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id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-光碟版和网页版" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光碟版和网页版"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>光碟版和网页版</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光碟版和网页版-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-竞争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#竞争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>竞争</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-竞争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-目前版本" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#目前版本"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>目前版本</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-目前版本-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-版本历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#版本历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>版本历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-版本历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关版本历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-版本历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-紙本走入歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#紙本走入歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>紙本走入歷史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-紙本走入歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-閱讀者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#閱讀者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>閱讀者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-閱讀者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸閱讀</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">大英百科全书</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。105种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الموسوعة البريطانية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموسوعة البريطانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لموسوعة لبريطانية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لموسوعة لبريطانية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="انسيكلوبيديا بريتانيكا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="انسيكلوبيديا بريتانيكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannika_Ensiklopediyas%C4%B1" title="Britannika Ensiklopediyası – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Britannika Ensiklopediyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Британ энциклопедияһы – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Британ энциклопедияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Энцыклапедыя Брытаніка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энцыклапедыя Брытаніка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедия Британика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енциклопедия Британика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटैनिका – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एन्साइक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटैनिका" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা – 比什奴普萊利亞文" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="এনসাইক্লোপিডিয়া ব্রিটানিকা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="比什奴普萊利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="زانیارینامەی بریتانیکا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زانیارینامەی بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%B7%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%94%D0%B4%D1%97%EA%99%97_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ Британника – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єнкѷклопєдїꙗ Британника" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Brit%C3%A1nica" title="Enciclopedia Británica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enciclopedia Británica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دانشنامه بریتانیکا – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشنامه بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנציקלופדיה בריטניקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="ब्रिटैनिका विश्वकोष – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्रिटैनिका विश्वकोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Բրիտանիկա հանրագիտարան – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրիտանիկա հանրագիտարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enciclopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AB%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E4%BA%8B%E5%85%B8" title="ブリタニカ百科事典 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブリタニカ百科事典" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Британника энциклопедиясы – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Британника энциклопедиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B6" title="ಬ್ರಿಟಾನಿಕಾ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರಿಟಾನಿಕಾ ವಿಶ್ವಕೋಶ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%ED%83%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%BB%A4_%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC%EC%82%AC%EC%A0%84" title="브리태니커 백과사전 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브리태니커 백과사전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا بریٹانیکا – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِنسایکلوپیٖڈیا بریٹانیکا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Британ энциклопедиясы – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Британ энциклопедиясы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Encyclopaedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија Британика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енциклопедија Британика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95" title="എൻസൈക്ലോപീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എൻസൈക്ലോപീഡിയ ബ്രിട്ടാനിക്ക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Британника нэвтэрхий толь – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Британника нэвтэрхий толь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="एनसायक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटानिका – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एनसायक्लोपीडिया ब्रिटानिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensiklopedia_Britannica" title="Ensiklopedia Britannica – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ensiklopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بریتانیکا – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بریتانیکا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="इन्साइक्लोपिडिया ब्रिटानिका – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्साइक्लोपिडिया ब्रिटानिका" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE" title="ਇਨਸਾਈਕਲੋਪੀਡੀਆ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੈਨਿਕਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਨਸਾਈਕਲੋਪੀਡੀਆ ਬ੍ਰਿਟੈਨਿਕਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyklopedia_Britannica" title="Encyklopedia Britannica – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Encyklopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81" title="برېتانيکا دائرة المعارف – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برېتانيکا دائرة المعارف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Британская энциклопедия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская энциклопедия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entziclopedia_Britannica" title="Entziclopedia Britannica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Entziclopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%8A%DA%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BD%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%A7" title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="انسائيڪلوپيڊيا برٽانيڪا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="එන්සයික්ලොපීඩියා බ්‍රිටැනිකා – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එන්සයික්ලොපීඩියා බ්‍රිටැනිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enciklopedija_Britannica" title="Enciklopedija Britannica – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enciklopedija Britannica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Енциклопедија Британика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енциклопедија Британика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nsiklop%C3%A9di_Britannica" title="Énsiklopédi Britannica – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Énsiklopédi Britannica" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" title="Encyclopedia Britannica – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Encyclopedia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரித்தானிக்கா கலைக்களஞ்சியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9E%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%82" title="బ్రిటానికా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రిటానికా విజ్ఞాన సర్వస్వం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Донишномаи Бритоннико – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Донишномаи Бритоннико" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2" title="สารานุกรมบริแทนนิกา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารานุกรมบริแทนนิกา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Британіка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Британіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%DB%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="دائرۃ المعارف بریٹانیکا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دائرۃ المعارف بریٹانیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimbulang_bu_waa-Br%C3%ABtaa%C3%B1" title="Jimbulang bu waa-Brëtaañ – 沃洛夫语" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Jimbulang bu waa-Brëtaañ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="沃洛夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="不列颠百科全书 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="不列颠百科全书" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ენციკლოპედია ბრიტანიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="大英百科 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大英百科" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Encyclopædia Britannica" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="不列顛百科全書 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="不列顛百科全書" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q455#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-37434bd7" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-cn:不列颠百科全书;zh-tw:大英百科全書;zh-hans:大英百科全书;zh-hant:大英百科全書;"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:网络;zh-hk:網絡;zh-tw:網路;" data-noteta-desc="中国大陆：网络；台灣：網路；香港：網絡；"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:数字化;zh-hk:數碼化;zh-tw:數位化;zh-cn:数字化"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:在线;zh-hant:在線;zh-hk:線上;zh-tw:線上;zh-mo:線上;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:信息;zh-tw:資訊;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:搜索;zh-tw:搜尋;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:质量;zh-tw:品質;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:不列颠百科全书;zh-tw:大英百科全書;zh-hans:大英百科全书;zh-hant:大英百科全書;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#cedeff;">大英百科全書</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG/220px-UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG/330px-UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG/440px-UBN_Encyclopaedia_Britannica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="2620" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">圖書館內的大英百科全書</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">原名</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span lang="la">Encyclopædia Britannica</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">作者</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">100名編輯<br />超過4000名專家</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">类型</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">三段式查閱本</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">系列</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">32冊</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">语言</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">英文</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">主题</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">百科全書</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#cedeff;;">發行信息</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">插圖</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2846567" class="extiw" title="d:Q2846567">安德鲁·贝尔</a><abbr title="此维基尚无此条目">[*]</abbr></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出版机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">大英百科公司</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出版時間</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2010（第15版）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">出版地點</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>（1768–1901）<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>（1901至今）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">中譯本出版日期</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">媒介</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">紙本、光碟、網路</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#cedeff;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%A8%81%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="權威控制">规范控制</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><span class="type"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC"><abbr title="联机计算机图书馆中心号">OCLC</abbr></a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71783328">71783328</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>《不列顛百科全書》<sup id="cite_ref-CH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>（英語：<span lang="en"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></span>，<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="香港、台湾">港台</span>译<b>《大英百科全書》</b>，中国大陆旧译《大英百科全书》<sup id="cite_ref-CH_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）是由私人<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="大英百科全书出版社">大英百科全書出版社</a>所出版的英語百科全書，被认为是当今<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="世界">世界</a>上最具权威的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="百科全书">百科全书</a>，是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>世界俗稱的<a href="/wiki/ABC%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="ABC百科全書">ABC百科全書</a>之一。大英百科全書的條目由大約100名全職編輯及超過4000名專家編寫而成。它被普遍認為是最有學術性的百科全書。<sup id="cite_ref-kister_1994_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sader_1995_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sader_1995-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>《大英百科全書》是現存仍然發行的最古老的英語百科全書。<sup id="cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>它於1768年至1771年間在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="爱丁堡">爱丁堡</a>首次問世，立刻受到讀者歡迎，且出版規模日漸擴大。平均13年左右出一次新版<sup id="cite_ref-金常政_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-金常政-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（p. 145）</sup>。1801年的第三版冊數已達21。<sup id="cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_1954_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_1954-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>隨著其地位的日益提高，作者團隊招賢納士也變得更加容易。1875年至1889年間的第9版和1911年的第11版被認為是學術與文學風格兼并的標誌性百科全書。<sup id="cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>從第11版起，《大英百科全書》的條目趨於精簡，以進軍北美市場。<sup id="cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1933年，《大英百科全書》采取「連續性修訂」政策，即不斷再版並定期更新條目。<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_1954_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia_1954-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>經過70多年的時間洗禮，《大英百科全書》的數量規模已保持穩定，字數維持在4千萬上下，涵蓋約50萬個主題。<sup id="cite_ref-index_preface_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index_preface-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>20世纪80年代起，大英百科全書出版社與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="中国大百科全书出版社">中国大百科全书出版社</a>合作出版了《大英百科全書》的簡體中文版<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1994年正式發行的《大英線上百科全書》（<i>Encyclopedia Britannica Online</i>）除包括實體書内容外，还包括最新修訂和大量實體書中没有的文章，可檢索詞條達到98,000個，收錄了322幅手繪線條圖、9,811張照片、193幅國旗、337幅地圖、204段影片、714張表格等豐富内容。雖然在1901年它的出版地變更為<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>，《大英百科全書》依然保留了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英國英語">英式英語</a>的拼寫規則。<sup id="cite_ref-kister_1994_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>與其他百科全書一樣，《大英百科全書》也面臨著財政窘境。<sup id="cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>另一方面，某些早期條目被批評不準確、有失偏頗，或者編者的資歷不足。<sup id="cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kogan_1958-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-burr_1911_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burr_1911-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>雖然管理層曾對這些批評作出回應<sup id="cite_ref-fatally_flawed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fatally_flawed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但部份現今的版本內容的準確性仍然受到質疑<sup id="cite_ref-kister_1994_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kister_1994-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Giles_Nature_study_2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles_Nature_study_2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EncycBrit1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg/300px-EncycBrit1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/EncycBrit1913.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>1913年第11版《大英百科全书》的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BF%E5%91%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="广告">广告</a></figcaption></figure> <p>《大英百科全书》（又名「大不列顛百科全書」）是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="苏格兰启蒙运动">苏格兰启蒙运动</a>的产物，当地的书商和印刷工人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科林·麦克法卡尔（页面不存在）">科林·麦克法卡尔</a>（<span lang="en">Colin Macfarquhar</span>）和雕刻家<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="安德鲁·贝尔">安德鲁·贝尔</a>（Andrew Bell）决定以“绅士协会”的名义发表一套<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="工具书">工具书</a>。他们聘请了当时28岁的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%85%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·斯梅利（页面不存在）">威廉·斯梅利</a>，以200<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E9%95%91" title="英镑">英镑</a>为报酬，讓他编辑一部三卷、共100章的《大英百科全书》。第一卷于1768年12月出版，售价六<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E5%A3%AB" title="便士">便士</a>。1771年，三卷全部完成，總計2391页（包括160幅铜板雕刻），一共發行3000套。三卷的篇幅相近，分为<span lang="en">A-B</span>、<span lang="en">C-L</span>和<span lang="en">M-Z</span>。由於《大英百科全書》的篇幅很長，價格自然較高，曾有一段時間，擁有大英百科全書是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E6%97%8F" title="貴族">貴族</a>的身份象徵。 </p><p>由于第一版相当成功，因此麦克尔法尔和贝尔决定做更大的第二版。又因斯梅利拒绝继续编辑，因此麦克法卡尔不得不親自出馬。第二版共10卷，8595页，于1777年至1784年間出版。 </p><p>然而，直到1788年至1797年间出版的第三版才真正达到了百科全书的规范要求。此版开始的编辑是麦克法卡尔，他去世后由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·格雷戈（页面不存在）">乔治·格雷戈</a>续任。第三版共18卷，（含2个补充卷），有16,000多页。此版也包括格雷戈聘请专家和学者特别为《大英百科全书》撰写的文章。 </p><p>第九版奠定了《大英百科全书》成为世界上最重要的工具书之一的基础<sup id="cite_ref-金常政_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-金常政-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:145</sup>。 </p><p>至第十版止，《大英百科全书》的重要文章的篇幅往往比现代的百科全书来得长，且更具学术性。19世纪里《大英百科全书》的文章大多有当时的最新发明成就。 </p><p>通常认为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%EF%BC%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%92%8C%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%BA%E8%AF%A6%E8%A7%A3%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="百科全书，科学、艺术和工艺详解词典">百科全书，科学、艺术和工艺详解词典</a>》是《大英百科全书》的范本，不过后者的内容要保守得多。 </p><p>此后的版本多为献给在位的英国国王或女王的。 </p><p>在第四版到第六版中，文章作者包括许多知名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏格兰">苏格兰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>学者，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%85%B9%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·黑兹利特">威廉·黑兹利特</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">约翰·斯图尔特·密尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯">托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9B%BE" title="大卫·李嘉图">大卫·李嘉图</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="司各特">司各特</a>等。<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="托马斯·杨">托马斯·杨</a>在他关于<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="埃及">埃及</a>的文章中附加了他翻译的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%A1%9E%E5%A1%94%E7%9F%B3%E7%A2%91" title="羅塞塔石碑">羅塞塔石碑</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E8%B1%A1%E5%BD%A2%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="埃及象形文">埃及象形文</a>。 </p><p>19世纪20年代末，<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1" title="爱丁堡">爱丁堡</a>的布莱克兄弟的出版社收购了《大英百科全书》的版权，他们出版了第七版和第八版。第九版也被称为“学者版”，于1875年至1889年间出版，涵括众多著名作者写的、非常深奥的学术性文章。有人称此版为英语百科全书历史上的顶峰，当时有英国人认为，该书的权威性“仅次于上帝”。 </p><p>1895年，布莱克将出版社移至<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6" title="伦敦">伦敦</a>。 </p><p>1901年，《大英百科全书》的版权转入《<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8A%A5" title="泰晤士报">泰晤士报</a>》报社。第十版共11卷，新增了地图和目录卷，实际上是对第九版的一个补充。1897年至1922年间由美国人胡帕（<span lang="en">Horace Everett Hooper</span>）担任主编。1909年的第11版起，<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="剑桥大学">剑桥大学</a>协助《大英百科全书》编辑出版。 </p><p>1910年至1911年间出版的第十一版基本上是对《大英百科全书》的重写，它被看作是《大英百科全书》的经典版，同时它也表明了其新出版商的新目标。为了吸引读者和增加销售量，这一版的文章在保持学术严谨性的同时追求更高的可阅读性，内容变得短小精悍。作者团队包括英國生物學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="湯瑪斯·亨利·赫胥黎">湯瑪斯·亨利·赫胥黎</a>、英國哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%91%E5%BE%B7" title="阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德">阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德</a>、英國詩人<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%8A%A0%E5%84%82%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%BA%AB%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾加儂·查爾斯·斯溫伯恩">阿爾加儂·查爾斯·斯溫伯恩</a>及俄國革命家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E6%B3%A1%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91" class="mw-redirect" title="克鲁泡特金">彼得‧克魯泡特金</a><sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（p. 119）</sup>。这个版本也是第一个所有卷同时出版的版本，而不是一卷接着一卷出版的。此版已被纳入<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%89%E9%A2%86%E5%9F%9F" title="公有领域">公有领域</a>，其内容可在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/">encyclopedia.jrank.org</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080916175527/http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）及<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714083850/http://1911encyclopedia.org/">1911encyclopedia.org</a>網站上查看。（实体书仍在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classiceb.com">classiceb.com</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20201004172125/http://classiceb.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）发售）此版的献辞中有美国总统的名字，并删去了相关的负面内容，成为此后《大英百科全书》的常态<sup id="cite_ref-金常政_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-金常政-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（p. 53）</sup>。 </p><p>而后《大英百科全书》的版权和商标又被卖给<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BE%E8%B2%A8" title="西爾斯百貨">西尔斯百货</a>，出版地移至<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="伊利诺斯州">伊利诺斯州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥">芝加哥</a>。第十二和十三版均以三卷补充卷的形式出版，它们必须与第十一版一起使用。1929年出版的第十四版又一次作出大幅改动。不仅卷数减少，且文章篇幅更短，使其作为更方便的工具书。但也有人批评其删除了不利于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>教会的内容<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。从第十四版开始，《大英百科全书》放弃一直采用的“10年一次”的再版制，而改为“每年修订10%条目”的连续修订制。 </p><p>1941年，喜尔斯百货商店将其版权赠与<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="芝加哥大学">芝加哥大学</a>。从1943年起，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·班顿（页面不存在）">威廉·班顿</a>任主编，直至1973年逝世，此后他妻子继任，直到1974年逝世。 </p><p>1974年，《大英百科全书》第十五版问世，它在结构上有较多的改进，出版商称其为“革命”。全书共30卷，包括1卷“百科类目”，19卷“百科详编”和10卷“百科简编”。其中增添了许多新兴的科技类条目从而使得其国际性增强，但是同时伴随的检索性降低遭到外界批评<sup id="cite_ref-金常政_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-金常政-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（p. 147）</sup>。 </p><p>1985年，《大英百科全书》又推出“革新版”。卷数增至32，包括1卷“百科类目”、17卷“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%AF%A6%E7%BC%96" title="百科详编">百科详编</a>”、12卷“百科简编”和2卷“索引”<sup id="cite_ref-金常政_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-金常政-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（pp. 147-148）</sup>。 </p><p>1996年1月，<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>亿万富翁<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%BC%97%E7%91%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅各布·萨弗瑞（页面不存在）">雅各布·萨弗瑞</a>买下了《大英百科全书》的版权。 </p><p>2012年3月13日，大英百科全书宣布停止印刷版发行，全面轉向电子化<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2018年6月7日，大英百科全书发布了<a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>的扩展程序Britannica Insights。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="光碟版和网页版"><span id=".E5.85.89.E7.A2.9F.E7.89.88.E5.92.8C.E7.BD.91.E9.A1.B5.E7.89.88"></span>光碟版和网页版</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：光碟版和网页版"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>20世纪80年代，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E8%BD%AF" title="微软">微软</a>提出要和《大英百科全书》出版方合作，出版<a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>形式的百科全书。但出版方認為自己有能力占有市场，且获得足够利润，因此拒绝了微软的建议。《大英百科全书》的高级经理认为，这套百科全书是一种代代相传的名誉商标，CD-ROM版本无法与其竞争，亦无法做出增补。因此微软决定与<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="科里爾百科全書">科里爾百科全書</a>合作，创立了<a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a>。 </p><p>1990年，《大英百科全书》的总销售额达到6.5亿美元，也是它目前保持的纪录。1993年，<span lang="en">Encarta</span>上市，作为回应《大英百科全书》也开始出售CD-ROM版。然而，CD-ROM版的利润无法与印刷版相比，前者的内容甚至可以在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>上免费使用。 </p><p>前《大英百科全书》的主编<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%87%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·玛切里（页面不存在）">罗伯特·玛切里</a>认为，《大英百科全书》未能在早期利用优势发展电子百科全书。事实上，世界上第二部<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93" title="多媒体">多媒体</a>百科全书《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="康普顿百科全书">康普顿百科全书</a>》就是由《大英百科全书》出版社在1989年出版的。但是《大英百科全书》直到1994年都未出版<span lang="en">CD-ROM</span>版，使得<span lang="en">Encarta</span>抢占先机。玛切里认为这是高管人员的重大失误<sup id="cite_ref-EBonline_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBonline-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2004年，大英百科全书公司和台灣的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="遠流出版公司">遠流/智慧藏學習科技公司</a>合作，依据2002年推出的英文版本，编纂了一部中英對照的線上版本，這也是大英百科全書公司成立以來的第一部雙語產品。不過其已於2015年1月15日關閉网站并终止服务。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="竞争"><span id=".E7.AB.9E.E4.BA.89"></span>竞争</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：竞争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>时至今日，《大英百科全书》最大的竞争者是互联网上的信息。许多人更喜欢使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95%E6%93%8E" title="搜索引擎">搜索引擎</a>（如<a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E8%99%8E" title="雅虎">雅虎</a>等）来搜索他们需要的信息，不过这样的信息往往缺少组织和结构，显得零乱，而《大英百科全书》则可以单一来源提供众多组织严谨的信息。 </p><p>其它竞争者包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" title="维基百科">维基百科</a>。《大英百科全书》与维基百科从质量上来比较是很困难的。2005年12月14日《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="自然 (雜誌)">自然</a>》（<i>Nature</i>）对两个百科全书间41篇科学内容的文章进行比较，指出维基百科含有162个错误，《大英百科全书》含有123个错误<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。《大英百科全书》指责《自然》的比较行为犯了严重错误<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，首先，《自然》指出有错误的文章不全部源自《大英百科全书》，其中有两篇文章取自《大英百科全书》的周年纪念册，有两篇取自《康普顿百科全书》，另有一篇来源不明。此外，有些文章是由《大英百科全书》的数篇文章片段组成的，有些被《自然》说成是错误的，实际上并非是内容错误（比如拼写错误）。《自然》堅持它的比较結果，否认结果有错这一说法<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>《大英百科全书》与其它印刷版的百科全书也难分高下。比如，1994年，<span lang="en">Kenneth Kister</span>认为《大英百科全书》位于大多数其它百科全书之上，但不如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%BE%8E%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="大美百科全書">大美百科全书</a>》（<span lang="en"><i>Encyclopedia Americana</i></span>）、《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界图书百科全书（页面不存在）">世界图书百科全书</a>》（<span lang="en"><i>World Book Encyclopedia</i></span>）和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="康普顿百科全书">康普顿百科全书</a>》（<span lang="en"><i>Compton's Encyclopedia</i></span>）。<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="目前版本"><span id=".E7.9B.AE.E5.89.8D.E7.89.88.E6.9C.AC"></span>目前版本</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：目前版本"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/220px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/330px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg/440px-Encyclopaedia_Britannica_15_with_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>第十五版（含兩冊索引）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg/220px-Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg/330px-Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg/440px-Enyclopedia_Britannica_International_Chinese_Edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="1580" /></a><figcaption>不列颠百科全书（国际中文版）（修訂版）全20冊</figcaption></figure> <p>《大英百科全书》的目前版本有四千多名作者，其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="米尔顿·弗里德曼">米尔顿·弗里德曼</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·E·德巴基（页面不存在）">迈克尔·E·德巴基</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%B9" title="卡尔·萨根">卡尔·萨根</a>等學者。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%BF%AA%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" class="mw-redirect" title="莫迪默·阿德勒">莫迪默·阿德勒</a>的指导下，目前1974年首版的第15版不像过去那样按照字母排列，而是分三部分。第一部分是一部一卷的结构性的目录；第二部分是<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%B0%A1%E7%B7%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="百科簡編">百科簡編</a>（Micropædia），為一部12卷的比较短的文章（大多数一至五段）；第三部分是一部17卷的长文章，这些长文章的长度可以从数页达300多页。短文章中包括许多指向长文章或其它短文章的注释。长文章包括国家、科学学科等等，提供详细的信息。它们往往分许多章节，然而这些章节本身就足以在其它百科全书中构成独立的文章了。这样做的目的在于使得知识系统化和阐明各个内容之间的关系。1985年又增加了两卷目录，此后出版的印刷版都是对第十五版的更新。在过去三年中，有46%的内容被更新。2009年夏季出版的2010版本是最後的印刷版。(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130022739/http://www.britannicastore.com/the-encyclopaedia-britannica-2010-copyright/invt/printset10/">大英百科全書2010書本版</a>) </p><p>2014年的<span lang="en">DVD</span>版包括6,672万多个词和121,102篇文章，其中包括85,555篇《大英百科全书》的文章，以及《大英学生百科全书》的17,964篇文章、《大英基本百科全书》的3,338篇文章，和1993年至2012年间的14,153篇文章，以及过去版本的文章，<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>还含有辅助内容，如地图、录像、录音、动画和网上链接等，同时提供词典等工具。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="台灣">台灣</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="遠流出版社">遠流出版社</a>目前有售2011年的DVD-ROM版本。网上版目前有20万多篇文章，每月更新，还有《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E5%B9%BF%E6%92%AD%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="英国广播公司">英国广播公司</a>的新文章的超链接。订阅费为每年34.95美元，学校和图书馆訂閱有特惠价。 </p><p>当时的主编之一还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="汉学家">汉学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E4%BE%9D%E6%9F%8F%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="戴尔·豪依柏格">戴尔·豪依柏格</a>。 </p><p>此外，大英百科全书出版社还出版一些缩减的百科全书，以及专业工具书。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="版本历史"><span id=".E7.89.88.E6.9C.AC.E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>版本历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：版本历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>版本 </th> <th>出版时间 </th> <th>卷数 </th> <th>主编 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第1版</td> <td>1768年–1771年 </td> <td>3卷 </td> <td>威廉·斯梅利 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第2版</td> <td>1777年–1784年 </td> <td>10卷 </td> <td>詹姆斯·提特勒 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第3版</td> <td>1788年–1797年 </td> <td>18卷 </td> <td>科林·麦克法卡尔和乔治·格雷戈 </td></tr> <tr> <td>第3版补充版 </td> <td>1801年，修订于1803年 </td> <td>2卷 </td> <td>乔治·格雷戈 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第4版</td> <td>1801年–1810年 </td> <td>20卷 </td> <td>詹姆斯·米拉 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第5版</td> <td>1815年</td> <td>20卷 </td> <td>詹姆斯·米拉和托马斯·波纳 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第6版 </td> <td>1820年–1823年，补充卷1815年–1824年 </td> <td>20卷 + 6补充卷 <sup><a href="#editionnote1">1</a></sup> </td> <td>查尔斯·麦克莱伦和麦克维·奈皮尔 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第7版</td> <td>1830年–1842年 </td> <td>21卷 </td> <td>麦克维·奈皮尔 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第8版</td> <td>1852年–1860年 </td> <td>22卷 <sup><a href="#editionnote2">2</a></sup> </td> <td>托马斯·斯图亚特·特莱尔 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第9版</td> <td>1875年–1889年 </td> <td>25卷 <sup><a href="#editionnote3">3</a></sup> </td> <td>托马斯·斯宾瑟·拜恩斯 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第10版</td> <td>1902年–1903年 </td> <td>第9版 + 11卷补充 <sup><a href="#editionnote4">4</a></sup> </td> <td>唐纳德·沃莱斯等 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第11版 </td> <td>1910年–1911年</td> <td>29卷 </td> <td>休·奇斯霍尔姆 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第12版</td> <td>1921年–1922年 </td> <td>第11版 + 3卷补充 <sup><a href="#editionnote5">5</a></sup> </td> <td>休·奇斯霍尔姆 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第13版</td> <td>1926年</td> <td>第11版 + 3卷补充 <sup><a href="#editionnote6">6</a></sup> </td> <td>詹姆斯·路易斯·加尔温 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">第14版</td> <td>1929年–1973年 </td> <td>24卷 <sup><a href="#editionnote7">7</a></sup> </td> <td>詹姆斯·路易斯·加尔温等 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" rowspan="2">第15版</td> <td>1974年–1984年 </td> <td>30卷 <sup><a href="#editionnote8">8</a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2">莫迪默·阿德勒等 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985年–2010年</td> <td>32卷 <sup><a href="#editionnote9">9</a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr> <td class="toccolours">注释 <p>第1版不收录人物条目。第2版正值<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="mw-redirect" title="美国独立战争">美国独立战争</a>，但书中丝毫没有反映。 </p><p><sup id="editionnote1">1</sup> 第4、5、6版的补充卷，包括科学史的原始文章 </p><p><sup id="editionnote2">2</sup> 第7和14版包括独立的目录卷 </p><p><sup id="editionnote3">3</sup> 第9版包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a>关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="电">电</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">开尔文</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="男爵">男爵</a>关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="热">热</a>的文章 </p><p><sup id="editionnote4">4</sup> 第10版包括一卷地图和第9和第10卷的目录 </p><p><sup id="editionnote5">5</sup> 第30至32卷 </p><p><sup id="editionnote6">6</sup> 这个补充取代了以前的补充 </p><p><sup id="editionnote7">7</sup> 从这个版本开始有不断进行的修正 </p><p><sup id="editionnote8">8</sup> 分三部分 </p><p><sup id="editionnote9">9</sup> 1985年目录被从第一部分分出，独自成为两卷。第三部分的文章加强，加长，少数中幅度的文章被移动到第二部分 </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="紙本走入歷史"><span id=".E7.B4.99.E6.9C.AC.E8.B5.B0.E5.85.A5.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>紙本走入歷史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：紙本走入歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>歷經了244年的漫長歲月，《大英百科全書》2012年3月13日宣佈，目前市面上庫存的紙本百科全書賣完後，將不再推出印刷版，內容全面數位化。為紀念印刷版本的「光榮退役」，《大英百科全書》網站自3月13日起提供一周的<b>免費</b>瀏覽。<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="閱讀者"><span id=".E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80.E8.80.85"></span>閱讀者</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：閱讀者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>世间不乏把《大英百科全書》完整读完的人，例如，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡扎爾王朝">卡扎爾王朝</a>君王<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%AB-%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%99%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="法特赫-阿里沙·卡扎爾">法阿里</a>曾讀完第三版，美國商人Amos Urban Shirk花了4年半，读完共23冊的1911年版<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，除此之外還有愛爾蘭劇作家<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%AD%E4%BC%AF%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="蕭伯納">蕭伯納</a>、美國<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="物理學家">物理學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">費曼</a>、英國小說家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="塞西尔·斯科特·福雷斯特">塞西尔·斯科特·福雷斯特</a>等<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobs_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobs-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">（p. 364）</sup>。2006年，一位任職《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%9B%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%9C%E8%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="君子雜誌">君子雜誌</a>》（<i>Esquire</i>）的記者<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E8%B3%88%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="阿諾德·史蒂芬·賈各布斯">A·J·賈各布斯</a>花了一年多的時間，看完3萬3千頁的2002年版，並把读后感寫成一本書《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%8B%82%E6%83%B3%E6%9B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="我的大英百科狂想曲（页面不存在）">我的大英百科狂想曲</a>》（<i>The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World</i>）。<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%9B%B2%E4%BA%94" title="王雲五">王雲五</a>在19歲時購得《大英百科全書》，约三年中几乎每日翻读两三个小时。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E9%80%82" class="mw-redirect" title="胡适">胡适</a>稱王云五是“有脚的百科全书”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CH_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&docId=5557447&docLibId=72">不列颠百科全书</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20240428193244/https://www.cihai.com.cn/detail?q=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&docId=5557447&docLibId=72">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） [DB/OL] [2024-07-16] // <a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%87%B3%E7%AB%8B" title="陈至立">陈至立</a>．<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%9E%E6%B5%B7" title="辞海">辞海</a>. 7版网络版．上海：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海辞书出版社">上海辞书出版社</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kister_1994-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kister_1994_2-0"><sup><b>2.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kister_1994_2-1"><sup><b>2.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kister_1994_2-2"><sup><b>2.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kister" class="extiw" title="en:Kenneth Kister">Kister, KF</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist">Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias</a> 2nd. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0897747445" title="Special:网络书源/0897747445"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0897747445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=KF&rft.aulast=Kister&rft.btitle=Kister%27s+Best+Encyclopedias%3A+A+Comparative+Guide+to+General+and+Specialized+Encyclopedias&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0897747445&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkistersbestencyc00kist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sader_1995-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sader_1995_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Sader, Marian; Lewis, Amy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediasatl00sade">Encyclopedias, Atlases, and Dictionaries</a>. New Providence, NJ: R. R. Bowker (A Reed Reference Publishing Company). 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8352-3669-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-8352-3669-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8352-3669-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Marian&rft.aulast=Sader&rft.btitle=Encyclopedias%2C+Atlases%2C+and+Dictionaries&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8352-3669-2&rft.place=New+Providence%2C+NJ&rft.pub=R.+R.+Bowker+%28A+Reed+Reference+Publishing+Company%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediasatl00sade&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB_encyclopedia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_encyclopedia_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Encyclopedias and Dictionaries. Encyclopædia Britannica <b>18</b> 15<sup>th</sup> edition. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a>: 257–286. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Encyclopedias+and+Dictionaries&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=15%3Csup%3Eth%3C%2Fsup%3E+edition&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=257-286&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-金常政-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-金常政_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-金常政_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-金常政_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-金常政_5-3"><sup><b>5.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-金常政_5-4"><sup><b>5.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B8%B8%E6%94%BF" title="金常政">金常政</a>. 百科全书的故事. 北京: 北京图书馆出版社. 2005-03. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7501326231" title="Special:网络书源/7501326231"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7501326231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.au=%E9%87%91%E5%B8%B8%E6%94%BF&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%95%85%E4%BA%8B&rft.date=2005-03&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7501326231&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kogan_1958-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-0"><sup><b>6.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-1"><sup><b>6.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-2"><sup><b>6.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kogan_1958_6-3"><sup><b>6.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kogan, Herman. The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 1958. <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国会图书馆控制号">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58000000">58-0</a> – 00</div>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.aulast=Kogan&rft.btitle=The+Great+EB%3A+The+Story+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia_1954-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1954_7-0"><sup><b>7.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1954_7-1"><sup><b>7.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Encyclopædia. Encyclopædia Britannica 14<sup>th</sup> edition. 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1954&rft.edition=14%3Csup%3Eth%3C%2Fsup%3E+edition&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span> Aside from providing an excellent summary of the <i>Britannica's</i> history and early spin-off products, this article also describes the life-cycle of a typical <i>Britannica</i> edition. A new edition typically begins with strong sales that gradually decay as the encyclopaedia becomes outdated. When work on a new edition is begun, word leaks out and sales of the old edition effectively stop, just at the time when the fiscal needs are greatest: a new editorial staff must be assembled, articles commissioned, etc. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Elkan Harrison Powell" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elkan Harrison Powell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elkan_Harrison_Powell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elkan Harrison Powell（页面不存在）">Elkan Harrison Powell</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkan_Harrison_Powell" class="extiw" title="en:Elkan Harrison Powell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elkan Harrison Powell</span></a></span>）</span></span> identified this cyclic fluctuation of income as a key danger to the fiscal health of any encyclopaedia, one that he hoped to overcome with his innovative policy of continuous revision.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-index_preface-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-index_preface_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">The New Encyclopædia Britannica 15<sup>th</sup> edition, <i>Index</i> preface. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2007&rft.edition=15%3Csup%3Eth%3C%2Fsup%3E+edition%2C+%27%27Index%27%27+preface&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">杨永林; 庄建. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1998-10/14/GB/17845%5EGM2-1408.HTM">《不列颠百科全书》国际中文版面世</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5" title="光明日报">光明日报</a>. 1998-10-14 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-08-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801045851/https://www.gmw.cn/01gmrb/1998-10/14/GB/17845%5EGM2-1408.HTM">存档</a>于2022-08-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E3%80%8B%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%E7%89%88%E9%9D%A2%E4%B8%96&rft.au=%E5%BA%84%E5%BB%BA&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%B8%E6%9E%97&rft.date=1998-10-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmw.cn%2F01gmrb%2F1998-10%2F14%2FGB%2F17845%255EGM2-1408.HTM&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burr_1911-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burr_1911_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lincoln_Burr" class="extiw" title="en:George Lincoln Burr">Burr, George L.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1911-10_17_1/page/103">The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information</a>. American Historical Review. 1911, <b>17</b>: 103–109. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1832843"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/1832843</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=The+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Arts%2C+Sciences%2C+Literature+and+General+Information&rft.aufirst=George+L.&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.date=1911&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.pages=103-109&rft.volume=17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-historical-review_1911-10_17_1%2Fpage%2F103&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1832843&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fatally_flawed-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fatally_flawed_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc. March 2006 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-10-21</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181202112822/http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=Fatally+Flawed%3A+Refuting+the+recent+study+on+encyclopedic+accuracy+by+the+journal+Nature&rft.date=2006-03&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcorporate.britannica.com%2Fbritannica_nature_response.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giles_Nature_study_2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Giles_Nature_study_2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Giles, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">Internet encyclopedias go head to head</a>. Nature. 2005-12-15, <b>438</b>: 900–901 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-10-21</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F438900a"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/438900a</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124180014/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">存档</a>于2009-11-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Internet+encyclopedias+go+head+to+head&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Giles&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=900-901&rft.volume=438&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv438%2Fn7070%2Ffull%2F438900a.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F438900a&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobs-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jacobs_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Jacobs, Arnold Stephen Jr. 黃芳田譯. <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="我的大英百科狂想曲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%8B%82%E6%83%B3%E6%9B%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="我的大英百科狂想曲（页面不存在）">我的大英百科狂想曲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Know-It-All:_One_Man%27s_Humble_Quest_to_Become_the_Smartest_Person_in_the_World" class="extiw" title="en:The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 遠流. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789573259169" title="Special:网络书源/9789573259169"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789573259169</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Stephen+Jr.+%E9%BB%83%E8%8A%B3%E7%94%B0%E8%AD%AF&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.btitle=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%8B%82%E6%83%B3%E6%9B%B2%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22The+Know-It-All%3A+One+Man%27s+Humble+Quest+to+Become+the+Smartest+Person+in+the+World%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%8B%82%E6%83%B3%E6%9B%B2%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EThe+Know-It-All%3A+One+Man%27s+Humble+Quest+to+Become+the+Smartest+Person+in+the+World%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789573259169&rft.pub=%E9%81%A0%E6%B5%81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">使用<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessdate=</code>需要含有<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#accessdate_missing_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_McCabe" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph McCabe">麦可白, 约瑟夫</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/lies_of_britannica.html">Lies and Fallacies of the Encyclopedia Britannica: How Powerful and Shameless Clerical Forces Castrated a Famous Work...</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-06-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614114014/http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/lies_of_britannica.html">存档</a>于2006-06-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB&rft.aulast=%E9%BA%A6%E5%8F%AF%E7%99%BD&rft.btitle=Lies+and+Fallacies+of+the+Encyclopedia+Britannica%3A+How+Powerful+and+Shameless+Clerical+Forces+Castrated+a+Famous+Work...&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistorical%2Fjoseph_mccabe%2Flies_of_britannica.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2012/03/change/">Change: It’s Okay. Really.</a>. 大英百科全书博客. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120710160022/http://www.britannica.com/blogs/2012/03/change/">存档</a>于2012-07-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=Change%3A+It%E2%80%99s+Okay.+Really.&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%8D%9A%E5%AE%A2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fblogs%2F2012%2F03%2Fchange%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/7/17437816/google-britannica-insights-search-encyclopedia">Encyclopedia Britannica's new Chrome extension is a simple fix to Google misinformation</a>. The Verge. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2018]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122092322/https://www.theverge.com/2018/6/7/17437816/google-britannica-insights-search-encyclopedia">存档</a>于22 November 2018）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica%27s+new+Chrome+extension+is+a+simple+fix+to+Google+misinformation&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F6%2F7%2F17437816%2Fgoogle-britannica-insights-search-encyclopedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBonline-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBonline_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927080425/http://www.howtoknow.com/BOL1.html">The Building of Britannica Online</a>. howtoknow.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2005-12-30</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.howtoknow.com/BOL1.html">原始内容</a>存档于2007-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.atitle=The+Building+of+Britannica+Online&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=howtoknow.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.howtoknow.com%2FBOL1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">Nature 438, 900-901 (15 December 2005) | doi:10.1038/438900a</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-06-25</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124180014/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html">存档</a>于2009-11-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=Nature+438%2C+900-901+%2815+December+2005%29+%7C+doi%3A10.1038%2F438900a&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv438%2Fn7070%2Ffull%2F438900a.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Britannica: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">Fatally Flawed</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181202112822/http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nature: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf">Encyclopedia Britannica: a response</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190721144856/http://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (PDF)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://support.britannica.com/2014/ursd14/win/index.htm">2014 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD (Windows)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140128110552/http://support.britannica.com/2014/ursd14/win/index.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）<span lang="en">DVD</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318014441/http://tw.nextmedia.com/realtimenews/article/international/20120314/114339/">244年《大英百科》紙本走入歷史　改為線上版</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-03-14</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tw.nextmedia.com/realtimenews/article/international/20120314/114339">原始内容</a>存档于2012-03-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=244%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E3%80%8B%E7%B4%99%E6%9C%AC%E8%B5%B0%E5%85%A5%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E3%80%80%E6%94%B9%E7%82%BA%E7%B7%9A%E4%B8%8A%E7%89%88&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftw.nextmedia.com%2Frealtimenews%2Farticle%2Finternational%2F20120314%2F114339&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Know-It-All:_One_Man%27s_Humble_Quest_to_Become_the_Smartest_Person_in_the_World">The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World</a>. Wikipedia. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-01-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701222352/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Know-It-All:_One_Man's_Humble_Quest_to_Become_the_Smartest_Person_in_the_World">存档</a>于2011-07-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.btitle=The+Know-It-All%3A+One+Man%27s+Humble+Quest+to+Become+the+Smartest+Person+in+the+World&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Wikipedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Know-It-All%3A_One_Man%2527s_Humble_Quest_to_Become_the_Smartest_Person_in_the_World&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《八十自述》：“接连约三年内，几乎每日都把《大英百科全书》翻读二三小时，除按各条顺序阅读大概外，通常系从索引方面，将某一题材与其相关题材，作较有系统的阅读。这样的读书，博而不专，原是很愚拙的。现在回想一下，不仅把这二三年自己读书时日的重要部分占据了，而且由于博而不专的习惯养成，使我以后约莫二十年间常常变更读书门类的兴趣，结果成为一个四不像的学者；否则以我对于读书的兴趣，自问理解与记忆都还不差，虽无机会进大学之门，至少也可藉自修而专攻一科，或可勉厕于专家之列呢？”</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.96.B1.E8.AE.80"></span>延伸閱讀</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Einbinder" class="extiw" title="en:Harvey Einbinder">Einbinder, Harvey</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythofbritannica0000einb">The Myth of the Britannica</a>. New York: Grove Press. 1964. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0384140509" title="Special:网络书源/978-0384140509"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0384140509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.aulast=Einbinder&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+the+Britannica&rft.date=1964&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0384140509&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythofbritannica0000einb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.J._Jacobs" class="extiw" title="en:A.J. Jacobs">Jacobs, Arnold Stephen, Jr.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/knowitalloneman00jaco">The Know-It-All: One Man's Humble Quest to Become the Smartest Person in the World</a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0743250627" title="Special:网络书源/978-0743250627"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0743250627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Arnold+Stephen%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.btitle=The+Know-It-All%3A+One+Man%27s+Humble+Quest+to+Become+the+Smartest+Person+in+the+World&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0743250627&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fknowitalloneman00jaco&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Kister" class="extiw" title="en:Kenneth Kister">Kister, Kenneth F.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kistersbestencyc00kist">Kister's Best Encyclopedias: A Comparative Guide to General and Specialized Encyclopedias</a> 2nd. Phoenix, AZ: Oryx Press. 1994. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0897747448" title="Special:网络书源/978-0897747448"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0897747448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+F.&rft.aulast=Kister&rft.btitle=Kister%27s+Best+Encyclopedias%3A+A+Comparative+Guide+to+General+and+Specialized+Encyclopedias&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=2nd&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0897747448&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkistersbestencyc00kist&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Kogan" class="extiw" title="en:Herman Kogan">Kogan, Herman</a>. The Great EB: The Story of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1958. <div class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="美国国会图书馆控制号">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58000000">58-0</a> – 00</div>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.aulast=Kogan&rft.btitle=The+Great+EB%3A+The+Story+of+the+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=book&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Lee, Timothy. <i>Techdirt Interviews Britannica President Jorge Cauz</i>, Techdirt.com, 2 June 2008</li> <li>Greenstein, Shane, and Michelle Devereux (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313000034/http://www.kellogg.northwestern.edu/faculty/greenstein/images/htm/research/cases/encyclopaediabritannica.pdf">The Crisis at Encyclopædia Britannica</a>" case history, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">英語<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中相关的原始文献：<br /> <span style="margin-left: 1em"><b><a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?uselang=zh">大英百科全書</a></b></span></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com">官方网站</a></span></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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