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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purposes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Forcing_HTTPS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forcing_HTTPS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Forcing HTTPS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forcing_HTTPS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_domain_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_domain_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Similar domain names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_domain_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moving_pages_to_a_new_domain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_pages_to_a_new_domain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Moving pages to a new domain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moving_pages_to_a_new_domain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Logging_outgoing_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logging_outgoing_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Logging outgoing links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logging_outgoing_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_aliases_for_long_URLs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_aliases_for_long_URLs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Short aliases for long URLs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_aliases_for_long_URLs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meaningful,_persistent_aliases_for_long_or_changing_URLs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meaningful,_persistent_aliases_for_long_or_changing_URLs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Meaningful, persistent aliases for long or changing URLs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meaningful,_persistent_aliases_for_long_or_changing_URLs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post/Redirect/Get" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post/Redirect/Get"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Post/Redirect/Get</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post/Redirect/Get-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Device_targeting_and_geotargeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Device_targeting_and_geotargeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Device targeting and geotargeting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Device_targeting_and_geotargeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulating_search_engines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulating_search_engines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Manipulating search engines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulating_search_engines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manipulating_visitors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manipulating_visitors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Manipulating visitors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manipulating_visitors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Removing_referrer_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Removing_referrer_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Removing referrer information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Removing_referrer_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manual_redirect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manual_redirect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Manual redirect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manual_redirect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HTTP_status_codes_3xx" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HTTP_status_codes_3xx"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>HTTP status codes 3xx</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HTTP_status_codes_3xx-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Example_HTTP_response_for_a_301_redirect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Example_HTTP_response_for_a_301_redirect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Example HTTP response for a 301 redirect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Example_HTTP_response_for_a_301_redirect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Using_server-side_scripting_for_redirection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Using_server-side_scripting_for_redirection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Using server-side scripting for redirection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Using_server-side_scripting_for_redirection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apache_HTTP_Server_mod_rewrite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apache_HTTP_Server_mod_rewrite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Apache HTTP Server mod_rewrite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apache_HTTP_Server_mod_rewrite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-nginx_rewrite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#nginx_rewrite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>nginx rewrite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-nginx_rewrite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refresh_Meta_tag_and_HTTP_refresh_header" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refresh_Meta_tag_and_HTTP_refresh_header"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Refresh Meta tag and HTTP refresh header</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refresh_Meta_tag_and_HTTP_refresh_header-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JavaScript_redirects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JavaScript_redirects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>JavaScript redirects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JavaScript_redirects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Frame_redirects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frame_redirects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Frame redirects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frame_redirects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redirect_chains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redirect_chains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Redirect chains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redirect_chains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redirect_loops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redirect_loops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Redirect loops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redirect_loops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Services</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Services-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Services subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-URL_redirection_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#URL_redirection_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>URL redirection services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-URL_redirection_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referrer_masking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referrer_masking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Referrer masking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referrer_masking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Security issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">URL redirection</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%A2%D8%B1_%D8%A5%D9%84" title="إعادة توجيه يو آر إل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إعادة توجيه يو آر إل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL-alias" title="URL-alias – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="URL-alias" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weiterleitung" title="Weiterleitung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Weiterleitung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirecci%C3%B3n_de_URL" title="Redirección de URL – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Redirección de URL" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%BA%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="تغییر مسیر نشانی وب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تغییر مسیر نشانی وب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirection_d%27URL" title="Redirection d'URL – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Redirection d'URL" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A0%89%EC%85%98" title="URL 리다이렉션 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="URL 리다이렉션" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindirizzamento_di_URL" title="Reindirizzamento di URL – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reindirizzamento di URL" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88_(HTTP)" title="リダイレクト (HTTP) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リダイレクト (HTTP)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przekierowanie_URL" title="Przekierowanie URL – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przekierowanie URL" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redirecionamento_de_URL" title="Redirecionamento de URL – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Redirecionamento de URL" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_URL" title="Перенаправление URL – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перенаправление URL" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_preusmerenje" title="URL preusmerenje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="URL preusmerenje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_URL" title="Перенаправлення URL – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перенаправлення URL" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E5%9F%9F%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1%E8%BD%89%E5%9D%80" title="網域名稱轉址 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="網域名稱轉址" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1236807#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/URL_redirection" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:URL_redirection" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/URL_redirection"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique for making a Web page available under more than one URL address</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For URL redirection on Wikipedia, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Redirect" title="Wikipedia:Redirect">Wikipedia:Redirect</a>.</div> <p><b>URL redirection</b>, also called <b>URL forwarding</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> technique for making a <a href="/wiki/Web_page" title="Web page">web page</a> available under more than one <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Locator" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Resource Locator">URL</a> address. When a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> attempts to open a URL that has been redirected, a page with a different URL is opened. Similarly, domain redirection or domain forwarding is when all pages in a URL <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain</a> are redirected to a different domain, as when <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.com/">wikipedia.com</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.net/">wikipedia.net</a> are automatically redirected to <a class="external text" href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">wikipedia.org</a>. </p><p>URL redirection is done for various reasons: </p> <ul><li>for <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a>;</li> <li>to prevent <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">broken links</a> when web pages are moved;</li> <li>to allow multiple domain names belonging to the same owner to refer to a single <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">web site</a>;</li> <li>to guide navigation into and out of a website;</li> <li>for privacy protection (such as redirecting <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> links to <a href="/wiki/Invidious" title="Invidious">Invidious</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitter" title="Nitter">Nitter</a> respectively or to turn <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Mobile_Pages" title="Accelerated Mobile Pages">AMP</a> links into normal links); and</li> <li>for hostile purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks or malware distribution.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several reasons to use URL redirection: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forcing_HTTPS">Forcing HTTPS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Forcing HTTPS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A website may potentially be accessible over both a secure <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a> URI scheme and plain HTTP (an insecure URI beginning with "http://"). </p><p>If a user types in a URI or clicks on a link that refers to the insecure variant, the browser will automatically redirect to the secure version in case the website is contained in the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_Strict_Transport_Security" title="HTTP Strict Transport Security">HSTS</a> preload list shipped with the application or if the user had already visited the origin in the past. </p><p>Otherwise the website will be contacted over HTTP. A website operator may decide to serve such requests by redirecting the browser to the HTTPS variant instead and hopefully also priming HSTS for future accesses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_domain_names">Similar domain names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similar domain names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A user might mistype a URL. Organizations often register these misspelled domains and redirect them to the intended location. This technique is often used to "reserve" other <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a> (TLD) with the same name, or make it easier for a ".edu" or ".net" site to accommodate users who type ".com". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moving_pages_to_a_new_domain">Moving pages to a new domain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Moving pages to a new domain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web pages may be redirected to a new domain for three reasons: </p> <ul><li>a site might desire, or need, to change its domain name;</li> <li>an author might move their individual pages to a new domain;</li> <li>two web sites might merge.</li></ul> <p>With URL redirects, incoming links to an outdated URL can be sent to the correct location. These links might be from other sites that have not realized that there is a change or from bookmarks/favorites that users have saved in their browsers. The same applies to <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engines</a>. They often have the older/outdated domain names and links in their database and will send search users to these old URLs. By using a "moved permanently" redirect to the new URL, visitors will still end up at the correct page. Also, in the next search engine pass, the search engine should detect and use the newer URL. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logging_outgoing_links">Logging outgoing links</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Logging outgoing links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The access logs of most web servers keep detailed information about where visitors came from and how they browsed the hosted site. They do not, however, log which links visitors left by. This is because the visitor's browser has no need to communicate with the original server when the visitor clicks on an outgoing link. This information can be captured in several ways. One way involves URL redirection. Instead of sending the visitor straight to the other site, links on the site can direct to a URL on the original website's domain that automatically redirects to the real target. This technique bears the downside of the delay caused by the additional request to the original website's server. As this added request will leave a trace in the server log, revealing exactly which link was followed, it can also be a privacy issue.<sup id="cite_ref-NtrEdf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtrEdf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same technique is also used by some corporate websites to implement a statement that the subsequent content is at another site, and therefore not necessarily affiliated with the corporation. In such scenarios, displaying the warning causes an additional delay. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_aliases_for_long_URLs">Short aliases for long URLs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Short aliases for long URLs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a></div> <p>Web applications often include lengthy descriptive attributes in their URLs which represent data hierarchies, command structures, transaction paths and session information. This practice results in a URL that is aesthetically unpleasant and difficult to remember, and which may not fit within the size limitations of <a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">microblogging</a> sites. <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a> services provide a solution to this problem by redirecting a user to a longer URL from a shorter one.<sup id="cite_ref-NtrEdf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NtrEdf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meaningful,_persistent_aliases_for_long_or_changing_URLs"><span id="Meaningful.2C_persistent_aliases_for_long_or_changing_URLs"></span>Meaningful, persistent aliases for long or changing URLs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Meaningful, persistent aliases for long or changing URLs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Permalink" title="Permalink">Permalink</a>, <a href="/wiki/PURL" class="mw-redirect" title="PURL">PURL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">Link rot</a></div> <p>Sometimes the URL of a page changes even though the content stays the same. Therefore, URL redirection can help users who have bookmarks. This is routinely done on Wikipedia whenever a page is renamed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post/Redirect/Get"><span id="Post.2FRedirect.2FGet"></span>Post/Redirect/Get</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post/Redirect/Get"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post/Redirect/Get" title="Post/Redirect/Get">Post/Redirect/Get</a></div> <p>Post/Redirect/Get (PRG) is a <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> <a href="/wiki/Design_pattern" title="Design pattern">design pattern</a> that prevents some duplicate <a href="/wiki/Form_(web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Form (web)">form</a> submissions if the user clicks the refresh button after submitting the form, creating a more intuitive interface for <a href="/wiki/User_agent" title="User agent">user agents</a> (users). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Device_targeting_and_geotargeting">Device targeting and geotargeting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Device targeting and geotargeting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redirects can be effectively used for targeting purposes like <a href="/wiki/Geotargeting" title="Geotargeting">geotargeting</a>. Device targeting has become increasingly important with the rise of mobile clients. There are two approaches to serve mobile users: Make the website <a href="/wiki/Responsive_web_design" title="Responsive web design">responsive</a> or redirect to a mobile website version. If a mobile website version is offered, users with mobile clients will be automatically forwarded to the corresponding mobile content. For device targeting, client-side redirects or non-cacheable server-side redirects are used. Geotargeting is the approach to offer localized content and automatically forward the user to a localized version of the requested URL. This is helpful for websites that target audience in more than one location and/or language. Usually server-side redirects are used for Geotargeting but client-side redirects might be an option as well, depending on requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-KFihp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KFihp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manipulating_search_engines">Manipulating search engines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manipulating search engines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redirects have been used to manipulate search engines with unethical intentions, e.g., <a href="/wiki/URL_hijacking" class="mw-redirect" title="URL hijacking">URL hijacking</a>. The goal of misleading redirects is to drive search traffic to landing pages, which do not have enough ranking power on their own or which are only remotely or not at all related to the search target. The approach requires a rank for a range of search terms with a number of URLs that would utilize sneaky redirects to forward the searcher to the target page. This method had a revival with the uprise of mobile devices and device targeting. URL hijacking is an off-domain redirect technique<sup id="cite_ref-NAY3X_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAY3X-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that exploited the nature of the search engine's handling for temporary redirects. If a temporary redirect is encountered, search engines have to decide whether they assign the ranking value to the URL that initializes the redirect or to the redirect target URL. The URL that initiates the redirect may be kept to show up in search results, as the redirect indicates a temporary nature. Under certain circumstances it was possible to exploit this behavior by applying temporary redirects to well-ranking URLs, leading to a replacement of the original URL in search results by the URL that initialized the redirect, therefore "stealing" the ranking. This method was usually combined with sneaky redirects to re-target the user stream from the search results to a target page. Search engines have developed efficient technologies to detect these kinds of manipulative approaches. Major search engines usually apply harsh ranking penalties on sites that get caught applying techniques like these.<sup id="cite_ref-vMaE1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vMaE1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manipulating_visitors">Manipulating visitors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Manipulating visitors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>URL redirection is sometimes used as a part of <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks that confuse visitors about which web site they are visiting.<sup id="cite_ref-XP9Dh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-XP9Dh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because modern browsers always show the real URL in the address bar, the threat is lessened. However, redirects can also take you to sites that will otherwise attempt to attack in other ways. For example, a redirect might take a user to a site that would attempt to trick them into downloading antivirus software and installing a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_horse_(computing)" title="Trojan horse (computing)">Trojan</a> of some sort instead. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Removing_referrer_information">Removing <code>referrer</code> information</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Removing referrer information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a link is clicked, the browser sends along in the <a href="/wiki/HTTP_request" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP request">HTTP request</a> a field called <a href="/wiki/HTTP_referer" title="HTTP referer">referer</a> which indicates the source of the link. This field is populated with the URL of the current web page, and will end up in the <a href="/wiki/Server_log" class="mw-redirect" title="Server log">logs</a> of the server serving the external link. Since sensitive pages may have sensitive URLs (for example, <code>https://company.com/plans-for-the-next-release-of-our-product</code>), it is not desirable for the <code>referrer</code> URL to leave the organization. A redirection page that performs <a href="/wiki/Referer#Referrer_hiding" class="mw-redirect" title="Referer">referrer hiding</a> could be embedded in all external URLs, transforming for example <code>https://externalsite.com/page</code> into <code>https://redirect.company.com/https://externalsite.com/page</code>. This technique also eliminates other potentially sensitive information from the referrer URL, such as the <a href="/wiki/Session_ID" title="Session ID">session ID</a>, and can reduce the chance of <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> by indicating to the end user that they passed a clear gateway to another site. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several different kinds of response to the browser will result in a redirection. These vary in whether they affect <a href="/wiki/HTTP_headers" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP headers">HTTP headers</a> or HTML content. The techniques used typically depend on the role of the person implementing it and their access to different parts of the system. For example, a web author with no control over the headers might use a <a href="/wiki/Meta_refresh" title="Meta refresh">Refresh meta tag</a> whereas a web server administrator redirecting all pages on a site is more likely to use server configuration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manual_redirect">Manual redirect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Manual redirect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The simplest technique is to ask the visitor to follow a link to the new page, usually using an HTML anchor like: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span>Please follow <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span>this link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>. </pre></div> <p>This method is often used as a fall-back — if the browser does not support the automatic redirect, the visitor can still reach the target document by following the link. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HTTP_status_codes_3xx">HTTP status codes 3xx</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: HTTP status codes 3xx"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a> used by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, a <b>redirect</b> is a response with a <a href="/wiki/List_of_HTTP_status_codes" title="List of HTTP status codes">status code</a> beginning with <i>3</i> that causes a browser to display a different page. If a client encounters a redirect, it needs to make a number of decisions how to handle the redirect. Different status codes are used by clients to understand the purpose of the redirect, how to handle caching and which request method to use for the subsequent request. </p><p>HTTP/1.1 defines several status codes for redirection (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231">RFC 7231</a>): </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_300" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 300">300 multiple choices</a> (e.g. offer different languages)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_301" title="HTTP 301">301 moved permanently</a> (redirects permanently from one URL to another passing link equity to the redirected page)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_302" title="HTTP 302">302 found</a> (originally "temporary redirect" in HTTP/1.0 and popularly used for CGI scripts; superseded by 303 and 307 in HTTP/1.1 but preserved for backward compatibility)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_303" title="HTTP 303">303 see other</a> (forces a GET request to the new URL even if original request was POST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/305_Use_Proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="305 Use Proxy">305 use proxy</a> (indicates that the client's requested resource is only available through a proxy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_307" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 307">307 temporary redirect</a> (provides a new URL for the browser to resubmit a GET or POST request)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_308" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 308">308 permanent redirect</a> (provides a new URL for the browser to resubmit a GET or POST request)</li></ul> <p>Status codes <a href="/wiki/HTTP_304" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 304">304 not modified</a> and <a href="/wiki/HTTP_305" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP 305">305 use proxy</a> are not redirects. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><span class="anchor" id="Redirect_status_codes_and_characteristics"></span> Redirect status codes and characteristics<sup id="cite_ref-G1Lfc_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G1Lfc-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>HTTP Status Code</th> <th>HTTP Version</th> <th>Temporary / Permanent</th> <th>Cacheable</th> <th>Request Method Subsequent Request </th></tr> <tr> <td>301</td> <td>HTTP/1.0</td> <td>Permanent</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td>GET / POST may change </td></tr> <tr> <td>302</td> <td>HTTP/1.0</td> <td>Temporary</td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">not by default</td> <td>GET / POST may change </td></tr> <tr> <td>303</td> <td>HTTP/1.1</td> <td>Temporary</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">never</td> <td>always GET </td></tr> <tr> <td>307</td> <td>HTTP/1.1</td> <td>Temporary</td> <td style="background: #FFE3E3; color: black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-no2">not by default</td> <td>may not change </td></tr> <tr> <td>308</td> <td>HTTP/1.1</td> <td>Permanent</td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">by default</td> <td>may not change </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>All of these status codes require the URL of the redirect target to be given in the Location: header of the HTTP response. The 300 multiple choices will usually list all choices in the body of the message and show the default choice in the Location: header. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Example_HTTP_response_for_a_301_redirect">Example HTTP response for a 301 redirect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Example HTTP response for a 301 redirect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a> response with the 301 "moved permanently" redirect looks like this: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">301</span> <span class="ne">Moved Permanently</span> <span class="na">Location</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">https://www.example.org/</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html</span> <span class="na">Content-Length</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">174</span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>Moved<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> =Moved= <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>This page has moved to <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.org/"</span><span class="p">></span>https://www.example.org/<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Using_server-side_scripting_for_redirection">Using server-side scripting for redirection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Using server-side scripting for redirection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web authors producing HTML content can't usually create redirects using HTTP headers as these are generated automatically by the web server program when serving an HTML file. The same is usually true even for programmers writing CGI scripts, though some servers allow scripts to add custom headers (e.g. by enabling "non-parsed-headers"). Many web servers will generate a 3xx status code if a script outputs a "Location:" header line. For example, in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, one can use the "header" function: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-php mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'HTTP/1.1 301 Moved Permanently'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="nb">header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Location: https://www.example.com/'</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="k">exit</span><span class="p">();</span> </pre></div> <p>More headers may be required to prevent caching.<sup id="cite_ref-php-301-robust-solution_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-php-301-robust-solution-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programmer must ensure that the headers are output before the body. This may not fit easily with the natural flow of control through the code. To help with this, some frameworks for server-side content generation can buffer the body data. In the <a href="/wiki/Active_Server_Pages" title="Active Server Pages">ASP scripting</a> language, this can also be accomplished using <code>response.buffer=true</code> and <code>response.redirect "https://www.example.com/"</code> HTTP/1.1 allows for either a relative URI reference or an absolute URI reference.<sup id="cite_ref-venDA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venDA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the URI reference is relative the client computes the required absolute URI reference according to the rules defined in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3986">RFC 3986</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3Y1IG_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3Y1IG-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apache_HTTP_Server_mod_rewrite">Apache HTTP Server mod_rewrite<span class="anchor" id="mod_rewrite"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Apache HTTP Server mod_rewrite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Apache_HTTP_Server" title="Apache HTTP Server">Apache HTTP Server</a> mod_alias extension can be used to redirect certain requests. Typical configuration directives look like: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apache mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">Redirect</span><span class="w"> </span>permanent<span class="w"> </span><span class="sx">/oldpage.html</span><span class="w"> </span>https://www.example.com/newpage.html <span class="nb">Redirect</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="m">301</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="sx">/oldpage.html</span><span class="w"> </span>https://www.example.com/newpage.html </pre></div> <p>For more flexible <a href="/wiki/URL_rewriting" class="mw-redirect" title="URL rewriting">URL rewriting</a> and redirection, Apache mod_rewrite can be used. E.g., to redirect a requests to a canonical domain name: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-apache mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">RewriteEngine</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">on</span> <span class="nb">RewriteCond</span><span class="w"> </span>%{HTTP_HOST}<span class="w"> </span>^([^.:]+\.)*oldsite\.example\.com\.?(:[0-9]*)?$<span class="w"> </span>[NC] <span class="nb">RewriteRule</span><span class="w"> </span>^(.*)$<span class="w"> </span>https://newsite.example.net/$1<span class="w"> </span>[R=301,L] </pre></div> <p>Such configuration can be applied to one or all sites on the server through the server configuration files or to a single content directory through a <code><a href="/wiki/.htaccess" title=".htaccess">.htaccess</a></code> file. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="nginx_rewrite">nginx rewrite</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: nginx rewrite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nginx" title="Nginx">Nginx</a> has an integrated http rewrite module,<sup id="cite_ref-T6lN6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-T6lN6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be used to perform advanced URL processing and even web-page generation (with the <code>return</code> directive). An example of such advanced use of the rewrite module is mdoc.su, which implements a deterministic <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a> service entirely with the help of nginx configuration language alone.<sup id="cite_ref-ltnoQ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ltnoQ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sjHzb_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sjHzb-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, if a request for <code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command=HAMMER&section=5">/DragonFlyBSD/HAMMER.5</a></code> were to come along, it would first be redirected internally to <code>/d/HAMMER.5</code> with the first rewrite directive below (only affecting the internal state, without any HTTP replies issued to the client just yet), and then with the second rewrite directive, an <a href="/wiki/HTTP_response" class="mw-redirect" title="HTTP response">HTTP response</a> with a <a href="/wiki/HTTP_302" title="HTTP 302">302 Found status code</a> would be issued to the client to actually redirect to the external <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">cgi script</a> of web-<a href="/wiki/Man_page" title="Man page">man</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-y0ZUF_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-y0ZUF-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-nginx mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">location</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">/DragonFly</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">rewrite</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">^/DragonFly(BSD)?([,/].*)?</span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="s">/d</span><span class="nv">$2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">last</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="k">location</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">/d</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">{</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$db</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"https://leaf.dragonflybsd.org/cgi/web-man?command="</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">set</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$ds</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"&section="</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">rewrite</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">^/./([^/]+)\.([1-9])</span>$<span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">$db$1$ds$2</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">redirect</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="w"> </span><span class="p">}</span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refresh_Meta_tag_and_HTTP_refresh_header">Refresh Meta tag and HTTP refresh header</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Refresh Meta tag and HTTP refresh header"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Meta_refresh" title="Meta refresh">meta refresh</a> feature which refreshes a page after a certain amount of time. This can specify a new URL to replace one page with another. This is supported by most web browsers.<sup id="cite_ref-iFTFs_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iFTFs-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BEKGZ_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BEKGZ-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A timeout of zero seconds effects an immediate redirect. This is treated like a 301 permanent redirect by Google, allowing transfer of PageRank to the target page.<sup id="cite_ref-DOOOW_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOOOW-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is an example of a simple HTML document that uses this technique: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">http-equiv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"Refresh"</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"0; url=https://www.example.com/"</span> <span class="p">/></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span>Please follow <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span>this link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">p</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>This technique can be used by <a href="/wiki/Web_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Web designer">web authors</a> because the meta tag is contained inside the document itself. The meta tag must be placed in the "head" section of the HTML file. The number "0" in this example may be replaced by another number to achieve a delay of that many seconds. The anchor in the "body" section is for users whose browsers do not support this feature. </p><p>The same effect can be achieved with an HTTP <code>refresh</code> header: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-http mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="kr">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="m">1.1</span> <span class="m">200</span> <span class="ne">OK</span> <span class="na">Refresh</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">0; url=https://www.example.com/</span> <span class="na">Content-Type</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">text/html</span> <span class="na">Content-Length</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="l">78</span> Please follow <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span>this link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>. </pre></div> <p>This response is easier to generate by CGI programs because one does not need to change the default status code. </p><p>Here is a simple CGI program that effects this redirect: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-perl mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># !/usr/bin/perl</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Refresh: 0; url=https://www.example.com/\r\n"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Content-Type: text/html\r\n"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"\r\n"</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="k">print</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="s">"Please follow <a href=\"https://www.example.com/\">this link</a>!"</span> </pre></div> <p>Note: Usually, the HTTP server adds the status line and the Content-Length header automatically. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a> discourage the use of meta refresh, since it does not communicate any information about either the original or new resource, to the browser (or <a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">search engine</a>). The W3C's Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (7.4)<sup id="cite_ref-DO1Os_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DO1Os-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discourage the creation of auto-refreshing pages, since most web browsers do not allow the user to disable or control the refresh rate. Some articles that they have written on the issue include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/#gl-movement">W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (1.0): Ensure user control of time-sensitive content changes</a>, Use standard redirects: don't break the back button!<sup id="cite_ref-sEvbk_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sEvbk-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Core Techniques for Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 1.0 section 7.<sup id="cite_ref-V6sLN_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V6sLN-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="JavaScript_redirects">JavaScript redirects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: JavaScript redirects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> can cause a redirect by setting the <code>window.location</code> attribute, e.g.: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s1">'https://www.example.com/'</span> </pre></div> <p>Normally JavaScript pushes the redirector site's <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a> to the browser's history. It can cause redirect loops when users hit the back button. With the following command you can prevent this type of behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-knBmq_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knBmq-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-javascript mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="nb">window</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">location</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">replace</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'https://www.example.com/'</span><span class="p">)</span> </pre></div> <p>However, HTTP headers or the refresh meta tag may be preferred for security reasons and because JavaScript will not be executed by some browsers and many <a href="/wiki/Web_crawler" title="Web crawler">web crawlers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frame_redirects">Frame redirects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Frame redirects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A slightly different effect can be achieved by creating an inline <a href="/wiki/Frame_(World_Wide_Web)" title="Frame (World Wide Web)">frame</a>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">iframe</span> <span class="na">height</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"100%"</span> <span class="na">width</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"100%"</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span> Please follow <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span>link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>. <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">iframe</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>One main difference to the above redirect methods is that for a frame redirect, the browser displays the URL of the frame document and not the URL of the target page in the URL bar. This <i>cloaking</i> technique may be used so that the reader sees a more memorable URL or to fraudulently conceal a <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> site as part of <a href="/wiki/Website_spoofing" title="Website spoofing">website spoofing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-G9pV6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G9pV6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before HTML5,<sup id="cite_ref-zW4Ol_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zW4Ol-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same effect could be done with an <a href="/wiki/Framing_(World_Wide_Web)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing (World Wide Web)">HTML frame</a> that contains the target page: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">frameset</span> <span class="na">rows</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"100%"</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">frame</span> <span class="na">src</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">noframes</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span>Please follow <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://www.example.com/"</span><span class="p">></span>link<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>.<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">noframes</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">frameset</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redirect_chains">Redirect chains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Redirect chains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Double redirect" redirects here. For Wikipedia's guideline on Double redirect, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Double_redirects" title="Wikipedia:Double redirects">Wikipedia:Double redirects</a>.</div> <p>One redirect may lead to another in a redirect chain. If a redirect leads to another redirect, this may also be known as a double redirect.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the URL "<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wikipedia.com">https://wikipedia.com</a>" (with "*.com" as domain) is first redirected to <a class="external free" href="https://www.wikipedia.org/">https://www.wikipedia.org/</a> (with domain name in <a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a>), where you can navigate to the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/">language-specific site</a>. This is unavoidable if the different links in the chain are served by different servers though it should be minimised by <i><a href="/wiki/Rewriting" title="Rewriting">rewriting</a></i> the URL as much as possible on the server before returning it to the browser as a redirect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redirect_loops">Redirect loops</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Redirect loops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes a mistake can cause a page to end up redirecting back to itself, possibly via other pages, leading to an infinite sequence of redirects. Browsers should stop redirecting after a certain number of hops and display an error message. </p><p>The HTTP/1.1 Standard states:<sup id="cite_ref-rfc7231sec6.4_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc7231sec6.4-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>A client <i>SHOULD</i> detect and intervene in cyclical redirections (i.e., "infinite" redirection loops). </p><p>Note: An earlier version of this specification recommended a maximum of five redirections ([<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2068">RFC 2068</a>], Section 10.3). Content developers need to be aware that some clients might implement such a fixed limitation. </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Services">Services</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There exist services that can perform URL redirection on demand, with no need for technical work or access to the web server your site is hosted on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="URL_redirection_services">URL redirection services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: URL redirection services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>redirect service</b> is an information management system, which provides an internet link that redirects users to the desired content. The typical benefit to the user is the use of a memorable domain name, and a reduction in the length of the URL or web address. A redirecting link can also be used as a permanent address for content that frequently changes hosts, similarly to the <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">Domain Name System</a>. Hyperlinks involving URL redirection services are frequently used in spam messages directed at blogs and wikis. Thus, one way to reduce spam is to reject all edits and comments containing hyperlinks to known URL redirection services; however, this will also remove legitimate edits and comments and may not be an effective method to reduce spam. Recently, URL redirection services have taken to using <a href="/wiki/AJAX" class="mw-redirect" title="AJAX">AJAX</a> as an efficient, user friendly method for creating shortened URLs. A major drawback of some URL redirection services is the use of delay pages, or frame based advertising, to generate revenue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first redirect services took advantage of <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domains" class="mw-redirect" title="Top-level domains">top-level domains</a> (TLD) such as "<a href="/wiki/.to" title=".to">.to</a>" (Tonga), "<a href="/wiki/.at" title=".at">.at</a>" (Austria) and "<a href="/wiki/.is" title=".is">.is</a>" (Iceland). Their goal was to make memorable URLs. The first mainstream redirect service was V3.com that boasted 4 million users at its peak in 2000. V3.com success was attributed to having a wide variety of short memorable domains including "r.im", "go.to", "i.am", "come.to" and "start.at". V3.com was acquired by FortuneCity.com, a large free web hosting company, in early 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-2Died_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2Died-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the sales price of top level domains started falling from <span style="white-space: nowrap">$50.00</span> per year to less than <span style="white-space: nowrap">$10.00</span>, use of redirection services declined. With the launch of <a href="/wiki/TinyURL" title="TinyURL">TinyURL</a> in 2002 a new kind of redirecting service was born, namely <a href="/wiki/URL_shortening" title="URL shortening">URL shortening</a>. Their goal was to make long URLs short, to be able to post them on internet forums. Since 2006, with the 140 character limit on the extremely popular <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> service, these short URL services have been heavily used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referrer_masking">Referrer masking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Referrer masking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Redirection services can hide the <a href="/wiki/Referrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Referrer">referrer</a> by placing an intermediate page between the page the link is on and its destination. Although these are conceptually similar to other URL redirection services, they serve a different purpose, and they rarely attempt to shorten or obfuscate the destination URL (as their only intended side-effect is to hide referrer information and provide a clear gateway between other websites.) This type of redirection is often used to prevent potentially-malicious links from gaining information using the referrer, for example a <a href="/wiki/Session_ID" title="Session ID">session ID</a> in the query string. Many large community websites use link redirection on external links to lessen the chance of an exploit that could be used to steal account information, as well as make it clear when a user is leaving a service, to lessen the chance of effective <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> . </p><p>Here is a simplistic example of such a service, written in <a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>. </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-html+php mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="cp"><?php</span> <span class="nv">$url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">htmlspecialchars</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nv">$_GET</span><span class="p">[</span><span class="s1">'url'</span><span class="p">]);</span> <span class="nb">header</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s1">'Refresh: 0; url=https://'</span> <span class="o">.</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">);</span> <span class="cp">?></span> <span class="cm"></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span>Redirecting...<span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">title</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">meta</span> <span class="na">http-equiv</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"refresh"</span> <span class="na">content</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"0;url=https://</span><span class="cp"><?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">head</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> Attempting to redirect to <span class="p"><</span><span class="nt">a</span> <span class="na">href</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">"https://</span><span class="cp"><?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="s">"</span><span class="p">></span>https://<span class="cp"><?</span><span class="o">=</span> <span class="nv">$url</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="cp">?></span><span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">a</span><span class="p">></span>. <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">body</span><span class="p">></span> <span class="p"></</span><span class="nt">html</span><span class="p">></span> </pre></div> <p>The above example does not check who called it (e.g. by referrer, although that could be spoofed). Also, it does not check the URL provided. This means that a malicious person could link to the redirection page using a URL parameter of his/her own selection, from any page, which uses the web server's resources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_issues">Security issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Security issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>URL redirection can be abused by attackers to perform <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> attacks. If a redirect target is not sufficiently validated by a web application, an attacker can make a web application redirect to an arbitrary website. This vulnerability is known as an open-redirect vulnerability.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Open_Redirect_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Open_Redirect-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In certain cases when an open redirect occurs as part of an <a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">authentication</a> flow, the vulnerability is known as a covert redirect.<sup id="cite_ref-Covert_Redirect_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covert_Redirect-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNET_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNET-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a covert redirect occurs, the attacker website can steal <a href="/wiki/Authentication_cookie" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentication cookie">authentication information</a> from the victim website.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open redirect vulnerabilities are fairly common on the web. In June 2022, TechRadar found over 25 active examples of open redirect vulnerabilities on the web, including sites like <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Open redirects have their own CWE identifier, CWE-601.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>URL redirection also provides a mechanism to perform <a href="/wiki/Cross-site_leak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-site leak">cross-site leak</a> attacks. By timing how long a website took to return a particular page or by differentiating one destination page from another, an attacker can gain significant information about another website's state. In 2021, Knittel et al. discovered a vulnerability in the Chrome's Performance API implementation which allowed them to reliably detect cross-origin redirects.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canonical_link_element" title="Canonical link element">Canonical link element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_URL" title="Clean URL">Clean URL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_masking" title="Domain masking">Domain masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTTP_location" title="HTTP location">HTTP location</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_rot" title="Link rot">Link rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/URI_normalization" title="URI normalization">URI normalization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=URL_redirection&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NtrEdf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NtrEdf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NtrEdf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XSinator.com%3A+From+a+Formal+Model+to+the+Automatic+Evaluation+of+Cross-Site+Leaks+in+Web+Browsers&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2021+ACM+SIGSAC+Conference+on+Computer+and+Communications+Security&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY%2C+USA&rft.series=CCS+%2721&rft.pages=1771-1788&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F3460120.3484739&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-8454-4&rft.aulast=Knittel&rft.aufirst=Lukas&rft.au=Mainka%2C+Christian&rft.au=Niemietz%2C+Marcus&rft.au=No%C3%9F%2C+Dominik+Trevor&rft.au=Schwenk%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F3460120.3484739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AURL+redirection" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Email_spam" title="Email spam">Email spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Address_munging" title="Address munging">Address munging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_email_software" title="Bulk email software">Bulk email software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_harvest_attack" title="Directory harvest attack">Directory harvest attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System_blocklist" title="Domain Name System blocklist">DNSBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNSWL" class="mw-redirect" title="DNSWL">DNSWL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email_spoofing" title="Email spoofing">Email spoofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_spam" title="Image spam">Image spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_job" title="Joe job">Joe job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_contract" title="Pink contract">Pink contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Email-address_harvesting" title="Email-address harvesting">Spambot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_dialer" title="Auto dialer">Auto dialer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flyposting" title="Flyposting">Flyposting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_fax" title="Junk fax">Junk fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messaging_spam" title="Messaging spam">Messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsgroup_spam" title="Newsgroup spam">Newsgroup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robocall" title="Robocall">Robocall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spambot" title="Spambot">Spambot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoIP_spam" title="VoIP spam">VoIP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques" title="Anti-spam techniques">Anti-spam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-spam_techniques_(users)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-spam techniques (users)">Client-side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge%E2%80%93response_spam_filtering" title="Challenge–response spam filtering">Challenge–response spam filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Context_filtering" title="Context filtering">Context filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_email_address" title="Disposable email address">Disposable email address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Checksum_Clearinghouse" title="Distributed Checksum 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