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biofuels</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: solid biofuels"> <meta name="keywords" content="solid biofuels"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="solid biofuels"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 2307</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: solid biofuels</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2307</span> NOx Emission and Computational Analysis of Jatropha Curcus Fuel and Crude Oil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vipan%20Kumar%20Sohpal">Vipan Kumar Sohpal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rajesh%20K%20Sharma"> Rajesh K Sharma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Diminishing of conventional fuels and hysterical vehicles emission leads to deterioration of the environment, which emphasize the research to work on biofuels. Biofuels from different sources attract the attention of research due to low emission and biodegradability. Emission of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and H-C reduced drastically using Biofuels (B-20) combustion. Contrary to the conventional fuel, engine emission results indicated that nitrous oxide emission is higher in Biofuels. So this paper examines and compares the nitrogen oxide emission of Jatropha Curcus (JCO) B-20% blends with the vegetable oil. In addition to that computational analysis of crude non edible oil performed to assess the impact of composition on emission quality. In conclusion, JCO have the potential feedstock for the biodiesel production after the genetic modification in the plant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=jatropha%20curcus" title="jatropha curcus">jatropha curcus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20analysis" title=" computational analysis"> computational analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emissions" title=" emissions"> emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=NOx%20biofuels" title=" NOx biofuels"> NOx biofuels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48173/nox-emission-and-computational-analysis-of-jatropha-curcus-fuel-and-crude-oil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48173.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">586</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2306</span> Chemistry and Sources of Solid Biofuel Derived Ambient Aerosols during Cooking and Non-Cooking Hours in Rural Area of Khairatpur, North-Central India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sudha%20Shukla">Sudha Shukla</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bablu%20Kumar"> Bablu Kumar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyan%20Prakash%20Gupta"> Gyan Prakash Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=U.%20C.%20Kulshrestha"> U. C. Kulshrestha</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Air pollutants emitted from solid biofuels during cooking are the major contributors to poor air quality, respiratory problems, and radiative forcing, etc. in rural areas of most of developing countries. The present study reports the chemical characteristics and sources of ambient aerosols and traces gases during cooking and non-cooking hours emitted during biofuel combustion in a village in North-Central India. Fine aerosol samples along with gaseous species (Sox, NOx, and NH₃) were collected during September 2010-March 2011 at Khairatpur village (KPV) which is located in the Uttar Pradesh state in North-Central India. Results indicated that most of the major ions in aerosols and Sox, NOx, and NH₃ gases were found to be higher during cooking hours as compared to non-cooking hours suggesting that solid biofuel combustion is an important source of air pollution. Results of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that combustion of solid biofuel, vehicular emissions, and brick kilns were the major sources of fine aerosols and trace gases in the village. A health survey was conducted to find out the relation between users of biofuels and their health effects and the results revealed that most of the women in the village were suffering from diseases associated with biofuel combustion during cooking. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ambient%20aerosols" title="ambient aerosols">ambient aerosols</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuel%20combustion" title=" biofuel combustion"> biofuel combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cooking" title=" cooking"> cooking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20survey" title=" health survey"> health survey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rural%20area" title=" rural area"> rural area</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75925/chemistry-and-sources-of-solid-biofuel-derived-ambient-aerosols-during-cooking-and-non-cooking-hours-in-rural-area-of-khairatpur-north-central-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/75925.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">240</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2305</span> Optimizing Cellulase Production from Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Following a Solid State Fermentation (SSF) by Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jwan%20J.%20Abdullah">Jwan J. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Greetham%20Darren"> Greetham Darren</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gregory%20A"> Gregory A</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tucker"> Tucker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chenyu%20Du"> Chenyu Du </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is an alternative to liquid fermentations for the production of commercially important products such as antibiotics, single cell proteins, enzymes, organic acids, or biofuels from lignocellulosic material. This paper describes the optimisation of SSF on municipal solid waste (MSW) for the production of cellulase enzyme. Production of cellulase enzymes was optimised by Trichoderma reesei or Aspergillus niger for temperature, moisture content, inoculation, and period of incubation. Also, presence of minerals, and alternative carbon and nitrogen sources. Optimisation revealed that production of cellulolytic enzymes was optimal when using Trichoderma spp at 30°C with an incubation period of 168 hours with a 60% moisture content. Crude enzymes produced from MSW, by Trichoderma were evaluated for the saccharification of MSW and compared with activity of a commercially available enzyme, results demonstrated that MSW can be used as inexpensive lignocellulosic material for the production of cellulase enzymes using Trichoderma reesei. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SSF" title="SSF">SSF</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzyme%20hydrolysis" title=" enzyme hydrolysis"> enzyme hydrolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste%20%28MSW%29" title=" municipal solid waste (MSW)"> municipal solid waste (MSW)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimizing%20conditions" title=" optimizing conditions"> optimizing conditions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=enzyme%20hydrolysis" title=" enzyme hydrolysis "> enzyme hydrolysis </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26580/optimizing-cellulase-production-from-municipal-solid-wastes-msw-following-a-solid-state-fermentation-ssf-by-trichoderma-reesei-and-aspergillus-niger" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26580.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">555</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2304</span> Improve of Biomass Properties through Torrefaction Process</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Malgorzata%20Walkowiak">Malgorzata Walkowiak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Magdalena%20Witczak"> Magdalena Witczak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wojciech%20Cichy"> Wojciech Cichy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biomass is an important renewable energy source in Poland. As a biofuel, it has many advantages like renewable in noticeable time and relatively high energy potential. But disadvantages of biomass like high moisture content and hygroscopic nature causes that gaining, transport, storage and preparation for combustion become troublesome and uneconomic. Thermal modification of biomass can improve hydrophobic properties, increase its calorific value and natural resistance. This form of thermal processing is known as torrefaction. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of the pre-heat treatment of wood and plant lignocellulosic raw materials on the properties of solid biofuels. The preliminary studies included pine, beech and willow wood and other lignocellulosic raw materials: mustard, hemp, grass stems, tobacco stalks, sunflower husks, Miscanthus straw, rape straw, cereal straw, Virginia Mallow straw, rapeseed meal. Torrefaction was carried out using variable temperatures and time of the process, depending on the material used. It was specified the weight loss and the ash content and calorific value was determined. It was found that the thermal treatment of the tested lignocellulosic raw materials is able to provide solid biofuel with improved properties. In the woody materials, the increase of the lower heating value was in the range of 0,3 MJ/kg (pine and beech) to 1,1 MJ/kg (willow), in non-woody materials – from 0,5 MJ/kg (tobacco stalks, Miscanthus) to 3,5 MJ/kg (rapeseed meal). The obtained results indicate for further research needs, particularly in terms of conditions of the torrefaction process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass" title="biomass">biomass</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lignocellulosic%20materials" title=" lignocellulosic materials"> lignocellulosic materials</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20biofuels" title=" solid biofuels"> solid biofuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torrefaction" title=" torrefaction"> torrefaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53382/improve-of-biomass-properties-through-torrefaction-process" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/53382.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">238</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2303</span> Influence of Densification Process and Material Properties on Final Briquettes Quality from FastGrowing Willows</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Kri%C5%BEan">Peter Križan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juraj%20Beniak"> Juraj Beniak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr%20%C5%A0oo%C5%A1"> Ľubomír Šooš</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milo%C5%A1%20Mat%C3%BA%C5%A1"> Miloš Matúš</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biomass treatment through densification is very suitable and important technology before its effective energy recovery. Densification process of biomass is significantly influenced by various technological and also material parameters which are ultimately reflected on the final solid Biofuels quality. The paper deals with the experimental research of the relationship between technological and material parameters during densification of fast-growing trees, roundly fast-rowing willow. The main goal of presented experimental research is to determine the relationship between pressing pressure raw material fraction size from a final briquettes density point of view. Experimental research was realized by single-axis densification. The impact of fraction size with interaction of pressing pressure and stabilization time on the quality properties of briquettes was determined. These parameters interaction affects the final solid biofuels (briquettes) quality. From briquettes production point of view and also from densification machines constructions point of view is very important to know about mutual interaction of these parameters on final briquettes quality. The experimental findings presented here are showing the importance of mentioned parameters during the densification process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=briquettes%20density" title="briquettes density">briquettes density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=densification" title=" densification"> densification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fraction%20size" title=" fraction size"> fraction size</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressing%20pressure" title=" pressing pressure"> pressing pressure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stabilization%20time" title=" stabilization time"> stabilization time</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37300/influence-of-densification-process-and-material-properties-on-final-briquettes-quality-from-fastgrowing-willows" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37300.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2302</span> Agro-Industrial Waste as a Source of Catalyst Production</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Brenda%20Cecilia%20Ledesma">Brenda Cecilia Ledesma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Beltramone"> Andrea Beltramone</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work deals with the bio-waste valorization approach for catalyst development, the use of products derived from biomass as raw material and the obtaining of biofuels. In this research, activated carbons were synthesized from the orange peel using different synthesis conditions. With the activated carbons obtained with the best structure and texture, PtIr bimetallic catalysts were prepared. Carbon activation was carried out through a chemical process with phosphoric acid as an activating agent, varying the acid concentration, the ratio substrate/activating agent and time of contact between them. The best support was obtained using a carbonization time of 1 h, the temperature of carbonization of 470oC, the phosphoric acid concentration of 50 wt.% and a BET area of 1429 m2/g. Subsequently, the metallic nanoparticles were deposited in the activated carbon to use the solid as a catalytic material for the hydrogenation of HMF to 2,5-DMF. The catalyst presented an excellent performance for biofuels generation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orange%20peel" title="orange peel">orange peel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-waste%20valorization" title=" bio-waste valorization"> bio-waste valorization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=platinum" title=" platinum"> platinum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=iridium" title=" iridium"> iridium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=5-hydroxymethylfurfural" title="5-hydroxymethylfurfural">5-hydroxymethylfurfural</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142523/agro-industrial-waste-as-a-source-of-catalyst-production" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142523.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2301</span> Forecasting Solid Waste Generation in Turkey</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yeliz%20Ekinci">Yeliz Ekinci</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Melis%20Koyuncu"> Melis Koyuncu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Successful planning of solid waste management systems requires successful prediction of the amount of solid waste generated in an area. Waste management planning can protect the environment and human health, hence it is tremendously important for countries. The lack of information in waste generation can cause many environmental and health problems. Turkey is a country that plans to join European Union, hence, solid waste management is one of the most significant criteria that should be handled in order to be a part of this community. Solid waste management system requires a good forecast of solid waste generation. Thus, this study aims to forecast solid waste generation in Turkey. Artificial Neural Network and Linear Regression models will be used for this aim. Many models will be run and the best one will be selected based on some predetermined performance measures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forecast" title="forecast">forecast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste%20generation" title=" solid waste generation"> solid waste generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste%20management" title=" solid waste management"> solid waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50741/forecasting-solid-waste-generation-in-turkey" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/50741.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">507</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2300</span> Environmental Evaluation of Alternative/Renewable Fuels Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Hadi%20Ibrahim">Muhammad Hadi Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The benefits of alternative/renewable fuels in general and a study of the environmental impacts of biofuels in particular have been reviewed in this paper. It is a known fact that, energy generation using fossil fuel produces many important pollutants including; nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, soot, dust, smoke and other particulate harmful matter. It’s believed that if carbon dioxide levels continue to increase drastically, the planet will become warmer and will most likely result in a variety of negative impacts including; sea-level rise, extreme and unpredictable weather events and an increased frequency of draughts in inland agricultural zones. Biofuels such as alcohols, biogas, etc. appear to be more viable alternatives, especially for use as fuels in diesel engines. The substitution of fossil fuel through increased utilization of biofuels produced in a sustainable manner, can contribute immensely towards a cleaner environment, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation of climate change. Stakeholders in the energy sector can be sensitized by the findings of the research study and to consider the possible adverse effects in developing technologies for the production and combustion of biofuels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission" title="emission">emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy" title=" energy"> energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=renewable%2Falternative%20fuel" title=" renewable/alternative fuel"> renewable/alternative fuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pollution" title=" pollution"> pollution</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11934/environmental-evaluation-of-alternativerenewable-fuels-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/11934.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">205</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2299</span> Process of Research, Development and Application of New Pelletizer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%C4%BDubom%C3%ADr%20%C5%A0oo%C5%A1">Ľubomír Šooš</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Peter%20Kri%C5%BEan"> Peter Križan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Juraj%20Beniak"> Juraj Beniak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milo%C5%A1%20Mat%C3%BA%C5%A1"> Miloš Matúš </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The success of introducing a new product on the market is the new principle of production, or progressive design, improved efficiency or high quality of manufactured products. Proportionally with the growth of interest in press-biofuels - pellets or briquettes, is also growing interest in the new design better, more efficiently machines produce pellets, briquettes or granules completely new shapes. Our department has for years dedicated to the development of new highly productive designs pressing machines and new optimized press-biofuels. In this field, we have more than 40 national and international patents. The aim of paper is description of the introduction of a new principle pelleting mill and the description of his process of research, development, manufacturing and testing to deployment into production. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=compacting%20process" title="compacting process">compacting process</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pellets%20mill" title=" pellets mill"> pellets mill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design" title=" design"> design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=new%20conception" title=" new conception"> new conception</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=press-biofuels" title=" press-biofuels"> press-biofuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patent" title=" patent"> patent</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste" title=" waste"> waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37414/process-of-research-development-and-application-of-new-pelletizer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">383</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2298</span> A Unified Ghost Solid Method for the Elastic Solid-Solid Interface</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abouzar%20Kaboudian">Abouzar Kaboudian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Boo%20Cheong%20Khoo"> Boo Cheong Khoo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Ghost Solid Method (GSM) based algorithms have been extensively used for numerical calculation of wave propagation in the limit of abrupt changes in materials. In this work, we present a unified version of the GSMs that can be successfully applied to both abrupt as well as smooth changes of the material properties in a medium. The application of this method enables us to use the previously-matured numerical algorithms which were developed to be applied to homogeneous mediums, with only minor modifications. This method is developed for one-dimensional settings and its extension to multi-dimensions is briefly discussed. Various numerical experiments are presented to show the applicability of this unified GSM to wave propagation problems in sharply as well as smoothly varying mediums. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=elastic%20solid" title="elastic solid">elastic solid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=functionally%20graded%20material" title=" functionally graded material"> functionally graded material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ghost%20solid%20method" title=" ghost solid method"> ghost solid method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid-solid%20interaction" title=" solid-solid interaction"> solid-solid interaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25464/a-unified-ghost-solid-method-for-the-elastic-solid-solid-interface" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25464.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2297</span> Locally Produced Solid Biofuels – Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Competitiveness with Conventional Ways of Individual Space Heating</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jiri%20Beranovsky">Jiri Beranovsky</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jaroslav%20Knapek"> Jaroslav Knapek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tomas%20Kralik"> Tomas Kralik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamila%20Vavrova"> Kamila Vavrova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper deals with the results of research focused on the complex aspects of the use of intentionally grown biomass on agricultural land for the production of solid biofuels as an alternative for individual household heating. . The study primarily deals with the analysis of CO2 emissions of the logistics cycle of biomass for the production of energy pellets. Growing, harvesting, transport and storage are evaluated in the pellet production cycle. The aim is also to take into account the consumption profile during the year in terms of heating of common family houses, which are typical end-market segment for these fuels. It is assumed that in family houses, bio-pellets are able to substitute typical fossil fuels, such as brown coal and old wood burning heating devices and also electric boilers. One of the competing technology with the pellets are heat pumps. The results show the CO2 emissions related with considered fuels and technologies for their utilization. Comparative analysis is aimed biopellets from intentionally grown biomass, brown coal, natural gas and electricity used in electric boilers and heat pumps. Analysis combines CO2 emissions related with individual fuels utilization with costs of these fuels utilization. Cost of biopellets from intentionally grown biomass is derived from the economic models of individual energy crop plantations. At the same time, the restrictions imposed by EU legislation on Ecodesign's fuel and combustion equipment requirements and NOx emissions are discussed. Preliminary results of analyzes show that to achieve the competitiveness of pellets produced from specifically grown biomass, it would be necessary to either significantly ecological tax on coal (from about 0.3 to 3-3.5 EUR/GJ), or to multiply the agricultural subsidy per area. In addition to the Czech Republic, the results are also relevant for other countries, such as Bulgaria and Poland, which also have a high proportion of solid fuels for household heating. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO2%20emissions" title="CO2 emissions">CO2 emissions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heating%20costs" title=" heating costs"> heating costs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20crop" title=" energy crop"> energy crop</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pellets" title=" pellets"> pellets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=brown%20coal" title=" brown coal"> brown coal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20pumps" title=" heat pumps"> heat pumps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economical%20evaluation" title=" economical evaluation"> economical evaluation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123713/locally-produced-solid-biofuels-carbon-dioxide-emissions-and-competitiveness-with-conventional-ways-of-individual-space-heating" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123713.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2296</span> Synthesis of Biofuels of New Generation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selena%20Guti%C3%A9rrez">Selena Gutiérrez</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Araceli%20Mart%C3%ADnez"> Araceli Martínez</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important challenges worldwide, scientific and technological, is to have a sustainable energy source; friendly to the environment and widely available. Currently, the 85% of the energy used comes from the fossil sources. Another important environmental problem is that several rubber products (tires, gloves, hoses, among others) are discarded practically without any treatment. In nature, the degradation of such products will take at least 500 years. In 2009, the worldwide rubber production was about 23.6 million tons. In order to solve this problems, our research focus in an alternative synthesis of biofuels in a two-step approach: The metathesis degradation of industrial rubber (models of rubber waste), and the oligomers transesterification. Thus, cis-1,4-polybutadiene (Mn= 9.1x105, Mw/Mn= 2.2) and styrene-butadiene block copolymers with 30% (Mn= 1.61x105; Mw/Mn= 1.3) and 21% wt styrene (Mn= 1.92x105; Mw/Mn= 1.4) were degraded via metathesis with soybean oil as chain transfer agent (CTA) and green solvent; using [(PCy3)2Cl2Ru=CHPh] and [(1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidene)(PCy3)Ru=CHPh] catalysts. Afterwards, the products were transesterified by basic homogeneous catalysis. Before transesterification, the polystyrene microblocks (Mn= 16,761; Mw/Mn= 1.2) were isolated. Finally, the biofuels obtained (BO) were purified, characterized and showed similar properties to standards biodiesel (SB) (Norms: EN 14214-03 and ASTM D6751-02), i.e. (SB / BO): molecular weight [Daltons] (570 / 543-596), density [g/cm3] (0.86-0.90 / 0.88), kinematic viscosity [mm2/s] (1.90-6.0 / 3.5-4.5), iodine (97 / 97-98) and cetane number (Min.47 / 56-58). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuels" title="biofuels">biofuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=industrial%20rubber" title=" industrial rubber"> industrial rubber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metathesis" title=" metathesis"> metathesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vegetable%20oils" title=" vegetable oils"> vegetable oils</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44050/synthesis-of-biofuels-of-new-generation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44050.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2295</span> Solid-State Sodium Conductor for Solid-State Battery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yumei%20Wang">Yumei Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoyu%20Xu"> Xiaoyu Xu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Li%20Lu"> Li Lu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Solid-state battery adopts solid-state electrolyte such as oxide- and composite-based solid electrolytes. With the adaption of nonflammable or less flammable solid electrolytes, the safety of solid-state batteries can be largely increased. NASICON (Na₃Zr₂Si₂PO₁₂, NZSP) is one of the sodium ion conductors that possess relatively high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical stable range and good chemical stability. Therefore, it has received increased attention. We report the development of high-density NZSP through liquid phase sintering and its organic-inorganic composite electrolyte. Through reactive liquid phase sintering, the grain boundary conductivity can be largely enhanced while using an organic-inorganic composite electrolyte, interfacial wetting and impedance can be largely reduced hence being possible to fabricate scalable solid-state batteries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid-state%20electrolyte" title="solid-state electrolyte">solid-state electrolyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20electrolyte" title=" composite electrolyte"> composite electrolyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20performance" title=" electrochemical performance"> electrochemical performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=conductivity" title=" conductivity"> conductivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169003/solid-state-sodium-conductor-for-solid-state-battery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169003.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">123</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2294</span> Synthesis of Solid Polymeric Materials by Maghnite-H⁺ as a Green Catalyst</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Draoua%20Zohra">Draoua Zohra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Harrane%20Amine"> Harrane Amine</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Solid Polymeric Materials have been successfully prepared by the copolymerization of e-caprolactone (CL) and poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) employing Maghnite-H+ at 80°C. Maghnite-H+ is a solid catalyst non-toxic. The presence of PEG chains leads to a break in the growth of PCL chains and consequently leads to the copolymer tri-block PCL-PEG-PCL. The objective of this study was to synthesize and characterize of Solid Polymeric Materials. The highly hydrophilic nature of polyethylene glycol has sparked our interest in developing a Solid Polymeric based e-caprolactone and poly (ethylene glycol). PCL and PEG are biocompatible materials. Their ring-opening copolymerization using Maghnite H+ makes to the Solid Polymeric Materials. The morphology and structure of Solid polymeric Materials were characterized by ¹H and ¹³C-NMR spectra and Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC). This paper developed the application of Maghnite-H+ as an efficient catalyst by an easy-to-handle procedure to get solid polymeric materials. A cationic mechanism for the copolymerization reaction was proposed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=block%20copolymers" title="block copolymers">block copolymers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maghnite" title=" maghnite"> maghnite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=montmorillonite" title=" montmorillonite"> montmorillonite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poly%28e-caprolactone%29" title=" poly(e-caprolactone)"> poly(e-caprolactone)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97417/synthesis-of-solid-polymeric-materials-by-maghnite-h-as-a-green-catalyst" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97417.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">166</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2293</span> The Potential of Sown Pastures as Feedstock for Biofuels in Brazil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danilo%20G.%20De%20Quadros">Danilo G. De Quadros</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Biofuels are a priority in the renewable energy agenda. The utilization of tropical grasses to ethanol production is a real opportunity to Brazil reaches the world’s leadership in biofuels production because there are 100 million hectares of sown pastures, which represent 20% of all land and 80% of agricultural areas. Basically, nowadays tropical grasses are used to raise livestock. The results obtained in this research could bring tremendous advance not only to national technology and economy but also to improve social and environmental aspects. Thus, the objective of this work was to estimate, through well-established international models, the potential of biofuels production using sown tropical pastures as feedstocks and to compare the results with sugarcane ethanol, considering state-of-art of conversion technology, advantages and limitations factors. There were used data from national and international literature about forage yield and biochemical conversion yield. Some scenarios were studied to evaluate potential advantages and limitations for cellulosic ethanol production, since non-food feedstock appeal to conversion strategies, passing through harvest, densification, logistics, environmental impacts (carbon and water cycles, nutrient recycling and biodiversity), and social aspects. If Brazil used only 1% of sown pastures to ethanol production by biochemical pathway, with average dry matter yield of 15 metric tons per hectare per year (there are results of 40 tons), resulted annually in 721 billion liters, that represents 10 times more than sugarcane ethanol projected by the Government in 2030. However, more research is necessary to take the results to commercial scale with competitive costs, considering many strategies and methods applied in ethanol production using cellulosic feedstock. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuels" title="biofuels">biofuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochemical%20pathway" title=" biochemical pathway"> biochemical pathway</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cellulosic%20ethanol" title=" cellulosic ethanol"> cellulosic ethanol</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55929/the-potential-of-sown-pastures-as-feedstock-for-biofuels-in-brazil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/55929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">263</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2292</span> Municipal Solid Waste Generation Trend in the Metropolitan Cities of the Muslim World </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzaneh%20Fakheri%20Raof">Farzaneh Fakheri Raof</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdolkhalegh%20vadian"> Abdolkhalegh vadian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important environmental issues in developing countries is municipal solid waste management. In this context, knowledge of the quantity and composition of solid waste provides the basic information for the optimal management of solid waste. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the impact of economic, social and cultural factors on generation trend of solid waste, however, few of these have addressed the role of religion in the matter. The present study is a field investigation on generation trend of solid waste in Mashhad, a metropolitan city in northeastern Iran. Accordingly, the religious rituals, quantity and composition of municipal solid waste were considered as independent and dependent variables, respectively. For this purpose, the quantity of the solid waste was initially determined. Afterwards, they were classified into 12 groups using the relevant standard methods. The results showed that the production rate of the municipal solid waste was 1,507 tons per day. Composing 65.2% of the whole; the organic materials constitute the largest share of the total municipal solid waste in Mashhad. The obtained results also revealed that there is a positive relationship between waste generation and the months of religious ceremonies so that the greatest amount of waste generated in the city was reported from Ramadan (as a religious month) in a way that it was significantly different from other months. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste" title=" municipal solid waste"> municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=religious%20months" title=" religious months"> religious months</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20composition" title=" waste composition"> waste composition</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organic%20waste" title=" organic waste"> organic waste</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30335/municipal-solid-waste-generation-trend-in-the-metropolitan-cities-of-the-muslim-world" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/30335.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2291</span> A Feasibility Study of Producing Biofuels from Textile Sludge by Torrefaction Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hua-Shan%20Tai">Hua-Shan Tai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Ting%20Zeng"> Yu-Ting Zeng</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In modern and industrial society, enormous amounts of sludge from various of industries are constantly produced; currently, most of the sludge are treated by landfill and incineration. However, both treatments are not ideal because of the limited land for landfill and the secondary pollution caused by incineration. Consequently, treating industrial sludge appropriately has become an urgent issue of environmental protection. In order to solve the problem of the massive sludge, this study uses textile sludge which is the major source of waste sludge in Taiwan as raw material for torrefaction treatments. To investigate the feasibility of producing biofuels from textile sludge by torrefaction, the experiments were conducted with temperatures at 150, 200, 250, 300, and 350°C, with heating rates of 15, 20, 25 and 30°C/min, and with residence time of 30 and 60 minutes. The results revealed that the mass yields after torrefaction were approximately in the range of 54.9 to 93.4%. The energy densification ratios were approximately in the range of 0.84 to 1.10, and the energy yields were approximately in the range of 45.9 to 98.3%. The volumetric densities were approximately in the range of 0.78 to 1.14, and the volumetric energy densities were approximately in the range of 0.65 to 1.18. To sum up, the optimum energy yield (98.3%) can be reached with terminal temperature at 150 °C, heating rate of 20°C/min, and residence time of 30 minutes, and the mass yield, energy densification ratio as well as volumetric energy density were 92.2%, 1.07, and 1.15, respectively. These results indicated that the solid products after torrefaction are easy to preserve, which not only enhance the quality of the product, but also achieve the purpose of developing the material into fuel. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuel" title="biofuel">biofuel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biomass%20energy" title=" biomass energy"> biomass energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=textile%20sludge" title=" textile sludge"> textile sludge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=torrefaction" title=" torrefaction"> torrefaction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65084/a-feasibility-study-of-producing-biofuels-from-textile-sludge-by-torrefaction-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/65084.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">321</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2290</span> The Political Economy of Green Trade in the Context of US-China Trade War: A Case Study of US Biofuels and Soybeans</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonghua%20Li">Tonghua Li</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Under the neoliberal corporate food regime, biofuels are a double-edged sword that exacerbates tensions between national food security and trade in green agricultural products. Biofuels have the potential to help achieve green sustainable development goals, but they threaten food security by exacerbating competition for land and changing global food trade patterns. The U.S.-China trade war complicates this debate. Under the influence of different political and corporate coordination mechanisms in China and the US, trade disputes can have different impacts on sustainable agricultural practices. This paper develops an actor-centred ‘network governance framework’ focusing on trade in soybean and corn-based biofuels to explain how trade wars can change the actions of governmental and non-governmental actors in the context of oligopolistic competition and market concentration in agricultural trade. There is evidence that the US-China trade decoupling exacerbates the conflict between national security, free trade in agriculture, and the realities and needs of green and sustainable energy development. The US government's trade policies reflect concerns about China's relative gains, leading to a loss of trade profits, making it impossible for the parties involved to find a balance between the three objectives and, consequently, to get into a biofuels and soybean industry dilemma. Within the setting of prioritizing national security and strategic interests, the government has replaced the dominant position of large agribusiness in the neoliberal food system, and the goal of environmental sustainability has been marginalized by high politics. In contrast, China faces tensions in the trade war between food security self-sufficiency policy and liberal sustainable trade, but the state-capitalist model ensures policy coordination and coherence in trade diversion and supply chain adjustment. Despite ongoing raw material shortages and technological challenges, China remains committed to playing a role in global environmental governance and promoting green trade objectives. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20security" title="food security">food security</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=green%20trade" title=" green trade"> green trade</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuels" title=" biofuels"> biofuels</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soybeans" title=" soybeans"> soybeans</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=US-China%20trade%20war" title=" US-China trade war"> US-China trade war</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194682/the-political-economy-of-green-trade-in-the-context-of-us-china-trade-war-a-case-study-of-us-biofuels-and-soybeans" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/194682.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">7</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2289</span> Simulation and Experimental of Solid Mixing of Free Flowing Material Using Solid Works in V-Blender</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amina%20Bouhaouche">Amina Bouhaouche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zineb%20Kaoua"> Zineb Kaoua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lila%20Lahreche"> Lila Lahreche</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sid%20Ali%20Kaoua"> Sid Ali Kaoua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamel%20Daoud"> Kamel Daoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of this study is to present a novel approach for analyzing the solid dispersion and mixing performance by a numerical simulation method using solid works software of a monodisperse particles for a large span of time reached 20 minutes. To assure the viability of a numerical simulation, an experimental study of a binary mixture of monodiperse particles taken as free flowing material in a V blender was developed on the basis of relative standard deviation curves, and the arrangement of the particles in the vessel. The experimental results were discussed and compared to the numerical simulation results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-cohesive%20material" title="non-cohesive material">non-cohesive material</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20mixing" title=" solid mixing"> solid mixing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20works" title=" solid works"> solid works</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=v-blender" title=" v-blender"> v-blender</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38632/simulation-and-experimental-of-solid-mixing-of-free-flowing-material-using-solid-works-in-v-blender" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/38632.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">390</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2288</span> Supercritical Hydrothermal and Subcritical Glycolysis Conversion of Biomass Waste to Produce Biofuel and High-Value Products</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiu-Hsuan%20Lee">Chiu-Hsuan Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Min-Hao%20Yuan"> Min-Hao Yuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kun-Cheng%20Lin"> Kun-Cheng Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qiao-Yin%20Tsai"> Qiao-Yin Tsai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun-Jie%20Lu"> Yun-Jie Lu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Jhen%20Wang"> Yi-Jhen Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hsin-Yi%20Lin"> Hsin-Yi Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chih-Hua%20Hsu"> Chih-Hua Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jia-Rong%20Jhou"> Jia-Rong Jhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Si-Ying%20Li"> Si-Ying Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yi-Hung%20Chen"> Yi-Hung Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Je-Lueng%20Shie"> Je-Lueng Shie</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Raw food waste has a high-water content. If it is incinerated, it will increase the cost of treatment. Therefore, composting or energy is usually used. There are mature technologies for composting food waste. Odor, wastewater, and other problems are serious, but the output of compost products is limited. And bakelite is mainly used in the manufacturing of integrated circuit boards. It is hard to directly recycle and reuse due to its hard structure and also difficult to incinerate and produce air pollutants due to incomplete incineration. In this study, supercritical hydrothermal and subcritical glycolysis thermal conversion technology is used to convert biomass wastes of bakelite and raw kitchen wastes to carbon materials and biofuels. Batch carbonization tests are performed under high temperature and pressure conditions of solvents and different operating conditions, including wet and dry base mixed biomass. This study can be divided into two parts. In the first part, bakelite waste is performed as dry-based industrial waste. And in the second part, raw kitchen wastes (lemon, banana, watermelon, and pineapple peel) are used as wet-based biomass ones. The parameters include reaction temperature, reaction time, mass-to-solvent ratio, and volume filling rates. The yield, conversion, and recovery rates of products (solid, gas, and liquid) are evaluated and discussed. The results explore the benefits of synergistic effects in thermal glycolysis dehydration and carbonization on the yield and recovery rate of solid products. The purpose is to obtain the optimum operating conditions. This technology is a biomass-negative carbon technology (BNCT); if it is combined with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), it can provide a new direction for 2050 net zero carbon dioxide emissions (NZCDE). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biochar" title="biochar">biochar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=raw%20food%20waste" title=" raw food waste"> raw food waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bakelite" title=" bakelite"> bakelite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20hydrothermal" title=" supercritical hydrothermal"> supercritical hydrothermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=subcritical%20glycolysis" title=" subcritical glycolysis"> subcritical glycolysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biofuels" title=" biofuels"> biofuels</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154870/supercritical-hydrothermal-and-subcritical-glycolysis-conversion-of-biomass-waste-to-produce-biofuel-and-high-value-products" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2287</span> Management of Municipal Solid Waste in Baghdad, Iraq</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayad%20Sleibi%20Mustafa">Ayad Sleibi Mustafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Abdulkadhim%20Mohsin"> Ahmed Abdulkadhim Mohsin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Layth%20Noori%20Ali"> Layth Noori Ali</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The deterioration of solid waste management in Baghdad city is considered as a great challenge in terms of human health and environment. Baghdad city is divided into thirteen districts which are distributed on both Tigris River banks. The west bank is Al-Karkh and the east bank is Al-Rusafa. Municipal Solid Waste Management is one of the most complicated problems facing the environment in Iraq. Population growth led to increase waste production and more load of the waste to the limited capacity infrastructure. The problems of municipal solid waste become more serious after the war in 2003. More waste is disposed in underground landfills in Baghdad with little or no concern for both human health and environment. The results showed that the total annually predicted solid waste is increasing for the period 2015-2030. Municipal solid waste in 2030 will be 6,427,773 tons in Baghdad city according to the population growth rate of 2.4%. This increase is estimated to be approximately 30%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste" title="municipal solid waste">municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste%20composition%20and%20characteristics" title=" solid waste composition and characteristics"> solid waste composition and characteristics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baghdad%20city" title=" Baghdad city"> Baghdad city</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=human%20health" title=" human health"> human health</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73797/management-of-municipal-solid-waste-in-baghdad-iraq" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73797.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">295</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2286</span> Stabilizing of Lithium-Solid-Electrolyte Interfaces by Atomic Layer Deposition Prepared Nano-Interlayers for a Model All-Solid-State Battery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rainer%20Goetz">Rainer Goetz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahra%20Ahaliabadeh"> Zahra Ahaliabadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Princess%20S.%20Llanos"> Princess S. Llanos</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aliaksandr%20S.%20Bandarenka"> Aliaksandr S. Bandarenka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanja%20Kallio"> Tanja Kallio</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In order to understand the electrochemistry of all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs), the use of electrochemical equivalent circuits with a physical meaning is essential. A model battery is needed whose characterization is independent of the influence of the complex battery assembly. Lithium-Ion Conducting Glass-Ceramic (LICGC), a model solid electrolyte, is chosen for its stability in the air, but on the other hand, it is also well-known for its instability against metallic lithium upon direct contact. Hence, as a first step towards a model ASSB, the interface between lithium and the solid electrolyte (SE) is stabilized with thin (5 nm and 10 nm) coatings of titanium oxide (TO) and lithium titanium oxide (LTO). Impedance data shows that both materials are able to protect the SE surface from rapid degradation due to reducing lithium and, therefore, can serve as a protective interlayer on the anode side of a model ASSB. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all-solid-state%20battery" title="all-solid-state battery">all-solid-state battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20anode" title=" lithium anode"> lithium anode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20electrolytes" title=" solid electrolytes"> solid electrolytes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=interlayers" title=" interlayers"> interlayers</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163463/stabilizing-of-lithium-solid-electrolyte-interfaces-by-atomic-layer-deposition-prepared-nano-interlayers-for-a-model-all-solid-state-battery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163463.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">115</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2285</span> Waste Management in a Hot Laboratory of Japan Atomic Energy Agency – 3: Volume Reduction and Stabilization of Solid Waste</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaumi%20Nakahara">Masaumi Nakahara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sou%20Watanabe"> Sou Watanabe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hiromichi%20Ogi"> Hiromichi Ogi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atsuhiro%20Shibata"> Atsuhiro Shibata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kazunori%20Nomura"> Kazunori Nomura</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, three types of experimental research, advanced reactor fuel reprocessing, radioactive waste disposal, and nuclear fuel cycle technology, have been carried out at the Chemical Processing Facility. The facility has generated high level radioactive liquid and solid wastes in hot cells. The high level radioactive solid waste is divided into three main categories, a flammable waste, a non-flammable waste, and a solid reagent waste. A plastic product is categorized into the flammable waste and molten with a heating mantle. The non-flammable waste is cut with a band saw machine for reducing the volume. Among the solid reagent waste, a used adsorbent after the experiments is heated, and an extractant is decomposed for its stabilization. All high level radioactive solid wastes in the hot cells are packed in a high level radioactive solid waste can. The high level radioactive solid waste can is transported to the 2nd High Active Solid Waste Storage in the Tokai Reprocessing Plant in the Japan Atomic Energy Agency. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20level%20radioactive%20solid%20waste" title="high level radioactive solid waste">high level radioactive solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advanced%20reactor%20fuel%20reprocessing" title=" advanced reactor fuel reprocessing"> advanced reactor fuel reprocessing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radioactive%20waste%20disposal" title=" radioactive waste disposal"> radioactive waste disposal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nuclear%20fuel%20cycle%20technology" title=" nuclear fuel cycle technology"> nuclear fuel cycle technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104543/waste-management-in-a-hot-laboratory-of-japan-atomic-energy-agency-3-volume-reduction-and-stabilization-of-solid-waste" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104543.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2284</span> Unpacking Public Value Destruction through Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: A Critical Study of Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zubair%20Ahmad">Zubair Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Esposito"> Paolo Esposito</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The management of solid waste from its collection to disposal is a widespread issue all around the world. This is a stinging issue in the rural and urban areas of the developing and developed states of the world. The mismanagement in Pakistan in the context of solid waste is required to be recognized because it is not only affecting the health of the public but also affecting the health of the environment. Therefore, this study conducts qualitative research methodology and conducted interviews in Lahore, Karachi, Quetta, Peshawar and Islamabad’s solid waste management’s officials and waste pickers, for analyzing uses Grounded theory for the lens of thematic analysis to highlight how public value is being destroyed by the mismanagement of solid waste in Pakistan. This study critically examines the effects of corruption, mismanagement, lawlessness, lack of accountability, budgetary issues, and improper methods for the disposal of solid waste as the major factors that are destroying public value. Recognizing and addressing these factors is essential to improving the system of solid waste management in developing countries <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste%20management" title="solid waste management">solid waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=public%20value%20destruction" title=" public value destruction"> public value destruction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health" title=" health"> health</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environment" title=" environment"> environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=accountability" title=" accountability"> accountability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=grounded%20theory" title=" grounded theory"> grounded theory</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188066/unpacking-public-value-destruction-through-solid-waste-management-in-developing-countries-a-critical-study-of-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/188066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">30</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2283</span> Sustainable Solid Waste Management Solutions for Asian Countries Using the Potential in Municipal Solid Waste of Indian Cities</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20H.%20Babu%20Gurucharan">S. H. Babu Gurucharan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Priyanka%20Kaushal"> Priyanka Kaushal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Majority of the world's population is expected to live in the Asia and Pacific region by 2050 and thus their cities will generate the maximum waste. India, being the second populous country in the world, is an ideal case study to identify a solution for Asian countries. Waste minimisation and utilisation have always been part of the Indian culture. During rapid urbanisation, our society lost the art of waste minimisation and utilisation habits. Presently, Waste is not considered as a resource, thus wasting an opportunity to tap resources. The technologies in vogue are not suited for effective treatment of large quantities of generated solid waste, without impacting the environment and the population. If not treated efficiently, Waste can become a silent killer. The article is trying to highlight the Indian municipal solid waste scenario as a key indicator of Asian waste management and recommend sustainable waste management and suggest effective solutions to treat the Solid Waste. The methods followed during the research were to analyse the solid waste data on characteristics of solid waste generated in Indian cities, then evaluate the current technologies to identify the most suitable technology in Indian conditions with minimal environmental impact, interact with the technology technical teams, then generate a technical process specific to Indian conditions and further examining the environmental impact and advantages/ disadvantages of the suggested process. The most important finding from the study was the recognition that most of the current municipal waste treatment technologies being employed, operate sub-optimally in Indian conditions. Therefore, the study using the available data, generated heat and mass balance of processes to arrive at the final technical process, which was broadly divided into Waste processing, Waste Treatment, Power Generation, through various permutations and combinations at each stage to ensure that the process is techno-commercially viable in Indian conditions. Then environmental impact was arrived through secondary sources and a comparison of environmental impact of different technologies was tabulated. The major advantages of the suggested process are the effective use of waste for resource generation both in terms of maximised power output or conversion to eco-friendly products like biofuels or chemicals using advanced technologies, minimum environmental impact and the least landfill requirement. The major drawbacks are the capital, operations and maintenance costs. The existing technologies in use in Indian municipalities have their own limitations and the shortlisted technology is far superior to other technologies in vogue. Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste with an efficient green power generation is possible through a combination of suitable environment-friendly technologies. A combination of bio-reactors and plasma-based gasification technology is most suitable for Indian Waste and in turn for Asian waste conditions. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calorific%20value" title="calorific value">calorific value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20fermentation" title=" gas fermentation"> gas fermentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=landfill" title=" landfill"> landfill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=municipal%20solid%20waste" title=" municipal solid waste"> municipal solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=plasma%20gasification" title=" plasma gasification"> plasma gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syngas" title=" syngas"> syngas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80689/sustainable-solid-waste-management-solutions-for-asian-countries-using-the-potential-in-municipal-solid-waste-of-indian-cities" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80689.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">184</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2282</span> Granule Morphology of Zirconia Powder with Solid Content on Two-Fluid Spray Drying</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hyeongdo%20Jeong">Hyeongdo Jeong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jong%20Kook%20Lee"> Jong Kook Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Granule morphology and microstructure were affected by slurry viscosity, chemical composition, particle size and spray drying process. In this study, we investigated granule morphology of zirconia powder with solid content on two-fluid spray drying. Zirconia granules after spray drying show sphere-like shapes with a diameter of 40-70 μm at low solid contents (30 or 40 wt%) and specific surface area of 5.1-5.6 m²/g. But a donut-like shape with a few cracks were observed on zirconia granules prepared from the slurry of high solid content (50 wt %), green compacts after cold isostatic pressing under the pressure of 200 MPa have the density of 2.1-2.2 g/cm³ and homogeneous fracture surface by complete destruction of granules. After the sintering at 1500 °C for 2 h, all specimens have relative density of 96.2-98.3 %. With increasing a solid content from 30 to 50 wt%, grain size increased from 0.3 to 0.6 μm, but relative density was inversely decreased from 98.3 to 96.2 %. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zirconia" title="zirconia">zirconia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20content" title=" solid content"> solid content</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granulation" title=" granulation"> granulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=spray%20drying" title=" spray drying"> spray drying</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88232/granule-morphology-of-zirconia-powder-with-solid-content-on-two-fluid-spray-drying" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/88232.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">216</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2281</span> When the Poor Do Not Matter: Environmental Justice and Solid Waste Management in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of Congo</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=N.%20S.%20Kubanza">N. S. Kubanza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Simatele"> D. Simatele</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20K.%20Das"> D. K. Das</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to understand the urban environmental problems in Kinshasa and the consequences of these for the poor. This paper particularly examines the concept of environmental injustice in solid waste management in Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The urban low-income communities in Kinshasa face multiple consequences of poor solid waste management associated with unhealthy living conditions. These situations stemmed from overcrowding, poor sanitary, accumulation of solid waste, resulting in the prevalence of water and air borne diseases. Using a mix of reviewed archival records, scholarly literature, a semi-structured interview conducted with the local community members and qualitative surveys among stakeholders; it was found that solid waste management challenge in Kinshasa is not only an environmental and health risk issues, but also, a problem that generates socio-spatial disparities in the distribution of the solid waste burden. It is argued in the paper that the urban poor areas in Kinshasa are often hardest affected by irregularities of waste collection. They lack sanitary storage capacities and have undermined organizational capacity for collective action within solid waste management. In view of these observations, this paper explores mechanisms and stakeholders’ engagement necessary to lessen environmental injustice in solid waste management (SWM) in Kinshasa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20justice" title="environmental justice">environmental justice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste%20management" title=" solid waste management"> solid waste management</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20environmental%20problems" title=" urban environmental problems"> urban environmental problems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20poor" title=" urban poor"> urban poor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46653/when-the-poor-do-not-matter-environmental-justice-and-solid-waste-management-in-kinshasa-the-democratic-republic-of-congo" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46653.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">264</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2280</span> Preliminary Study on the Removal of Solid Uranium Compound in Nuclear Fuel Production System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bai%20Zhiwei">Bai Zhiwei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Shuxia"> Zhang Shuxia </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> By sealing constraint, the system of nuclear fuel production penetrates a trace of air in during its service. The vapor in the air can react with material in the system and generate solid uranium compounds. These solid uranium compounds continue to accumulate and attached to the production equipment and pipeline of system, which not only affects the operation reliability of production equipment and give off radiation hazard as well after system retired. Therefore, it is necessary to select a reasonable method to remove it. Through the analysis of physicochemical properties of solid uranium compounds, halogenated fluoride compounds are selected as a cleaning agent, which can remove solid uranium compounds effectively. This paper studied the related chemical reaction under the condition of static test and results show that the selection of high fluoride halogen compounds can be removed solid uranium compounds completely. The study on the influence of reaction pressure with the reaction rate discovered a phenomenon that the higher the pressure, the faster the reaction rate. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fluoride%20halogen%20compound" title="fluoride halogen compound">fluoride halogen compound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remove" title=" remove"> remove</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radiation" title=" radiation"> radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20uranium%20compound" title=" solid uranium compound"> solid uranium compound</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49109/preliminary-study-on-the-removal-of-solid-uranium-compound-in-nuclear-fuel-production-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2279</span> Characterization of Coastal Solid Waste: Basis for the Development of Waste Collector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arnold%20I.%20Malag">Arnold I. Malag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study wants to establish the data on the characteristics of coastal solid waste in main Island of Masbate as a model for technology interventions. The research utilized the Google Maps to measure the coastal length and Fishbowl Method for area identification. The solid wastes gathered were classified as residual, non-biodegradable, recyclable wastes, and special wastes, based on the waste analysis and characterization manual of Philippine Environmental Governance Project. The wastes were evaluated by weight in kg., dimension in cm., and characteristics as floating or non-floating. Based on the dimension of coastal solid waste, the biodegradable, recyclable, residual and special waste have the average of 40.95 cm., 16.25 cm., 31.37 cm., and 0.725cm. respectively. The waste in the coastal areas is dominated by biodegradable, followed by residual, then recyclable and special wastes with the data of 0.566 kg/m, 0.533 kg/m, 0.114 kg/m and .0007 kg/m respectively. The 97.15% of solid wastes collected is characterized as “floating”, where in the sources are the nearest rivers and waterways and/or the nearest populated areas adjacent to the island. This accumulation of solid wastes can be minimized and controlled by utilizing a floating equipment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20waste" title="solid waste">solid waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coastal%20waste" title=" coastal waste"> coastal waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20characterization" title=" waste characterization"> waste characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=waste%20collector" title=" waste collector"> waste collector</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161892/characterization-of-coastal-solid-waste-basis-for-the-development-of-waste-collector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161892.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2278</span> Preparation, Characterization and Ionic Conductivity of (1‒x) (CdI2‒Ag2CrO4)‒(x) Al2O3 Composite Solid Electrolytes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rafiuddin">Rafiuddin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Composite solid electrolyte of the salt and oxide type is an effective approach to improve the ionic conductivity in low and intermediate temperature regions. The conductivity enhancement in the composites occurs via interfaces. Because of their high ionic conduction, composite electrolytes have wide applications in different electrochemical devices such as solid-state batteries, solid oxide fuel cells, and electrochemical cells. In this work, a series of novel (1‒x) (CdI2‒Ag2CrO4)‒xAl2O3 composite solid electrolytes has been synthesized. The prepared materials were characterized by X‒ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis, and AC impedance spectroscopy. The impedance spectra show single semicircle representing the simultaneous contribution of grain and grain boundary. The conductivity increased with the increase of Al2O3 content and shows the maximum conductivity (σ= 0.0012 S cm‒1) for 30% of Al2O3 content at 30 ℃. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=composite%20solid%20electrolyte" title="composite solid electrolyte">composite solid electrolyte</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=X-ray%20diffraction" title=" X-ray diffraction"> X-ray diffraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Impedance%20spectroscopy" title=" Impedance spectroscopy"> Impedance spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ionic%20conductivity" title=" ionic conductivity"> ionic conductivity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39782/preparation-characterization-and-ionic-conductivity-of-1x-cdi2ag2cro4x-al2o3-composite-solid-electrolytes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/39782.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">405</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20biofuels&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20biofuels&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20biofuels&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solid%20biofuels&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a 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