CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>托马斯·马尔萨斯 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"9b253ae4-0506-4da8-b2f6-37e74ee3bab0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"托马斯·马尔萨斯","wgTitle":"托马斯·马尔萨斯","wgCurRevisionId":81905947,"wgRevisionId":81905947,"wgArticleId":219300,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["引用自1911年大英百科全书并包含维基文库引用的维基百科条目","自2018年10月需补充来源的条目","拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目","含有hCards的条目","本地相关图片与维基数据相同","含有英語的條目","含有未知参数的引用的页面","自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目","条目有永久失效的外部链接","引文格式1错误：日期","含有网址格式错误的引用的页面", "维基共享资源分类链接由维基数据提供","含有古騰堡計劃連結的條目","包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目","包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目","包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目","包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目","包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNC标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNMM标识符的维基百科条目","包含CANTICN标识符的维基百科条目","包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含ICCU标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含KBR标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含Libris标识符的维基百科条目","包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目", "包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目","包含NLG标识符的维基百科条目","包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目","包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目","包含NTA标识符的维基百科条目","包含PLWABN标识符的维基百科条目","包含PortugalA标识符的维基百科条目","包含VcBA标识符的维基百科条目","包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目","包含MATHSN标识符的维基百科条目","包含ZBMATH标识符的维基百科条目","包含DTBIO标识符的维基百科条目","包含Trove标识符的维基百科条目","包含CONOR标识符的维基百科条目","包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目","包含SNAC-ID标识符的维基百科条目","包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目","1766年出生","1834年逝世","莫爾河谷人","布拉姆科特人","英国人口学家","英国经济学家","英国数学家","英格兰纪实文学男作家","英國新教神學家","经济学理论与学派","剑桥大学耶稣学院校友"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"托马斯·马尔萨斯","wgRelevantArticleId":219300,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q13526","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage": "ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg/1200px-Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1467"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg/800px-Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="978"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg/640px-Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="782"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="托马斯·马尔萨斯 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-托马斯·马尔萨斯 rootpage-托马斯·马尔萨斯 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人口学原理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人口学原理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>人口学原理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人口学原理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-马尔萨斯的进化学说" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#马尔萨斯的进化学说"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>马尔萨斯的进化学说</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-马尔萨斯的进化学说-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-批评" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#批评"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>批评</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-批评-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关批评子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-批评-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-社会主义者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#社会主义者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>社会主义者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-社会主义者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自由主义者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自由主义者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>自由主义者</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自由主义者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-天主教" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#天主教"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>天主教</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-天主教-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-人权组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#人权组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>人权组织</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-人权组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">托马斯·马尔萨斯</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。85种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-85" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">85种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="توماس مالتوس – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توماس مالتوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="توماس مالتوس – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="توماس مالتوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Maltus" title="Tomas Maltus – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tomas Maltus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мальтус Томас – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мальтус Томас" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Томас Роберт Мальтус – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Томас Роберт Мальтус" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Томас Малтус – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Томас Малтус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="টমাস ম্যালথাস – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টমাস ম্যালথাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Τόμας Ρόμπερτ Μάλθους – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τόμας Ρόμπερτ Μάλθους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="توماس مالتوس – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توماس مالتوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A1" title="תומאס מלתוס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תומאס מלתוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B8" title="थॉमस रॉबर्ट मैल्थस – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थॉमस रॉबर्ट मैल्थस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD" title="Թոմաս Մալթուս – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թոմաս Մալթուս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B5%E3%82%B9" title="トマス・ロバート・マルサス – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トマス・ロバート・マルサス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="თომას რობერტ მალთუსი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თომას რობერტ მალთუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Malthus" title="Tomas Malthus – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мальтус Томас Роберт – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мальтус Томас Роберт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಮಾಲ್ಥಸ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಥಾಮಸ್ ರಾಬರ್ಟ್ ಮಾಲ್ಥಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%A0%EB%A8%B8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%A7%AC%EC%84%9C%EC%8A%A4" title="토머스 로버트 맬서스 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="토머스 로버트 맬서스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robertus_Malthus" title="Thomas Robertus Malthus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thomas Robertus Malthus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomass_Maltuss" title="Tomass Maltuss – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tomass Maltuss" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Томас Малтус – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Томас Малтус" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C" title="തോമസ്‌ റോബർട്ട് മാൽതുസ്‌ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തോമസ്‌ റോബർട്ട് മാൽതുസ്‌" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B8" title="थॉमस रॉबर्ट माल्थस – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थॉमस रॉबर्ट माल्थस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A5%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%B8" title="ਥੌਮਸ ਰਾਬਰਟ ਮਾਲਥਸ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਥੌਮਸ ਰਾਬਰਟ ਮਾਲਥਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="توماس رابرټ مالتوس – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="توماس رابرټ مالتوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81,_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Мальтус, Томас Роберт – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мальтус, Томас Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Томас Роберт Малтус – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Томас Роберт Малтус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomas_Robert_Maltus" title="Tomas Robert Maltus – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tomas Robert Maltus" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Томас Роберт Малтус – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Томас Роберт Малтус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuo-ma-se.Luo-puo-te%E2%80%99._Ma-e-sa%E2%80%99-se" title="Tuo-ma-se.Luo-puo-te’. Ma-e-sa’-se – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tuo-ma-se.Luo-puo-te’. Ma-e-sa’-se" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="தோமஸ் மால்தஸ் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தோமஸ் மால்தஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="థామస్ రాబర్ట్ మాల్థస్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="థామస్ రాబర్ట్ మాల్థస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%AA" title="ทอมัส โรเบิร์ต มาลธัส – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทอมัส โรเบิร์ต มาลธัส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81" title="Томас Мальтус – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Томас Мальтус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B3" title="تھامس رابرٹ مالتھس – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تھامس رابرٹ مالتھس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" title="Thomas Malthus – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Thomas Malthus" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Malthus" title="Thomas Robert Malthus – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="Thomas Robert Malthus" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13526#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&oldid=81905947" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&id=81905947&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2589%2598%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E6%2596%25AF%25C2%25B7%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B0%2594%25E8%2590%25A8%25E6%2596%25AF"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E6%2589%2598%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E6%2596%25AF%25C2%25B7%25E9%25A9%25AC%25E5%25B0%2594%25E8%2590%25A8%25E6%2596%25AF"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q13526" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯">托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2018年10月26日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%22">"托马斯·马尔萨斯"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">托马斯·马尔萨斯</span><br /><span class="nickname" style="font-size: smaller; font-weight: normal;">Thomas Robert Malthus</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg/220px-Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg/330px-Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg/440px-Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4045" data-file-height="4944" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">马尔萨斯肖像</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1766年2月13日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国"><img alt="英国" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="大不列顛王國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="萨里郡">萨里郡</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="韦斯科特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Westcott, Surrey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="韦斯科特（页面不存在）">韦斯科特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcott,_Surrey" class="extiw" title="en:Westcott, Surrey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Westcott, Surrey</span></a></span>）</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1834年12月29日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1834歲—12—29</span>)</span>（68歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E9%BB%98%E5%A1%9E%E7%89%B9%E9%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="萨默塞特郡">萨默塞特郡</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF" title="巴斯">巴斯</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><span class="nowrap">研究领域</span></th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8F%E8%A7%82%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="宏观经济学">宏观经济学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">学派</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="古典经济学">古典经济学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%A0%A1" title="母校">母校</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学耶稣学院">剑桥大学耶稣学院</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>托马斯·罗伯特·马尔萨斯</b> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E9%99%A2%E5%A3%AB" title="皇家学会院士">FRS</a></span>（英語：<span lang="en">Thomas Robert Malthus</span>，<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:英語國際音標">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/：後面為主重音">ˈ</span><span title="「my」的「m」音">m</span><span title="/æ/：「bad」的「a」音">æ</span><span title="「lie」的「l」音">l</span><span title="/θ/：「thigh」的「th」音">θ</span><span title="/ə/：「about」的「a」音">ə</span><span title="「sigh」的「s」音">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>；1766年2月13日—1834年12月23日）<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%B8%88" title="牧师">牧师</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6" title="人口学">人口学</a>家和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a>家。他的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="人口學原理">人口学原理</a>》至今在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="社会学">社会学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="经济学">经济学</a>领域仍有争论，但影響深遠<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen,_William_1979_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen,_William_1979-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>马尔萨斯出生于一个富有的家庭。他的父亲丹尼尔是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学家">哲学家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论者</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">让-雅克·卢梭</a>的朋友。马尔萨斯年幼时在家接受教育，直到1784年被<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学耶稣学院">剑桥大学耶稣学院</a>录取。他在那里学习了许多课程，并且在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="辩论">辩论</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希腊文">希腊文</a>课程中获奖。他的主修科目是<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>。1791年他获得<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%95%E5%A3%AB" title="硕士">硕士</a>学位，并且在两年后当选为耶稣学院院士。1797年他被按立为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="圣公会">圣公会</a>的乡村<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%B8%88" title="牧师">牧师</a>。其父親受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·戈德溫">威廉·戈德溫</a>的啟蒙思想影響，主張改變社會制度可以解決社會問題，馬爾薩斯在此議題上抱持反對的悲觀立場，為反駁父親之論說，於1798年匿名出版人口論，書籍全名為「影響社會將來改善的人口原理論說，並評戈德溫等學者的學說」．於1803年遊歷歐洲後再版「人口論」． </p><p>马尔萨斯于1804年结婚，并且养育了三个孩子。1805年他成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a>第一位（也可能是世界上第一位）<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="政治经济学">政治经济学</a>教授，执教于<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-disambig" title="東印度公司">东印度公司</a>学院。他的学生亲切地称呼他为“人口”马尔萨斯。 </p><p>他與另一位經濟學大師<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>在純學術與公共經濟政策上有許多爭論，不過兩人的爭執僅限於君子之爭，事實上兩人在因報章上的論戰熟識對方之後還成為了摯友，兩人的著名爭論在於是否該廢除英國<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%80%E7%89%A9%E6%B3%95" title="穀物法">穀物法</a>，馬爾薩斯站在地主階級的角度主張「地租是上天的恩賜」，高穀價伴隨的高地租所引發的土地開發是有價值的；李嘉圖則是站在新興資本家與勞工階級主張「地租是自然的吝嗇」，因為禁止穀物進口而投資開發的邊際土地是沒有效率的． </p><p>1833年以前，马尔萨斯拒绝肖像绘画，因为他有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%94%E5%94%87" class="mw-redirect" title="兔唇">兔唇</a>。这个缺陷后用手术矫正，他还被看作是个英俊的人。他口腔内上颚左侧有裂缝，影响说话。这一先天缺陷在他的家族中很常见。 </p><p>1834年，他因心臟病在岳父家中死去，死后葬于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" title="英格兰">英格兰</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E4%BF%AE%E9%81%93%E9%99%A2" title="巴斯修道院">巴斯修道院</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="人口学原理"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E5.8F.A3.E5.AD.A6.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>人口学原理</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：人口学原理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population,_1826_-_5884843.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population%2C_1826_-_5884843.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population%2C_1826_-_5884843.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population%2C_1826_-_5884843.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population%2C_1826_-_5884843.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population%2C_1826_-_5884843.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Malthus_-_Essay_on_the_principle_of_population%2C_1826_-_5884843.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1805" data-file-height="3209" /></a><figcaption>《人口學原理》封面</figcaption></figure> <p>马尔萨斯的思想很大程度是对他的父亲及其朋友们（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E6%A2%AD" title="让-雅克·卢梭">让-雅克·卢梭</a>）的乐观思想的反动。他的一些文章也是对<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A5%8E%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%9A%E5%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬奎斯·孔多塞">馬奎斯·孔多塞</a>的回应。在1798年发表的《人口学原理》中，马尔萨斯作出一个著名的预言：人口增长超越食物供应，会导致人均占有食物的减少。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>The power of population is so superior to the power of the earth to produce subsistence for man, that premature death must in some shape or other visit the human race. The vices of mankind are active and able ministers of depopulation. They are the precursors in the great army of destruction; and often finish the dreadful work themselves. But should they fail in this war of extermination, sickly seasons, epidemics, pestilence, and plague, advance in terrific array, and sweep off their thousands and tens of thousands. Should success be still incomplete, gigantic inevitable famine stalks in the rear, and with one mighty blow levels the population with the food of the world</i>.</p></blockquote> <p>人口学原理的基本思想是：如没有限制，人口是呈<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="几何">几何</a>速率（即：2，4，8，16，32，64，128等）增长，而食物供应呈<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%AF" title="算术">算术</a>速率（即：1，2，3，4，5，6，7等）增长。只有自然原因（事故和衰老），灾难（<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="战争">战争</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a>，及各类<a href="/wiki/%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="饥荒">饥荒</a>），道德限制和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA%E6%81%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="罪恶">罪恶</a>（马尔萨斯所指包括杀婴，谋杀，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="節育">节育</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%81%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="同性恋">同性恋</a>）能够限制人口的过度增长。参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E7%81%BE%E9%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯灾难">马尔萨斯灾难</a>。 </p><p>马尔萨斯倾向于用道德限制（包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%9A%E5%A9%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="晚婚（页面不存在）">晚婚</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E6%AC%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="禁欲">禁欲</a>）手段来控制人口增长。然而值得注意的是，马尔萨斯建议只对劳动群众和贫困阶级采取这样的措施。那么根据他的理论，较低的社会阶层对于社会弊病要承担较大的责任。这就从根本上导致了推动立法手段使英国的穷人生存状况更为恶化，但也减缓了贫困人口的增长。 </p><p>马尔萨斯自己注意到许多人误用他的理论，痛苦地阐明他没有仅仅预测未来的大灾难。他辩解道，“……周期性灾难持续存在的原因自人类有史以来就已经存在，目前仍然存在，并且将来会继续存在，除非我们的大自然的物理结构发生决定性的变化。”因此，马尔萨斯认为他的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="人口學原理">人口学原理</a>》是对人类过去和目前状况的解释，以及对我们未来的预测。 </p><p>此外，许多人辩驳道，马尔萨斯没有认识到人类有能力增加食物供应。关于这个论题，马尔萨斯写道，“将人类与其他动物相区别的主要特性是人的生存能力，和具有大量增加生存手段的能力。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="马尔萨斯的进化学说"><span id=".E9.A9.AC.E5.B0.94.E8.90.A8.E6.96.AF.E7.9A.84.E8.BF.9B.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E8.AF.B4"></span>马尔萨斯的进化学说</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：马尔萨斯的进化学说"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>马尔萨斯的《1798论文》表达了以下八个主要观点： </p> <ol><li>人口数量严重受限于生存手段</li> <li>当生存手段增加后，人口也相应增加</li> <li>人口压力刺激生产增长</li> <li>生产增长反过来也刺激人口增长</li> <li>从长远来看，生产增长不能与人口的增长潜力保持同步，人口数量与供养能力之间必将出现巨大裂痕</li> <li>性、劳动和子女等影响人口和生产力的诸多因素由个人的收支决定所影响</li> <li>当人口增长超过供养能力时，正面的抑制因素会发挥作用</li> <li>这些抑制因素的本质将对生物社会系统的其他部分产生影响</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="影响"><span id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在东印度公司学院，马尔萨斯发展出一套需求供应失衡理论，他称之为过剩，反對供給自創需求的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%BD%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="賽伊定律">賽伊定律</a>。在当时这被看做荒唐的理论，却是后来有关<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%90%A7%E6%9D%A1" title="大萧条">大萧条</a>的一系列经济理论的先驱，他的崇拜者、经济学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯">约翰·梅纳德·凯恩斯</a>将这个思想引入了著作。 </p><p>以往高<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F%E7%8E%87" title="出生率">出生率</a>被认为有利于经济，因为会提供更多的劳力。然而，马尔萨斯却从一个新的视角看待出生率，指出即使高出生率可以增加毛生产量，它更趋于降低人均生产量。该思想影响的人包括知名的经济学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9B%BE" title="大卫·李嘉图">大卫·李嘉图</a>。 </p><p>他的一个知名信徒是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E9%A6%96%E7%9B%B8" title="英国首相">英国首相</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E7%89%B9" title="小威廉·皮特">小威廉·皮特</a>。1830年代，马尔萨斯的著作强烈地影响了<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%9D%E6%A0%BC%E9%BB%A8_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="輝格黨 (英國)">辉格党</a>人，他们改变了<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%88%A9%E5%85%9A" title="托利党">托利党</a>的家长式作风，于1834年引入了《坏法修正法案》。 </p><p>对马尔萨斯理论的关注也帮助了英国全国<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5" title="人口普查">人口普查</a>的实施。1801年，政府官员<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·李克曼（页面不存在）">约翰·李克曼</a>主导了第一次现代人口普查。 </p><p>马尔萨斯人口理论的门徒，还包括知名的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%9B%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="神创论">神创论</a>者、<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="自然神学">自然神学</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%87%8C" title="威廉·佩里">威廉·佩里</a>大主教，他于1802年发表了《自然神论》。他认为马尔萨斯的人口学原理证明了神的存在。 </p><p>虽然马尔萨斯反对<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="節育">节育</a>，他的著作却强烈地影响了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗西斯·普勒斯（页面不存在）">弗朗西斯·普勒斯</a>，后者发动了“极端马尔萨斯主义运动”以推动节育。普勒斯于1822年发表了论文《人口学原理的证明》。 </p><p>马尔萨斯理论对现代<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="进化论">进化论</a>创始人<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">达尔文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0%C2%B7%E8%8F%AF%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾弗雷德·羅素·華勒斯">阿尔佛雷德·华莱士</a>产生关键影响。达尔文在他的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物种起源</a>》一书中说，他的理论是马尔萨斯理论在没有人类智力干预的一个领域里的应用。达尔文终生都是马尔萨斯的崇拜者，称他为“伟大的哲学家”。华莱士称马尔萨斯的著作是“……我所阅读过的最重要的书”，并把他和达尔文通过学习马尔萨斯理论，各自独立地发展出进化论，称做“最有趣的巧合”。 </p><p>进化论学家们普遍认可马尔萨斯无意中对进化论做出了许多贡献。马尔萨斯对于人口问题的思考是现代进化理论的基础。马尔萨斯强化了对“有限增长”条件下“生存挣扎”的观察。由于马尔萨斯理论，达尔文认识到了生存竞争不仅发生在<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">物种</a>之间，而且也在同一物种内部进行。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%96%87%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" class="mw-redirect" title="联合国教科文组织">联合国教科文组织</a>的发起人、进化论学者和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%81%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="人道主义">人道主义</a>者<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="朱利安·赫胥黎">朱利安·赫胥黎</a>在1964年出版的著作《进化论的人道主义》中描述了“拥挤的世界”，呼吁制订“世界人口政策”。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="聯合國人口基金會">联合国人口基金会</a>等国际组织关于地球能容纳多少人的辩论即起源于马尔萨斯。1972年<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8" title="罗马俱乐部">罗马俱乐部</a>发表的报告《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90" title="增长的极限">增长的极限</a>》和《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8E%AF%E7%90%832000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="环球2000（页面不存在）">环球2000</a>》，送达了当时的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="美国总统">美国总统</a>。科幻作家<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%A5%BF%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%AB" title="艾萨克·阿西莫夫">艾萨克·阿西莫夫</a>发表了许多有关<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="人口控制">人口控制</a>的文章，反映出来自马尔萨斯的观点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="批评"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E8.AF.84"></span>批评</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：批评"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>马尔萨斯的结论被许多20世纪的经济学家所诟病。由于技术进步，大规模的人口增长并未造成<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E7%81%BE%E9%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯灾难">马尔萨斯灾难</a>。所以有人称他是失败的诅咒先知。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社会主义者"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E8.80.85"></span>社会主义者</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：社会主义者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>马尔萨斯关于食物供应的算术模型被普遍拒绝，因为在过去的两个世纪里，食物供应超出了他的预期，与人口增长保持了同步。 </p><p>对马尔萨斯的反对声音也来自19世纪中叶的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>者<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" title="卡尔·马克思">卡尔·马克思</a>（1867年，《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%AE%BA" title="资本论">资本论</a>》）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%97%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="弗里得里希·恩格斯">弗里得里希·恩格斯</a>（1844年，《政治经济学批判大纲》）。他们看来，马尔萨斯所谓人口对<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%A7%E5%8A%9B" title="生产力">生产力</a>造成压力的问题，实际上是生产力对人口的压力。换句话说，马尔萨斯把生产力低下归咎于过剩的人口，实际上是动荡的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a>经济造成的后果，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="危機">危机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="失业">失业</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%AB%E5%9B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="贫困">贫困</a>等都是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%84%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="资本主义">资本主义</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%81%E6%9C%89%E5%88%B6" title="私有制">私有制</a>统治的产物。 </p><p>恩格斯称马尔萨斯的理论“……是现存最冷酷无情、最野蛮的理论，一个摧毁了爱人如己和世界公民等所有美好词汇的、绝望的系统。” </p><p>尽管出现了1921年<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E9%A5%91%E8%8D%92" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯饑荒">俄罗斯饥荒</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="共产主义">共产主义</a>者总的来说仍然反对马尔萨斯理论。1954年在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC" title="罗马">罗马</a>召开的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD" title="联合国">联合国</a>人口会议上，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联">苏联</a>代表声称，“在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会主义">社会主义</a>国家，人口过剩问题从来没有出现……马尔萨斯理论完全是错误的。” </p><p>中华人民共和国在1950年代也曾经批判过<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%AF%85%E5%88%9D" title="马寅初">马寅初</a>的人口论。但从1960年代初中国大陆开始实行<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E7%94%9F%E8%82%B2" title="中华人民共和国计划生育">计划生育政策</a>（1960年全国人民代表大会通过《1956年到1967年全国农业发展纲要》），提出“除了少数民族的地区以外，在一切人口稠密的地方，宣传和推广节制生育，提倡有计划地生育子女”，从而改变了对<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="人口控制">人口控制</a>的观点。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自由主义者"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.94.B1.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E8.80.85"></span>自由主义者</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：自由主义者"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="奥地利经济学派">奥地利经济学派</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">古典自由主义</a>者反对马尔萨斯的人口理论持。他们认为人口增长和科技的进步相匹配的情况下，人口不会成为社会进步的障碍。 </p><p>首先，一个广为接受的事实是，人口增长几乎从未呈指数方式，里面的变数太多，绝非一个简单的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="数学模型">数学模型</a>所能概括。自马尔萨斯的时代以来，人口增长率变得平缓并且是拜经济繁荣所赐。马尔萨斯生活的时代，英国人口经历了增长率变平之前的增加，而他没有研究<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2" title="亚洲">亚洲</a>地区的大量人口以及过去几千年出生率平缓的证据。 </p><p>其次，粮食的增长也不是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="線性">线性</a>的。特别是由于社会和农业技术的进步，使粮食增长超过了人口的增长，经典例子就是二战之后的“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="绿色革命">绿色革命</a>”。1961年印度已经滑到了饥荒边缘，但是绿色革命让大米产量提高了10倍，印度脱离了饥荒，而且人口又增长了7亿。但也有人批评这样的增长以沉重的资源负担、大量使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%82%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="化肥">化肥</a>为代价，不可持续。 </p><p>马尔萨斯也没有预见到<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96" title="全球化">贸易全球化</a>对于抑制粮价的作用：具有自然和经济优势的国家低成本产粮，然后运到种粮成本高的地方，从而缓解供求矛盾。一个经典的例子就是1846年英国废除限制粮食进口的《<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E7%89%A9%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="谷物法">谷物法</a>》，后果就是接下来的半个世纪里，英国粮价一跌再跌。 </p><p>还有一个马尔萨斯没有预见到的趋势，是人类自发的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BF%E5%AD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="避孕">避孕</a>意愿——随着社会的进步，大规模，高科技的工业生产需要劳动者有较高的文化水平，而让孩子接受好教育则需要太多金钱和时间。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A6%8F%E5%88%A9" title="社会福利">福利制度</a>发展使人们养儿防老的观念淡化，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%AC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="女權主義">女性解放</a>让很多女性选择晚婚晚育……总之社会越发展，人们越不愿生孩子了。对此最好的说明就是发达国家生育率都很低，比如英国，现在一家平均只生1.6个孩子，而且还在下降之中。德国和俄罗斯的人口更是年年负增长。以至于很多国家出台政策鼓励生育但收效甚微。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="天主教"><span id=".E5.A4.A9.E4.B8.BB.E6.95.99"></span>天主教</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：天主教"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>天主教的经济学者拒绝接受马尔萨斯理论，批评他只不过是一个17世纪<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF" title="威尼斯">威尼斯</a>某异端邪说的复制品。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教百科全书">天主教百科全书</a>写道，“……他对人类的知识和福祉没有任何贡献，……扩散人口过度增长的恐惧，……适当的解决方法是寻求更好的社会和产业方式，更好的医疗保障，促进道德和宗教教育。”然而，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教会">天主教会</a>反对<a href="/wiki/%E7%AF%80%E8%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="節育">节育</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="人口控制">人口控制</a>，这与马尔萨斯的思想相同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="人权组织"><span id=".E4.BA.BA.E6.9D.83.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87"></span>人权组织</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：人权组织"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>妇女生育权组织反对政府控制限制女性生育，认为这侵犯了女性的生育权——人权的一部分。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/28px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:经济学">经济学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="Portal:英国">英国主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9" title="Portal:人物">人物主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="与马尔萨斯相反的思想" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cornucopian"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8E%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%B8%E5%8F%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="与马尔萨斯相反的思想（页面不存在）">与马尔萨斯相反的思想</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornucopian" class="extiw" title="en:Cornucopian"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cornucopian</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="以人名命名的科学现象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scientific phenomena named after people"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="以人名命名的科学现象（页面不存在）">以人名命名的科学现象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people" class="extiw" title="en:Scientific phenomena named after people"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scientific phenomena named after people</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="糧食競賽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Food Race"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%A7%E9%A3%9F%E7%AB%B6%E8%B3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糧食競賽（页面不存在）">糧食競賽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Race" class="extiw" title="en:Food Race"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Food Race</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹尼爾·奎因" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Daniel Quinn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%8E%E5%9B%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼爾·奎因（页面不存在）">丹尼爾·奎因</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Quinn" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Quinn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Daniel Quinn</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="List of Bubonic plague outbreaks" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of Bubonic plague outbreaks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bubonic_plague_outbreaks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of Bubonic plague outbreaks（页面不存在）">List of Bubonic plague outbreaks</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bubonic_plague_outbreaks" class="extiw" title="en:List of Bubonic plague outbreaks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of Bubonic plague outbreaks</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E7%81%BE%E9%9A%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯灾难">马尔萨斯灾难</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尔萨斯增长模型（页面不存在）">马尔萨斯增长模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马尔萨斯主义">马尔萨斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯人口论">马尔萨斯人口论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会达尔文主义">社会达尔文主义</a> - 相关的思想</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%81%E9%99%90" title="增长的极限">增长的极限</a> 来自 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8" title="罗马俱乐部">罗马俱乐部</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a>的“承诺两个或更少”运动（主动自愿，以促进较小的家庭英国）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Several sources give Malthus's date of death as 15 December 1834. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=110865"><i>Meyers Konversationslexikon</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220317132714/http://www.retrobibliothek.de/retrobib/seite.html?id=110865">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (Leipzig, 4th edition, 1885–1892), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~kh/bobperson.html">"Biography"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130518105508/http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~kh/bobperson.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by Nigel Malthus (the memorial transcription reproduced in this article). However, the article in <span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Malthus,_Thomas_Robert" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Malthus, Thomas Robert">Malthus, Thomas Robert</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="大英百科全书"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> <b>17</b> (第11版). London: 515. 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.atitle=Malthus%2C+Thomas+Robert&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1911&rft.edition=%28%E7%AC%AC11%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=515&rft.place=London&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> gives 23 December 1834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen,_William_1979-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen,_William_1979_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Petersen, William. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malthus00will/page/19">Malthus: Founder of Modern Demography</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="哈佛大学出版社">Harvard University Press</a>. 1979: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/malthus00will/page/19">19</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780674544253" title="Special:网络书源/9780674544253"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780674544253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.btitle=Malthus%3A+Founder+of+Modern+Demography&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780674544253&rft.pages=19&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmalthus00will%2Fpage%2F19&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Knudsen, Lara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=b3thCcdyScsC&dq=reproductive+rights">Reproductive Rights in a Global Context</a>. Vanderbilt University Press. 2006: 2. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780826515285" title="Special:网络书源/9780826515285"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780826515285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.aufirst=Lara&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.btitle=Reproductive+Rights+in+a+Global+Context&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780826515285&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Vanderbilt+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Db3thCcdyScsC%26dq%3Dreproductive%2Brights&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Case, Karl E. & Fair, Ray C. 《经济学原理》第5版. Prentice-Hall. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-13-961905-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-13-961905-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-13-961905-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Case%2C+Karl+E.+%26+Fair%2C+Ray+C.&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC5%E7%89%88&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-13-961905-4&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall.&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Hollander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Hollander（页面不存在）">Samuel Hollander</a>. 《马尔萨斯经济学》. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="多伦多大学">多伦多大学</a>出版社. 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Samuel+Hollander&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%A4%9A%E4%BC%A6%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Peterson, William. 《马尔萨斯，现代人口学奠基人》第2版 Transaction. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7658-0481-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-7658-0481-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7658-0481-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Peterson%2C+William&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%8C%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1999&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88+Transaction.&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7658-0481-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12276a.htm">人口过剩理论</a>. 天主教百科全书网站. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-02-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024153/https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/12276a.htm">存档</a>于2020-11-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%BF%87%E5%89%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F12276a.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">已忽略未知参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|quot e=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#parameter_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051231111031/http://www.unfpa.org/intercenter/food/morefood.htm">More Food for More People But Not For All, and Not Forever</a>. 联合国人口基金会网站. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unfpa.org/intercenter/food/morefood.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2005-12-31）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.btitle=More+Food+for+More+People+But+Not+For+All%2C+and+Not+Forever&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unfpa.org%2Fintercenter%2Ffood%2Fmorefood.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%A9_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="威廉·佩利 (哲学家)">威廉·佩利 (哲学家)</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/p/pd-modeng/pd-modeng-idx?type=HTML&rgn=TEI.2&byte=53049319">《自然神学：神的品格和存在证据》</a> 第12版(1809) 密歇根大学初版 (Humanities Text Initiative). 1802.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%88%A9+%28%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%29&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E7%A5%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%93%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%92%8C%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1802&rft.edition=%E7%AC%AC12%E7%89%88%281809%29+%E5%AF%86%E6%AD%87%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%9D%E7%89%88+%28Humanities+Text+Initiative%29&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hti.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fp%2Fpd-modeng%2Fpd-modeng-idx%3Ftype%3DHTML%26rgn%3DTEI.2%26byte%3D53049319&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Maddox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Maddox（页面不存在）">John Maddox</a>. 《诅咒综合征——一个悲观主义杀手》. 1972.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=John+Maddox&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%AF%85%E5%92%92%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E5%BE%81%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E6%82%B2%E8%A7%82%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E6%9D%80%E6%89%8B%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garrett_Hardin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garrett Hardin（页面不存在）">Garrett Hardin</a>《社会契约》. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles_pdf/feast_of_malthus.pdf">《马尔萨斯的盛宴》</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-02-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211025641/http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles_pdf/feast_of_malthus.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-02-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Garrett+Hardin%E3%80%8A%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%A5%91%E7%BA%A6%E3%80%8B&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%9B%E5%AE%B4%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garretthardinsociety.org%2Farticles_pdf%2Ffeast_of_malthus.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Mayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Mayr（页面不存在）">Ernst Mayr</a>. 《什么是进化论》. Weidenfield & Nicolson. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-297-60741-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-297-60741-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-297-60741-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Ernst+Mayr&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-297-60741-3&rft.pub=Weidenfield+%26+Nicolson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Maynard_Smith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Maynard Smith（页面不存在）">John Maynard Smith</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theoryofevolutio00mayn">《进化论的理论》</a>. Canto (剑桥大学出版社) - (1993, 1995, 1997, 2000). 1958, 1966, 1975. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-45128-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-45128-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-45128-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=John+Maynard+Smith&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-45128-0&rft.pub=Canto+%28%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%29+-+%281993%2C+1995%2C+1997%2C+2000%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheoryofevolutio00mayn&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elliot_Sober&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elliot Sober（页面不存在）">Elliot Sober</a>. 《自然选择》. 芝加哥大学出版社. 1984. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-76748-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-76748-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-76748-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Elliot+Sober&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-76748-5&rft.pub=%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Zimmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Zimmer">Carl Zimmer</a>. 《进化论——一个理念的胜利》. Harper Collins. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-06-019906-7" title="Special:网络书源/0-06-019906-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-06-019906-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Carl+Zimmer&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%AA%E7%90%86%E5%BF%B5%E7%9A%84%E8%83%9C%E5%88%A9%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-06-019906-7&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">罗伯特·杨. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://human-nature.com/dm/chap2.html">Online chapter 《马尔萨斯和进化论者：共同的生物和社会理论》选自《达尔文形态：维多利亚文化中大自然的位置》</a><span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"> 请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span>. 剑桥大学出版社. 1985, 1988, 1994 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-02-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224141105/http://human-nature.com/dm/chap2.html">存档</a>于2021-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%92%8C%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA%E8%80%85%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B%E9%80%89%E8%87%AA%E3%80%8A%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%BD%A2%E6%80%81%EF%BC%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%9A%84%E4%BD%8D%E7%BD%AE%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuman-nature.com%2Fdm%2Fchap2.html+Online+chapter&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">罗伯特·杨. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/pap107h.html">《马尔萨斯论人类——没有道德约束的动物：关于马尔萨斯对达尔文的影响》</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2006-02-01</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181215173732/http://human-nature.com/rmyoung/papers/pap107h.html">存档</a>于2018-12-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E6%B2%A1%E6%9C%89%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%A6%E6%9D%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%EF%BC%9A%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhuman-nature.com%2Frmyoung%2Fpapers%2Fpap107h.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Evans, L.T. 《喂养100亿人口——粮食和人口增长》. 剑桥大学出版社. 1998: 247. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-64685-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-64685-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-64685-5</a>. <q>作者献给马尔萨斯</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=Evans%2C+L.T.&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%96%82%E5%85%BB100%E4%BA%BF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%B2%AE%E9%A3%9F%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%BF%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-64685-5&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">黃金茂. 《雲五社會科學大辭典-第五卷》. 臺灣商務印書館. 1971.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&rft.au=%E9%BB%83%E9%87%91%E8%8C%82&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E9%9B%B2%E4%BA%94%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8-%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%B7%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1971&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301145742/http://www.thesocialcontract.com/bookstore/product_info.php?cPath=9&products_id=79">The Social Contract Press Vol. 8, No. 3; Spring, 1998</a> 马尔萨斯诞辰200周年特刊</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113213030/http://www.npg.org/projects/malthus/malthus_index.htm">Negative Population Growth organization</a> 马尔萨斯诞辰200周年论文集</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020110110/http://www.naf.org.au/papers.htm">National Academics Forum, Australia</a> 1998年马尔萨斯诞辰200周年学术论坛</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thomas_Malthus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Thomas Malthus"><span style="font-weight:bold;">托马斯·马尔萨斯</span></a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop.html"><i>An Essay on the Principle of Population,</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190828053205/http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPop.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 1st edition, 1798. Library of Economics and Liberty. Free online, full-text searchable.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html"><i>An Essay on the Principle of Population,</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130828222107/http://www.econlib.org/library/Malthus/malPlong.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） 6th edition, 1826. Library of Economics and Liberty. Free online, full-text searchable. Malthus published a major revision to his first edition—his second edition—in 1803. His 6th edition, published 1826, and revising his various 2nd-5th editions, became his widely-cited 6th and final revision.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Thomas_Robert_Malthus">Thomas Robert Malthus的作品</a> - <a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="古騰堡計劃">古騰堡計劃</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207102614/http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/malthus.htm">Malthus profile and extensive links</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060219212548/http://www.tutor2u.net/newsmanager/templates/?a=706&z=58">Student-focused biography of Malthus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050409152713/http://www.economics.mcmaster.ca/ugcm/3ll3/malthus/index.html">Online copies of several of Malthus' works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/malthus/malbib.htm">Malthus bibliography</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160817225316/http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/malthus/malbib.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~kh/bobperson.html">Malthus biography</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130518105508/http://homepages.caverock.net.nz/~kh/bobperson.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） by Nigel Malthus, a direct descendant of Malthus' brother Sydenham Malthus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://desip.igc.org/malthus">The International Society of Malthus</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050828183224/http://desip.igc.org/malthus">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/publications.htm">Publications of the United Nations Population Division</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180806172141/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/publications.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13526#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13526#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13526#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31794/">FAST</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110345190">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/71154">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtRQrVB6K8xTwCTYVBwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90145711">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000045162">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX844466">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122778124">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122778124">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026144">阿根廷</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519757706706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118576860">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malthus, Thomas Robert"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V005428">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007276535505171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13963326">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021716">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hklf7p4n47znr">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000098161&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448640">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2003172347&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35324856">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record62800">希腊</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199617568">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000160147&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068469845">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810639227505606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/75779">葡萄牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/161016">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00543549?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/650143">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:malthus.thomas-robert">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118576860.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/912089">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Malthus, T. R., 1766-1834"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/51111011">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/017430">瑞士历史词典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6sx6h16">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031593410">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=托马斯·马尔萨斯&oldid=81905947">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=托马斯·马尔萨斯&oldid=81905947</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1766%E5%B9%B4%E5%87%BA%E7%94%9F" title="Category:1766年出生">1766年出生</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1834%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96" title="Category:1834年逝世">1834年逝世</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8E%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3%E8%B0%B7%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:莫爾河谷人">莫爾河谷人</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA" title="Category:布拉姆科特人">布拉姆科特人</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:英国人口学家">英国人口学家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:英国经济学家">英国经济学家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:英国数学家">英国数学家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%BA%AA%E5%AE%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%B7%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:英格兰纪实文学男作家">英格兰纪实文学男作家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B0%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:英國新教神學家">英國新教神學家</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="Category:经济学理论与学派">经济学理论与学派</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2%E6%A0%A1%E5%8F%8B" title="Category:剑桥大学耶稣学院校友">剑桥大学耶稣学院校友</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E8%87%AA1911%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%B9%B6%E5%8C%85%E5%90%AB%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:引用自1911年大英百科全书并包含维基文库引用的维基百科条目">引用自1911年大英百科全书并包含维基文库引用的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2018%E5%B9%B410%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A1%A5%E5%85%85%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2018年10月需补充来源的条目">自2018年10月需补充来源的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%92%E7%BB%9D%E5%BD%93%E9%80%89%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5%E6%96%B0%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%8E%A8%E8%8D%90%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目">拒绝当选首页新条目推荐栏目的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89hCards%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有hCards的条目">含有hCards的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9B%B8%E5%90%8C" title="Category:本地相关图片与维基数据相同">本地相关图片与维基数据相同</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%AA%E7%9F%A5%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有未知参数的引用的页面">含有未知参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2017%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目">自2017年12月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%96%E9%83%A8%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:条目有永久失效的外部链接">条目有永久失效的外部链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F" title="Category:引文格式1错误：日期">引文格式1错误：日期</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E7%BD%91%E5%9D%80%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有网址格式错误的引用的页面">含有网址格式错误的引用的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%94%B1%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接由维基数据提供">维基共享资源分类链接由维基数据提供</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%8F%A4%E9%A8%B0%E5%A0%A1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83%E9%80%A3%E7%B5%90%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有古騰堡計劃連結的條目">含有古騰堡計劃連結的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABFAST%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目">包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABISNI%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目">包含ISNI标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVIAF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目">包含VIAF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABWorldCat%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目">包含WorldCat实体标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBIBSYS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目">包含BIBSYS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNC标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNMM%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNMM标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNMM标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABCANTICN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含CANTICN标识符的维基百科条目">包含CANTICN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABICCU%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ICCU标识符的维基百科条目">包含ICCU标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABKBR%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含KBR标识符的维基百科条目">包含KBR标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLibris%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含Libris标识符的维基百科条目">包含Libris标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLNB%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目">包含LNB标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLG%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLG标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLG标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNLK%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目">包含NLK标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNSK%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目">包含NSK标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNTA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NTA标识符的维基百科条目">包含NTA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABPLWABN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含PLWABN标识符的维基百科条目">包含PLWABN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABPortugalA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含PortugalA标识符的维基百科条目">包含PortugalA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABVcBA%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含VcBA标识符的维基百科条目">包含VcBA标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABCINII%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目">包含CINII标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABMATHSN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含MATHSN标识符的维基百科条目">包含MATHSN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABZBMATH%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含ZBMATH标识符的维基百科条目">包含ZBMATH标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABDTBIO%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含DTBIO标识符的维基百科条目">包含DTBIO标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABTrove%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含Trove标识符的维基百科条目">包含Trove标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABCONOR%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含CONOR标识符的维基百科条目">包含CONOR标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABHDS%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目">包含HDS标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSNAC-ID%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SNAC-ID标识符的维基百科条目">包含SNAC-ID标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABSUDOC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目">包含SUDOC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年3月15日 (星期五) 11:40。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-5nzmb","wgBackendResponseTime":169,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.820","walltime":"0.987","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5541,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":100472,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8809,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":28,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":19395,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 805.221 1 -total"," 21.24% 170.989 1 Template:Infobox_economist"," 16.61% 133.784 1 Template:Authority_control"," 12.72% 102.444 1 Template:Lang-en"," 9.93% 79.951 1 Template:Refimprove"," 9.37% 75.441 1 Template:Ambox"," 9.26% 74.570 2 Template:Infobox"," 9.23% 74.307 18 Template:Cite_book"," 8.10% 65.222 1 Template:Reflist"," 6.78% 54.577 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.472","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21309609,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-849f99967d-p6bgg","timestamp":"20241124085330","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u6258\u9a6c\u65af\u00b7\u9a6c\u5c14\u8428\u65af","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13526","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q13526","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-01T06:36:10Z","dateModified":"2024-03-15T11:40:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d5\/Thomas_Robert_Malthus_Wellcome_L0069037_-crop.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>