id": "DE1-100", "text": "History of the Greco-Roman World"}, {"children": [], "id": "DH1-925", "text": "History of Low Countries - Benelux Countries"}, {"children": [], "id": "DAW1001-1051", "text": "History of Central Europe"}, {"children": [], "id": "DP501-900.22", "text": "History of Portugal"}, {"children": [], "id": "DU1-950", "text": "History of Oceania (South Seas)"}, {"children": [], "id": "DP1-402", "text": "History of Spain"}, {"children": [], "id": "DR1-2285", "text": "History of Balkan Peninsula"}, {"children": [], "id": "DK1-4735", "text": "History of Russia. Soviet Union. Former Soviet Republics"}, {"children": [], "id": "DG11-999", "text": "History of Italy"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "DB901-999", "text": "Hungary"}, {"children": [], "id": "DB2000-3150", "text": "Czechoslovakia"}, {"children": [], "id": "DB1-879", "text": "Austria. Austro-Hungarian Empire"}], "id": "DB1-3150", "text": "History of Austria. Liechtenstein. Hungary. Czechoslovakia"}, {"children": [], "id": "DD1-905", "text": "History of Germany"}, {"children": [], "id": "DK4010-4800", "text": "History of Poland"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "DL401-596", "text": "Norway"}, {"children": [], "id": "DL1002-1180", "text": "Finland"}, {"children": [], "id": "DL101-291", "text": "Denmark"}, {"children": [], "id": "DL301-398", "text": "Iceland"}, {"children": [], "id": "DL601-991", "text": "Sweden"}], "id": "DL1-1180", "text": "History of Northern Europe. Scandinavia"}, {"children": [], "id": "DT1-3415", "text": "History of Africa"}, {"children": [], "id": "DJ1-500", "text": "History of Netherlands (Holland)"}, {"children": [], "id": "DJK1-77", "text": "History of Eastern Europe"}, {"children": [], "id": "DF10-951", "text": "History of Greece"}, {"children": [], "id": "DQ1-851", "text": "History of Switzerland"}, {"children": [], "id": "DC1-947", "text": "History of France"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "D51-90", "text": "Ancient history"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "D900-2009", "text": "Europe (General)"}], "id": "D299-475", "text": "1789-"}], "id": "D204-475", "text": "Modern history, 1453-"}, {"children": [], "id": "D111-203", "text": "Medieval history"}], "id": "D1-2009", "text": "History (General)"}], "id": "D", "text": "History (General) and history of Europe"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "E11-143", "text": "America"}, {"children": [], "id": "E151-889", "text": "United States"}, {"children": [], "id": "F1201-3799", "text": "Latin America. Spanish America"}, {"children": [], "id": "F1-975", "text": "United States local history"}], "id": "E-F", "text": "History America"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PC1-5498", "text": "Romanic languages"}, {"children": [], "id": "PE1-3729", "text": "English language"}, {"children": [], "id": "PS1-3576", "text": "American literature"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "P95-95.6", "text": "Oral communication. Speech"}], "id": "P87-96", "text": "Communication. Mass media"}, {"children": [], "id": "P98-98.5", "text": "Computational linguistics. Natural language processing"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "P325-325.5", "text": "Semantics"}, {"children": [], "id": "P301-301.5", "text": "Style. Composition. Rhetoric"}, {"children": [], "id": "P302-302.87", "text": "Discourse analysis"}, {"children": [], "id": "P118-118.7", "text": "Language acquisition"}, {"children": [], "id": "P306-310", "text": "Translating and interpreting"}, {"children": [], "id": "P327-327.5", "text": "Lexicography"}, {"children": [], "id": "P201-299", "text": "Comparative grammar"}], "id": "P101-410", "text": "Language. Linguistic theory. Comparative grammar"}], "id": "P1-1091", "text": "Philology. Linguistics"}, {"children": [], "id": "PR1-9680", "text": "English literature"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PA201-899", "text": "Greek philology and language"}], "id": "PA", "text": "Greek language and literature. Latin language and literature"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PH101-405", "text": "Finnish"}, {"children": [], "id": "PH91-98.5", "text": "Finnic. Baltic-Finnic"}, {"children": [], "id": "PH501-1109", "text": "Other Finnic languages and dialects"}], "id": "PH1-5490", "text": "Ural-Altaic languages"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PN1560-1590", "text": "The performing arts. Show business"}, {"children": [], "id": "PN4699-5650", "text": "Journalism. The periodical press, etc."}, {"children": [], "id": "PN4001-4355", "text": "Oratory. Elocution, etc."}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PN1993-1999", "text": "Motion pictures"}, {"children": [], "id": "PN2000-3307", "text": "Dramatic representation. The theater"}], "id": "PN1600-3307", "text": "Drama"}], "id": "PN1-6790", "text": "Literature (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PL1001-3208", "text": "Chinese language and literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PL8000-8844", "text": "African languages and literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PL501-889", "text": "Japanese language and literature"}], "id": "PL1-8844", "text": "Languages and literature of Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania"}, {"children": [], "id": "PG1-9665", "text": "Slavic languages. Baltic languages. Albanian languages"}, {"children": [], "id": "PT7351-7550", "text": "Modern Icelandic literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PT1-4897", "text": "German literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PK1-9601", "text": "Indo-Iranian languages and literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PT9201-9999", "text": "Swedish literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PT7601-8260", "text": "Danish literature"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "PD1501-7159", "text": "North Germanic. Scandinavian"}], "id": "PD1-7159", "text": "Germanic languages. Scandinavian languages"}, {"children": [], "id": "PJ", "text": "Oriental languages and literatures"}, {"children": [], "id": "PQ1-3999", "text": "French literature - Italian literature - Spanish literature - Portuguese literature"}, {"children": [], "id": "PT7101-7338", "text": "Old Norse literature: Old Icelandic and Old Norwegian"}, {"children": [], "id": "PT8301-9155", "text": "Norwegian literature"}], "id": "P", "text": "Language and Literature"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "KBP1-4860", "text": "Islamic law"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "KN", "text": "South Asia. Southeast Asia. East Asia"}], "id": "KL-KWX", "text": "Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and Antarctica"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "KJ2-1040", "text": "History of Law"}], "id": "KJ-KKZ", "text": "Law of Europe"}, {"children": [], "id": "KZ2-6785", "text": "Law of nations"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "K201-487", "text": "Jurisprudence. Philosophy and theory of law"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "K5000-5582", "text": "Criminal law and procedure"}, {"children": [], "id": "K3601-3611", "text": "Medical legislation"}, {"children": [], "id": "K1000-1395", "text": "Commercial law"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "K720-792", "text": "Property"}], "id": "K623-968", "text": "Civil law"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "K4011-4343", "text": "Transportation and communication"}], "id": "K3840-4375", "text": "Regulation of industry, trade, and commerce. Occupational law"}, {"children": [], "id": "K3581-3598", "text": "Environmental law"}, {"children": [], "id": "K3150", "text": "Public law"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HJ4113-4601", "text": "Property tax"}], "id": "HJ2240-5908", "text": "Revenue. Taxation. Internal revenue"}], "id": "K4430-4675", "text": "Public finance"}], "id": "K520-5582", "text": "Comparative law. International uniform law"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "K7585-7595", "text": "Social legislation"}], "id": "K7000-7720", "text": "Private international law. Conflict of laws"}], "id": "K1-7720", "text": "Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence"}], "id": "K", "text": "Law"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "Z1001-1121", "text": "General bibliography"}], "id": "Z1001-8999", "text": "Bibliography"}, {"children": [], "id": "ZA3040-5185", "text": "Information resources (General)"}], "id": "Z", "text": "Bibliography. Library science. Information resources"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RT1-120", "text": "Nursing"}, {"children": [], "id": "RL1-803", "text": "Dermatology"}, {"children": [], "id": "RJ1-570", "text": "Pediatrics"}, {"children": [], "id": "RE1-994", "text": "Ophthalmology"}, {"children": [], "id": "RK1-715", "text": "Dentistry"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "R131-687", "text": "History of medicine. Medical expeditions"}, {"children": [], "id": "R858-859.7", "text": "Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics"}, {"children": [], "id": "R895-920", "text": "Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine"}, {"children": [], "id": "R5-130.5", "text": "General works"}, {"children": [], "id": "R855-855.5", "text": "Medical technology"}, {"children": [], "id": "R723-726", "text": "Medical philosophy. Medical ethics"}], "id": "R5-920", "text": "Medicine (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RZ301-397.5", "text": "Osteopathy"}, {"children": [], "id": "RZ399", "text": "Osteo-magnetics, neuropathy, etc."}, {"children": [], "id": "RZ201-275", "text": "Chiropractic"}, {"children": [], "id": "RZ400-408", "text": "Mental healing"}, {"children": [], "id": "RZ409.7-999", "text": "Miscellaneous systems and treatments"}], "id": "RZ201-999", "text": "Other systems of medicine"}, {"children": [], "id": "RF1-547", "text": "Otorhinolaryngology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RD701-811", "text": "Orthopedic surgery"}, {"children": [], "id": "RD78.3-87.3", "text": "Anesthesiology"}], "id": "RD1-811", "text": "Surgery"}, {"children": [], "id": "RX1-681", "text": "Homeopathy"}, {"children": [], "id": "RM1-950", "text": "Therapeutics. Pharmacology"}, {"children": [], "id": "RS1-441", "text": "Pharmacy and materia medica"}, {"children": [], "id": "RB1-214", "text": "Pathology"}, {"children": [], "id": "RG1-991", "text": "Gynecology and obstetrics"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RC633-647.5", "text": "Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC666-701", "text": "Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC620-627", "text": "Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC705-779", "text": "Diseases of the respiratory system"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC925-935", "text": "Diseases of the musculoskeletal system"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC581-607", "text": "Immunologic diseases. Allergy"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC648-665", "text": "Diseases of the endocrine glands. Clinical endocrinology"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC870-923", "text": "Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC799-869", "text": "Diseases of the digestive system. Gastroenterology"}], "id": "RC581-951", "text": "Specialties of internal medicine"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RC475-489", "text": "Therapeutics. Psychotherapy"}], "id": "RC435-571", "text": "Psychiatry"}], "id": "RC346-429", "text": "Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system"}], "id": "RC321-571", "text": "Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC254-282", "text": "Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RC963-969", "text": "Industrial medicine. Industrial hygiene"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC952-954.6", "text": "Geriatrics"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC955-962", "text": "Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC1200-1245", "text": "Sports medicine"}], "id": "RC952-1245", "text": "Special situations and conditions"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC109-216", "text": "Infectious and parasitic diseases"}, {"children": [], "id": "RC86-88.9", "text": "Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid"}], "id": "RC31-1245", "text": "Internal medicine"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "RA1190-1270", "text": "Toxicology. Poisons"}], "id": "RA1-1270", "text": "Public aspects of medicine"}], "id": "R", "text": "Medicine"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "MT1-960", "text": "Musical instruction and study"}, {"children": [], "id": "ML1-3930", "text": "Literature on music"}, {"children": [], "id": "M1-5000", "text": "Music"}], "id": "M", "text": "Music and books on Music"}, {"children": [], "id": "U", "text": "Military Science"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "JZ2-6530", "text": "International relations"}, {"children": [], "id": "JF20-2112", "text": "Political institutions and public administration (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "JA1-92", "text": "Political science (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "JC11-607", "text": "Political theory"}, {"children": [], "id": "JQ1-6651", "text": "Political institutions and public administration - Asia (Asian studies only)"}, {"children": [], "id": "JV1-9480", "text": "Colonies and colonization. Emigration and immigration. International migration"}], "id": "J", "text": "Political science"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BH1-301", "text": "Aesthetics"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BP300-395", "text": "Bahai Faith"}, {"children": [], "id": "BP595-597", "text": "Anthroposophy"}, {"children": [], "id": "BP600-610", "text": "Other beliefs and movements"}, {"children": [], "id": "BP1-253", "text": "Islam"}, {"children": [], "id": "BP500-585", "text": "Theosophy"}], "id": "BP1-610", "text": "Islam. Bahai Faith. Theosophy, etc."}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BF309-499", "text": "Consciousness. Cognition"}], "id": "BF1-990", "text": "Psychology"}, {"children": [], "id": "BM1-990", "text": "Judaism"}, {"children": [], "id": "BX1-9999", "text": "Christian Denominations"}, {"children": [], "id": "BQ1-9800", "text": "Buddhism"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BD143-237", "text": "Epistemology. Theory of knowledge"}, {"children": [], "id": "BD300-450", "text": "Ontology"}, {"children": [], "id": "BD95-131", "text": "Metaphysics"}], "id": "BD10-701", "text": "Speculative philosophy"}, {"children": [], "id": "BC1-199", "text": "Logic"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "B5800-5802", "text": "By religion"}], "id": "B790-5802", "text": "Modern"}], "id": "B108-5802", "text": "By period"}], "id": "B1-5802", "text": "Philosophy (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BR140-1510", "text": "History"}, {"children": [], "id": "BR60-67", "text": "Early Christian literature. Fathers of the Church, etc."}], "id": "BR1-1725", "text": "Christianity"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BS701-1830", "text": "Old Testament"}, {"children": [], "id": "BS1901-2970", "text": "New Testament"}], "id": "BS1-2970", "text": "The Bible"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BL1-50", "text": "Religion (General)"}, {"children": [], "id": "BL74-99", "text": "Religions of the world"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BL1000-2370", "text": "Asian. Oriental"}], "id": "BL660-2680", "text": "History and principles of religions"}, {"children": [], "id": "BL51-65", "text": "Philosophy of religion. Psychology of religion. Religion in relation to other subjects"}], "id": "BL1-2790", "text": "Religions. Mythology. Rationalism"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BJ1188-1295", "text": "Religious ethics"}], "id": "BJ1-1725", "text": "Ethics"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BV4625-4780", "text": "Moral theology"}], "id": "BV4485-5099", "text": "Practical religion. The Christian life"}], "id": "BV1-5099", "text": "Practical Theology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "BT1313-1480", "text": "History of specific doctrines and movements. Heresies and schisms"}], "id": "BT10-1480", "text": "Doctrinal Theology"}], "id": "B", "text": "Philosophy. Psychology. Religion"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QH359-425", "text": "Evolution"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH540-549.5", "text": "Ecology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH471-489", "text": "Reproduction"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH426-470", "text": "Genetics"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH573-671", "text": "Cytology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH705-705.5", "text": "Economic biology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH501-531", "text": "Life"}], "id": "QH301-705.5", "text": "Biology (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QR100-130", "text": "Microbial ecology"}], "id": "QR1-502", "text": "Microbiology"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "Q350-390", "text": "Information theory"}], "id": "Q300-390", "text": "Cybernetics"}], "id": "Q1-390", "text": "Science (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QB275-343", "text": "Geodesy"}, {"children": [], "id": "QB460-466", "text": "Astrophysics"}], "id": "QB1-991", "text": "Astronomy"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QP501-801", "text": "Animal biochemistry"}, {"children": [], "id": "QP351-495", "text": "Neurophysiology and neuropsychology"}], "id": "QP1-981", "text": "Physiology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QM1-695", "text": "Human anatomy"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QE351-399.2", "text": "Mineralogy"}, {"children": [], "id": "QE701-760", "text": "Paleontology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QE640-699", "text": "Stratigraphy"}, {"children": [], "id": "QE420-499", "text": "Petrology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QE500-639.5", "text": "Dynamic and structural geology"}], "id": "QE1-996.5", "text": "Geology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QH1-199.5", "text": "General. Including nature conservation, geographical distribution"}, {"children": [], "id": "QH201-278.5", "text": "Microscopy"}], "id": "QH1-278.5", "text": "Natural history (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QL951-991", "text": "Embryology"}], "id": "QL1-991", "text": "Zoology"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QC310.15-319", "text": "Thermodynamics"}], "id": "QC251-338.5", "text": "Heat"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC851-999", "text": "Meteorology. Climatology"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC801-809", "text": "Geophysics. Cosmic physics"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC221-246", "text": "Acoustics. Sound"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC350-467", "text": "Optics. Light"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QC717.6-718.8", "text": "Plasma physics. Ionized gases"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC701-715.4", "text": "Electric discharge"}], "id": "QC501-721", "text": "Electricity"}], "id": "QC501-766", "text": "Electricity and magnetism"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC120-168.85", "text": "Descriptive and experimental mechanics"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QC793-793.5", "text": "Elementary particle physics"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC794.95-798", "text": "Radioactivity and radioactive substances"}], "id": "QC770-798", "text": "Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC1-75", "text": "General"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC170-197", "text": "Atomic physics. Constitution and properties of matter"}, {"children": [], "id": "QC811-849", "text": "Geomagnetism"}], "id": "QC1-999", "text": "Physics"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QD415-436", "text": "Biochemistry"}], "id": "QD241-441", "text": "Organic chemistry"}, {"children": [], "id": "QD146-197", "text": "Inorganic chemistry"}, {"children": [], "id": "QD901-999", "text": "Crystallography"}, {"children": [], "id": "QD1-65", "text": "General. Including alchemy"}, {"children": [], "id": "QD450-801", "text": "Physical and theoretical chemistry"}, {"children": [], "id": "QD71-142", "text": "Analytical chemistry"}], "id": "QD1-999", "text": "Chemistry"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QK900-989", "text": "Plant ecology"}], "id": "QK1-989", "text": "Botany"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "QA76.75-76.765", "text": "Computer software"}], "id": "QA75.5-76.95", "text": "Electronic computers. Computer science"}], "id": "QA71-90", "text": "Instruments and machines"}, {"children": [], "id": "QA273-280", "text": "Probabilities. Mathematical statistics"}, {"children": [], "id": "QA801-939", "text": "Analytic mechanics"}, {"children": [], "id": "QA299.6-433", "text": "Analysis"}], "id": "QA1-939", "text": "Mathematics"}], "id": "Q", "text": "Science"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HV1-9960", "text": "Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HQ1088-1090.7", "text": "Men"}, {"children": [], "id": "HQ1101-2030.7", "text": "Women. Feminism"}], "id": "HQ1-2044", "text": "The family. Marriage. Woman"}, {"children": [], "id": "HS1-3371", "text": "Societies: secret, benevolent, etc."}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HD2337-2339", "text": "Sweatshops"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2331-2336", "text": "Home labor. Home-based businesses"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2330", "text": "Rural industries"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2329", "text": "Industrialization"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2340.8-2346.5", "text": "Small and medium-sized businesses, artisans, handicrafts, trades"}], "id": "HD2321-4730.9", "text": "Industry"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HD50-50.5", "text": "Delegation of authority. Decentralization. Span of control"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD41", "text": "Competition"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD58.7-58.95", "text": "Organizational behaviour, change and effectiveness. Corporate culture"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD45-45.2", "text": "Technological innovations. Automation"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD56-57.5", "text": "Industrial productivity"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD49-49.5", "text": "Crisis management. Emergency management. Inflation"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD66-66.2", "text": "Work groups. Team work in industry. Quality circles"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD39-40.7", "text": "Capital. Capital investments"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD69", "text": "Other"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD62", "text": "Standardization. Simplification. Waste"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD61", "text": "Risk in industry. Risk management"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD60-60.5", "text": "Social responsibility of business"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD58", "text": "Location industry"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD59-59.6", "text": "Public relations. Industrial publicity"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD62.2-62.8", "text": "Management of special enterprises"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD47-47.4", "text": "Costs"}], "id": "HD28-70", "text": "Management. Industrial management"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD72-88", "text": "Economic growth, development, planning"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HD1326-1329", "text": "Large holdings"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1334-1335", "text": "Consolidation of land holdings"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1336-1339", "text": "Small holdings. Peasant proprietors. Parcellation"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1330-1331", "text": "Landlord and peasant"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1286-1289", "text": "Communal ownership"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1332-1333.5", "text": "Land reform. Agrarian reform"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1290-1291", "text": "Municipal ownership"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1301-1313", "text": "Nationalization (Agrarian socialism)"}], "id": "HD1286-1339", "text": "Land tenure"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD1361-1395.5", "text": "Real estate business"}], "id": "HD101-1395.5", "text": "Land use"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HD3611-4730.9", "text": "Industrial policy. The state and industrial organization"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2951-3575", "text": "Cooperation. Cooperative societies"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2709-2930.7", "text": "Corporations"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2421-2429", "text": "Trade associations"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD2365-2385", "text": "Contracting. Letting of contracts"}], "id": "HD2350.8-2356", "text": "Large industry. Factory system. Big business"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HD9650-9663", "text": "Chemical industries"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9000-9495", "text": "Agricultural industries"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9502-9502.5", "text": "Energy industries. Energy policy. Fuel trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9680-9714", "text": "Mechanical industries"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9999", "text": "Miscellaneous industries and trades"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9506-9624", "text": "Mineral industries. Metal trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9665-9675", "text": "Pharmaceutical industry"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9720-9975", "text": "Manufacturing industries"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD9715-9717.5", "text": "Construction industry"}], "id": "HD9000-9999", "text": "Special industries and trades"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HD8045-8943", "text": "By region or country"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD6951-6957", "text": "Industrial sociology. Social conditions of labor"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD6941-6948", "text": "Employers associations"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD6958.5-6976", "text": "Industrial relations"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD5701-6000.9", "text": "Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD8038", "text": "Professions (General). Professional employees"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD4861-4895", "text": "Labor systems"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD6350-6940.7", "text": "Trade unions. Labor unions. Workers associations"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD7260-7780.8", "text": "Industrial hygiene. Industrial welfare"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD8039", "text": "By industry or trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD7255-7256", "text": "Vocational rehabilitation. Employment of people with disabilities"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD5650-5660", "text": "Employee participation in management. Employee ownership. Industrial democracy. Works councils"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD7795-8027", "text": "Labor policy. Labor and the state"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD7088-7252", "text": "Social insurance. Social security. Pension"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD8031", "text": "Labor in politics. Political activity of the working class"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD6977-7080", "text": "Cost and standard of living"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD5481-5630.7", "text": "Industrial arbitration. Meditation and conciliation"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD6050-6305", "text": "Classes of labor"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD5106-5267", "text": "Hours of labor"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD5306-5474", "text": "Labor disputes. Strikes and lockouts"}, {"children": [], "id": "HD4909-5100.9", "text": "Wages"}], "id": "HD4801-8943", "text": "Labor. Work. Working class"}], "id": "HD28-9999", "text": "Industries. Land use. Labor"}, {"children": [], "id": "HA1-4737", "text": "Statistics"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HF1701-2701", "text": "Tariff. Free trade. Protectionism"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HF5482-5482.4", "text": "Secondhand trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5601-5689", "text": "Accounting. Bookkeeping"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5520-5541", "text": "Office equipment and supplies"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5428-5429.6", "text": "Retail trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5469.7-5481", "text": "Markets. Fairs"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5717-5734.7", "text": "Business communication. Including business report writing, business correspondence"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5437-5444", "text": "Purchasing. Selling. Sales personnel. Sales executives"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5387-5387.5", "text": "Business ethics"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5482.6-5482.65", "text": "Black market"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5801-6182", "text": "Advertising"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5381-5386", "text": "Vocational guidance. Career development"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5548.7-5548.85", "text": "Industrial psychology"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5691-5716", "text": "Business mathematics. Commercial arithmetic. Including tables, etc."}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5484-5495", "text": "Warehouses. Storage"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5446-5459", "text": "Canvassing. Peddling"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5410-5417.5", "text": "Marketing. Distribution of products"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5761-5780", "text": "Shipment of goods. Delivery of goods"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5419-5422", "text": "Wholesale trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5460-5469.5", "text": "Department stores. Mail order business. Supermarkets. Convenience stores"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5546-5548.6", "text": "Office management"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5429.7-5430.6", "text": "Shopping centers. Shopping malls"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5549-5549.5", "text": "Personnel management. Employment management"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF5735-5746", "text": "Business records management"}], "id": "HF5001-6182", "text": "Business"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF1014", "text": "Balance of trade"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF1040-1054", "text": "Commodities. Commercial products"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF1021-1027", "text": "Commercial geography. Economic geography"}, {"children": [], "id": "HF294-343", "text": "Boards of trade. Chambers of commerce. Merchants associations"}], "id": "HF1-6182", "text": "Commerce"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HE9713-9715", "text": "Cellular telephone services industry. Wireless telephone industry"}], "id": "HE1-9990", "text": "Transportation and communications"}, {"children": [], "id": "H53", "text": "Social sciences and state - Asia (Asian studies only)"}, {"children": [], "id": "HN1-995", "text": "Social history and conditions. Social problems. Social reform"}, {"children": [], "id": "HX1-970.7", "text": "Socialism. Communism. Anarchism"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HC92", "text": "Economic geography of the oceans (General)"}], "id": "HC10-1085", "text": "Economic history and conditions"}, {"children": [{"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HT351-352", "text": "Suburban cities and towns"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT161-165", "text": "Garden cities. The city beautiful"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT231", "text": "Effect of city life"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT388", "text": "Regional economics. Space in economics"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT390-395", "text": "Regional planning"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT165.5-169.9", "text": "City planning"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT321-325", "text": "The city as an economic factor. City promotion"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT361-384", "text": "Urbanization. City and country"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT170-178", "text": "Urban renewal. Urban redevelopment"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT330-334", "text": "Metropolitan areas"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT201-221", "text": "City population. Including children in cities, immigration"}], "id": "HT101-395", "text": "Urban groups. The city. Urban sociology"}, {"children": [], "id": "HT51-65", "text": "Human settlements. Communities"}], "id": "HT51-1595", "text": "Communities. Classes. Races"}, {"children": [], "id": "HM401-1281", "text": "Sociology (General)"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HG1501-3550", "text": "Banking"}, {"children": [], "id": "HG3810-4000", "text": "Foreign exchange (Asian studies only)"}, {"children": [], "id": "HG8011-9999", "text": "Insurance"}], "id": "HG1-9999", "text": "Finance"}, {"children": [{"children": [], "id": "HB71-74", "text": "Economics as a science"}, {"children": [], "id": "HB848-3697", "text": "Demography. Population. Vital events"}], "id": "HB1-3840", "text": "Economic theory. Demography"}, {"children": [], "id": "H1-99", "text": "Social sciences (General)"}], "id": "H", "text": "Social Sciences"}] } }); </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/edges.jquery.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/es7x.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/edges.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/doaj.fieldrender.edges.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/templates/bs3.Facetview.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/components/selectors.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/components/search.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.ResultCountRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.SortRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.FacetFilterSetterRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.RefiningANDTermSelectorRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.ORTermSelectorRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.ResultsFieldsByRowRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.PagerRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.SelectedFiltersRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.SearchingNotificationRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/vendor/edges/src/renderers/bs3.DateHistogramSelectorRenderer.js?v=7.0.3"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/static/js/edges/public.article.edge.js?v=7.0.3"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Articles – DOAJ