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href="#Mission_insignia_and_call_signs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mission insignia and call signs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mission_insignia_and_call_signs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Planning and training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Planning_and_training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Planning and training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Planning_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scheduling_and_landing_site_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scheduling_and_landing_site_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Scheduling and landing site selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scheduling_and_landing_site_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_hardware_and_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_hardware_and_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mission hardware and experiments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_hardware_and_experiments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission hardware and experiments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_hardware_and_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spacecraft_and_launch_vehicle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spacecraft_and_launch_vehicle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spacecraft and launch vehicle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spacecraft_and_launch_vehicle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preparation_and_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_and_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Preparation and assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_and_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_surface_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_surface_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lunar surface science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_surface_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ALSEP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ALSEP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>ALSEP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ALSEP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_lunar-surface_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_lunar-surface_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Other lunar-surface science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_lunar-surface_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orbital_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orbital_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Orbital science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orbital_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biological_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Biological experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_Instrument_Module" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_Instrument_Module"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Scientific Instrument Module</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_Instrument_Module-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Light-flash_phenomenon_and_other_experiments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Light-flash_phenomenon_and_other_experiments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Light-flash phenomenon and other experiments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Light-flash_phenomenon_and_other_experiments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mission_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mission_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mission events</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mission_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mission events subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mission_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Launch_and_outbound_trip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Launch_and_outbound_trip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Launch and outbound trip</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Launch_and_outbound_trip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_landing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_landing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lunar landing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_landing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunar_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunar_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Lunar surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunar_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_EVA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_EVA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>First EVA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_EVA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_EVA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_EVA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Second EVA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_EVA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_EVA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_EVA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Third EVA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_EVA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solo_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solo_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Solo activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solo_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Return to Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_spacecraft_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_spacecraft_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath and spacecraft locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_spacecraft_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo 17</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8D%96%E1%88%8E_17" title="አፖሎ 17 – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አፖሎ 17" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AD" title="अपोलो १७ – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अपोलो १७" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_17" title="أبولو 17 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أبولو 17" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollon_17" title="Apollon 17 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Apollon 17" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD" title="অ্যাপোলো ১৭ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাপোলো ১৭" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-17" title="Апалон-17 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апалон-17" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_17" title="Аполо 17 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аполо 17" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolo_17" title="Apolo 17 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Apolo 17" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B7" title="آپولو ۱۷ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آپولو ۱۷" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AB%A7%E0%AB%AD" title="એપોલો ૧૭ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એપોલો ૧૭" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%8F%B4%EB%A1%9C_17%ED%98%B8" title="아폴로 17호 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아폴로 17호" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6_17" title="Ապոլոն 17 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ապոլոն 17" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_17" title="अपोलो 17 – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अपोलो 17" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95_17" title="אפולו 17 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפולו 17" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D_17" title="აპოლო 17 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპოლო 17" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%9317" title="Apollo–17 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Apollo–17" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8B_17" title="അപ്പോളോ 17 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അപ്പോളോ 17" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%95%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%81%81%E1%81%87" title="အပိုလို ၁၇ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အပိုလို ၁၇" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AD17%E5%8F%B7" title="アポロ17号 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アポロ17号" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_17" title="اپولو 17 – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اپولو 17" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88_%DB%B1%DB%B7" title="اپولو ۱۷ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اپولو ۱۷" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-17" title="Аполлон-17 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аполлон-17" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%84%DB%86_%D9%A1%D9%A7" title="ئەپۆلۆ ١٧ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەپۆلۆ ١٧" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE_17" title="Аполо 17 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аполо 17" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8B_17" title="அப்பல்லோ 17 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அப்பல்லோ 17" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD-17" title="Аполлон-17 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аполлон-17" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88_17" title="اپالو 17 – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اپالو 17" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Apollo 17" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%9717%E5%8F%B7" title="阿波罗17号 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿波罗17号" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%9717%E5%8F%B7" title="阿波罗17号 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿波罗17号" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q180971#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from editing it"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sixth and most recent crewed Moon landing</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1089065853">.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight{width:25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-spaceflight .infobox-header{background:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .ib-edit-wd{float:right}</style><table class="infobox ib-spaceflight"><caption class="infobox-title">Apollo 17</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM,_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The first image is a successful moon landing in full color containing the American flag, an astronaut, a lunar rover, and a lunar landing module. The second image is an emblem containing a statue of the Greek god Apollo, red stripes inside an eagle made of white lines, the Moon, Saturn, and a spiral galaxy; along the outside of the emblem are is the word "Apollo" along with the number "seventeen" in roman numerals, and then the name "Cernan," "Evans," and "Schmitt." The third and final image contains Schmitt on the left, Cernan in the middle and sitting, and Evans behind Cernan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM%2C_Apollo_17.jpg/260px-Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM%2C_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM%2C_Apollo_17.jpg/390px-Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM%2C_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM%2C_Apollo_17.jpg/520px-Eugene_Cernan_at_the_LM%2C_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2127" data-file-height="1763" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> salutes the <a href="/wiki/U.S._flag" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. flag">U.S. flag</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a> <i>Challenger</i> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> in the background</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission type</th><td class="infobox-data">Crewed lunar landing (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">J</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Designator" title="International Designator">COSPAR ID</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: <span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096A">1972-096A</a></span></li><li>LM: <span class="nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1972-096C">1972-096C</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Catalog_Number" title="Satellite Catalog Number">SATCAT <abbr title="number">no.</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: 6300</li><li>LM: 6307</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mission duration</th><td class="infobox-data">12 days, 13 hours, 51 minutes, 59 seconds</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Spacecraft properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Apollo CSM</a>-114</li><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo LM</a>-12</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Launch_Vehicle/Spacecraft_Key_Facts_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Launch_Vehicle/Spacecraft_Key_Facts-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>LM: <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch mass</th><td class="infobox-data">48,609 kg (107,165 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006585_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006585-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing mass</th><td class="infobox-data">5,500 kg (12,120 lb)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006581_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006581-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Crew</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Crew size</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Members</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Eugene A. Cernan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald E. Evans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison H. Schmitt</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Callsign</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>CSM: <i>America</i></li><li>LM: <i>Challenger</i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">EVAs</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 in <a href="/wiki/Cislunar_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Cislunar space">cislunar space</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spacewalk" class="mw-redirect" title="Spacewalk">EVA</a> duration</th><td class="infobox-data">1 hour, 5 minutes, 44 seconds (spacewalk to retrieve film cassettes)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Start of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 7, 1972, 05:33:00<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1972-12-07UTC05:33Z</span>)</span> <a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a> (12:33<span class="nowrap"> </span>am<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time">EST</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rocket</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> SA-512</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launch site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">LC-39A</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">End of mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recovered by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/USS_Ticonderoga_(CV-14)" title="USS Ticonderoga (CV-14)">USS <i>Ticonderoga</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 19, 1972, 19:54:58<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1972-12-19UTC19:54:59Z</span>)</span> UTC<sup id="cite_ref-mission_overview_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_overview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data">South Pacific Ocean (<span class="nowrap"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_17&params=17.88_S_166.11_W_type:event&title=Apollo+17+splashdown"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°53′S</span> <span class="longitude">166°07′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.88°S 166.11°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-17.88; -166.11</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Apollo 17 splashdown</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span></span>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> orbiter</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and service module</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital insertion</th><td class="infobox-data">December 10, 1972, 19:53:55 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-mission_overview_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_overview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbital departure</th><td class="infobox-data">December 16, 1972, 23:35:09 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-mission_overview_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_overview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Orbits</th><td class="infobox-data">75</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> lander</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spacecraft component</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 11, 1972, 19:54:58 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-mission_overview_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_overview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Return launch</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1972, 22:54:37 UTC<sup id="cite_ref-mission_overview_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission_overview-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Landing site</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_17&params=20.1908_N_30.7717_E_globe:Moon"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°11′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°46′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.1908°N 30.7717°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.1908; 30.7717</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sample mass</th><td class="infobox-data">115 kg (254 lb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface EVAs</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">EVA duration</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>22 hours, 3 minutes, 57 seconds</li><li>   1st: 7 hours, 11 minutes, 53 seconds</li><li>   2nd: 7 hours, 36 minutes, 56 seconds</li><li>   3rd: 7 hours, 15 minutes, 8 seconds</li></ul></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Lunar</a> rover</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Distance driven</th><td class="infobox-data">35.7 km (22.2 mi)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17-insignia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Apollo_17-insignia.png/180px-Apollo_17-insignia.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Apollo_17-insignia.png/270px-Apollo_17-insignia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Apollo_17-insignia.png/360px-Apollo_17-insignia.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_crew.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Apollo_17_crew.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_crew.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Apollo_17_crew.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_crew.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Apollo_17_crew.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_crew.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="2035" /></a></span><br />Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Schmitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Cernan</a> (seated), <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Evans</a><div class="" style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-top:1px #aaa solid"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint">Apollo 18 (<a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled</a>) →</div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Apollo 17</b> (December 7–19, 1972) was the eleventh and final mission of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a>, the sixth and most recent time humans have set foot on the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> or traveled beyond <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>. Commander <a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Gene Cernan</a> and Lunar Module Pilot <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison Schmitt</a> walked on the Moon, while Command Module Pilot <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald Evans</a> orbited above. Schmitt was the only professional geologist to land on the Moon; he was selected in place of <a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a>, as NASA had been under pressure to send a scientist to the Moon. The mission's heavy emphasis on science meant the inclusion of a number of new experiments, including a <a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">biological experiment containing five mice</a> that was carried in the command module. </p><p>Mission planners had two primary goals in deciding on the landing site: to sample <a href="/wiki/Lunar_highlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar highlands">lunar highland</a> material older than that at <a href="/wiki/Mare_Imbrium" title="Mare Imbrium">Mare Imbrium</a> and to investigate the possibility of relatively recent <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic activity</a>. They therefore selected <a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a>, where formations that had been viewed and pictured from orbit were thought to be volcanic in nature. Since all three crew members had backed up previous Apollo lunar missions, they were familiar with the Apollo spacecraft and had more time for geology training. </p><p>Launched at 12:33 a.m. Eastern Standard Time (EST) on December 7, 1972, following the only launch-pad delay in the course of the whole Apollo program that was caused by a hardware problem, Apollo 17 was a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">"J-type" mission</a> that included three days on the lunar surface, expanded scientific capability, and the use of the third <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (LRV). Cernan and Schmitt landed in the Taurus–Littrow valley, completed three <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">moonwalks</a>, took <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">lunar samples</a> and deployed <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">scientific instruments</a>. Orange soil was discovered at <a href="/wiki/Shorty_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorty crater">Shorty crater</a>; it proved to be volcanic in origin, although from early in the Moon's history. Evans remained in <a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit" title="Lunar orbit">lunar orbit</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">command and service module</a> (CSM), taking scientific measurements and photographs. The spacecraft returned to Earth on December 19. </p><p>The mission broke several <a href="/wiki/List_of_spaceflight_records" title="List of spaceflight records">records</a> for crewed <a href="/wiki/Spaceflight" title="Spaceflight">spaceflight</a>, including the longest crewed lunar landing mission (12 days, 14 hours),<sup id="cite_ref-records_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-records-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> greatest distance from a spacecraft during an <a href="/wiki/Extravehicular_activity" title="Extravehicular activity">extravehicular activity</a> of any type (7.6 kilometers or 4.7 miles), longest time on the lunar surface (75 hours), longest total duration of lunar-surface extravehicular activities (22 hours, 4 minutes),<sup id="cite_ref-eva_table_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eva_table-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> largest lunar-sample return (approximately 115 kg or 254 lb), longest time in lunar orbit (6 days, 4 hours),<sup id="cite_ref-records_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-records-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and greatest number of lunar orbits (75).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Apollo_17:_The_Eleventh_Mission_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Apollo_17:_The_Eleventh_Mission-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crew_and_key_Mission_Control_personnel">Crew and key Mission Control personnel</h2></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:150px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Position</a><sup id="cite_ref-nasmcrew_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasmcrew-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2" style="width:200px;"><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronaut</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Commander </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gene_Cernan" title="Gene Cernan">Eugene A. Cernan</a><br />Third and last spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Command Module Pilot (CMP) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Evans_(astronaut)" title="Ronald Evans (astronaut)">Ronald E. Evans</a><br />Only spaceflight </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lunar Module Pilot (LMP) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmitt" title="Harrison Schmitt">Harrison H. Schmitt</a><br />Only spaceflight </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>In 1969, NASA announced<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the backup crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a> would be Gene Cernan, Ronald Evans, and former <a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> pilot <a href="/wiki/Joe_Engle" title="Joe Engle">Joe Engle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This put them in line to be the prime crew of Apollo 17, because the Apollo program's crew rotation generally meant that a backup crew would fly as prime crew three missions later. Harrison Schmitt, who was a professional geologist as well as an astronaut, had served on the backup crew of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, and thus, because of the rotation, would have been due to fly as lunar module pilot on Apollo 18.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993309–310_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993309–310-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1970, <a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">the plan to launch Apollo 18 was cancelled</a>. The scientific community pressed NASA to assign a geologist, rather than a pilot with non-professional geological training, to an Apollo landing. NASA subsequently assigned Schmitt to Apollo 17 as the lunar module pilot. After that, NASA's director of flight crew operations, <a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Deke Slayton</a>, was left with the question of who would fill the two other Apollo 17 slots: the rest of the Apollo 15 backup crew (<a href="/wiki/Richard_F._Gordon_Jr." title="Richard F. Gordon Jr.">Dick Gordon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vance_D._Brand" title="Vance D. Brand">Vance Brand</a>), or Cernan and Evans from the Apollo 14 backup crew. Slayton ultimately chose Cernan and Evans.<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Support at NASA for assigning Cernan was not unanimous. Cernan had crashed a <a href="/wiki/Bell_47" title="Bell 47">Bell 47G helicopter</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Indian_River_(Florida)" title="Indian River (Florida)">Indian River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral" title="Cape Canaveral">Cape Kennedy</a> during a training exercise in January 1971; the accident was later attributed to pilot error, as Cernan had misjudged his altitude before crashing into the water. <a href="/wiki/James_McDivitt" title="James McDivitt">Jim McDivitt</a>, who was manager of the Apollo Spacecraft Program Office at the time, objected to Cernan's selection because of this accident, but Slayton dismissed the concern. After Cernan was offered command of the mission, he advocated for Engle to fly with him on the mission, but it was made clear to him that Schmitt would be assigned instead, with or without Cernan, so he acquiesced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKraft_2002346–348_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKraft_2002346–348-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prime crew of Apollo 17 was publicly announced on August 13, 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-crewannounce_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crewannounce-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When assigned to Apollo 17, Cernan was a 38-year-old captain in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>; he had been selected in the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_3" title="NASA Astronaut Group 3">third group of astronauts</a> in 1963, and flown as pilot of <a href="/wiki/Gemini_9A" title="Gemini 9A">Gemini 9A</a> in 1966 and as lunar module pilot of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a> in 1969 before he served on Apollo 14's backup crew. Evans, 39 years old when assigned to Apollo 17, had been selected as part of the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_5" title="NASA Astronaut Group 5">fifth group of astronauts</a> in 1966, and had been a lieutenant commander in the United States Navy. Schmitt, a civilian, was 37 years old when assigned Apollo 17, had a doctorate in geology from <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, and had been selected in the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Group_4" title="NASA Astronaut Group 4">fourth group of astronauts</a> in 1965. Both Evans and Schmitt were making their first spaceflights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006507–508_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006507–508-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the backup crews of Apollo 16 and 17, the final Apollo lunar missions, NASA selected astronauts who had already flown Apollo lunar missions, to take advantage of their experience, and avoid investing time and money in training rookies who would be unlikely to ever fly an Apollo mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayler_&_Burgess_2017289–290_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayler_&_Burgess_2017289–290-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995549_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995549-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original backup crew for Apollo 17, announced at the same time as the prime crew,<sup id="cite_ref-crewannounce_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crewannounce-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the crew of Apollo 15: <a href="/wiki/David_Scott" title="David Scott">David Scott</a> as commander, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Worden" title="Alfred Worden">Alfred Worden</a> as CMP and <a href="/wiki/James_Irwin" title="James Irwin">James Irwin</a> as LMP, but in May 1972 they were removed from the backup crew because of their roles in the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015130_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015130-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were replaced with the landing crew of Apollo 16: <a href="/wiki/John_Young_(astronaut)" title="John Young (astronaut)">John W. Young</a> as backup crew commander, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke" title="Charles Duke">Charles Duke</a> as LMP, and Apollo 14's CMP, <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Roosa" title="Stuart Roosa">Stuart Roosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006507–508_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006507–508-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlayton_&_Cassutt_1994279_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlayton_&_Cassutt_1994279-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally, Apollo 16's CMP, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Mattingly" title="Ken Mattingly">Ken Mattingly</a>, was to be assigned along with his crewmates, but he declined so he could spend more time with his family, his son having just been born, and instead took an assignment to the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a> program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayler_&_Burgess_2017296_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayler_&_Burgess_2017296-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosa had also served as backup CMP for Apollo 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006471_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006471-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the Apollo program, in addition to the prime and backup crews that had been used in the Mercury and Gemini programs, NASA assigned a third crew of astronauts, known as the support crew. Their role was to provide any assistance in preparing for the missions that the missions director assigned then. Preparations took place in meetings at facilities across the US and sometimes needed a member of the flight crew to attend them. Because McDivitt was concerned that problems could be created if a prime or backup crew member was unable to attend a meeting, Slayton created the support crews to ensure that someone would be able to attend in their stead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlayton_&_Cassutt_1994184_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlayton_&_Cassutt_1994184-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usually low in seniority, they also assembled the mission's rules, <a href="/wiki/Flight_plan" title="Flight plan">flight plan</a> and checklists, and kept them updated;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks,_Grimwood,_&_Swenson1979261_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks,_Grimwood,_&_Swenson1979261-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for Apollo 17, they were <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Overmyer" title="Robert F. Overmyer">Robert F. Overmyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Parker" title="Robert A. Parker">Robert A. Parker</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._Gordon_Fullerton" title="C. Gordon Fullerton">C. Gordon Fullerton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECompton_1989377_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECompton_1989377-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#Flight_director" title="Flight controller">Flight directors</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Griffin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerry Griffin">Gerry Griffin</a>, first shift, <a href="/wiki/Gene_Kranz" title="Gene Kranz">Gene Kranz</a> and Neil B. Hutchinson, second shift, and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Frank" title="Pete Frank">Pete Frank</a> and Charles R. Lewis, third shift.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006566_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006566-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Kranz, flight directors during the program Apollo had a one-sentence job description, "The flight director may take any actions necessary for crew safety and mission success."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller#Spacecraft_communicator_(CAPCOM)" title="Flight controller">Capsule communicators</a> (CAPCOMs) were Fullerton, Parker, Young, Duke, Mattingly, Roosa, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shepard" title="Alan Shepard">Alan Shepard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Allen" title="Joseph P. Allen">Joseph P. Allen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006577_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006577-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_insignia_and_call_signs">Mission insignia and call signs</h2></div> <p>The insignia's most prominent feature is an image of the Greek sun god <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> backdropped by a rendering of an <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">American eagle</a>, the red bars on the eagle mirroring those on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._flag" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. flag">U.S. flag</a>. Three white stars above the red bars represent the three crewmembers of the mission. The background includes the Moon, the planet <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, and a galaxy or nebula. The wing of the eagle partially overlays the Moon, suggesting humanity's established presence there.<sup id="cite_ref-insignia_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_(SN-F39).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The Apollo seventeen emblem containing Apollo, an eagle made of lines, the Moon, and Saturn; around the outside of the emblem the text Apollo XVII, and then the names Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-F39%29.jpg/200px-Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-F39%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-F39%29.jpg/300px-Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-F39%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-F39%29.jpg/400px-Apollo_17_Flown_Silver_Robbins_Medallion_%28SN-F39%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4962" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17 space-flown silver <a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Robbins_medallions_of_the_Apollo_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA space-flown Robbins medallions of the Apollo missions">Robbins medallion</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The insignia includes, along with the colors of the U.S. flag (red, white, and blue), the color gold, representative of a "golden age" of spaceflight that was to begin with Apollo 17.<sup id="cite_ref-insignia_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insignia-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image of Apollo in the mission insignia is a rendering of the <i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Belvedere" title="Apollo Belvedere">Apollo Belvedere</a></i> sculpture in the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a>. It looks forward into the future, towards the celestial objects shown in the insignia beyond the Moon. These represent humanity's goals, and the image symbolizes human intelligence, wisdom and ambition. The insignia was designed by artist <a href="/wiki/Robert_McCall_(artist)" title="Robert McCall (artist)">Robert McCall</a>, based on ideas from the crew.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattimer_198593_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimer_198593-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In deciding the call signs for the command module (CM) and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">lunar module</a> (LM), the crew wished to pay tribute to the American public for their support of the Apollo program, and to the mission, and wanted names with a tradition within American history. The CM was given the call sign "America". According to Cernan, this evoked the 19th century sailing ships which were given that name, and was a thank-you to the people of the United States. The crew selected the name "Challenger" for the LM in lieu of an alternative, "Heritage". Cernan stated that the selected name "just seemed to describe more of what the future for America really held, and that was a challenge".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattimer_198594_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattimer_198594-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Schmitt stepped onto the Moon from <i>Challenger</i>, he stated, "I think the next generation ought to accept this as a challenge. Let's see them leave footprints like these."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995509_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995509-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning_and_training">Planning and training</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scheduling_and_landing_site_selection">Scheduling and landing site selection</h3></div> <p>Prior to the cancellation of Apollo 18 through 20, Apollo 17 was slated to launch in September 1971 as part of NASA's tentative launch schedule set forth in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The in-flight abort of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a> and the resulting modifications to the Apollo spacecraft delayed subsequent missions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the cancellation of Apollo 20 in early 1970, NASA decided there would be no more than two Apollo missions per year.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the reason Apollo 17 was scheduled for December 1972 was to make it fall after <a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">the presidential election</a> in November, ensuring that if there was a disaster, it would have no effect on President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s re-election campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShayler_&_Burgess_2017207_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShayler_&_Burgess_2017207-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon had been deeply concerned about the Apollo 13 astronauts, and, fearing another mission in crisis as he ran for re-election, initially decided to omit the funds for Apollo 17 from the budget; he was persuaded to accept a December 1972 date for the mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogsdon_2015154–159_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogsdon_2015154–159-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like Apollo 15 and 16, Apollo 17 was slated to be a "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions#Alphabetical_mission_types" title="List of Apollo missions">J-mission</a>", an Apollo mission type that featured lunar surface stays of three days, higher scientific capability, and the usage of the Lunar Roving Vehicle. Since Apollo 17 was to be the final lunar landing of the Apollo program, high-priority landing sites that had not been visited previously were given consideration for potential exploration. Some sites were rejected at earlier stages. For instance, a landing in the crater <a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(lunar_crater)" title="Copernicus (lunar crater)">Copernicus</a> was rejected because <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a> had already obtained samples from that impact, and three other Apollo expeditions had already visited the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mare_Imbrium" title="Mare Imbrium">Mare Imbrium</a>, near the rim of which Copernicus is located. The lunar highlands near the crater <a href="/wiki/Tycho_(lunar_crater)" title="Tycho (lunar crater)">Tycho</a> were rejected because of the rough terrain that the astronauts would encounter there. A site on the <a href="/wiki/Far_side_of_the_Moon" title="Far side of the Moon">lunar far side</a> in the crater <a href="/wiki/Tsiolkovskiy_(crater)" title="Tsiolkovskiy (crater)">Tsiolkovskiy</a> was rejected due to technical considerations and the operational costs of maintaining communication with Earth during surface operations. Lastly, a landing in a region southwest of <a href="/wiki/Mare_Crisium" title="Mare Crisium">Mare Crisium</a> was rejected on the grounds that a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spacecraft could easily access the site and retrieve samples; <a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">Luna 20</a> ultimately did so shortly after the Apollo 17 site selection was made.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt advocated for a landing on the far side of the Moon until told by Director of Flight Operations <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher C. Kraft">Christopher C. Kraft</a> that it would not happen as NASA lacked the funds for the necessary communications satellites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993312_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993312-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of a created surface of the Moon showing the landing site and surrounding area for Apollo 17 as taken from Apollo 17." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_Landing_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="4085" /></a><figcaption>Landing site and surrounding area, as imaged from the Apollo 17 command module, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>The three sites that made the final consideration for Apollo 17 were <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_(crater)" title="Alphonsus (crater)">Alphonsus crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gassendi_(crater)" title="Gassendi (crater)">Gassendi crater</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a> valley. In making the final landing site decision, mission planners considered the primary objectives for Apollo 17: obtaining old highlands material a substantial distance from Mare Imbrium, sampling material from young volcanic activity (i.e., less than three billion years), and having minimal ground overlap with the orbital ground tracks of Apollo 15 and Apollo 16 to maximize the amount of new data obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant reason for the selection of Taurus–Littrow was that Apollo 15's CMP, Al Worden, had overflown the site and observed features he described as likely volcanic in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993313_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993313-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gassendi was eliminated because NASA felt that its <a href="/wiki/Central-peak_basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-peak basin">central peak</a> would be difficult to reach due to the roughness of the local terrain, and, though Alphonsus might be easier operationally than Taurus–Littrow, it was of lesser scientific interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993314_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993314-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Taurus–Littrow, it was believed that the crew would be able to obtain samples of old highland material from the remnants of a landslide event that occurred on the south wall of the valley and the possibility of relatively young, explosive volcanic activity in the area. Although the valley is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine_(Moon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley–Apennine (Moon)">landing site of Apollo 15</a> in that it is on the border of a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">lunar mare</a>, the advantages of Taurus–Littrow were believed to outweigh the drawbacks.<sup id="cite_ref-lpi_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lpi-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo Site Selection Board, a committee of NASA personnel and scientists charged with setting out scientific objectives of the Apollo landing missions and selecting landing sites for them,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unanimously recommended Taurus–Littrow at its final meeting in February 1972. Upon that recommendation, NASA selected Taurus–Littrow as the landing site for Apollo 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993314_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993314-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo of Gene Cernan standing on a rock with holding a stick while participating in geology training." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg/170px-Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg/255px-Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg/340px-Apollo_17_-_Gene_Cernan_training_in_Sudbury.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Gene Cernan participates in geology training in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sudbury" title="Greater Sudbury">Sudbury, Ontario</a>, in May 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>As with previous lunar landings, the Apollo 17 astronauts undertook an extensive training program that included learning to collect samples on the surface, usage of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo/Skylab_A7L" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo/Skylab A7L">spacesuits</a>, navigation in the Lunar Roving Vehicle, field geology training, survival training, <a href="/wiki/Splashdown" title="Splashdown">splashdown</a> and recovery training, and equipment training.<sup id="cite_ref-training_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-training-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geology field trips were conducted as much as possible as if the astronauts were on the Moon: they would be provided with aerial images and maps, and briefed on features of the site and a suggested routing. The following day, they would follow the route, and have tasks and observations to be done at each of the stops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_201595_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_201595-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geology field trips began with one to <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend National Park</a> in Texas in October 1971. The early ones were not specifically tailored to prepare the astronauts for Taurus–Littrow, which was not selected until February 1972, but by June, the astronauts were going on field trips to sites specifically selected to prepare for Apollo 17's landing site.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993316–317_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilhelms_1993316–317-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Cernan and Schmitt had served on backup crews for Apollo landing missions, and were familiar with many of the procedures. Their trainers, such as <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Swann" title="Gordon Swann">Gordon Swann</a>, feared that Cernan would defer to Schmitt as a professional geologist on matters within his field. Cernan also had to adjust for the loss of Engle, with whom he had trained for Apollo 14. In spite of these issues, Cernan and Schmitt worked well together as a team, and Cernan became adept at describing what he was seeing on geology field trips, and working independently of Schmitt when necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015129–139_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015129–139-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The landing crew aimed for a division of labor so that, when they arrived in a new area, Cernan would perform tasks such as adjusting the antenna on the Lunar Roving Vehicle so as to transmit to Earth while Schmitt gave a report on the geological aspects of the site. The scientists in the geology "backroom" relied on Schmitt's reports to adjust the tasks planned for that site, which would be transmitted to the CapCom and then to Cernan and Schmitt. According to <a href="/wiki/William_R._Muehlberger" title="William R. Muehlberger">William R. Muehlberger</a>, one of the scientists who trained the astronauts, "In effect [Schmitt] was running the mission from the Moon. But we set it up this way. All of those within the geological world certainly knew it, and I had a sneaking hunch that the top brass knew it too, but this is a practical way out, and they didn't object."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015131_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015131-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also participating in some of the geology field trips were the commander and lunar module pilot of the backup crew. The initial field trips took place before the Apollo 15 astronauts were assigned as the backup crew for Apollo 17 in February 1972. Either one or both of Scott and Irwin of Apollo 15 took part in four field trips, though both were present together for only two of them. After they were removed from the backup crew, the new backup commander and LMP, Young and Duke, took part in the final four field trips.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015130_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015130-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On field trips, the backup crew would follow half an hour after the prime crew, performing identical tasks, and have their own simulated CapCom and Mission Control guiding them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_201595_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_201595-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo 17 astronauts had fourteen field trips—the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> crew had only one.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015102_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015102-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evans did not go on the geology field trips, having his own set of trainers—by this time, geology training for the CMP was well-established. He would fly with a NASA geologist/pilot, Dick Laidley, over geologic features, with part of the exercise conducted at 40,000 feet (12,000 m), and part at 1,000 feet (300 m) to 5,000 feet (1,500 m). The higher altitude was equivalent to what could be seen from the planned lunar orbit of about 60 nmi with binoculars. Evans would be briefed for several hours before each exercise, and given study guides; afterwards, there would be debriefing and evaluation. Evans was trained in lunar geology by <a href="/wiki/Farouk_El-Baz" title="Farouk El-Baz">Farouk El-Baz</a> late in the training cycle; this continued until close to launch. The CMP was given information regarding the lunar features he would overfly in the CSM and which he was expected to photograph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015147–149_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhinney_2015147–149-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_hardware_and_experiments">Mission hardware and experiments</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Saturn five rocket on a launch pat at dusk while cloudy outside." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg/290px-Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg/435px-Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg/580px-Apollo_17_The_Last_Moon_Shot_Edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>SA-512, Apollo 17's Saturn V rocket, on the launch pad awaiting liftoff, November 1972</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spacecraft_and_launch_vehicle">Spacecraft and launch vehicle</h3></div> <p>The Apollo 17 spacecraft comprised CSM-114 (consisting of Command Module 114 (CM-114) and Service Module 114 (SM-114)); Lunar Module 12 (LM-12);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006508_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006508-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Spacecraft-Lunar Module Adapter (SLA) numbered SLA-21; and a Launch Escape System (LES).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit97–99_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit97–99-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hardware_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardware-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LES contained a rocket motor that would propel the CM to safety in the event of an aborted mission in the moments after launch, while the SLA housed the LM during the launch and early part of the flight. The LES was jettisoned after the launch vehicle ascended to the point that it was not needed, while the SLA was left atop the <a href="/wiki/S-IVB" title="S-IVB">S-IVB</a> third stage of the rocket after the CSM and LM separated from it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit97_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit97-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_200626_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_200626-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The launch vehicle, SA-512,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006508_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006508-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of fifteen <a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a> rockets built,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was the twelfth to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a weight at launch of 6,529,784 pounds (2,961,860 kg) (116,269 pounds (52,739 kg) of which was attributable to the spacecraft), Apollo 17's vehicle was slightly lighter than Apollo 16, but heavier than every other crewed Apollo mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006584–585_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006584–585-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Preparation_and_assembly">Preparation and assembly</h4></div> <p>The first piece of the launch vehicle to arrive at <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> was the <a href="/wiki/S-II" title="S-II">S-II</a> second stage, on October 27, 1970; it was followed by the S-IVB on December 21; the <a href="/wiki/S-IC" title="S-IC">S-IC</a> first stage did not arrive until May 11, 1972, followed by the Instrument Unit on June 7. By then, LM-12 had arrived, the ascent stage on June 16, 1971, and the descent stage the following day; they were not mated until May 18, 1972. CM-114, SM-114 and SLA-21 all arrived on March 24, 1972. The rover reached Kennedy Space Center on June 2, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schmitt, (left), Cernan, (right) in a training LRV, with the Lunar Landing Module in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg/290px-Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="363" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg/435px-Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg/580px-Apollo_17_Astronaut_Training_-_GPN-2000-000640.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Cernan (seated, right) and Schmitt in the training <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>, with the mockup <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> in the background, August 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>The CM and the service module (SM) were mated on March 28, 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the testing of the spacecraft began that month.<sup id="cite_ref-moonport_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moonport-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CSM was placed in a vacuum chamber at Kennedy Space Center, and the testing was conducted under those conditions. The LM was also placed in a vacuum chamber; both the prime and the backup crews participated in testing the CSM and LM.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit15_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit15-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the testing, it was discovered that the LM's rendezvous radar assembly had received too much voltage during earlier tests; it was replaced by the manufacturer, <a href="/wiki/Grumman" title="Grumman">Grumman</a>. The LM's landing radar also malfunctioned intermittently and was also replaced. The front and rear steering motors of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (LRV) also had to be replaced, and it required several modifications.<sup id="cite_ref-moonport_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moonport-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the July 1972 removal from the vacuum chamber, the LM's landing gear was installed, and it, the CSM and the SLA were mated to each other. The combined craft was moved into the <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a> in August for further testing, after which it was mounted on the launch vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit15_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit15-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After completing testing, including a simulated mission, the LRV was placed in the LM on August 13.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit16_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit16-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erection of the stages of the launch vehicle began on May 15, 1972, in High Bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building, and was completed on June 27. Since the launch vehicles for <a href="/wiki/Skylab_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Skylab 1">Skylab 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">Skylab 2</a> were being processed in that building at the same time, this marked the first time NASA had three launch vehicles there since the height of the Apollo program in 1969. After the spacecraft was mounted on the launch vehicle on August 24,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit16_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit16-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was rolled out to Pad 39-A on August 28.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this was not the final time a Saturn V would fly (another would lift <a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> to orbit), area residents reacted as though it was, and 5,000 of them watched the rollout, during which the prime crew joined the operating crew from <a href="/wiki/Bendix_Corporation" title="Bendix Corporation">Bendix</a> atop the crawler.<sup id="cite_ref-moonport_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moonport-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Pad 39-A, testing continued, and the CSM was electrically mated to the launch vehicle on October 11, 1972. Testing concluded with the countdown demonstration tests, accomplished on November 20 and 21.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006512-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The countdown to launch began at 7:53 a.m. (12:53 UTC) on December 5, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006510_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006510-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_surface_science">Lunar surface science</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ALSEP">ALSEP</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_Package" title="Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package">Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package</a> was a suite of nuclear-powered experiments, flown on each landing mission after Apollo 11. This equipment was to be emplaced by the astronauts to continue functioning after the astronauts returned to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006601–602_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006601–602-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Apollo 17, the ALSEP experiments were a <a href="/wiki/Heat_Flow_Experiment" title="Heat Flow Experiment">Heat Flow Experiment</a> (HFE), to measure the rate of heat flow from the interior of the Moon, a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Surface_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Surface Gravimeter">Lunar Surface Gravimeter</a> (LSG), to measure alterations in the lunar gravity field at the site,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Atmospheric_Composition_Experiment" title="Lunar Atmospheric Composition Experiment">Lunar Atmospheric Composition Experiment</a> (LACE), to investigate what the lunar atmosphere is made up of,<sup id="cite_ref-lace_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lace-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Seismic_Profiling_Experiment" title="Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment">Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment</a> (LSPE), to detect nearby seismic activity, and a <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Ejecta_and_Meteorites_Experiment" title="Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment">Lunar Ejecta and Meteorites Experiment</a> (LEME), to measure the velocity and energy of dust particles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, only the HFE had been flown before; the others were new.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006601–602_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006601–602-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The HFE had been flown on the aborted Apollo 13 mission, as well as on Apollo 15 and 16, but placed successfully only on Apollo 15, and unexpected results from that device made scientists anxious for a second successful emplacement. It was successfully deployed on Apollo 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995467–469,_478,_513_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995467–469,_478,_513-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lunar gravimeter was intended to detect wavers in gravity, which would provide support for <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_theory_of_relativity" class="mw-redirect" title="General theory of relativity">general theory of relativity</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it ultimately failed to function as intended.<sup id="cite_ref-alsjtge_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjtge-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LACE was a surface-deployed module that used a <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass spectrometer">mass spectrometer</a> to analyze the Moon's atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On previous missions, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_Cathode_Gauge_Experiment" title="Cold Cathode Gauge Experiment">Code Cathode Gauge</a> experiment had measured the quantity of atmospheric particles, but the LACE determined which gases were present: principally neon, helium and hydrogen.<sup id="cite_ref-lace_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lace-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LSPE was a seismic-detecting device that used <a href="/wiki/Geophone" title="Geophone">geophones</a>, which would detect explosives to be set off by ground command once the astronauts left the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When operating, it could only send useful data to Earth in high bit rate, meaning that no other ALSEP experiment could send data then, and limiting its operating time. It was turned on to detect the liftoff of the ascent stage, as well as use of the explosives packages, and the ascent stage's impact, and thereafter about once a week, as well as for some 100 hour periods.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LEME had a set of detectors to measure the characteristics of the dust particles it sought.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Lunar_Surface_Experiments-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was hoped that the LEME would detect dust impacting the Moon from elsewhere, such as from comets or interstellar space, but analysis showed that it primarily detected dust moving at slow speeds across the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-leme_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leme-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All powered ALSEP experiments that remained active were deactivated on September 30, 1977,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006601–602_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006601–602-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> principally because of budgetary constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_lunar-surface_science">Other lunar-surface science</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of a lunar rover with a lunar landing module in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_rover_at_final_resting_site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2350" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17's <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a>. The Surface Electrical Properties (SEP) experiment receiver is the antenna on the right-rear of the vehicle</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p><p>Like Apollo 15 and 16, Apollo 17 carried a Lunar Roving Vehicle. In addition to being used by the astronauts for transport from station to station on the mission's three moonwalks, the LRV was used to transport the astronauts' tools, communications equipment, and the lunar samples they gathered.<sup id="cite_ref-lunarrover_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lunarrover-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo 17 LRV was also used to carry some of the scientific instruments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Traverse_Gravimeter" title="Lunar Traverse Gravimeter">Traverse Gravimeter Experiment (TGE)</a> and Surface Electrical Properties (SEP) experiment.<sup id="cite_ref-alsjtge_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjtge-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sep_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Apollo 17 LRV traveled a cumulative distance of approximately 35.7 km (22.2 mi) in a total drive time of about four hours and twenty-six minutes; the greatest distance Cernan and Schmitt traveled from the lunar module was about 7.6 km (4.7 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Extravehicular_Activity_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Extravehicular_Activity-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was the only mission to carry the TGE, which was built by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stark Draper Laboratory">Draper Laboratory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. As gravimeters had been useful in studying the Earth's internal structure, the objective of this experiment was to do the same on the Moon. The gravimeter was used to obtain relative gravity measurements at the landing site in the immediate vicinity of the lunar module, as well as various locations on the mission's traverse routes. Scientists would then use this data to help determine the geological substructure of the landing site and the surrounding vicinity. Measurements were taken while the TGE was mounted on the LRV, and also while the device was placed on the lunar surface. A total of 26 measurements were taken with the TGE during the mission's three moonwalks, with productive results.<sup id="cite_ref-alsjtge_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjtge-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SEP was also unique to Apollo 17, and included two major components: a transmitting antenna deployed near the lunar module and a receiver mounted on the LRV. At different stops during the mission's traverses, electrical signals traveled from the transmitting device, through the ground, and were received at the LRV. The electrical properties of the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_regolith" title="Lunar regolith">lunar regolith</a> could be determined by comparison of the transmitted and received electrical signals. The results of this experiment, which are consistent with <a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">lunar rock</a> composition, show that there is almost no water in the area of the Moon in which Apollo 17 landed, to a depth of 2 km (1.2 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-sep_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sep-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2.4 m (7.9 ft) long, 2 cm (0.79 in) diameter<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit46_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit46-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> device, the Lunar Neutron Probe was inserted into one of the holes drilled into the surface to collect core samples. It was designed to measure the quantity of neutrons which penetrated to the detectors it bore along its length. This was intended to measure the rate of the "gardening" process on the lunar surface, whereby the regolith on the surface is slowly mixed or buried due to micrometeorites and other events. Placed during the first EVA, it was retrieved during the third and final EVA. The astronauts brought it with them back to Earth, and the measurements from it were compared with the evidence of neutron flux in the core that had been removed from the hole it had been placed in. Results from the probe and from the cores were instrumental in current theories that the top centimeter of lunar regolith turns over every million years, whereas "gardening" to a depth of one meter takes about a billion years.<sup id="cite_ref-probe_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-probe-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orbital_science">Orbital science</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biological_experiments">Biological experiments</h4></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></div> <p>Apollo 17's CM carried a biological cosmic ray experiment (BIOCORE), containing five mice that had been implanted with radiation monitors under their scalps to see whether they suffered damage from cosmic rays. These animals were placed in individual metal tubes inside a sealed container that had its own oxygen supply, and flown on the mission. All five were pocket mice (<i><a href="/wiki/Perognathus_longimembris" class="mw-redirect" title="Perognathus longimembris">Perognathus longimembris</a></i>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson_et_al._1975Ch._4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson_et_al._1975Ch._4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this species was chosen because it was well-documented, small, easy to maintain in an isolated state (not requiring drinking water during the mission and with highly concentrated waste), and for its ability to withstand environmental stress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Preliminary_Science_Report26-1–26-14_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Preliminary_Science_Report26-1–26-14-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Officially, the mice—four male and one female—were assigned the identification numbers A3326, A3400, A3305, A3356 and A3352. Unofficially, according to Cernan, the Apollo 17 crew dubbed them Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgess_&_Dubbs_2007320_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgess_&_Dubbs_2007320-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Four of the five mice survived the flight, though only two of them appeared healthy and active; the cause of death of the fifth mouse was not determined. Of those that survived, the study found <a href="/wiki/Lesion" title="Lesion">lesions</a> in the scalp itself and, in one case, the liver. The scalp lesions and liver lesions appeared to be unrelated to one another; nothing was found that could be attributed to cosmic rays.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson_et_al._1975Part_IV,_Ch._4_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson_et_al._1975Part_IV,_Ch._4-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Biostack experiment was similar to one carried on Apollo 16, and was designed to test the effects of the cosmic rays encountered in space travel on microorganisms that were included, on seeds, and on the eggs of simple animals (<a href="/wiki/Brine_shrimp" title="Brine shrimp">brine shrimp</a> and beetles), which were carried in a sealed container. After the mission, the microorganisms and seeds showed little effect, but many of the eggs of all species failed to hatch, or to mature normally; many died or displayed abnormalities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson_et_al._1975Part_IV,_Ch._1_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson_et_al._1975Part_IV,_Ch._1-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_Instrument_Module">Scientific Instrument Module</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg/260px-Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg/390px-Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg/520px-Apollo_17_CSM_SIM_bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="2364" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17 SIM bay on the service module <i>America</i>, seen from the Lunar Module <i>Challenger</i> in orbit around the Moon</figcaption></figure> <p>The Apollo 17 SM contained the scientific instrument module (SIM) bay. The SIM bay housed three new experiments for use in lunar orbit: a lunar sounder, an <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> scanning <a href="/wiki/Radiometer" title="Radiometer">radiometer</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">far-ultraviolet</a> spectrometer. A mapping camera, panoramic camera, and a <a href="/wiki/Lidar" title="Lidar">laser altimeter</a>, which had been carried previously, were also included in the SIM bay.<sup id="cite_ref-science_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lunar sounder was to beam <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic</a> impulses toward the lunar surface, which were designed with the objective of obtaining data to assist in developing a geological model of the interior of the Moon to an approximate depth of 1.3 km (0.81 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-science_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infrared scanning radiometer was designed with the objective of generating a temperature map of the lunar surface to aid in locating surface features such as rock fields, structural differences in the <a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_the_Moon" title="Internal structure of the Moon">lunar crust</a>, and volcanic activity. The far-ultraviolet spectrometer was to be used to obtain information on the composition, density, and constituency of the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_the_Moon" title="Atmosphere of the Moon">lunar atmosphere</a>. The spectrometer was also designed to detect far-UV radiation emitted by the Sun that had been reflected off the lunar surface. The laser altimeter was designed to measure the altitude of the spacecraft above the lunar surface within approximately 2 meters (6.6 feet), providing altitude information to the panoramic and mapping cameras, which were also in the SIM bay.<sup id="cite_ref-science_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit56–59_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Press_Kit56–59-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light-flash_phenomenon_and_other_experiments">Light-flash phenomenon and other experiments</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray_visual_phenomena" title="Cosmic ray visual phenomena">Cosmic ray visual phenomena</a></div> <p>Beginning with Apollo 11, crew members observed light flashes that penetrated their closed eyelids. These flashes, described by the astronauts as "streaks" or "specks" of light, were usually observed while the spacecraft was darkened during a sleep period. These flashes, while not observed on the lunar surface, would average about two per minute and were observed by the crew members during the trip out to the Moon, back to Earth, and in lunar orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-lightflash_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lightflash-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Apollo 17 crew repeated an experiment, also conducted on Apollo 16, with the objective of linking these light flashes with <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>. Evans wore a device over his eyes that recorded the time, strength, and path of high-energy atomic particles that penetrated the device, while the other two wore blindfolds to keep out light. Investigators concluded that the available evidence supports the hypothesis that these flashes occur when charged particles travel through the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> in the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-lightflash_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lightflash-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apollo 17 carried a sodium-iodide crystal identical to the ones in the gamma-ray spectrometer flown on Apollo 15 and 16. Data from this, once it was examined on Earth, was to be used to help form a baseline, allowing for subtraction of rays from the CM or from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a> to gain better data from the earlier results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Preliminary_Science_Report20-1–20-2_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Preliminary_Science_Report20-1–20-2-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the S-band transponders in the CSM and LM were pointed at the Moon to gain data on its gravitational field. Results from the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Orbiter">Lunar Orbiter</a> probes had revealed that lunar gravity varies slightly due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Mass_concentration_(astronomy)" title="Mass concentration (astronomy)">mass concentrations</a>, or "mascons". Data from the missions, and from the lunar subsatellites <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Particles_and_Fields_Subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">left by Apollo 15</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Particles_and_Fields_Subsatellite" title="Apollo 16">16</a>, were used to map such variations in lunar gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Preliminary_Science_Report14-1–14-2_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Preliminary_Science_Report14-1–14-2-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-band:_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-band:-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mission_events">Mission events</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_outbound_trip">Launch and outbound trip</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg/220px-Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg/330px-Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg/440px-Apollo_17_liftoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="5511" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17 launches on December 7, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>Originally planned to launch on December 6, 1972, at 9:53 p.m. <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Standard_Time_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Standard Time (North America)">EST</a> (2:53 a.m. on December 7 UTC),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006510_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006510-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apollo 17 was the final crewed Saturn<span class="nowrap"> </span>V launch, and the only one to occur at night. The launch was delayed by two hours and forty minutes due to an automatic cutoff in the launch sequencer at the T-30 second mark in the countdown. The cause of the problem was quickly determined to be the launch sequencer's failure to automatically pressurize the liquid oxygen tank in the third stage of the rocket; although launch control noticed this and manually caused the tank to pressurize, the sequencer did not recognize the fix and therefore paused the countdown. The clock was reset and held at the T-22 minute mark while technicians worked around the malfunction in order to continue with the launch. This pause was the only launch delay in the Apollo program caused by a hardware problem. The countdown then resumed, and the liftoff occurred at 12:33 a.m. EST on December 7, 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-launchops_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launchops-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The launch window, which had begun at the originally planned launch time of 9:53 p.m. on December 6, remained open until 1:31 a.m., the latest time at which a launch could have occurred during the December 6–7 window.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Launch_Windows_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Launch_Windows-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 500,000 people observed the launch in the immediate vicinity of Kennedy Space Center, despite the early-morning hour. The launch was visible as far away as 800 km (500 mi), and observers in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami, Florida</a>, reported a "red streak" crossing the northern sky.<sup id="cite_ref-launchops_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-launchops-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those in attendance at the program's final launch were astronauts <a href="/wiki/Neil_Armstrong" title="Neil Armstrong">Neil Armstrong</a> and Dick Gordon, as well as centenarian <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Smith_(centenarian)" title="Charlie Smith (centenarian)">Charlie Smith</a>, who alleged he was 130 years old at the time of Apollo 17.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995495,_498_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995495,_498-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ascent resulted in an orbit with an altitude and velocity almost exactly that which had been planned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006511_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006511-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the hours following the launch, Apollo 17 orbited the Earth while the crew spent time monitoring and checking the spacecraft to ensure its readiness to depart Earth orbit. At 3:46 a.m. EST, the S-IVB third stage was reignited for the 351-second <a href="/wiki/Trans-lunar_injection" title="Trans-lunar injection">trans-lunar injection</a> burn to propel the spacecraft towards the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ground controllers chose a faster trajectory for Apollo 17 than originally planned to allow the vehicle to reach lunar orbit at the planned time, despite the launch delay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006514_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006514-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Command and Service Module separated from the S-IVB approximately half an hour following the S-IVB trans-lunar injection burn, after which Evans turned the spacecraft to face the LM, still attached to the S-IVB. The CSM then docked with the LM and extracted it from the S-IVB. Following the LM extraction, Mission Control programmed the S-IVB, no longer needed to propel the spacecraft, to impact the Moon and trip the seismometers left by prior Apollo crews.<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It struck the Moon just under 87 hours into the mission, triggering the seismometers from Apollo 12, 14, 15 and 16.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006214_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006214-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately nine hours after launch, the crew concluded the mission's first day with a sleep period, until waking up to begin the second day.<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/260px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/390px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/520px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a><figcaption>View of Earth from Apollo 17 while in transit to the Moon, a photo now known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Mission Control and the crew decided to shorten the mission's second day, the first full day in space, in order to adjust the crew's wake-up times for the subsequent days in preparation for an early morning (EST) wake-up time on the day of the lunar landing, then scheduled for early afternoon (EST). This was done since the first day of the mission had been extended because of the launch delay. Following the second rest period, and on the third day of the mission, the crew executed the first mid-course correction, a two-second burn of the CSM's service propulsion engine to adjust the spacecraft's Moon-bound trajectory. Following the burn, the crew opened the hatch separating the CSM and LM in order to check the LM's systems and concluded that they were nominal.<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So that events would take place at the time indicated in the flight plan, the mission clocks were moved ahead by 2 hours and 40 minutes, the amount of the launch delay, with one hour of it at 45:00:00 into the mission and the remainder at 65:00:00.<sup id="cite_ref-jump_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jump-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among their other activities during the outbound trip, the crew photographed the Earth from the spacecraft as it travelled towards the Moon. One of these photographs is now known as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew found that one of the latches holding the CSM and LM together was unlatched. While Schmitt and Cernan were engaged in a second period of LM housekeeping beginning just before sixty hours into the Mission, Evans worked on the balky latch. He was successful, and left it in the position it would need to be in for the CSM-LM docking that would occur upon return from the lunar surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006514–515_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006514–515-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also during the outward journey, the crew performed a heat flow and convection demonstration, as well as the Apollo light-flash experiment. A few hours before entry into lunar orbit, the SIM door on the SM was jettisoned. At approximately 2:47 p.m. EST on December 10, the <a href="/wiki/Service_propulsion_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Service propulsion system">service propulsion system</a> engine on the CSM ignited to slow down the CSM/LM stack into lunar orbit. Following orbit insertion and orbital stabilization, the crew began preparations for the landing at Taurus–Littrow.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_landing">Lunar landing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS17-147-22465_(21678759595).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/AS17-147-22465_%2821678759595%29.jpg/310px-AS17-147-22465_%2821678759595%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/AS17-147-22465_%2821678759595%29.jpg/465px-AS17-147-22465_%2821678759595%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/AS17-147-22465_%2821678759595%29.jpg/620px-AS17-147-22465_%2821678759595%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4175" data-file-height="4175" /></a><figcaption>The valley of <a href="/wiki/Taurus-Littrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurus-Littrow">Taurus-Littrow</a> as seen from the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a> <i>Challenger</i> on the orbit before powered descent there. The <a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a> <i>America</i> can just be seen crossing the base of the 2.3 km high South Massif. Between the South and North Massifs, the valley is 7 km wide. <a href="/wiki/Mare_Serenitatis" title="Mare Serenitatis">Mare Serenitatis</a>, the Sea of Serenity, is on the horizon.</figcaption></figure> <p>The day of the landing began with a checkout of the Lunar Module's systems, which revealed no problems preventing continuation of the mission. Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt each donned their spacesuits, and Cernan and Schmitt entered the LM in preparation for separating from the CSM and landing. The LM undocked from the CSM, and the two spacecraft orbited close together for about an hour and a half while the astronauts made visual inspections and conducted their final pre-landing checks.<sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After finally separating from the CSM, the LM <i>Challenger</i> and its crew of two adjusted their orbit, such that its lowest point would pass about 10.5 mi (16.9 km) above the landing site, and began preparations for the descent to Taurus–Littrow. While Cernan and Schmitt prepared for landing, Evans remained in orbit to take observations, perform experiments and await the return of his crewmates a few days later.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a17pre_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a17pre-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alsjland_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjland-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after completing their preparations for landing and just over two hours following the LM's undocking from the CSM, Cernan and Schmitt began their descent to the Taurus–Littrow valley on the lunar surface with the ignition of the Lunar Module's descent propulsion system (DPS) engine.<sup id="cite_ref-alsjland_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjland-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006519_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006519-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately ten minutes later, as planned, the LM pitched over, giving Cernan and Schmitt their first look at the landing site during the descent phase and allowing Cernan to guide the spacecraft to a desirable landing target while Schmitt provided data from the flight computer essential for landing. The LM touched down on the lunar surface at 2:55 p.m. EST on December 11, just over twelve minutes after DPS ignition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006519_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006519-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Challenger</i> landed about 656 feet (200 m) east of the planned landing point.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006515_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006515-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly thereafter, the two astronauts began re-configuring the LM for their stay on the surface and began preparations for the first moonwalk of the mission, or EVA-1.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alsjland_101-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjland-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lunar_surface">Lunar surface</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_EVA">First EVA</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg/290px-Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg/435px-Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg/580px-Apollo_17_Cernan_on_moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3904" data-file-height="4029" /></a><figcaption>Cernan on the lunar surface, December 13, 1972</figcaption></figure> <p>During their approximately 75-hour stay<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_General_Background_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_General_Background-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the lunar surface, Cernan and Schmitt performed three moonwalks (<a href="/wiki/Extra-vehicular_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Extra-vehicular activity">EVAs</a>). The astronauts deployed the LRV, then emplaced the ALSEP and the seismic explosive charges. They drove the rover to nine planned geological-survey stations to collect samples and make observations. Additionally, twelve short sampling stops were made at Schmitt's discretion while riding the rover, during which the astronauts used a handled scoop to get a sample, without dismounting.<sup id="cite_ref-geostations_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geostations-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During lunar-surface operations, Commander Cernan always drove the rover, while Lunar Module Pilot Schmitt was a passenger who assisted with navigation. This division of responsibilities between the two crew positions was used consistently throughout Apollo's J-missions.<sup id="cite_ref-cdrdriver_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdrdriver-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERiley,_Woods,_&_Dolling_2012165_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiley,_Woods,_&_Dolling_2012165-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reunion_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reunion-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first lunar excursion began four hours after landing, at 6:54 p.m. EST on December 11. After exiting through the hatch of the LM and descending the ladder to the footpad, Cernan took the first step on the lunar surface of the mission. Just before doing so, Cernan remarked, "I'm on the footpad. And, Houston, as I step off at the surface at Taurus–Littrow, we'd like to dedicate the first step of Apollo 17 to all those who made it possible."<sup id="cite_ref-firststeps_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firststeps-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Cernan surveyed the exterior of the LM and commented on the immediate landing site, Schmitt joined Cernan on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-firststeps_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-firststeps-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first task was to offload the rover and other equipment from the LM. While working near the rover, Cernan caught his hammer under the right-rear fender extension, accidentally breaking it off. A similar incident occurred on Apollo 16 as John Young maneuvered around the rover. Although this was not a mission-critical issue, the loss of the part caused Cernan and Schmitt to be covered with dust stirred up when the rover was in motion.<sup id="cite_ref-brokenfender_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brokenfender-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew made a short-lived fix using <a href="/wiki/Duct_tape" title="Duct tape">duct tape</a> at the beginning of the second EVA, attaching a paper map to the damaged fender. Lunar dust stuck to the tape's surface, however, preventing it from adhering properly. Following deployment and testing the maneuverability of the rover, the crew deployed the ALSEP just west of the landing site. The ALSEP deployment took longer than had been planned, with the drilling of core holes presenting some difficulty, meaning the geological portion of the first EVA would need to be shortened, cancelling a planned visit to <a href="/wiki/Emory_(crater)" title="Emory (crater)">Emory crater</a>. Instead, following the deployment of the ALSEP, Cernan and Schmitt drove to <a href="/wiki/Steno-Apollo" title="Steno-Apollo">Steno crater</a>, to the south of the landing site. The objective at Steno was to sample the subsurface material excavated by the impact that formed the crater. The astronauts gathered 14 kilograms (31 lb) of samples, took seven gravimeter measurements, and deployed two explosive packages. The explosive packages were later detonated remotely; the resulting explosions detected by geophones placed by the astronauts and also by seismometers left during previous missions.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first EVA ended after seven hours and twelve minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the astronauts remained in the pressurized LM for the next 17 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006516_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006516-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_EVA">Second EVA</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ap17_strolling.ogv/220px--Ap17_strolling.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Ap17_strolling.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ap17_strolling.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Ap17_strolling.ogv/Ap17_strolling.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Ap17_strolling.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Ap17_strolling.ogv/Ap17_strolling.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/Ap17_strolling.ogv/Ap17_strolling.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Astronauts Cernan and Schmitt singing "I Was Strolling on the Moon One Day" to the words and tune of the 1884 song "<a href="/wiki/The_Fountain_in_the_Park" title="The Fountain in the Park">While Strolling Through the Park One Day</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>On December 12, awakened by a recording of "<a href="/wiki/Ride_of_the_Valkyries" title="Ride of the Valkyries">Ride of the Valkyries</a>" played from Mission Control,<sup id="cite_ref-valkyries_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valkyries-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cernan and Schmitt began their second lunar excursion. The first order of business was to provide the rover's fender a better fix. Overnight, the <a href="/wiki/Flight_controller" title="Flight controller">flight controllers</a> devised a procedure communicated by John Young: taping together four stiff paper maps<sup id="cite_ref-valkyries_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valkyries-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form a "replacement fender extension" and then clamping it onto the fender.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts carried out the new fix which did its job without failing until near the end of the third excursion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995542_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995542-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift_20211043–1045,_1085_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift_20211043–1045,_1085-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cernan and Schmitt then departed for station 2—<a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen Crater</a>, at the foot of the South Massif. When they arrived, their range from the <i>Challenger</i> was 7.6 kilometers (4.7 miles, 25,029 feet<sup id="cite_ref-eva_table_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eva_table-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This remains the furthest distance any spacefarers have ever traveled away from the safety of a pressurizable spacecraft while on a planetary body,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift_20211053–1058_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift_20211053–1058-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also during an EVA of any type.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The astronauts were at the extremity of their "walkback limit", a safety constraint meant to ensure that they could walk back to the LM if the rover failed. They began a return trip, traveling northeast in the rover.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995527–530_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995527–530-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At station 3, Schmitt fell to the ground while working, looking so awkward that Parker jokingly told him that NASA's switchboard had lit up seeking Schmitt's services for Houston's ballet group, and the site of station 3 was in 2019 renamed Ballet Crater.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift_20211062–1063_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift_20211062–1063-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cernan took a sample at Station 3 that was to be maintained in vacuum until better analytical techniques became available, joking with the CAPCOM, Parker, about placing a note inside. The container remained unopened until 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-transcript_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transcript-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stopping at station 4—<a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a>—the astronauts discovered orange soil, which proved to be very small beads of volcanic glass formed over 3.5 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortright_2019276_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortright_2019276-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discovery caused great excitement among the scientists at Mission Control, who felt that the astronauts may have discovered a volcanic vent. However, post-mission sample analysis revealed that Shorty is not a volcanic vent, but rather an impact crater. Analysis also found the orange soil to be a remnant of a <a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">lava fountain</a>. This lava fountain sprayed molten lava high into the lunar sky in the Moon's early days, some 3.5 billion years ago and long before Shorty's creation. The orange volcanic beads were droplets of molten lava from the fountain that solidified and were buried by lava deposits until exposed by the impact that formed Shorty, less than 20 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995527–530_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995527–530-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The final stop before returning to the LM was <a href="/wiki/Camelot_(crater)" title="Camelot (crater)">Camelot crater</a>; throughout the sojourn, the astronauts collected 34 kilograms (75 lb) of samples, took another seven gravimeter measurements, and deployed three more explosive packages.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concluding the EVA at seven hours and thirty-seven minutes, Cernan and Schmitt had completed the longest-duration EVA in history to-date, traveling further away from a spacecraft and covering more ground on a planetary body during a single EVA than any other spacefarers.<sup id="cite_ref-eva_table_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eva_table-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The improvised fender had remained intact throughout, causing the president of the "Auto Body Association of America" to award them honorary lifetime membership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESwift_20211070–1071_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESwift_20211070–1071-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_EVA">Third EVA</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg/330px-AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg/495px-AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg/660px-AS17-140-21493%2BAS17-140-21497.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5334" data-file-height="2992" /></a><figcaption>Composite image of Harrison Schmitt working next to <a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a> during EVA-3</figcaption></figure> <p>The third moonwalk, the last of the Apollo program, began at 5:25 p.m. EST on December 13. Cernan and Schmitt rode the rover northeast of the landing site, exploring the base of the North Massif and the Sculptured Hills. Stopping at station 6, they examined a house-sized split boulder dubbed <a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a> (or Split Rock), after Cernan's daughter. The ninth and final planned station was conducted at <a href="/wiki/Van_Serg_(crater)" title="Van Serg (crater)">Van Serg crater</a>. The crew collected 66 kilograms (146 lb) of lunar samples and took another nine gravimeter measurements.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt had seen a fine-grained rock, unusual for that vicinity, earlier in the mission and had stood it on its edge; before closing out the EVA, he went and got it. Subsequently, designated Sample 70215, it was, at 17.7 pounds (8.0 kg), the largest rock brought back by Apollo 17. A small piece of it is on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>, one of the few rocks from the Moon that the public may touch.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt also collected a sample, designated as <a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Sample 76535</a>, at geology station 6 near the base of the North Massif; the sample, a <a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">troctolite</a>, was later identified as the oldest known "unshocked" lunar rock, meaning it has not been damaged by high-impact geological events. Scientists have therefore used Sample 76535 in <a href="/wiki/Thermochronology" title="Thermochronology">thermochronological</a> studies to determine if the Moon formed a metallic <a href="/wiki/Planetary_core" title="Planetary core">core</a> or, as study results suggest, a <a href="/wiki/Dynamo_theory" title="Dynamo theory">core dynamo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before concluding the moonwalk, the crew collected a <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a> rock, dedicating it to the nations of Earth, 70 of which were represented by students touring the U.S. and present in <a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Houston_(1965–present)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston, Texas</a>, at the time. Portions of this sample, known as the Friendship Rock, were subsequently distributed to the nations represented by the students. A plaque located on the LM, commemorating the achievements made during the Apollo program, was then unveiled. Before reentering the LM for the final time, Cernan remarked,<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995543_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995543-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...<span class="nowrap"> </span>I'm on the surface; and, as I take man's last step from the surface, back home for some time to come – but we believe not too long into the future – I'd like to just [say] what I believe history will record. That America's challenge of today has forged man's destiny of tomorrow. And, as we leave the Moon at Taurus–Littrow, we leave as we came and, God willing, as we shall return, with peace and hope for all mankind. "Godspeed the crew of Apollo 17."<sup id="cite_ref-alsjeva3_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjeva3-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Cernan then followed Schmitt into the LM; the final lunar excursion had a duration of seven hours and fifteen minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following closing of the LM hatch and repressurization of the LM cabin, Cernan and Schmitt removed their spacesuits and reconfigured the cabin for a final rest period on the lunar surface. As they did following each of the previous two EVAs, Cernan and Schmitt discussed their geological observations from the day's excursion with mission control while preparing to rest.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solo_activities">Solo activities</h3></div> <p>While Cernan and Schmitt were on the lunar surface, Evans remained alone in the CSM in lunar orbit and was assigned a number of observational and scientific tasks to perform while awaiting the return of his crewmates. In addition to the operation of the various orbital science equipment contained in the CSM's SIM bay, Evans conducted both visual and photographic observation of surface features from his aerial vantage point.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The orbit of the CSM having been modified to an elliptical orbit in preparation for the LM's departure and eventual descent, one of Evans' solo tasks in the CSM was to circularize its orbit such that the CSM would remain at approximately the same distance above the surface throughout its orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans observed geological features visible to him and used handheld cameras to record certain visual targets.<sup id="cite_ref-evans_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-evans-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans also observed and sketched the <a href="/wiki/Solar_corona" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar corona">solar corona</a> at "sunrise," or the period of time during which the CSM would pass from the darkened portion of the Moon to the illuminated portion when the Moon itself mostly obscured the sun.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To photograph portions of the surface that were not illuminated by the sun while Evans passed over them, Evans relied in conjunction on <a href="/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">exposure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Earthlight_(astronomy)" title="Earthlight (astronomy)">Earthlight</a>. Evans photographed such features as the craters <a href="/wiki/Eratosthenes_(crater)" title="Eratosthenes (crater)">Eratosthenes</a> and Copernicus, as well as the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Mare_Orientale" title="Mare Orientale">Mare Orientale</a>, using this technique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-34–10-38_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-34–10-38-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Apollo 17 Mission Report, Evans was able to capture all scientific photographic targets, as well as some other targets of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-37_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-37-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS17-158-23902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AS17-158-23902.jpg/220px-AS17-158-23902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AS17-158-23902.jpg/330px-AS17-158-23902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/AS17-158-23902.jpg/440px-AS17-158-23902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>An oblique, black-and-white view of a portion of Mare Orientale from the CSM, illustrating the illuminating effect of Earthlight on the lunar terrain below during local nighttime; Evans reported seeing a light "flash" apparently originating from the surface in this area</figcaption></figure> <p>Similarly to the crew of Apollo 16, Evans (as well as Schmitt, while in lunar orbit) reported seeing light "flashes" apparently originating from the lunar surface, known as <a href="/wiki/Transient_lunar_phenomenon" title="Transient lunar phenomenon">transient lunar phenomena</a> (TLP); Evans reported seeing these "flashes" in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Grimaldi_(crater)" title="Grimaldi (crater)">Grimaldi crater</a> and Mare Orientale. The causes of TLP are not well-understood and, though inconclusive as an explanation, both of the sites in which Evans reported seeing TLP are the general locations of <a href="/wiki/Outgassing#From_rock" title="Outgassing">outgassing</a> from the Moon's interior. <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">Meteorite</a> impacts are another possible explanation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrotts_2014268–269_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrotts_2014268–269-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flight plan kept Evans busy, making him so tired he overslept one morning by an hour, despite the efforts of Mission Control to awaken him. Before the LM departed for the lunar surface, Evans had discovered that he had misplaced his pair of scissors, necessary to open food packets. Cernan and Schmitt lent him one of theirs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995532_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995532-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instruments in the SIM bay functioned without significant hindrance during the orbital portion of the mission, though the lunar sounder and the mapping camera encountered minor problems.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-38_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-38-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans spent approximately 148 total hours in lunar orbit, including solo time and time spent together with Cernan and Schmitt, which is more time than any other individual has spent orbiting the Moon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_General_Background_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_General_Background-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evans was also responsible for piloting the CSM during the orbital phase of the mission, maneuvering the spacecraft to alter and maintain its orbital trajectory. In addition to the initial orbital recircularization maneuver shortly after the LM's departure, one of the solo activities Evans performed in the CSM in preparation for the return of his crewmates from the lunar surface was the <a href="/wiki/Orbital_plane_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital plane (astronomy)">plane change</a> maneuver. This maneuver was meant to align the CSM's trajectory to the eventual trajectory of the LM to facilitate rendezvous in orbit. Evans fired the SPS engine of the CSM for about 20 seconds in successfully adjusting the CSM's orbital plane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Apollo_17:_The_Eleventh_Mission_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Apollo_17:_The_Eleventh_Mission-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-38_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEApollo_17_Mission_Report10-38-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Earth">Return to Earth</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_(CVS-14),_19_December_1972_(Ap17-S72-55974).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_%28CVS-14%29%2C_19_December_1972_%28Ap17-S72-55974%29.jpg/220px-SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_%28CVS-14%29%2C_19_December_1972_%28Ap17-S72-55974%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_%28CVS-14%29%2C_19_December_1972_%28Ap17-S72-55974%29.jpg/330px-SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_%28CVS-14%29%2C_19_December_1972_%28Ap17-S72-55974%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_%28CVS-14%29%2C_19_December_1972_%28Ap17-S72-55974%29.jpg/440px-SH-3_Sea_King_of_HC-1_recovers_Apollo_17_astronauts_off_USS_Ticonderoga_%28CVS-14%29%2C_19_December_1972_%28Ap17-S72-55974%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1912" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17 post-splashdown recovery operations</figcaption></figure> <p>Cernan and Schmitt successfully lifted off from the lunar surface in the ascent stage of the LM on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>14, at 5:54 p.m. EST. The return to lunar orbit took just over seven minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006518_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006518-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LM, piloted by Cernan, and the CSM, piloted by Evans, maneuvered, and redocked about two hours after liftoff from the surface. Once the docking had taken place, the crew transferred equipment and lunar samples from the LM to the CSM for return to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006519_102-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006519-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alsjreturn_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjreturn-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crew sealed the hatches between the CSM and the LM ascent stage following completion of the transfer and the LM was jettisoned at 11:51 p.m. EST on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>14. The unoccupied ascent stage was then remotely deorbited, crashing it into the Moon with an impact recorded by the seismometers left by Apollo 17 and previous missions.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alsjreturn_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjreturn-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 6:35 p.m. EST on December<span class="nowrap"> </span>16, the CSM's SPS engine was ignited once more to propel the spacecraft away from the Moon on a trajectory back towards Earth. The successful <a href="/wiki/Trans-Earth_injection" title="Trans-Earth injection">trans-Earth injection</a> SPS burn lasted just over two minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006518_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006518-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the return to Earth, Evans performed a 65-minute EVA to retrieve film cassettes from the service module's SIM bay, with assistance from Schmitt who remained at the command module's hatch. At approximately 160,000 nautical miles<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1730">: 1730 </span></sup> (184,000 mi; 296,000 km) from Earth, it was the third "deep space" EVA in history, performed at great distance from any planetary body. As of 2024, it remains one of only three such EVAs, all performed during Apollo's J-missions under similar circumstances. It was the last EVA of the Apollo program.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Drew_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drew-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the trip back to Earth, the crew operated the infrared radiometer in the SM, as well as the ultraviolet spectrometer. One midcourse correction was performed, lasting 9 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006520_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006520-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 19, the crew jettisoned the no-longer-needed SM, leaving only the CM for return to Earth. The Apollo 17 spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_entry" title="Atmospheric entry">reentered Earth's atmosphere</a> and splashed down safely in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> at 2:25 p.m. EST, 6.4 kilometers (4.0 mi) from the recovery ship, <a href="/wiki/USS_Ticonderoga_(CV-14)" title="USS Ticonderoga (CV-14)">USS <i>Ticonderoga</i></a>. Cernan, Evans, and Schmitt were then retrieved by a recovery helicopter piloted by Commander Edward E. Dahill, III and were safe aboard the recovery ship 52 minutes after splashdown.<sup id="cite_ref-astronautix_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astronautix-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alsjreturn_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alsjreturn-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the final Apollo mission concluded successfully, Mission Control in Houston was filled with many former flight controllers and astronauts, who applauded as <i>America</i> returned to Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995550_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995550-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_spacecraft_locations">Aftermath and spacecraft locations</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg/280px-Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg/420px-Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg/560px-Apollo_17_CM_Houston.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Apollo 17 command module <i>America</i>, on display at <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_17_landing_site,_labeled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg/280px-Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg/420px-Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg/560px-Apollo_17_landing_site%2C_labeled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> image of the Apollo 17 mission site taken in 2011, the <i>Challenger</i> descent stage is in the center, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> appears in the lower right.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following their mission, the crew undertook both domestic and international tours, visiting 29 states and 11 countries. The tour kicked off at <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_VII" title="Super Bowl VII">Super Bowl VII</a>, with the crew leading the crowd in the <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance" title="Pledge of Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</a>; the CM <i>America</i> was also displayed during the pregame activities.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the Apollo 17 astronauts flew in space again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995587–588,_591_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChaikin_1995587–588,_591-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cernan retired from NASA and the Navy in 1976. He died in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evans retired from the Navy in 1976 and from NASA in 1977, entering the private sector. He died in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt resigned from NASA in 1975 prior to <a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_Mexico" title="1976 United States Senate election in New Mexico">his successful run</a> for a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> seat from New Mexico in 1976. There, he served one six-year term.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Command Module <i>America</i> is currently on display at <a href="/wiki/Space_Center_Houston" title="Space Center Houston">Space Center Houston</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Space_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center">Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center</a> in Houston, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-currentloc_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currentloc-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ascent stage of Lunar Module <i>Challenger</i> impacted the Moon on December 15, 1972, at 06:50:20.8 UTC (1:50 a.m. EST), at <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_17&params=19.96_N_30.50_E_globe:Moon&title=Apollo+17+LM+ascent+stage"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°30′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.96°N 30.50°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.96; 30.50</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Apollo 17 LM ascent stage</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-currentloc_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-currentloc-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The descent stage remains on the Moon at the landing site, <span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Apollo_17&params=20.19080_N_30.77168_E_globe:Moon&title=Apollo+17+LM+descent+stage"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">20°11′27″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°46′18″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="vcard"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">20.19080°N 30.77168°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">20.19080; 30.77168</span></span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="fn org">Apollo 17 LM descent stage</span>)</span></span></span></a></span></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Apollo_17:_The_Eleventh_Mission_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Apollo_17:_The_Eleventh_Mission-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, a study of Apollo-era data from the Lunar Seismic Profiling Experiment showed that the descent stage was causing very slight tremors each lunar morning as components expanded in the heat.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eugene Cernan's flown Apollo 17 spacesuit is in the collection of the Smithsonian's <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a> (NASM), where it was transferred in 1974,<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Harrison Schmitt's is in storage at NASM's Paul E. Garber Facility. Amanda Young of NASM indicated in 2004 that Schmitt's suit is in the best condition of the flown Apollo lunar spacesuits, and therefore is not on public display.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ron Evans' spacesuit was also transferred from NASA in 1974 to the collection of the NASM; it remains in storage.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since Apollo 17's return, there have been attempts to photograph the landing site, where the LM's descent stage, LRV and some other mission hardware, remain. In 2009 and again in 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a> photographed the landing site from increasingly low orbits.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least one group has indicated an intention to visit the site as well; in 2018, the German space company <a href="/wiki/PTScientists" class="mw-redirect" title="PTScientists">PTScientists</a> said that it planned to land two lunar rovers nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Case for transporting Moon rocks, Apollo 17 mission, on display at the Florida Historic Capitol Museum, Tallahassee, Florida, 2019"><img alt="Case for transporting Moon rocks, Apollo 17 mission, on display at the Florida Historic Capitol Museum, Tallahassee, Florida, 2019" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg/214px-Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg/321px-Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg/428px-Apollo17-03412-cp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3541" data-file-height="2977" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Case for transporting Moon rocks, Apollo 17 mission, on display at the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Historic_Capitol_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Florida Historic Capitol Museum">Florida Historic Capitol Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee, Florida</a>, 2019</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">List of astronauts by year of selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflights" title="List of human spaceflights">List of human spaceflights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_human_spaceflight_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of human spaceflight programs">List of human spaceflight programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_landings_on_extraterrestrial_bodies" title="List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies">List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_spacecraft" title="List of crewed spacecraft">List of crewed spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">List of NASA missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_spacewalks_and_moonwalks_1965%E2%80%931999" title="List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999">List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Moon landing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_of_the_Missing_Moon_Rocks" title="The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks">The Case of the Missing Moon Rocks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_in_Real_Time" title="Apollo in Real Time">Apollo in Real Time</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apart from the Apollo program's moonwalks (and a unique trio of deep-space EVAs conducted during the program's J-missions), all other spacewalks have been conducted in Low-Earth orbit, of which almost all have involved a safety tether keeping the spacefarer attached to the spacecraft by a short distance. The exceptions occurred in 1984 and 1994, when a series of seven EVAs involved untethered activity using the <a href="/wiki/Manned_Maneuvering_Unit" title="Manned Maneuvering Unit">Manned Maneuvering Unit</a> (MMU) and the <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Aid_For_EVA_Rescue" title="Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue">Simplified Aid For EVA Rescue</a> Unit (SAFER). Among this latter group, the greatest distance traveled away from a spacecraft during orbital flight was approximately 100 meters (320 feet), achieved by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_McCandless_II" title="Bruce McCandless II">Bruce McCandless</a> on <a href="/wiki/STS-41-B" title="STS-41-B">STS-41-B</a> during the first test of the MMU.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_2004Statistical_Tables:_Launch_Vehicle/Spacecraft_Key_Facts-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120508061739/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.homeward.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Drew+Ex+Machina&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Deep+Space+EVAs&rft.date=2017-12-17&rft.aulast=LePage&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drewexmachina.com%2F2017%2F12%2F17%2Fa-history-of-deep-space-evas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006520-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrloff_&_Harland_2006520_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrloff_&_Harland_2006">Orloff & Harland 2006</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=CJ20070509.2.84&e=-------en--20--1--txt-txIN--------1">"Obituaries – Commander Edward E. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 15,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+lunar+alarm+clock%3A+new+study+characterizes+regular+Moonquakes&rft.pub=Caltech&rft.date=2023-09-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caltech.edu%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Fthe-lunar-alarm-clock-new-study-characterizes-regular-moonquakes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pressure-suit-a7-lb-cernan-apollo-17-flown/nasm_A19740133000">"Pressure Suit, A7-LB, Cernan, Apollo 17, Flown"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pressure+Suit%2C+A7-LB%2C+Cernan%2C+Apollo+17%2C+Flown&rft.pub=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fpressure-suit-a7-lb-cernan-apollo-17-flown%2Fnasm_A19740133000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesGlover" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Eric M.; Glover, Ken (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/A17HHS-Flown-Suit.html">"Jack Schmitt's Apollo 17 Suit"</a>. <i>Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Journal</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+17+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.atitle=Jack+Schmitt%27s+Apollo+17+Suit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa17%2FA17HHS-Flown-Suit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pressure-suit-a7-lb-evans-apollo-17-flown/nasm_A19740135000">"Pressure Suit, A7-LB, Evans, Apollo 17, Flown"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pressure+Suit%2C+A7-LB%2C+Evans%2C+Apollo+17%2C+Flown&rft.pub=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fpressure-suit-a7-lb-evans-apollo-17-flown%2Fnasm_A19740135000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal-JonesZubritskyCole2011" class="citation web cs1">Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Cole, Steve (September 6, 2011). Garner, Robert (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/apollo-sites.html">"NASA Spacecraft Images Offer Sharper Views of Apollo Landing Sites"</a>. NASA. Goddard Release No. 11-058 (co-issued as NASA HQ Release No. 11-289). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602041001/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/apollo-sites.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Images+Offer+Sharper+Views+of+Apollo+Landing+Sites&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.aulast=Neal-Jones&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Zubritsky%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Cole%2C+Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2FLRO%2Fnews%2Fapollo-sites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181205091832/https://mission-to-the-moon.com/press-release/">"Mission to the Moon"</a>. PTScientists. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mission-to-the-moon.com/press-release/">the original</a> on December 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+to+the+Moon&rft.pub=PTScientists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mission-to-the-moon.com%2Fpress-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApollo_17_Mission_Report" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/A17_MissionReport.pdf"><i>Apollo 17 Mission Report</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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(1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4214/contents.html"><i>Where No Man Has Gone Before: A History of Apollo Lunar Exploration Missions</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1045558568">1045558568</a>. SP-4214. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515033036/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4214/contents.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Dutton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28304-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-452-28304-6"><bdi>978-0-452-28304-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight%3A+My+Life+in+Mission+Control&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-452-28304-6&rft.aulast=Kraft&rft.aufirst=Christopher+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLattimer_1985" class="citation book cs1">Lattimer, Dick (1985). <i>All We Did Was Fly to the Moon</i>. History-alive series. Vol. 1. Foreword by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1st ed.). Gainesville, Florida: Whispering Eagle Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9611228-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9611228-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9611228-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+We+Did+Was+Fly+to+the+Moon&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.series=History-alive+series&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Whispering+Eagle+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-9611228-0-5&rft.aulast=Lattimer&rft.aufirst=Dick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogsdon_2015" class="citation book cs1">Logsdon, John M. (2015). <i>After Apollo? : Richard Nixon and the American Space Program</i>. New York City: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43853-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-43853-9"><bdi>978-1-137-43853-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Apollo%3F+%3A+Richard+Nixon+and+the+American+Space+Program&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-43853-9&rft.aulast=Logsdon&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff_2004" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W. (2004) [First published 2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070823124845/https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm"><i>Apollo by the Numbers: A Statistical Reference</i></a>. NASA History Series. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-16-050631-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-16-050631-X"><bdi>0-16-050631-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/00061677">00061677</a>. NASA SP-2000-4029. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4029/SP-4029.htm">the original</a> on August 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo+by+the+Numbers%3A+A+Statistical+Reference&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=NASA+History+Series&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F00061677&rft.isbn=0-16-050631-X&rft.aulast=Orloff&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2FSP-4029%2FSP-4029.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrloff_&_Harland_2006" class="citation book cs1">Orloff, Richard W.; <a href="/wiki/David_M._Harland" title="David M. Harland">Harland, David M.</a> (2006). <i>Apollo: The Definitive Sourcebook</i>. Chichester, United Kingdom: Praxis Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30043-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-30043-6"><bdi>978-0-387-30043-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%3A+The+Definitive+Sourcebook&rft.place=Chichester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Praxis+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-387-30043-6&rft.aulast=Orloff&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft.au=Harland%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhinney_2015" class="citation book cs1">Phinney, William C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190026783.pdf"><i>Science Training History of the Apollo Astronauts</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Houston, Texas: Johnson Space Center, NASA. SP-2015-626. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20190026783.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 9, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+Training+History+of+the+Apollo+Astronauts&rft.place=Houston%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Johnson+Space+Center%2C+NASA&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Phinney&rft.aufirst=William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Farchive%2Fnasa%2Fcasi.ntrs.nasa.gov%2F20190026783.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiley,_Woods,_&_Dolling_2012" class="citation book cs1">Riley, Christopher; Woods, David; Dolling, Philip (2012). <i>Lunar Rover: Owner's Workshop Manual</i>. Sparkford, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Manual" title="Haynes Manual">Haynes</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-267-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85733-267-7"><bdi>978-0-85733-267-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lunar+Rover%3A+Owner%27s+Workshop+Manual&rft.place=Sparkford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Haynes&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-85733-267-7&rft.aulast=Riley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Woods%2C+David&rft.au=Dolling%2C+Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShayler_&_Burgess_2017" class="citation book cs1">Shayler, David J.; <a href="/wiki/Colin_Burgess_(author)" title="Colin Burgess (author)">Burgess, Colin</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtgoDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Last of NASA's Original Pilot Astronauts: Expanding the Space Frontier in the Late Sixties</i></a>. Chichester, United Kingdom: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51014-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51014-9"><bdi>978-3-319-51014-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240227185641/https://books.google.com/books?id=GtgoDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on February 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+of+NASA%27s+Original+Pilot+Astronauts%3A+Expanding+the+Space+Frontier+in+the+Late+Sixties&rft.place=Chichester%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51014-9&rft.aulast=Shayler&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGtgoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlayton_&_Cassutt_1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Deke_Slayton" title="Deke Slayton">Slayton, Donald K. "Deke"</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cassutt" title="Michael Cassutt">Cassutt, Michael</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dekeusmannedspac00slay"><i>Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle</i></a> (1st ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Tor_Books" title="Tor Books">Forge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85503-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-85503-6"><bdi>0-312-85503-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/94002463">94002463</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29845663">29845663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deke%21+U.S.+Manned+Space%3A+From+Mercury+to+the+Shuttle&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Forge&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29845663&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F94002463&rft.isbn=0-312-85503-6&rft.aulast=Slayton&rft.aufirst=Donald+K.+%22Deke%22&rft.au=Cassutt%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdekeusmannedspac00slay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwift_2021" class="citation book cs1">Swift, Earl (2021). <i>Across the Airless Wilds</i> (eBook ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">Custom House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-298653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-298653-5"><bdi>978-0-06-298653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Across+the+Airless+Wilds&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=Custom+House&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-06-298653-5&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilhelms_1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Don_Wilhelms" title="Don Wilhelms">Wilhelms, Don E.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/"><i>To a Rocky Moon: A Geologist's History of Lunar Exploration</i></a>. Tempe, Arizona: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_Press" title="University of Arizona Press">University of Arizona Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1065-8"><bdi>978-0-8165-1065-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201000932/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/rockyMoon/">Archived</a> from the original on February 1, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+a+Rocky+Moon%3A+A+Geologist%27s+History+of+Lunar+Exploration&rft.place=Tempe%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1065-8&rft.aulast=Wilhelms&rft.aufirst=Don+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fpublications%2Fbooks%2FrockyMoon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApollo+17" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Apollo_17" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/mapcatalog/LPST/43d1s2/">Apollo 17 Traverses</a>, 43D1S2(25), Lunar Photomap at Lunar and Planetary Institute</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo17info.html">"Apollo 17"</a> – Detailed mission information by David R. Williams, <a href="/wiki/NASA_Goddard_Space_Flight_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Goddard Space Flight Center">NASA Goddard Space Flight Center</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4012/vol3/table2.45.htm">"Table 2-45. Apollo 17 Characteristics"</a> from <i>NASA Historical Data Book: Volume III: Programs and Projects 1969–1978</i> by Linda Neuman Ezell, NASA SP-4012, NASA History Series (1988)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.html">Apollo 17 Lunar Surface Journal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140104110511/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a17/a17.html">Archived</a> January 4, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apollo17.org/">"Apollo 17 Real-Time Mission Experience"</a> – All mission audio, film, video, and photography presented in real-time.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/missions/apollo/apollo_17/experiments/">Apollo 17 Mission Experiments Overview</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lunar_and_Planetary_Institute" title="Lunar and Planetary Institute">Lunar and Planetary Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lunar/documents/NASA%20CR-146107.pdf"><i>Apollo 17 Voice Transcript Pertaining to the Geology of the Landing Site</i></a> (PDF) by N. G. Bailey and G. E. Ulrich, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, 1975</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/apsr/apsr.htm">"Apollo Program Summary Report"</a> (PDF), NASA, JSC-09423, April 1975</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/cover.htm"><i>The Apollo Spacecraft: A Chronology</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209084600/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/SP-4009/cover.htm">Archived</a> December 9, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> NASA, NASA SP-4009</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3XoBroP2so"><span class="plainlinks"><i>Apollo 17 "On The Shoulders of Giants"</i> – NASA Space Program and Moon Landings Documentary</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022054959/http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0407/online_extra.html?c=Newsletters&n=2Q04_Insider2&t=internal">"The Final Flight"</a> – Excerpt from the September 1973 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic (magazine)">National Geographic</a></i> magazine</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Apollo_program" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apollo_program" title="Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apollo_program" title="Template talk:Apollo program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apollo program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Apollo_program" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo program</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">List of missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canceled_Apollo_missions" title="Canceled Apollo missions">canceled missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch complexes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_34" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 34">Launch Complex 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Launch_Complex_37" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Canaveral Launch Complex 37">Launch Complex 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39A" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39B" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B">B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="15" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Apollo_program.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the Apollo program"><img alt="Emblem of the Apollo program" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/70px-Apollo_program.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/105px-Apollo_program.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Apollo_program.svg/140px-Apollo_program.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="619" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ground facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center#Gemini_and_Apollo_(1965-1975)" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Canaveral_Space_Force_Station" title="Cape Canaveral Space Force Station">Cape Kennedy Air Force Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawler-transporter" title="Crawler-transporter">Crawler-transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Launch vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II" title="Little Joe II">Little Joe II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_(rocket_family)" title="Saturn (rocket family)">Saturn</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I" title="Saturn I">Saturn I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_IB" title="Saturn IB">Saturn IB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_V" title="Saturn V">Saturn V</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spacecraft and rover</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_(spacecraft)" title="Apollo (spacecraft)">Apollo spacecraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_command_and_service_module" title="Apollo command and service module">Command and Service Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Lunar Module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uncrewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-101" title="AS-101">AS-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-102" title="AS-102">AS-102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-201" title="AS-201">AS-201</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-202" title="AS-202">AS-202</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_5" title="Apollo 5">Apollo 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1" title="Apollo 1">Apollo 1</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_7" title="Apollo 7">Apollo 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_9" title="Apollo 9">Apollo 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">Apollo 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saturn<br />development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-1" title="Saturn I SA-1">Saturn-Apollo 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-2" title="Saturn I SA-2">SA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-3" title="Saturn I SA-3">SA-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-4" title="Saturn I SA-4">SA-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_I_SA-5" title="Saturn I SA-5">SA-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-203" title="AS-203">AS-203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_4" title="Apollo 4">Apollo 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_6" title="Apollo 6">Apollo 6</a><sup>†</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_abort_modes" title="Apollo abort modes">Abort tests</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Joe_II_Qualification_Test_Vehicle" title="Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle">QTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_1" title="Pad Abort Test 1">Pad Abort Test-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-001" title="A-001">A-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-002" title="A-002">A-002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-003" title="A-003">A-003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_Abort_Test_2" title="Pad Abort Test 2">Pad Abort Test-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-004" title="A-004">A-004</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(satellite)" title="Pegasus (satellite)">Pegasus</a> flights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AS-103" title="AS-103">AS-103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-104" title="AS-104">AS-104</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-105" title="AS-105">AS-105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 8 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Genesis reading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 11 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Command_module_Columbia" title="Command module Columbia">Command Module <i>Columbia</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Module_Eagle" title="Lunar Module Eagle">Lunar Module <i>Eagle</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tranquility_Base" title="Tranquility Base">Tranquility Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_(lunar_crater)" title="Double (lunar crater)">Double crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_West_(lunar_crater)" title="Little West (lunar crater)">Little West crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 11 lunar sample display">Lunar sample displays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_missing_tapes" title="Apollo 11 missing tapes">Missing tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Anniversaries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_50th_Anniversary_commemorative_coins" title="Apollo 11 50th Anniversary commemorative coins">50th Anniversary commemorative coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_in_popular_culture" title="Apollo 11 in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 12 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Cognitum#Statio_Cognitum" title="Mare Cognitum">Statio Cognitum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">Surveyor 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_(crater)" title="Surveyor (crater)">Surveyor crater</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_Crater_meteorite" title="Bench Crater meteorite">Bench Crater meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J002E3" title="J002E3">J002E3</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moon_Museum" title="Moon Museum">Moon Museum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reports_of_Streptococcus_mitis_on_the_Moon" title="Reports of Streptococcus mitis on the Moon">Reports of <i>Streptococcus mitis</i> on the Moon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 13 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_we_have_a_problem" title="Houston, we have a problem">"Houston, we've had a problem"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 14 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Equipment_Transporter" title="Modular Equipment Transporter">Modular Equipment Transporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_Mauro_formation" title="Fra Mauro formation">Fra Mauro formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bertha_(lunar_sample)" title="Big Bertha (lunar sample)">Big Bertha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 15 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Apollo_15_to_the_Moon" title="Journey of Apollo 15 to the Moon">Journey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_operations_on_the_Lunar_surface" title="Apollo 15 operations on the Lunar surface">Lunar operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_operations_of_Apollo_15" title="Solo operations of Apollo 15">Solo operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_of_Apollo_15_to_Earth" title="Return of Apollo 15 to Earth">Return to Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley%E2%80%93Apennine" title="Hadley–Apennine">Hadley–Apennine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Rock" title="Genesis Rock">Genesis Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Scott_(lunar_sample)" title="Great Scott (lunar sample)">Great Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Rille_meteorite" title="Hadley Rille meteorite">Hadley Rille meteorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seatbelt_basalt" title="Seatbelt basalt">Seatbelt basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Postal covers incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 16 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Muley" title="Big Muley">Big Muley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apollo 17 specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus%E2%80%93Littrow" title="Taurus–Littrow">Taurus–Littrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracy%27s_Rock" title="Tracy's Rock">Tracy's Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen-Apollo_(crater)" title="Nansen-Apollo (crater)">Nansen-Apollo crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorty_(crater)" title="Shorty (crater)">Shorty crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_17_lunar_sample_display" title="Apollo 17 lunar sample display">Lunar sample display</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_basalt_70017" title="Lunar basalt 70017">Lunar basalt 70017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite_76535" title="Troctolite 76535">Troctolite 76535</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALSE" title="ALSE">Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Applications_Program" title="Apollo Applications Program">Post-Apollo</a><br />capsule use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_2" title="Skylab 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_3" title="Skylab 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab_4" title="Skylab 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_orbit_rendezvous" title="Lunar orbit rendezvous">Lunar orbit rendezvous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">Stolen and missing Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>Symbol <sup>†</sup> indicates failure or partial failure</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_landing_missions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#CCCCCC;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lunar_landers" title="Template:Lunar landers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_landers" title="Template talk:Lunar landers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_landers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar landers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lunar_landing_missions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_lander" title="Lunar lander">Lunar landing</a> missions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#CCCCCC;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">none</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#CCCCCC;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">17</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#CCCCCC;;width:1%">Failed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#CCCCCC;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">IV</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">V</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">VI</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">VII</a> (2032)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Blue_Ghost_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Blue Ghost M1</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Blue_Ghost_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">M2</a> (2026)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-3" class="mw-redirect" title="IM-3">IM-3</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">28</a> (2030)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/SpaceIL" title="SpaceIL">SpaceIL</a>, 2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace</a>, 2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">M3</a> (2026)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#CCCCCC;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="CLPS" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">CLPS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Redwire#Deep_Space_Systems" title="Redwire">Redwire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace#Genesis_lunar_lander" title="Firefly Aerospace">Firefly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">Masten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">MoonEx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#Z-01" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Moon_spacecraft" title="Template talk:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Moon_spacecraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Moon spacecraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spacecraft_missions_to_the_Moon" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">Spacecraft missions</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_the_Moon" title="Exploration of the Moon">Exploration</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">Chang'e</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Japanese Lunar Exploration Program">Japanese Lunar Exploration Program</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">South Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_crewed_lunar_programs" title="Soviet crewed lunar programs">Crewed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_programme" title="Luna programme">Luna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_program" title="Zond program">Zond</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS#ARTEMIS" title="THEMIS">ARTEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPSTONE" title="CAPSTONE">CAPSTONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a> Orbiter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a> (service module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danuri" title="Danuri">Danuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao relay satellite">Queqiao 1</a> (relay satellite at <a href="/wiki/Lagrange_point#L2" title="Lagrange point">L<sub>2</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queqiao-2_relay_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Queqiao-2 relay satellite">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">Tiandu-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandu" title="Tiandu">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICUBE-Q" title="ICUBE-Q">ICUBE-Q</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Landers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Rovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Flybys</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArgoMoon" title="ArgoMoon">ArgoMoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">17</a></i></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">List of Apollo astronauts</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Orbiters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">Apollo 8</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_10" title="Apollo 10">10</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_I" title="Artemis I">Artemis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_1" title="Chang'e 1">Chang'e 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_2" title="Chang'e 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-1" title="Chandrayaan-1">Chandrayaan-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a> (propulsion module)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementine_(spacecraft)" title="Clementine (spacecraft)">Clementine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_35" title="Explorer 35">Explorer 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_49" title="Explorer 49">49</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiten_(spacecraft)" title="Hiten (spacecraft)">Hiten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_10" title="Luna 10">Luna 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_11" title="Luna 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_12" title="Luna 12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_14" title="Luna 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_19" title="Luna 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_22" title="Luna 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_1" title="Lunar Orbiter 1">Lunar Orbiter 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_2" title="Lunar Orbiter 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_3" title="Lunar Orbiter 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_4" title="Lunar Orbiter 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5" title="Lunar Orbiter 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Prospector" title="Lunar Prospector">Lunar Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15#Lunar_subsatellite" title="Apollo 15">PFS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16#Lunar_subsatellite_PFS-2" title="Apollo 16">PFS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMART-1" title="SMART-1">SMART-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE" title="SELENE">SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Spacecraft_that_impacted_the_Moon" title="Category:Spacecraft that impacted the Moon">Impactors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LCROSS" title="LCROSS">LCROSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_2" title="Luna 2">Luna 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Impact_Probe" title="Moon Impact Probe">Moon Impact Probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_4" title="Ranger 4">Ranger 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_6" title="Ranger 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_7" title="Ranger 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_8" title="Ranger 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_9" title="Ranger 9">9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing" title="Moon landing">Landers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_Lunar_Module" title="Apollo Lunar Module">Apollo Lunar Module</a></i> ×6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_9" title="Luna 9">Luna 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_13" title="Luna 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_23" title="Luna 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_1" title="Surveyor 1">Surveyor 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_3" title="Surveyor 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_5" title="Surveyor 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_6" title="Surveyor 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_7" title="Surveyor 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EagleCam" class="mw-redirect" title="EagleCam">EagleCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-1" title="IM-1">IM-1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Rovers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">17</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">(Chandrayaan-3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Jinchan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Sample-return_mission" title="Sample-return mission">Sample return</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">12</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">14</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">15</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">16</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">17</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_16" title="Luna 16">Luna 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_24" title="Luna 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5" title="Chang'e 5">Chang'e 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Failed landings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet" title="Beresheet">Beresheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_Lunar_Mission" title="Emirates Lunar Mission">Emirates Lunar Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R M1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_5" title="Luna 5">Luna 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_7" title="Luna 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_8" title="Luna 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_15" title="Luna 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_18" title="Luna 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_25" title="Luna 25">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMOTENASHI" title="OMOTENASHI">OMOTENASHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_2" title="Surveyor 2">Surveyor 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_4" title="Surveyor 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2#Vikram_lander" title="Chandrayaan-2">Vikram</a> (Chandrayaan-2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Lunar_flybys" title="Category:Lunar flybys">Flybys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Memorial_Moon_Mission" title="Manfred Memorial Moon Mission">4M</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Apollo_13" title="Apollo 13">Apollo 13</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_5-T1" title="Chang'e 5-T1">Chang'e 5-T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotail" title="Geotail">Geotail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cometary_Explorer" title="International Cometary Explorer">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4#Microsatellites" title="Chang'e 4">Longjiang-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_1" title="Luna 1">Luna 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_3" title="Luna 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_4" title="Luna 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_6" title="Luna 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Hydrogen_Mapper" title="Lunar Polar Hydrogen Mapper">LunaH-Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Flashlight" title="Lunar Flashlight">Lunar Flashlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_IceCube" title="Lunar IceCube">Lunar IceCube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunIR" title="LunIR">LunIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_10" title="Mariner 10">Mariner 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near-Earth_Asteroid_Scout" title="Near-Earth Asteroid Scout">NEA Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nozomi_(spacecraft)" title="Nozomi (spacecraft)">Nozomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_4" title="Pioneer 4">Pioneer 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_5" title="Ranger 5">Ranger 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEREO" title="STEREO">STEREO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">TESS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_(spacecraft)" title="Wind (spacecraft)">Wind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_3" title="Zond 3">Zond 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_5" title="Zond 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_6" title="Zond 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_7" title="Zond 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zond_8" title="Zond 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAS-22" title="PAS-22">PAS-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_II" title="Artemis II">Artemis II</a></i> (2025)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_III" title="Artemis III">Artemis III</a></i> (2026)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_IV" title="Artemis IV">Artemis IV</a></i> (2028)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_V" title="Artemis V">Artemis V</a></i> (2030)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VI">Artemis VI</a></i> (2031)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VII">Artemis VII</a></i> (2032)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Artemis_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemis VIII">Artemis VIII</a></i> (2033)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firefly_Aerospace_Blue_Ghost" title="Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost">Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IM-2" title="IM-2">IM-2</a> (2025) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Trailblazer" title="Lunar Trailblazer">Lunar Trailblazer</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Glob</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luna_26" title="Luna 26">Luna 26</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_27" title="Luna 27">Luna 27</a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_28" title="Luna 28">Luna 28</a> (2030)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_29&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 29 (page does not exist)">Luna 29</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_30&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 30 (page does not exist)">Luna 30</a> (2030s)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luna_31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luna 31 (page does not exist)">Luna 31</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_8" title="Chang'e 8">Chang'e 8</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-4" title="Chandrayaan-4">Chandrayaan-4</a> (2027)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">Chandrayaan-5 (LUPEX)</a> (2028)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R M2</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beresheet_2" title="Beresheet 2">Beresheet 2</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ispace_(Japanese_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ispace (Japanese company)">ispace M3</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Pathfinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar Pathfinder">Lunar Pathfinder</a> (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DESTINY%2B" title="DESTINY+">DESTINY<sup>+</sup></a> (2028)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cislunar_Explorers" title="Cislunar Explorers">Cislunar Explorers</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Escape_Explorer" title="Earth Escape Explorer">CU-E<sup>3</sup></a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Rovers" title="Astrobotic Technology">MoonRanger</a> (2020s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonaut_(lunar_lander)" title="Argonaut (lunar lander)">Argonaut M1</a> (2031)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Research_Station" title="International Lunar Research Station">International Lunar Research Station</a> (2030s)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed<br />missions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Robotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Transportation_Systems" title="Planetary Transportation Systems">ALINA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draper_Laboratory#Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Draper Laboratory">Artemis-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Moon_(spacecraft)" title="Blue Moon (spacecraft)">Blue Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOLAS_(spacecraft)" title="BOLAS (spacecraft)">BOLAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garat%C3%A9a-L" title="Garatéa-L">Garatéa-L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISOCHRON_(spacecraft)" title="ISOCHRON (spacecraft)">ISOCHRON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LunaNet" title="LunaNet">LunaNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Crater_Radio_Telescope" title="Lunar Crater Radio Telescope">Lunar Crater Radio Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCandless_Lunar_Lander" title="McCandless Lunar Lander">McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;">Crewed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DSE-Alpha" title="DSE-Alpha">DSE-Alpha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Lunar_Lander" title="Boeing Lunar Lander">Boeing Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Lunar_Lander" title="Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander">Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbital_Station" title="Lunar Orbital Station">Lunar Orbital Station</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled /<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altair_(spacecraft)" title="Altair (spacecraft)">Altair</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg_1" title="Baden-Württemberg 1">Baden-Württemberg 1</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DearMoon_project" title="DearMoon project">#dearMoon project</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Lunar_Explorer" title="European Lunar Explorer">European Lunar Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Lunar_Outpost" title="First Lunar Outpost">First Lunar Outpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Lunar_Network" title="International Lunar Network">International Lunar Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEO_(spacecraft)" title="LEO (spacecraft)">LEO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LK_(spacecraft)" title="LK (spacecraft)">LK</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar-A" title="Lunar-A">Lunar-A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Lander_(spacecraft)" title="Lunar Lander (spacecraft)">Lunar Lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Mission_One" title="Lunar Mission One">Lunar Mission One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Lunar Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunokhod 3">Lunokhod 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonLITE" title="MoonLITE">MoonLITE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MoonRise" title="MoonRise">MoonRise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Harvest_Moon" title="Project Harvest Moon">Project Harvest Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospector_(spacecraft)" title="Prospector (spacecraft)">Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SELENE-2" title="SELENE-2">SELENE-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrselena" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrselena">Ukrselena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masten_Space_Systems#XL-1" title="Masten Space Systems">XL-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Moon" title="Colonization of the Moon">Colonization of the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Lunar_X_Prize" title="Google Lunar X Prize">Google Lunar X Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lunar_probes" title="List of lunar probes">List of lunar probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artificial_objects_on_the_Moon" title="List of artificial objects on the Moon">List of artificial objects on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_species_that_have_landed_on_the_Moon" title="List of species that have landed on the Moon">List of species that have landed on the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_resources" title="Lunar resources">Lunar resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-party_evidence_for_Apollo_Moon_landings" title="Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings">Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_anniversaries" title="Apollo 11 anniversaries">Apollo 11 anniversaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crewed_lunar_landers" title="List of crewed lunar landers">List of crewed lunar landers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background:#DDDDDD;"><div> <ul><li>Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in <i>italics</i>.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="←_1971Orbital_launches_in_19721973_→" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1972" title="Template:Orbital launches in 1972"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Orbital_launches_in_1972" title="Template talk:Orbital launches in 1972"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital_launches_in_1972" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Orbital launches in 1972"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="←_1971Orbital_launches_in_19721973_→" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="float: left;"><a href="/wiki/1971_in_spaceflight" title="1971 in spaceflight">← 1971</a></div><a href="/wiki/1972_in_spaceflight" title="1972 in spaceflight"><span class="vevent"><span class="summary">Orbital launches in <span class="dtstart">1972</span></span></span></a><div style="float: right;"><a href="/wiki/1973_in_spaceflight" title="1973 in spaceflight">1973 →</a></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_471&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 471 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 471</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1737&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1737 (page does not exist)">OPS 1737</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7719&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7719 (page does not exist)">OPS 7719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-4" title="Intelsat IV F-4">Intelsat IV F-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_472" title="Kosmos 472">Kosmos 472</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HEOS-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HEOS-2 (page does not exist)">HEOS-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_473&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 473 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 473</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna_20" title="Luna 20">Luna 20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_474&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 474 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 474</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1844&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1844 (page does not exist)">OPS 1844</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_475&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 475 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 475</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1570&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1570 (page does not exist)">OPS 1570</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_476&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 476 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 476</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_477&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 477 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 477</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka-14KS_No.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka-14KS No.1 (page does not exist)">Nauka-14KS No.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD-1A" title="TD-1A">TD-1A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_478&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 478 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 478</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_1678&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 1678 (page does not exist)">OPS 1678</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 479 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 479</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5058&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5058 (page does not exist)">OPS 5058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_480&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 480 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 480</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_481" title="Kosmos 481">Kosmos 481</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venera_8" title="Venera 8">Venera 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-MV_No.23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-MV No.23 (page does not exist)">Meteor-MV No.23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_482" title="Kosmos 482">Kosmos 482</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_483&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 483 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 483</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.27 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.27</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SRET-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SRET-1 (page does not exist)">SRET-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_484&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 484 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 484</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka-5KS_No.3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka-5KS No.3 (page does not exist)">Nauka-5KS No.3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 6 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_485" title="Kosmos 485">Kosmos 485</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 1 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_486&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 486 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 486</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a></u> (<a href="/wiki/PFS-2" class="mw-redirect" title="PFS-2">PFS-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_5640&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 5640 (page does not exist)">OPS 5640</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_487" title="Kosmos 487">Kosmos 487</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=DS-P1-Yu_No._51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DS-P1-Yu No. 51 (page does not exist)">DS-P1-Yu No. 51</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_488&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 488 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 488</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_489&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 489 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 489</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_490&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 490 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 490</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka-1KS_No.5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka-1KS No.5 (page does not exist)">Nauka-1KS No.5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-2 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-2</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6574&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6574 (page does not exist)">OPS 6574</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_491&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 491 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 491</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_6371&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 6371 (page does not exist)">OPS 6371</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_492&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 492 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelsat_IV_F-5" title="Intelsat IV F-5">Intelsat IV F-5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_493&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 493 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 493</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_494&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 494 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 494</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 495 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_496" title="Kosmos 496">Kosmos 496</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prognoz_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prognoz 2 (page does not exist)">Prognoz 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 7 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_497" title="Kosmos 497">Kosmos 497</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-MV_No.26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-MV No.26 (page does not exist)">Meteor-MV No.26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_498" title="Kosmos 498">Kosmos 498</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_499&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 499 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 499</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7293&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7293 (page does not exist)">OPS 7293</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7803&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7803 (page does not exist)">OPS 7803</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_500&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 500 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_501" title="Kosmos 501">Kosmos 501</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_502&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 502 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 502</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_503&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 503 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_504&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 504 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 504</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_505&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 505 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 505</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_506&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 506 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 506</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_507&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 507 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 507</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_508&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 508 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 508</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_509&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 509 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 509</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_510&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 510 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 510</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 511 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsat_1" title="Landsat 1">ERTS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_512&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 512 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 512</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DOS-2" title="DOS-2">DOS No.122</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_513&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 513 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 513</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_46" title="Explorer 46">Explorer 46</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 514 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 514</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_515&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 515 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 515</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denpa_(satellite)" title="Denpa (satellite)">Denpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copernicus_(satellite)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copernicus (satellite) (page does not exist)">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_516&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 516 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 516</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_517&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 517 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 517</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8888&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8888 (page does not exist)">OPS 8888</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=September_1972_Voskhod_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="September 1972 Voskhod launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triad_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triad 1 (page does not exist)">Triad 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_518&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 518 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 518</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 519 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_520" title="Kosmos 520">Kosmos 520</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_47" title="Explorer 47">Explorer 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_521" title="Kosmos 521">Kosmos 521</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-3 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radcat_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Radcat 2">Radcat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radsat" title="Radsat">Radsat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_522&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 522 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 522</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_523" title="Kosmos 523">Kosmos 523</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8314&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8314 (page does not exist)">OPS 8314</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_8314/2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 8314/2 (page does not exist)">OPS 8314/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_524" title="Kosmos 524">Kosmos 524</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.26 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA-2" title="NOAA-2">NOAA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OSCAR-6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OSCAR-6 (page does not exist)">OSCAR-6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=October_1972_Kosmos-3M_launch_failure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="October 1972 Kosmos-3M launch failure (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_525&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 525 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 525</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nauka-16KS_No.1L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nauka-16KS No.1L (page does not exist)">Nauka-16KS No.1L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosmos_526" title="Kosmos 526">Kosmos 526</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meteor-M_No.25&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meteor-M No.25 (page does not exist)">Meteor-M No.25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_527&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 527 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 527</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_528&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 528 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 528</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_529&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 529 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 529</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_530&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 530 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 530</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_531&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 531 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 531</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_532&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 532 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 532</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_533&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 533 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 533</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_534&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 534 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 534</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_535&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 535 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 535</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_536&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 536 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 536</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_7323&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 7323 (page does not exist)">OPS 7323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anik_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Anik A1">Anik A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_48" class="mw-redirect" title="Explorer 48">Explorer 48</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ESRO-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ESRO-4 (page does not exist)">ESRO-4</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=N1_No.7L&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N1 No.7L (page does not exist)">Unnamed</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 537 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 537</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Interkosmos_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Interkosmos 8 (page does not exist)">Interkosmos 8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-1_No.28&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-1 No.28 (page does not exist)">Molniya-1 No.28</a></li> <li><u><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 17</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbus_5" title="Nimbus 5">Nimbus 5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molniya-2-4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molniya-2-4 (page does not exist)">Molniya-2-4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_538&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 538 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AEROS_(satellite)" title="AEROS (satellite)">Aeros 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_9390&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 9390 (page does not exist)">OPS 9390</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_539&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 539 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 539</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=OPS_3978&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="OPS 3978 (page does not exist)">OPS 3978</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_540&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 540 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 540</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_541&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 541 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 541</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosmos_542&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosmos 542 (page does not exist)">Kosmos 542</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in <u>underline</u>. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in <i>italics</i>. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lunar_rovers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lunar_rovers" title="Template:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lunar_rovers" title="Template talk:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar_rovers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lunar rovers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lunar_rovers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lunar_rover" title="Lunar rover">Lunar rovers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu-2" title="Yutu-2">Yutu-2</a></i> (2019–present, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_4" title="Chang'e 4">Chang'e 4</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_201" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 0 (1A)</a><sup>†</sup> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_1" title="Lunokhod 1">Lunokhod 1</a> (1970–1971, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_17" title="Luna 17">Luna 17</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_2" title="Lunokhod 2">Lunokhod 2</a> (1973, on <a href="/wiki/Luna_21" title="Luna 21">Luna 21</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">Lunar Roving Vehicle</a> (1971, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-2</a> (1972, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle" title="Lunar Roving Vehicle">LRV-3</a> (1972, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apollo 17</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Lunar_Exploration_Program" title="Chinese Lunar Exploration Program">CLEP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutu_(rover)" title="Yutu (rover)">Yutu</a></i> (2013–2016, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_3" title="Chang'e 3">Chang'e 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6"><i>Yidong Xiangji</i></a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_6" title="Chang'e 6">Chang'e 6</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan_programme" title="Chandrayaan programme">Chandrayaan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-2)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)">Pragyan</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2019, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-2" title="Chandrayaan-2">Chandrayaan-2</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pragyan_(Chandrayaan-3)" title="Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)">Pragyan</a></i> (2023, on <a href="/wiki/Chandrayaan-3" title="Chandrayaan-3">Chandrayaan-3</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">CLPS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/CubeRover" title="CubeRover">Iris</a></i><sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmena" title="Colmena">Colmena</a> × 5<sup>†</sup> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Mission_One" title="Peregrine Mission One">Peregrine Mission One</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#DDDDDD;"><a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a><sup>†</sup> (2022–2023, on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_1" title="Hakuto-R Mission 1">Hakuto-R Mission 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_1" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-1</a> (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon#Lunar_Excursion_Vehicle_2" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">LEV-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sora-Q" title="Sora-Q">Sora-Q</a>) (2024, on <a href="/wiki/Smart_Lander_for_Investigating_Moon" title="Smart Lander for Investigating Moon">SLIM</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MoonRanger" class="mw-redirect" title="MoonRanger">MoonRanger</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e_7" title="Chang'e 7">Chang'e 7</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rashid_(lunar_rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid (lunar rover)">Rashid 2</a></i>) (2026)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Terrain_Vehicle" title="Lunar Terrain Vehicle">Lunar Terrain Vehicle</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>TENACIOUS</i> (on <a href="/wiki/Hakuto-R_Mission_2" title="Hakuto-R Mission 2">Hakuto-R Mission 2</a>)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATHLETE" title="ATHLETE">ATHLETE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTScientists" class="mw-redirect" title="PTScientists">Audi Lunar Quattro ×2 (PTScientists)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Systems" title="Deep Space Systems">Deep Space Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond#ECA_rover" title="OrbitBeyond">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HERACLES_(spacecraft)" title="HERACLES (spacecraft)">HERACLES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Cruiser" title="Lunar Cruiser">Lunar Cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luna-Glob" title="Luna-Glob">Luna-Grunt rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Polar_Exploration_Mission" title="Lunar Polar Exploration Mission">LUPEX rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Diver_(spacecraft)" title="Moon Diver (spacecraft)">Moon Diver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Express" title="Moon Express">Moon Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrbitBeyond" title="OrbitBeyond">OrbitBeyond rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotic_Technology#Icebreaker_to_the_north_pole" title="Astrobotic Technology">Polaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(rover)" title="Scarab (rover)">Scarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Vehicle" title="Space Exploration Vehicle">Space Exploration Vehicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puli_Space_Technologies" title="Puli Space Technologies">Team Puli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Cancelled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunokhod_programme#Lunokhod_3" title="Lunokhod programme">Lunokhod 3</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Prospector_(rover)" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource Prospector (rover)">Resource Prospector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIPER_(rover)" title="VIPER (rover)">VIPER</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#DDDDDD;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_on_the_Moon" title="Tank on the Moon">Tank on the Moon</a></i> (2007 documentary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_missions_to_the_Moon" title="List of missions to the Moon">List of missions to the Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rover_(space_exploration)" title="Rover (space exploration)">Rover (space exploration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_rovers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extraterrestrial rovers">List of extraterrestrial rovers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#DDDDDD;"><div>Missions are ordered by launch date. Sign <sup>†</sup> indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="NASA" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NASA_space_program" title="Template talk:NASA space program"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NASA_space_program" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NASA space program"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="NASA" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Space policy of the United States">Policy</a> and history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">History<br />(<a href="/wiki/Creation_of_NASA" title="Creation of NASA">creation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">NACA</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act" title="National Aeronautics and Space Act">National Aeronautics and Space Act</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Task_Group" title="Space Task Group">Space Task Group</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_O._Paine#National_Commission_on_Space" title="Thomas O. Paine">Paine</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Commission_Report" title="Rogers Commission Report">Rogers</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ride_Report" title="Ride Report">Ride</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Exploration_Initiative" title="Space Exploration Initiative">Space Exploration Initiative</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Committee" title="Augustine Committee">Augustine</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Clinton_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">U.S. National Space Policy</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Future_of_the_United_States_Aerospace_Industry" title="Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry">CFUSAI</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Accident_Investigation_Board" title="Columbia Accident Investigation Board">CAIB</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_for_Space_Exploration" title="Vision for Space Exploration">Vision for Space Exploration</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Commission_on_Implementation_of_United_States_Space_Exploration_Policy" title="President's Commission on Implementation of United States Space Exploration Policy">Aldridge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_of_United_States_Human_Space_Flight_Plans_Committee" title="Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee">Augustine</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrators_and_deputy_administrators_of_NASA" class="mw-redirect" title="List of administrators and deputy administrators of NASA">Administrator and Deputy Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Chief_Scientist" title="NASA Chief Scientist">Chief Scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Astronaut_Corps" title="NASA Astronaut Corps">Astronaut Corps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut_ranks_and_positions" title="Astronaut ranks and positions">Ranks and positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Astronaut_Office" title="Chief of the Astronaut Office">Chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_NASA" title="Budget of NASA">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_research" title="NASA research">NASA research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NASA_spinoff_technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA spinoff technologies">spinoff technologies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%2B" title="NASA+">NASA+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Social" title="NASA Social">NASA Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Services_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Launch Services Program">Launch Services Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_Control_Center" title="Mercury Control Center">Mercury Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manned_Space_Flight_Network" title="Manned Space Flight Network">Manned Space Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_Assembly_Building" title="Vehicle Assembly Building">Vehicle Assembly Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_39" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39">Launch Complex 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center_Launch_Complex_48" title="Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 48">Launch Complex 48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launch_Control_Center" title="Launch Control Center">Launch Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_and_Checkout_Building" title="Operations and Checkout Building">Operations and Checkout Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Space_Center" title="Johnson Space Center">Johnson Space Center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_C._Kraft_Jr._Mission_Control_Center" title="Christopher C. Kraft Jr. Mission Control Center">Mission Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Sample_Laboratory_Facility" title="Lunar Sample Laboratory Facility">Lunar Sample Laboratory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Mission_Directorate" title="Science Mission Directorate">Science Mission Directorate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_spaceflight" title="Human spaceflight">Human spaceflight</a><br />programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_American_X-15" title="North American X-15">X-15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sub-orbital_spaceflight" title="Sub-orbital spaceflight">suborbital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Mercury" title="Project Mercury">Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Gemini" title="Project Gemini">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skylab" title="Skylab">Skylab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz" title="Apollo–Soyuz">Apollo–Soyuz</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_program" title="Space Shuttle program">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle%E2%80%93Mir_program" title="Shuttle–Mir program">Shuttle–<i>Mir</i></a> (with <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos State Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_program" title="Constellation program">Constellation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_programme" title="International Space Station programme">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Orbital_Transportation_Services" title="Commercial Orbital Transportation Services">Commercial Orbital Transportation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Crew_Program" title="Commercial Crew Program">Commercial Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemis_program" title="Artemis program">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Gateway" title="Lunar Gateway">Lunar Gateway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Robotic_spacecraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic spacecraft">Robotic</a> programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hitchhiker_Program" title="Hitchhiker Program">Hitchhiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_program" title="Mariner program">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_Mark_II" title="Mariner Mark II">Mariner Mark II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MESUR" title="MESUR">MESUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Surveyor_%2798" title="Mars Surveyor '98">Mars Surveyor '98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Millennium_Program" title="New Millennium Program">New Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_program" title="Lunar Orbiter program">Lunar Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_program" title="Pioneer program">Pioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Observer_program" title="Planetary Observer program">Planetary Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranger_program" title="Ranger program">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveyor_program" title="Surveyor program">Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_program" title="Viking program">Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prometheus" title="Project Prometheus">Project Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Program" title="Mars Exploration Program">Mars Exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Living_With_a_Star" title="Living With a Star">Living With a Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Precursor_Robotic_Program" title="Lunar Precursor Robotic Program">Lunar Precursor Robotic Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Observing_System" title="Earth Observing System">Earth Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorers_Program" title="Explorers Program">Explorers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_program" title="Voyager program">Voyager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Program" title="Discovery Program">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Frontiers_program" title="New Frontiers program">New Frontiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Terrestrial_Probes_program" title="Solar Terrestrial Probes program">Solar Terrestrial Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Lunar_Payload_Services" title="Commercial Lunar Payload Services">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Innovative_Missions_for_Planetary_Exploration" title="Small Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration">SIMPLEx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Individual featured<br /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">missions</a><br />(human and robotic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_Background_Explorer" title="Cosmic Background Explorer">COBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Redstone_3" title="Mercury-Redstone 3">Mercury 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_6" title="Mercury-Atlas 6">Mercury-Atlas 6</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magellan_(spacecraft)" title="Magellan (spacecraft)">Magellan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_10" title="Pioneer 10">Pioneer 10</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_11" title="Pioneer 11">Pioneer 11</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_project" title="Galileo project"><i>Galileo</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Galileo_(spacecraft)" title="Timeline of Galileo (spacecraft)">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GALEX" title="GALEX">GALEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRAIL" title="GRAIL">GRAIL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_Space_Telescope" title="Spitzer Space Telescope">Spitzer Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LADEE" title="LADEE">LADEE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/MESSENGER" title="MESSENGER">MESSENGER</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(SAC-D_instrument)" title="Aquarius (SAC-D instrument)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens"><i>Cassini</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(spacecraft)" title="Dawn (spacecraft)"><i>Dawn</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_space_telescope" title="Kepler space telescope">Kepler space telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Opportunity" title="Timeline of Opportunity">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity">observed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaty_High_Energy_Solar_Spectroscopic_Imager" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager">RHESSI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> helicopter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ingenuity_flights" title="List of Ingenuity flights">flights</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currently<br />operating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter">Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2001_Mars_Odyssey" title="2001 Mars Odyssey">2001 Mars Odyssey</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Horizons" title="New Horizons">New Horizons</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubble_Space_Telescope" title="Hubble Space Telescope">Hubble Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gehrels_Swift_Observatory" title="Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory"><i>Swift</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/THEMIS" title="THEMIS">THEMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_14" title="GOES 14">GOES 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_Reconnaissance_Orbiter" title="Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter">Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOES_15" title="GOES 15">GOES 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Allen_Probes" title="Van Allen Probes">Van Allen Probes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Dynamics_Observatory" title="Solar Dynamics Observatory">Solar Dynamics Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juno_(spacecraft)" title="Juno (spacecraft)"><i>Juno</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NuSTAR" title="NuSTAR">NuSTAR</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_1" title="Voyager 1">Voyager 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide-field_Infrared_Survey_Explorer" title="Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer">WISE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAVEN" title="MAVEN">MAVEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetospheric_Multiscale_Mission" title="Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSIRIS-REx" title="OSIRIS-REx">OSIRIS-REx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite" title="Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite">Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mars_2020" title="Timeline of Mars 2020">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="James Webb Space Telescope">James Webb Space Telescope</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_James_Webb_Space_Telescope" title="Timeline of the James Webb Space Telescope">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plankton,_Aerosol,_Cloud,_ocean_Ecosystem" title="Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, ocean Ecosystem">PACE</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa_Clipper" title="Europa Clipper">Europa Clipper</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Future</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Grace_Roman_Space_Telescope" title="Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope">Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DAVINCI" title="DAVINCI">DAVINCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VERITAS_(spacecraft)" title="VERITAS (spacecraft)">VERITAS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_Communications_and_Navigation_Program" title="Space Communications and Navigation Program">Communications<br />and navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Earth_Network" title="Near Earth Network">Near Earth Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Network" title="Space Network">Space Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Deep_Space_Network" title="NASA Deep Space Network">Deep Space Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex">Goldstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex" title="Madrid Deep Space Communications Complex">Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Flight_Operations_Facility" title="Space Flight Operations Facility">Space Flight Operations Facility</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_Space_Atomic_Clock" title="Deep Space Atomic Clock">Deep Space Atomic Clock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronaut" title="Astronaut">Astronauts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_name" title="List of astronauts by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_astronauts_by_year_of_selection" title="List of astronauts by year of selection">by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gemini_astronauts" title="List of Gemini astronauts">Gemini astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_astronauts" title="List of Apollo astronauts">Apollo astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_crews" title="List of Space Shuttle crews">Space Shuttle crews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_aircraft" title="List of NASA aircraft">NASA aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_missions" title="List of NASA missions">NASA missions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_uncrewed_NASA_missions" title="List of uncrewed NASA missions">uncrewed missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Apollo_missions" title="List of Apollo missions">Apollo missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Space_Shuttle_missions" title="List of Space Shuttle missions">Space Shuttle missions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rockets_of_the_United_States" title="List of rockets of the United States">United States rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cancellations" title="List of NASA cancellations">NASA cancellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NASA_cameras_on_spacecraft" title="List of NASA cameras on spacecraft">NASA cameras on spacecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">NASA images<br />and artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthrise" title="Earthrise">Earthrise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Marble" title="The Blue Marble">The Blue Marble</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(Voyager)" title="Family Portrait (Voyager)">Family Portrait</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pale_Blue_Dot" title="Pale Blue Dot">Pale Blue Dot</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Creation" title="Pillars of Creation">Pillars of Creation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystic_Mountain" title="Mystic Mountain">Mystic Mountain</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Portrait_(MESSENGER)" title="Family Portrait (MESSENGER)"><i>Solar System Family Portrait</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Smiled" title="The Day the Earth Smiled">The Day the Earth Smiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fallen_Astronaut" title="Fallen Astronaut">Fallen Astronaut</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_deep_fields" title="List of deep fields">Deep fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_plaque" title="Lunar plaque">Lunar plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_plaque" title="Pioneer plaque">Pioneer plaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voyager_Golden_Record" title="Voyager Golden Record">Voyager Golden Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11_goodwill_messages" title="Apollo 11 goodwill messages">Apollo 11 goodwill messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_insignia" title="NASA insignia">NASA insignia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_space-flown_Gemini_and_Apollo_medallions" title="NASA space-flown Gemini and Apollo medallions">Gemini and Apollo medallions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_patch" title="Mission patch">Mission patches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hubble_Space_Telescope_anniversary_images" title="List of Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images">Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_8_Genesis_reading" title="Apollo 8 Genesis reading">Apollo 8 Genesis reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_15_postal_covers_incident" title="Apollo 15 postal covers incident">Apollo 15 postal covers incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Mirror_Memorial" title="Space Mirror Memorial">Space Mirror Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Astronaut_Monument" title="The Astronaut Monument">The Astronaut Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_sample_displays" title="Lunar sample displays">Lunar sample displays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moon_rock" title="Moon rock">Moon rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolen_and_missing_Moon_rocks" title="Stolen and missing Moon rocks">stolen or missing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Astronaut_Hall_of_Fame" title="United States Astronaut Hall of Fame">U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._space_exploration_history_on_U.S._stamps" title="U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps">Space program on U.S. stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fe,_Fi,_Fo,_Fum,_and_Phooey" title="Fe, Fi, Fo, Fum, and Phooey">Apollo 17 Moon mice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_tree" title="Moon tree">Moon tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkeys_and_apes_in_space#United_States" title="Monkeys and apes in space">Other primates in space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_International_Space_Apps_Challenge" title="NASA International Space Apps Challenge">NASA International Space Apps Challenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronauts_Day" title="Astronauts Day">Astronauts Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Astronaut_Day" title="National Astronaut Day">National Astronaut Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikon_NASA_F4" title="Nikon NASA F4">Nikon NASA F4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a 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