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</li> <li id="toc-Ribosome_inactivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ribosome_inactivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Ribosome inactivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ribosome_inactivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depurination_reaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depurination_reaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Depurination reaction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depurination_reaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Symptoms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Therapeutic applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_or_biological_warfare_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_or_biological_warfare_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Chemical or biological warfare agent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chemical_or_biological_warfare_agent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chemical or biological warfare agent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chemical_or_biological_warfare_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vaccination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Synthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Synthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Synthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Synthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrorist_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorist_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Terrorist use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorist_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ricin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ريسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="रिसिन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रिसिन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD_(%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BA)" title="Рицин (белтък) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рицин (белтък)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricina" title="Ricina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ricina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risin" title="Risin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Risin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizin" title="Rizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsiin" title="Ritsiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ritsiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Ρικίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρικίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricina" title="Ricina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ricina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رایسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رایسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricine" title="Ricine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ricine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%9C" title="리친 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리친" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risin" title="Risin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Risin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricina_(proteina)" title="Ricina (proteina) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ricina (proteina)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ריצין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinum" title="Ricinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ricinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricinas" title="Ricinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ricinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рицин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Рицин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="റയ്സിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റയ്സിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risin" title="Risin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Risin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricine" title="Ricine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ricine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3_(%E6%AF%92%E7%89%A9)" title="リシン (毒物) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リシン (毒物)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritsiin" title="Ritsiin – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ritsiin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rycyna" title="Rycyna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rycyna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricina" title="Ricina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ricina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin%C4%83" title="Ricină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ricină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рицин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рицин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risiini_(myrkky)" title="Risiini (myrkky) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Risiini (myrkky)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ரைசின் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரைசின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ไรซิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไรซิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risin" title="Risin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Risin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рицин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рицин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricin" title="Ricin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ricin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of toxic lectin</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%">Ricin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ricin_structure.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ricin_structure.png/220px-Ricin_structure.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ricin_structure.png/330px-Ricin_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ricin_structure.png/440px-Ricin_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1045" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ricin structure (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2AAI">2AAI</a></span>). The <b>A</b> chain is shown in blue and the <b>B</b> chain in orange.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Organism</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=3988&rn=1"><i>Ricinus communis</i></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">RCOM_2159910</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene?cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&rn=1&list_uids=8287993">8287993</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">RefSeq (mRNA)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/XM_002534603.1">XM_002534603.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">RefSeq (Prot)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/XP_002534649.1">XP_002534649.1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P02879">P02879</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Other data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+3.2.2.22">3.2.2.22</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chromosome</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NW_002995687.1?report=graph&from=3835&to=6287&strand=true&content=5">whole genome: 0 - 0.01 Mb</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P02879">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P02879">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein family</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ribosome-inactivating protein (Ricin A chain)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">RIP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00161">PF00161</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR001574">IPR001574</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/PDOC00248">PDOC00248</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1paf">1paf</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1paf">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1paf">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00161?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00161">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00161%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00161">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00161">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00161">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protein domain</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Ricin-type beta-trefoil lectin domain (Ricin B chain)</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">N/A</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a></th><td class="infobox-data pfam" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/pfam/PF00652">PF00652</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a> clan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/set/pfam/CL0066/">CL0066</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/PROSITE" title="PROSITE">PROSITE</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prosite.expasy.org/IPR000772">IPR000772</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Structural_Classification_of_Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural Classification of Proteins">SCOP2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scop2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/search?t=txt;q=1abr">1abr</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scop.berkeley.edu/pdb/code=1abr">SCOPe</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supfam.org/SUPERFAMILY/cgi-bin/search.cgi?search_field=1abr">SUPFAM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/CAZy" title="CAZy">CAZy</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cazy.org/CBM13.html">CBM13</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Conserved_Domain_Database" title="Conserved Domain Database">CDD</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=cd00161">cd00161</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Available protein structures:</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Pfam" title="Pfam">Pfam</a>  </th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pfam.xfam.org/family/PF00652?tab=pdbBlock">structures</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prodata.swmed.edu/ecod/complete/search?kw=PF00652">ECOD</a>  </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.annotation_id:PF00652%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_annotation.type:Pfam">RCSB PDB</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/entry/search/index?pfam_accession:PF00652">PDBe</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdbj.org/search/pdb?other_db_select=PFam&other_db_field=PF00652">PDBj</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;"><a href="/wiki/PDBsum" title="PDBsum">PDBsum</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/thornton-srv/databases/cgi-bin/pdbsum/GetPfamStr.pl?pfam_id=PF00652">structure summary</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ricin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">RY</span>-sin</i></a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a> (a carbohydrate-binding <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>) and a highly potent <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxin</a> produced in the seeds of the <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor oil plant">castor oil plant</a>, <i>Ricinus communis</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">median lethal dose</a> (LD<sub>50</sub>) of ricin for mice is around 22 <a href="/wiki/Micrograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrograms">micrograms</a> per kilogram of body weight via <a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intraperitoneal">intraperitoneal</a> injection. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic. An estimated lethal oral dose in humans is approximately one milligram per kilogram of body weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Efsa.europa.eu_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efsa.europa.eu-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ricin is a <a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">toxalbumin</a> and was first described by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hermann_Stillmark" title="Peter Hermann Stillmark">Peter Hermann Stillmark</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectinology</a>. Ricin is chemically similar to <a href="/wiki/Robin_(toxin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin (toxin)">robin</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ricin is classified as a type 2 <a href="/wiki/Ribosome-inactivating_protein" title="Ribosome-inactivating protein">ribosome-inactivating protein</a> (RIP). Whereas type 1 RIPs are composed of a single protein chain that possesses catalytic activity, type 2 RIPs, also known as holotoxins, are composed of two different protein chains that form a <a href="/wiki/Heterodimeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterodimeric">heterodimeric</a> complex. Type 2 RIPs consist of an A chain that is functionally equivalent to a type 1 RIP, covalently connected by a single <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bond</a> to a B chain that is catalytically inactive, but serves to mediate transport of the A-B protein complex from the cell surface, via vesicle carriers, to the lumen of the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> (ER). Both type 1 and type 2 RIPs are functionally active against ribosomes <i>in vitro</i>; however, only type 2 RIPs display <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a>-like properties of the B chain. To display its ribosome-inactivating function, the ricin disulfide bond must be <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reductively</a> cleaved.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3606124_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3606124-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ricin is <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">synthesized</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> of castor oil plant seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Lord_Roberts_2005_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_Roberts_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ricin <a href="/wiki/Protein_precursor" title="Protein precursor">precursor protein</a> is 576 <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_residue" class="mw-redirect" title="Amino acid residue">amino acid residues</a> in length and contains a <a href="/wiki/Signal_peptide" title="Signal peptide">signal peptide</a> (residues 1–35), the ricin A chain (36–302), a linker peptide (303–314), and the ricin B chain (315–576).<sup id="cite_ref-urlRicin_precursor_-_Ricinus_communis_(Castor_bean)_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRicin_precursor_-_Ricinus_communis_(Castor_bean)-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/N-terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="N-terminal">N-terminal</a> signal sequence delivers the prepropolypeptide to the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> (ER) and then the signal peptide is cleaved off. Within the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the ER the propolypeptide is <a href="/wiki/Glycosylated" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycosylated">glycosylated</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Protein_disulfide_isomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein disulfide isomerase">protein disulfide isomerase</a> catalyzes <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bond</a> formation between <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteines</a> 294 and 318. The propolypeptide is further glycosylated within the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a> and transported to protein storage bodies. The propolypeptide is cleaved within protein bodies by an <a href="/wiki/Endopeptidase" title="Endopeptidase">endopeptidase</a> to produce the mature ricin protein that is composed of a 267 residue A chain and a 262 residue B chain that are covalently linked by a single disulfide bond.<sup id="cite_ref-Lord_Roberts_2005_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lord_Roberts_2005-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In terms of structure, ricin closely resembles abrin-a, an isomer of <a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">abrin</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Protein_quaternary_structure" title="Protein quaternary structure">quaternary structure</a> of ricin is a globular, glycosylated heterodimer of approximately 60–65 <a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">kDa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aplin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aplin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricin toxin A chain and ricin toxin B chain are of similar molecular weights, approximately 32 kDa and 34 kDa, respectively.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png/220px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png/330px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png/440px-Alignment_Abrin_Ricin.png 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of the similar structures of abrin-a (red) and ricin (blue)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Ricin toxin A chain</b> (RTA) is an <i>N</i>-<a href="/wiki/Glycoside_hydrolase" title="Glycoside hydrolase">glycoside hydrolase</a> composed of 267 amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4730499_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4730499-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has three structural domains with approximately 50% of the <a href="/wiki/Polypeptide" class="mw-redirect" title="Polypeptide">polypeptide</a> arranged into <a href="/wiki/Alpha-helix" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-helix">alpha-helices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta-sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-sheet">beta-sheets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7990130_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7990130-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three domains form a pronounced cleft that is the active site of RTA.</li> <li><b>Ricin toxin B chain</b> (RTB) is a <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectin</a> composed of 262 amino acids that is able to bind terminal <a href="/wiki/Galactose" title="Galactose">galactose</a> residues on cell surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1717462_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1717462-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RTB forms a bilobal, barbell-like structure lacking <a href="/wiki/Alpha_helix" title="Alpha helix">alpha-helices</a> or <a href="/wiki/Beta_sheet" title="Beta sheet">beta-sheets</a> where individual lobes contain three <a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">subdomains</a>. At least one of these three subdomains in each homologous lobe possesses a sugar-binding pocket that gives RTB its functional character.</li></ul> <p>While other plants contain the protein chains found in ricin, both protein chains must be present to produce toxic effects. For example, plants that contain only protein chain A, such as <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, are not toxic because without the link to protein chain B, protein chain A cannot enter the cell and do damage to ribosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_the_cytoplasm">Entry into the cytoplasm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Entry into the cytoplasm"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ricin B chain binds complex carbohydrates on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Eukaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eukaryotic">eukaryotic</a> cells containing either terminal <a href="/wiki/N-acetylgalactosamine" class="mw-redirect" title="N-acetylgalactosamine"><i>N</i>-acetylgalactosamine</a> or beta-1,4-linked galactose residues. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Mannose" title="Mannose">mannose</a>-type <a href="/wiki/Glycan" title="Glycan">glycans</a> of ricin are able to bind to cells that express <a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">mannose receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8453986_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8453986-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RTB has been shown to bind to the cell surface on the order of 10<sup>6</sup>–10<sup>8</sup> ricin molecules per cell surface.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7657599_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7657599-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The profuse binding of ricin to surface membranes allows internalization with all types of membrane <a href="/wiki/Invagination" title="Invagination">invaginations</a>. The holotoxin can be taken up by <a href="/wiki/Clathrin" title="Clathrin">clathrin</a>-coated pits, as well as by clathrin-independent pathways including <a href="/wiki/Caveolae" title="Caveolae">caveolae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macropinocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Macropinocytosis">macropinocytosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2862151_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2862151-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11567873_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11567873-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intracellular <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (biology)">vesicles</a> shuttle ricin to <a href="/wiki/Endosome" title="Endosome">endosomes</a> that are delivered to the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_apparatus" title="Golgi apparatus">Golgi apparatus</a>. The active acidification of endosomes is thought to have little effect on the functional properties of ricin. Because ricin is stable over a wide pH range, degradation in endosomes or <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosomes</a> offers little or no protection against ricin.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14579547_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14579547-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricin molecules are thought to follow <a href="/wiki/Retrograde_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrograde transport">retrograde transport</a> via early endosomes, the trans-Golgi network, and the Golgi to enter the <a href="/wiki/Lumen_(anatomy)" title="Lumen (anatomy)">lumen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> (ER).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16603059_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16603059-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For ricin to function cytotoxically, RTA must be reductively cleaved from RTB to release a <a href="/wiki/Steric" class="mw-redirect" title="Steric">steric</a> block of the RTA active site. This process is catalysed by the protein PDI (<a href="/wiki/Protein_disulphide_isomerase" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein disulphide isomerase">protein disulphide isomerase</a>) that resides in the lumen of the ER.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15225124_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15225124-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15081871_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15081871-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free RTA in the ER lumen then partially unfolds and partially buries into the ER membrane, where it is thought to mimic a misfolded membrane-associated protein.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19211561_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19211561-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roles for the ER chaperones <a href="/wiki/GRP94" class="mw-redirect" title="GRP94">GRP94</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Spooner_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spooner-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/EDEM1" title="EDEM1">EDEM</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16452630_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16452630-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Binding_immunoglobulin_protein" title="Binding immunoglobulin protein">BiP</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23666197_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23666197-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been proposed prior to the 'dislocation' of RTA from the ER lumen to the cytosol in a manner that uses components of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (<a href="/wiki/ERAD" class="mw-redirect" title="ERAD">ERAD</a>) pathway. ERAD normally removes misfolded ER proteins to the cytosol for their destruction by cytosolic proteasomes. Dislocation of RTA requires ER membrane-integral E3 <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin_ligase" title="Ubiquitin ligase">ubiquitin ligase</a> complexes,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20519439_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20519439-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but RTA avoids the <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitination" class="mw-redirect" title="Ubiquitination">ubiquitination</a> that usually occurs with ERAD substrates because of its low content of <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a> residues, which are the usual attachment sites for <a href="/wiki/Ubiquitin" title="Ubiquitin">ubiquitin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11876649_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11876649-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, RTA avoids the usual fate of dislocated proteins (destruction that is mediated by targeting ubiquitinylated proteins to the cytosolic proteasomes). In the mammalian cell cytosol, RTA then undergoes triage by the cytosolic molecular chaperones <a href="/wiki/Hsc70" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsc70">Hsc70</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hsp90" title="Hsp90">Hsp90</a> and their co-chaperones, as well as by one subunit (RPT5) of the <a href="/wiki/Proteasome" title="Proteasome">proteasome</a> itself, that results in its folding to a catalytic conformation,<sup id="cite_ref-Spooner_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spooner-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23617410_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23617410-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which de-purinates <a href="/wiki/Ribosome" title="Ribosome">ribosomes</a>, thus halting protein synthesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ribosome_inactivation">Ribosome inactivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ribosome inactivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>RTA has <a href="/wiki/RRNA_N-glycosylase" title="RRNA N-glycosylase">rRNA <i>N</i>-glycosylase</a> activity that is responsible for the cleavage of a <a href="/wiki/Glycosidic_bond" title="Glycosidic bond">glycosidic bond</a> within the large <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" title="Ribosomal RNA">rRNA</a> of the <a href="/wiki/60S" class="mw-redirect" title="60S">60S</a> subunit of eukaryotic ribosomes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3036799_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3036799-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RTA specifically and irreversibly <a href="/wiki/Hydrolyses" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolyses">hydrolyses</a> the <i>N</i>-glycosidic bond of the <a href="/wiki/Adenine" title="Adenine">adenine</a> residue at position 4324 (A4324) within the <a href="/wiki/28S_ribosomal_RNA" title="28S ribosomal RNA">28S</a> rRNA, but leaves the <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiester" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphodiester">phosphodiester</a> backbone of the RNA intact.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3288622_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3288622-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ricin targets A4324 that is contained in a highly <a href="/wiki/Conserved_sequence" title="Conserved sequence">conserved sequence</a> of 12 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide" title="Nucleotide">nucleotides</a> universally found in eukaryotic ribosomes. The sequence, 5'-AGUACGAGAGGA-3', termed the sarcin-ricin loop, is important in binding <a href="/wiki/Elongation_factor" title="Elongation factor">elongation factors</a> during protein synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4360718_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4360718-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The depurination event rapidly and completely inactivates the ribosome, resulting in toxicity from inhibited protein synthesis. A single RTA molecule in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> is capable of depurinating approximately 1500 <a href="/wiki/Ribosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribosomes">ribosomes</a> per minute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depurination_reaction">Depurination reaction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Depurination reaction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the active site of RTA, there exist several invariant amino acid residues involved in the <a href="/wiki/Depurination" title="Depurination">depurination</a> of ribosomal RNA.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14579547_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14579547-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the exact mechanism of the event is unknown, key amino acid residues identified include <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a> at positions 80 and 123, <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamic acid</a> at position 177, and <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a> at position 180. In particular, Arg180 and Glu177 have been shown to be involved in the <a href="/wiki/Catalytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalytic">catalytic</a> mechanism, and not substrate binding, with <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">enzyme kinetic</a> studies involving RTA mutants. The model proposed by Mozingo and Robertus,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7990130_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7990130-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on X-ray structures, is as follows: </p> <ol><li>Sarcin-ricin loop substrate binds RTA active site with target adenine stacking against tyr80 and tyr123.</li> <li>Arg180 is positioned such that it can <a href="/wiki/Protonation" title="Protonation">protonate</a> <i>N</i>-3 of adenine and break the bond between <i>N</i>-9 of the adenine ring and <i>C</i>-1' of the <a href="/wiki/Ribose" title="Ribose">ribose</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_cleavage" title="Bond cleavage">Bond cleavage</a> results in an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxycarbonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxycarbonium (page does not exist)">oxycarbonium</a> ion on the ribose, stabilized by Glu177.</li> <li><i>N</i>-3 protonation of adenine by Arg180 allows <a href="/wiki/Deprotonation" title="Deprotonation">deprotonation</a> of a nearby water molecule.</li> <li>Resulting <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> attacks ribose <a href="/wiki/Carbonium_ion" title="Carbonium ion">carbonium ion</a>.</li> <li>Depurination of adenine results in a neutral ribose on an intact phosphodiester RNA backbone.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Self-contradictory plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accuracy dispute"><img alt="Exclamation mark with arrows pointing at each other" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/38px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/57px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ambox_contradict.svg/76px-Ambox_contradict.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>appears to contradict itself</b> <b>on So is it "<i>may</i> cause mucosal injuries and pathology is limited to GI tract" as in the first paragraph, "GI symptoms <i>can</i> manifest within 6 hours if ingested and <i>systemic pathology</i> develops in 2-5 days", as in the second paragraph, or "<i>will</i> be spraying blood from all holes like a rainbird to the extent of organ damage and death" as in the third paragraph in this section. This might be easiest to solve just by not trying to restate the effects of the same method of exposure <i>three times in a row</i>.</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please see the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Ricin" title="Talk:Ricin">talk page</a> for more information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castor_beans1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Castor_beans1.jpg/220px-Castor_beans1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Castor_beans1.jpg/330px-Castor_beans1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Castor_beans1.jpg/440px-Castor_beans1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1195" /></a><figcaption>Castor beans</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg/220px-Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg/330px-Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg/440px-Castor_oil_seeds_in_the_Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew_Economic_Botany_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Castor oil seeds in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Economic Botany Collection</figcaption></figure> <p>Ricin is very toxic if <a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhaled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injected</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingested</a>. It can also be toxic if dust contacts the eyes or if it is absorbed through damaged skin. It acts as a toxin by inhibiting <a href="/wiki/Protein_biosynthesis" title="Protein biosynthesis">protein synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ujváry_2010_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ujváry_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricin is resistant, but not impervious, to digestion by <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">peptidases</a>. By ingestion, the pathology of ricin is largely restricted to the gastrointestinal tract, where it may cause mucosal injuries. With appropriate treatment, most patients will make a good recovery.<sup id="cite_ref-Schep_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schep-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid6862467_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid6862467-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symptoms">Symptoms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the symptoms are caused by failure to make protein, they may take anywhere from hours to days to appear, depending on the route of exposure and the dose. When ingested, gastrointestinal symptoms can manifest within six hours; these symptoms do not always become apparent. Within two to five days of exposure to ricin, its effects on the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal glands">adrenal glands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> appear.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ingestion of ricin causes pain, inflammation, and hemorrhage in the mucosal membranes of the gastrointestinal system. Gastrointestinal symptoms quickly progress to severe nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty swallowing (<a href="/wiki/Dysphagia" title="Dysphagia">dysphagia</a>). Haemorrhage causes bloody feces (<a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">melena</a>) and vomiting blood (<a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">hematemesis</a>). The low blood volume (<a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemia</a>) caused by gastrointestinal fluid loss can lead to organ failure in the <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a>, kidney, liver, and GI tract and progress to shock. Shock and organ failure are indicated by <a href="/wiki/Orientation_(mental)" title="Orientation (mental)">disorientation</a>, stupor, weakness, drowsiness, excessive thirst (<a href="/wiki/Polydipsia" title="Polydipsia">polydipsia</a>), low urine production (<a href="/wiki/Oliguria" title="Oliguria">oliguria</a>), and bloody urine (<a href="/wiki/Hematuria" title="Hematuria">hematuria</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Symptoms of ricin inhalation are different from those caused by ingestion. Early symptoms include a cough and fever.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When skin or inhalation exposure occur, ricin can cause an <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic reaction</a> to develop. This is indicated by swelling (<a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>) of the eyes and lips; <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>; bronchial irritation; dry, sore throat; congestion; skin redness (<a href="/wiki/Erythema" title="Erythema">erythema</a>); skin blisters (<a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">vesication</a>); <a href="/wiki/Wheezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheezing">wheezing</a>; itchy, watery eyes; chest tightness; and skin irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">antidote</a> has been developed by the UK military, although as of 2006 it has not yet been tested on humans.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2005 another antidote developed by the US military has been shown to be safe and effective in lab mice injected with <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a>-rich blood mixed with ricin, and has had some human testing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">Monoclonal antibodies</a> are under scientific investigation as a possible treatment for ricin poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Symptom" class="mw-redirect" title="Symptom">Symptomatic</a> and supportive treatments are available for ricin poisoning. Existing treatments emphasize minimizing the effects of the poison. Possible treatments include <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluids">intravenous fluids</a> or electrolytes, <a href="/wiki/Airway_management" title="Airway management">airway management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assisted_ventilation" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted ventilation">assisted ventilation</a>, or giving medications to remedy seizures and low blood pressure. If the ricin has been ingested recently, the stomach can be flushed by ingesting <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> or by performing <a href="/wiki/Gastric_lavage" title="Gastric lavage">gastric lavage</a>. Survivors often develop long-term organ damage. Ricin causes severe <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and vomiting, and victims can die of <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">circulatory shock</a> or organ failure; inhaled ricin can cause fatal <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_edema" title="Pulmonary edema">pulmonary edema</a> or <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_failure" title="Respiratory failure">respiratory failure</a>. Death typically occurs within 3–5 days after oral ingestion.<sup id="cite_ref-cdc.gov_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevention">Prevention</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vaccination is possible by injecting an inactive form of protein chain A.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vaccination is effective for several months due to the body's production of antibodies to the foreign protein. In 1978 Bulgarian defector Vladimir Kostov survived a ricin attack similar to the one on <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Markov" title="Georgi Markov">Georgi Markov</a>, probably due to his body's production of antibodies. When a ricin-laced pellet was removed from the small of his back it was found that some of the original wax coating was still attached. For this reason only small amounts of ricin had leaked out of the pellet, producing some symptoms but allowing his body to develop immunity to further poisoning.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seeds of <i>Ricinus communis</i> are commonly crushed to extract <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>. As ricin is not oil-soluble, little is found in the extracted castor oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extracted oil is also heated to more than 80 °C (176 °F) to <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denature</a> any ricin that may be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining spent crushed seeds, called variously the "cake", "<a href="/wiki/Oil_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil cake">oil cake</a>", and "press cake", can contain up to 5% ricin.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy-2011_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the oil cake from coconut, peanuts, and sometimes cotton seeds can be used as cattle feed or fertilizer, the toxic nature of castor beans precludes their oil cake from being used as feed unless the ricin is first deactivated by <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclaving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urloil_cake_(chemistry)_--_Encyclopædia_Britannica_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urloil_cake_(chemistry)_--_Encyclopædia_Britannica-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accidental ingestion of <i>Ricinus communis</i> cake intended for fertilizer has been reported to be responsible for fatal ricin poisoning in animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Ujváry_2010_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ujváry_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid12046967_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12046967-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deaths from ingesting castor plant seeds are rare, partly because of their indigestible <a href="/wiki/Seed#Seed_coat" title="Seed">seed coat</a>, and because some of the ricin is deactivated in the stomach.<sup id="cite_ref-aplin_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aplin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pulp from eight beans is considered dangerous to an adult.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid3964368_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid3964368-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rauber and Heard have written that close examination of early 20th century <a href="/wiki/Case_report" title="Case report">case reports</a> indicates that public and professional perceptions of ricin toxicity "do not accurately reflect the capabilities of modern medical management".<sup id="cite_ref-pmid4082461_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid4082461-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most acute poisoning episodes in humans are the result of oral ingestion of castor beans, 5–20 of which could prove fatal to an adult. Swallowing castor beans rarely proves to be fatal unless the bean is thoroughly chewed. The survival rate of castor bean ingestion is 98%.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013 a 37-year-old woman in the United States survived after ingesting 30 beans.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another case, a man ingested 200 castor beans mixed with juice in a blender and survived.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victims often manifest <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">fast heart rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> persisting for up to a week.<sup id="cite_ref-Ujváry_2010_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ujváry_2010-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood, plasma, or urine ricin or <a href="/wiki/Ricinine" title="Ricinine">ricinine</a> concentrations may be measured to confirm diagnosis. The laboratory testing usually involves immunoassay or <a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry">liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-9626523-7-7_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-9626523-7-7-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_applications">Therapeutic applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Therapeutic applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ricin" title="Special:EditPage/Ricin">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although no approved therapeutics are currently based on ricin, it does have the potential to be used in the <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">treatment of tumors</a>, as a "magic bullet" to destroy targeted cells.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14579547_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14579547-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because ricin is a protein, it can be linked to a <a href="/wiki/Monoclonal_antibody" title="Monoclonal antibody">monoclonal antibody</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to target <a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">cancerous</a> cells recognized by the antibody. The major problem with ricin is that its native <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">internalization</a> sequences are distributed throughout the protein. If any of these native internalization sequences are present in a therapeutic agent, the drug will be internalized by, and kill, untargeted non-tumorous cells as well as targeted cancerous cells. </p><p>Modifying ricin may sufficiently lessen the likelihood that the ricin component of these <a href="/wiki/Immunotoxin" title="Immunotoxin">immunotoxins</a> will cause the wrong cells to internalize it, while still retaining its cell-killing activity when it is internalized by the targeted cells. However, bacterial toxins, such as <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">diphtheria toxin</a>, which is used in <a href="/wiki/Denileukin_diftitox" title="Denileukin diftitox">denileukin diftitox</a>, an FDA-approved treatment for leukemia and lymphoma, have proven to be more practical. A promising approach for ricin is to use the non-toxic B subunit (a lectin) as a vehicle for delivering <a href="/wiki/Antigen" title="Antigen">antigens</a> into cells, thus greatly increasing their <a href="/wiki/Immunogenicity" title="Immunogenicity">immunogenicity</a>. Use of ricin as an <a href="/wiki/Adjuvant" title="Adjuvant">adjuvant</a> has potential implications for developing <a href="/wiki/Mucosal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosal">mucosal</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the US, ricin appears on the <a href="/wiki/Select_agent" title="Select agent">select agents</a> list of the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scientists must register with HHS to use ricin in their research. However, investigators under the control of less than 1000 mg are exempt from regulation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ricin is classified as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extremely hazardous substances">extremely hazardous substance</a> in the United States as defined in Section 302 of the US <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Planning_and_Community_Right-to-Know_Act" title="Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act">Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act</a> (42 U.S.C. 11002), and is subject to strict reporting requirements by facilities that produce, store, or use it in significant quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-gov-right-know_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gov-right-know-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_or_biological_warfare_agent">Chemical or biological warfare agent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chemical or biological warfare agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg/220px-October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg/330px-October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg/440px-October_2003_ricin_letter_metal_vial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>A metal vial containing ricin from the <a href="/wiki/2003_ricin_letters" title="2003 ricin letters">2003 ricin letters</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The United States investigated ricin for its military potential during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Augerson2000_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Augerson2000-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At that time it was being considered for use either as a toxic dust or as a coating for bullets and <a href="/wiki/Shrapnel_shell" title="Shrapnel shell">shrapnel</a>. The dust cloud concept could not be adequately developed, and the coated bullet/shrapnel concept would violate the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_(1899_and_1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hague Conventions (1899 and 1907)">Hague Convention of 1899</a> (adopted in U.S. law at 32 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> 1903), specifically Annex §2, Ch.1, Article 23, stating "... it is especially prohibited ... [t]o employ poison or poisoned arms".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the United States and Canada studied ricin in <a href="/wiki/Cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster bomb">cluster bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta_2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta_2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though there were plans for mass production and several field trials with different bomblet concepts, the end conclusion was that it was no more economical than using <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>. This conclusion was based on comparison of the final weapons, rather than ricin's toxicity (<a href="/wiki/LD50" class="mw-redirect" title="LD50">LCt<sub>50</sub></a> ~10 mg/min·m<sup>3</sup>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ricin was given the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical weapon designation">military symbol</a> <b>W</b> or later <b>WA</b>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Interest in it continued for a short period after World War II, but soon subsided when the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Corps" title="Chemical Corps">US Army Chemical Corps</a> began a program to weaponize <a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">sarin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Romano_2007_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romano_2007-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> possessed weaponized ricin. The <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> developed weapons using ricin which were used outside the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet bloc</a>, most famously in the <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Markov" title="Georgi Markov">Markov assassination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control">Control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In spite of ricin's extreme <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> and utility as an agent of chemical/biological warfare, production of the toxin is difficult to limit. The <a href="/wiki/Castor_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Castor bean">castor bean</a> plant from which ricin is derived is a common <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental</a> and can be grown at home without any special care. </p><p>Under both the 1972 <a href="/wiki/Biological_Weapons_Convention" title="Biological Weapons Convention">Biological Weapons Convention</a> and the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Weapons_Convention" title="Chemical Weapons Convention">Chemical Weapons Convention</a>, ricin is listed as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Schedule_1_substances_(CWC)" title="List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC)">schedule 1 controlled substance</a>. Despite this, more than 1 million metric tons (1,100,000 short tons) of castor beans are processed each year, and approximately 5% of the total is rendered into a waste containing negligible concentrations of undenatured ricin toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin.html_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin.html-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ricin is several orders of magnitude less toxic than <a href="/wiki/Botulinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Botulinum">botulinum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tetanus_toxin" title="Tetanus toxin">tetanus toxin</a>, but the latter are harder to come by. Compared to botulinum or <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> as <a href="/wiki/Biological_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological weapon">biological weapons</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>, the quantity of ricin required to achieve LD<sub>50</sub> over a large geographic area is significantly more than an agent such as anthrax (tons of ricin vs. only kilogram quantities of anthrax).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10458957_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10458957-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricin is easy to produce, but is not as practical or likely to cause as many casualties as other agents.<sup id="cite_ref-Schep_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schep-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ricin is easily denatured by temperatures over 80 °C (176 °F) meaning many methods of deploying ricin would generate enough heat to denature it.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy-2011_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-2011-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once deployed, an area contaminated with ricin remains dangerous until the bonds between chain A or B have been broken, a process that takes two or three days.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, anthrax <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spores</a> may remain lethal for decades. <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Aken_(Politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Aken (Politician)">Jan van Aken</a>, a German expert on biological weapons, explained in a report for <a href="/wiki/The_Sunshine_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunshine Project">The Sunshine Project</a> that <a href="/wiki/Al_Qaeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Qaeda">Al Qaeda</a>'s experiments with ricin suggest their inability to produce <a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">botulinum</a> or anthrax.<sup id="cite_ref-vanaken2001_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanaken2001-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vaccination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RTAvaccines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RTAvaccines.jpg/400px-RTAvaccines.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RTAvaccines.jpg/600px-RTAvaccines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/RTAvaccines.jpg/800px-RTAvaccines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption> Ricin toxin, RiVax, RTA1-33/44-198, and a single domain antibody-antigen complex with the RTA1-33/44-198 immunogen. Original figure can be found in Legler, et al. <sup id="cite_ref-pmid27660893_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid27660893-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Legler_2011_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legler_2011-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ricin toxin vaccines have emerged as a focus in <a href="/wiki/Biodefense" title="Biodefense">biodefense</a> research. Two recombinant A subunit (RTA)-based vaccines, RiVax and RVEc (also known as RTA1-33/44-198),<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15187223_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15187223-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23364220_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23364220-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have completed Phase I clinical trials, and were found to be safe.<sup id="cite_ref-Vance_2016_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vance_2016-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These vaccines are based on modified versions of the ricin toxin A-chain, designed to reduce toxicity while maintaining <a href="/wiki/Immunogenicity" title="Immunogenicity">immunogenicity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developments">Developments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A biopharmaceutical company called Soligenix, Inc. licensed an anti-ricin vaccine called RiVax<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Vitetta et al. at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Southwestern_Medical_Center" title="University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center">UT Southwestern</a>. The vaccine was found safe and immunogenic in mice, rabbits, and humans. Two successful clinical trials were completed.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soligenix was issued a US patent for Rivax. The ricin vaccine candidate was granted orphan drug status in the US and the EEC and, as of 2019, was in clinical trials in the US. Grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the US Food and Drug Administration supported development of the vaccine candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synthesis">Synthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Synthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first isolation of ricin is attributed to the Baltic-German microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hermann_Stillmark" title="Peter Hermann Stillmark">Peter Hermann Stillmark</a> (1860–1923) in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terrorist_use">Terrorist use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Terrorist use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_involving_ricin" title="List of incidents involving ricin">List of incidents involving ricin</a></div> <p>Ricin has been involved in a number of actual or planned attacks on individuals. In 1978, the Bulgarian dissident <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Markov" title="Georgi Markov">Georgi Markov</a> was assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_secret_police" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian secret police">Bulgarian secret police</a> who surreptitiously shot him on a London street with what was later found to have been a <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_umbrella" title="Bulgarian umbrella">modified umbrella</a> using <a href="/wiki/Compressed_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Compressed gas">compressed gas</a> to fire a tiny pellet containing ricin into his leg.<sup id="cite_ref-Schep_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schep-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in a hospital a few days later; his body was passed to a special poison branch of the <a href="/wiki/British_Ministry_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ministry of Defence">British Ministry of Defence</a> that discovered the pellet during an <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>. The prime suspects were the Bulgarian secret police: Georgi Markov had <a href="/wiki/Defection" title="Defection">defected</a> from Bulgaria some years previously and had subsequently written books and made radio broadcasts that were highly critical of the Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Communist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist regime">communist regime</a>. However, it was believed at the time that Bulgaria would not have been able to produce the pellet, and it was also believed that the KGB had supplied it. The KGB denied any involvement, although high-profile KGB defectors <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin" title="Oleg Kalugin">Oleg Kalugin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Gordievsky" title="Oleg Gordievsky">Oleg Gordievsky</a> later confirmed the KGB's involvement. Soviet dissident <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> had (but survived) ricin-like symptoms after an encounter in 1971 with KGB agents.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ten days before the attack on Georgi Markov another Bulgarian defector, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vladimir_Kostov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vladimir Kostov (page does not exist)">Vladimir Kostov</a>, survived a similar attack. Kostov was standing on an escalator of the Paris metro when he felt a sting in his lower back above the belt of his trousers. He developed a fever, but recovered. After Markov's death the wound on Kostov's back was examined and a ricin-laced pellet identical to the one used against Markov was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-Harkup-2015_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harkup-2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several terrorist individuals and groups have experimented with ricin or planned to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been incidents of the poison being mailed to US politicians. For example, on 29 May 2013 two anonymous letters sent to New York City Mayor <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> contained traces of it.<sup id="cite_ref-urlLetters_to_NYC_Mayor_Bloomberg_contained_ricin_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlLetters_to_NYC_Mayor_Bloomberg_contained_ricin-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was sent to the offices of <a href="/wiki/Mayors_Against_Illegal_Guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayors Against Illegal Guns">Mayors Against Illegal Guns</a> in Washington, D.C. A letter containing ricin was also reported to have been sent to American President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> at the same time. <a href="/wiki/Shannon_Richardson" title="Shannon Richardson">Shannon Richardson</a>, an actress, was later charged with the crime, and pleaded guilty that December;<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was sentenced to 18 years in prison plus a <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a> fine of <a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>367,000.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 October 2018, two letters suspected of containing ricin were sent to <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>, one addressed to Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/James_Mattis" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mattis">James Mattis</a>, and the other to Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_M._Richardson_(admiral)" title="John M. Richardson (admiral)">John Richardson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-urlRicin_detected_in_mail_sent_to_Pentagon_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlRicin_detected_in_mail_sent_to_Pentagon-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A letter was received on 23 July 2019 at <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Bay_State_Prison" title="Pelican Bay State Prison">Pelican Bay State Prison</a> in California which claimed to contain a suspicious substance. Authorities later confirmed it contained ricin; no detrimental exposures were identified.<sup id="cite_ref-pelican_bay_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pelican_bay-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, some media in the Czech Republic reported, based on intelligence information, that a person carrying a Russian diplomatic passport and ricin had arrived in Prague with the intention of assassinating three politicians. Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> denied the reports. The targets were said to have been <a href="/wiki/Zden%C4%9Bk_H%C5%99ib" title="Zdeněk Hřib">Zdeněk Hřib</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> (capital of the Czech Republic), who was involved in renaming a square in Prague, "Pod Kaštany", where the Russian embassy is situated, to the Square of <a href="/wiki/Boris_Nemtsov" title="Boris Nemtsov">Boris Nemtsov</a>, an opposition politician assassinated in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> in 2015; <a href="/wiki/Ond%C5%99ej_Kol%C3%A1%C5%99_(politician)" title="Ondřej Kolář (politician)">Ondřej Kolář</a>, the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Prague_6" title="Prague 6">Prague 6</a> municipal district, who was involved in removing the controversial statue to the Soviet-era <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Konev" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Konev">Marshal Konev</a>; and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Novotn%C3%BD_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Novotný (politician) (page does not exist)">Pavel Novotný</a>, the mayor of Prague's southwestern <a href="/wiki/%C5%98eporyje" title="Řeporyje">Řeporyje</a> district. They all received police protection.<sup id="cite_ref-prague-guardian_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prague-guardian-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prague_bbc_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prague_bbc-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Czech president <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Zeman" title="Miloš Zeman">Miloš Zeman</a> later described the police protection of Zdeněk Hřib as an attempt by an insignificant politician to gain attention. Zeman also confused ricin with non-poisonous <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a> <a href="/wiki/Castor_oil" title="Castor oil">castor oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2023 German police thwarted attempted ricin attacks, after tip-offs believed to have come from the US <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ricin has been used as a plot device, such as in the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_Bad" title="Breaking Bad">Breaking Bad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-breaking_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breaking-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of <i>Breaking Bad</i> inspired several real-life criminal cases involving ricin or similar substances. Kuntal Patel from London attempted to poison her mother with <a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">abrin</a> after the latter interfered with her marriage plans.<sup id="cite_ref-patel_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patel-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Milzman, a 19-year-old former <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> student, was charged with manufacturing ricin in his dorm room, as well as the intent of "[using] the ricin on another undergraduate student with whom he had a relationship".<sup id="cite_ref-dorm_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorm-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mohammed Ali from <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, England, was convicted after attempting to purchase 500 mg of ricin over the <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a> from an undercover <a href="/wiki/FBI_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI agent">FBI agent</a>. He was sentenced on 18 September 2015 to eight years imprisonment.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Partners_in_Crime_(short_story_collection)" title="Partners in Crime (short story collection)">Partners in Crime</a></i>, ricin was used as a plot device. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Walker,_Texas_Ranger_episodes#Season_8_(2000–01)" title="List of Walker, Texas Ranger episodes">final season</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Walker,_Texas_Ranger" title="Walker, Texas Ranger">Walker, Texas Ranger</a></i>, ricin was used by Emil Lavocat to murder the titular <a href="/wiki/Texas_Ranger_Division" title="Texas Ranger Division">Texas Ranger's</a> best friend, mentor and former partner, C.D. Parker, out of revenge against them and all the Rangers in their company for busting up his organized crime ring and imprisoning his lieutenants. Though it was under the guise of a heart attack near the end of the episode "The Avenging Angel", the truth about C.D.'s death comes out in the <a href="/wiki/Series_finale" title="Series finale">series finale</a>, "The Final Show/Down", when Walker and Trivette have his body exhumed and autopsied. </p><p>In the 2013 movie <i>The Good Mother</i>, a mother injects and feeds her daughters with ricin in a case of <a href="/wiki/Munchausen_by_proxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Munchausen by proxy">Munchausen by proxy</a>; she is caught after a daughter dies. </p><p>In the 2014 movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Interview" title="The Interview">The Interview</a>,</i> a <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal strip</a> carrying ricin is used in a <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> plot to assassinate North Korean dictator <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong-un" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Jong-un">Kim Jong-un</a> via handshake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_poisonous_plants" title="List of poisonous plants">List of poisonous plants</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Efsa.europa.eu-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Efsa.europa.eu_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Ricin (from Ricinus communis) as undesirable substances in animal feed-Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain". <i>EFSA Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (9). European Food Safety Authority: 726. September 2008. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2008.726">10.2903/j.efsa.2008.726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Ricin+%28from+Ricinus+communis%29+as+undesirable+substances+in+animal+feed-Scientific+Opinion+of+the+Panel+on+Contaminants+in+the+Food+Chain.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=726&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2008.726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid3606124-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid3606124_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWrightRobertus1987" class="citation journal cs1">Wright HT, Robertus JD (July 1987). "The intersubunit disulfide bridge of ricin is essential for cytotoxicity". <i>Arch. Biochem. 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href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0907444911026771">10.1107/S0907444911026771</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3169317">3169317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21904036">21904036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica%2C+Section+D&rft.atitle=Structure+of+RiVax%3A+a+recombinant+ricin+vaccine&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E826-%3C%2Fspan%3E830&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3169317%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21904036&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0907444911026771&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011AcCrD..67..826L&rft.aulast=Legler&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Brey%2C+RN&rft.au=Smallshaw%2C+J&rft.au=Vitetta%2C+ES&rft.au=Millard%2C+CB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3169317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soligenix.com/pipeline/vaccinesbiodefense/rivax-ricin-toxin-vaccine/">"RiVax™ Ricin Toxin Vaccine"</a>. Soligenix, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RiVax%E2%84%A2+Ricin+Toxin+Vaccine&rft.pub=Soligenix%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soligenix.com%2Fpipeline%2Fvaccinesbiodefense%2Frivax-ricin-toxin-vaccine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2019" class="citation web cs1">Hackett DW (11 February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.precisionvaccinations.com/soligenix-rivax-ricin-vaccine-candidate-receives-patent-expanding-protection">"Ricin Vaccine Candidate Rivax Awarded Patent Protection"</a>. <i>Precision Vaccinations</i>. Houston TX: Precision Vax Llc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Precision+Vaccinations&rft.atitle=Ricin+Vaccine+Candidate+Rivax+Awarded+Patent+Protection&rft.date=2019-02-11&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=DW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.precisionvaccinations.com%2Fsoligenix-rivax-ricin-vaccine-candidate-receives-patent-expanding-protection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillmark1888" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stillmark H (1888). <i>Über Ricin, ein giftiges Ferment aus den Samen von Ricinus comm. L. und einigen anderen Euphorbiaceen</i> [<i>About ricin, a poisonous ferment [i.e., enzyme] from the seeds of </i>Ricinus communis<i> L. and some other </i>Euphorbiaceae<i><span></span></i>] (M.D. thesis) (in German). Dorpat, Estonia: University of Dorpat.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%C3%9Cber+Ricin%2C+ein+giftiges+Ferment+aus+den+Samen+von+Ricinus+comm.+L.+und+einigen+anderen+Euphorbiaceen&rft.degree=M.D.&rft.inst=University+of+Dorpat&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Stillmark&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStillmark1889" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stillmark H (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_7qAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA59">"Ueber ricin"</a> [About ricin]. <i>Arbeiten des Pharmakologischen Institutes zu Dorpat</i> (in German). <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">59–</span>151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arbeiten+des+Pharmakologischen+Institutes+zu+Dorpat&rft.atitle=Ueber+ricin&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Stillmark&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_7qAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Russian physician N.A. Bubnow and the Australian physician Thomas Storie Dixson (1854–1932) probably isolated ricin in 1887 at the University of Strassburg (Strasbourg), Germany; however, Dixson mistakenly believed that ricin was a <a href="/wiki/Glycoside" title="Glycoside">glycoside</a>, whereas it is actually a protein. <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixson1887" class="citation journal cs1">Dixson T (March 1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044103020863&view=1up&seq=147">"Ricinus communis"</a>. <i>Australasian Medical Gazette</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>138, <span class="nowrap">155–</span>158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australasian+Medical+Gazette&rft.atitle=Ricinus+communis&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E138%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1887-03&rft.aulast=Dixson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044103020863%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogl1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vogl A (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23165#page/208/mode/1up"><i>Pharmakognosie</i></a> (in German). Vienna, Austria: Carl Gerold's Sohn. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pharmakognosie&rft.place=Vienna%2C+Austria&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Carl+Gerold%27s+Sohn&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Vogl&rft.aufirst=A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F23165%23page%2F208%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 204: <i>"Bubnow und Dixson (1887) erhielten aus den entfetteten Samen … vielleicht eine sogenannte Phytalalbumose darstellt."</i> (Bubnow and Dixson (1887) obtained, from the defatted seeds by extraction with dilute hydrochloric acid, a glycoside ([which they called] Ricinon) that belongs to the acid anhydrides [and that is] of very drastic effect. Mr. Stillmark (1889) finally precipitated, from the seeds and oilcake, a very poisonous substance, Ricin, (about 3% of the air-dried seeds) that's insoluble in alcohol and that probably is a protein, an amorphous enzyme, perhaps a so-called phytalbumin.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinnemore1905" class="citation journal cs1">Finnemore H (29 July 1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4BMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA137">"Castor oil – part 1"</a>. <i>Pharmaceutical Journal</i>. <b>75</b>: <span class="nowrap">137–</span>138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical+Journal&rft.atitle=Castor+oil+%E2%80%93+part+1&rft.volume=75&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=1905-07-29&rft.aulast=Finnemore&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4BMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span> See p. 137.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cook B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/dixson-thomas-storie-6342">"Dixson, Thomas Storie (1854–1932)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dixson%2C+Thomas+Storie+%281854%E2%80%931932%29&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadb.anu.edu.au%2Fbiography%2Fdixson-thomas-storie-6342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/europe/01/07/terror.poison.bulgarian/">"Ricin and the umbrella murder"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. 7 January 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ricin+and+the+umbrella+murder&rft.date=2003-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2003%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F01%2F07%2Fterror.poison.bulgarian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1998" class="citation book cs1">Thomas DM (1998). <i>Alexander Solzhenitsyn: A Century in His Life</i> (First ed.). St. Martin's Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">368–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-6011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7567-6011-3"><bdi>978-0-7567-6011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Solzhenitsyn%3A+A+Century+in+His+Life&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E368-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7567-6011-3&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guernseypress.com//news/uk-news/2018/02/22/internet-dating-couple-jailed-for-plotting-is-attack-in-britain/">"Internet dating couple jailed for plotting IS attack in Britain"</a>. <i>Guernsey Press</i>. 22 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guernsey+Press&rft.atitle=Internet+dating+couple+jailed+for+plotting+IS+attack+in+Britain&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguernseypress.com%2F%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2Finternet-dating-couple-jailed-for-plotting-is-attack-in-britain%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span> One of many news items on plots to use ricin for terrorism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlLetters_to_NYC_Mayor_Bloomberg_contained_ricin-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlLetters_to_NYC_Mayor_Bloomberg_contained_ricin_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130616004814/http://news.msn.com/us/letter-to-nyc-mayor-bloomberg-contained-ricin">"Letters to NYC Mayor Bloomberg contained ricin"</a>. MSN News. Associated Press. 30 May 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.msn.com/us/letter-to-nyc-mayor-bloomberg-contained-ricin">the original</a> on 16 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Letters+to+NYC+Mayor+Bloomberg+contained+ricin&rft.pub=MSN+News&rft.date=2013-05-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.msn.com%2Fus%2Fletter-to-nyc-mayor-bloomberg-contained-ricin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2013" class="citation news cs1">Harris P (8 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/08/shannon-richardson-ricin-plot-husband">"Bit-part actor charged over plot to frame husband for ricin letters"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bit-part+actor+charged+over+plot+to+frame+husband+for+ricin+letters&rft.date=2013-06-08&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2013%2Fjun%2F08%2Fshannon-richardson-ricin-plot-husband&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2014" class="citation news cs1">McLaughlin EC (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2014/07/16/justice/texas-ricin-actress-sentenced/index.html?hpt=hp_t3">"Texas actress who sent Obama ricin sentenced to 18 years"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Texas+actress+who+sent+Obama+ricin+sentenced+to+18+years&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=EC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2014%2F07%2F16%2Fjustice%2Ftexas-ricin-actress-sentenced%2Findex.html%3Fhpt%3Dhp_t3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlRicin_detected_in_mail_sent_to_Pentagon-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlRicin_detected_in_mail_sent_to_Pentagon_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2018/10/02/politics/pentagon-ricin-mail/index.html">"Ricin detected in mail sent to Pentagon"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Things+You+Should+Know+About+Ricin+Before+Watching+the+%27Breaking+Bad%27+Finale&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvoices.nationalgeographic.com%2F2013%2F09%2F27%2Fthings-you-should-know-about-ricin-before-watching-the-breaking-bad-finale%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patel-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-patel_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2014/sep/22/woman-poison-plot-mother-breaking-bad-court">"Woman tried to poison mother in plot inspired by Breaking Bad, court told"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Breaking+Bad+fan+guilty+of+Dark+Web+ricin+plot&rft.date=2015-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-33708611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARicin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ricin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ricin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ricin">Ricin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/st_rpts/tox012.pdf">Studies showing lack of toxicity of castor oil</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Service">US Public Health Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/castor.html">Castor bean information</a> at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/ricin.html">Plants Poisonous to Livestock</a> – Ricin information at <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/2837763.stm">Ricin cancer therapy tested</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205181325/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/">Ricin – Emergency Preparations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130602143109/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/ricin/erc9009-86-3pr.asp">Emergency Response Card – Ricin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a></li> <li>Overview of all the structural information available in the <a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> for <a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/pdbe-kb/proteins/P02879">P02879</a></i> (Ricin) at the <a href="/wiki/PDBe-KB" title="PDBe-KB">PDBe-KB</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Agents_used_in_chemical_warfareincapacitationriot_control" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chemical_agents" title="Template:Chemical agents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chemical_agents" title="Template talk:Chemical agents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical_agents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chemical agents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Agents_used_in_chemical_warfareincapacitationriot_control" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Agents used in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical warfare</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">incapacitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood_agent" title="Blood agent">Blood agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">Cyanogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_bromide" title="Cyanogen bromide">Cyanogen bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_chloride" title="Cyanogen chloride">Cyanogen chloride</a> (CK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_oxide" title="Cacodyl oxide">Cacodyl oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trifluoride" title="Phosphorus trifluoride">Phosphorus trifluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cyanoformate" title="Methyl cyanoformate">Methyl cyanoformate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentacarbonyl" title="Iron pentacarbonyl">Iron pentacarbonyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_tetracarbonyl" title="Nickel tetracarbonyl">Nickel tetracarbonyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin" title="2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin">2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactonitrile" title="Lactonitrile">Lactonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetone_cyanohydrin" title="Acetone cyanohydrin">Acetone cyanohydrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">Stibine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloral_cyanohydrin" title="Chloral cyanohydrin">Chloral cyanohydrin</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blister_agent" title="Blister agent">Blister agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsenical" title="Arsenical">Arsenicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldichloroarsine" title="Ethyldichloroarsine">Ethyldichloroarsine</a> (ED)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichloroarsine" title="Methyldichloroarsine">Methyldichloroarsine</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenyldichloroarsine" title="Phenyldichloroarsine">Phenyldichloroarsine</a> (PD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite</a> (L)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite_2" title="Lewisite 2">Lewisite 2</a> (L2)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite_3" title="Lewisite 3">Lewisite 3</a> (L3)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfur mustard">Sulfur mustards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_gas" title="Mustard gas">Levinstein mustard</a> (EA-229)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="O-Mustard">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquimustard" title="Sesquimustard">Q</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Chloroethyl_ethyl_sulfide" title="2-Chloroethyl ethyl sulfide">CEES</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_mustard" title="Nitrogen mustard">Nitrogen mustards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormethine" title="Chlormethine">HN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN3_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN3 (nitrogen mustard)">HN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-301" title="TL-301">TL-301</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nettle_agent" title="Nettle agent">Nettle agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">Phosgene oxime</a> (CX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KB-16" title="KB-16">KB-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutylchloromethyltin_chloride" title="Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride">Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_oxychloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium oxychloride">Selenium oxychloride</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent" title="Nerve agent">Nerve agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#G-Series" title="Nerve agent">G-agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tabun_(nerve_agent)" title="Tabun (nerve agent)">Tabun</a> (GA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarin" title="Sarin">Sarin (GB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin</a> (ClGB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiosarin" title="Thiosarin">Thiosarin</a> (SGB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soman" title="Soman">Soman</a> (GD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosoman" title="Chlorosoman">Chlorosoman</a> (ClGD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylsarin" title="Ethylsarin">Ethylsarin</a> (GE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GH_(nerve_agent)" title="GH (nerve agent)">GH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclosarin" title="Cyclosarin">Cyclosarin</a> (GF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GP_(nerve_agent)" title="GP (nerve agent)">GP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorotabun" title="Fluorotabun">Fluorotabun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-1356" title="EA-1356">EA-1356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4352" title="EA-4352">EA-4352</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotylsarin" title="Crotylsarin">Crotylsarin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nerve_agent#V-Series" title="Nerve agent">V-agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EA-2192" title="EA-2192">EA-2192</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3148" title="EA-3148">EA-3148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VE_(nerve_agent)" title="VE (nerve agent)">VE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VG_(nerve_agent)" title="VG (nerve agent)">VG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VM_(nerve_agent)" title="VM (nerve agent)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl_3-pyridyl_methylphosphonate" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexyl 3-pyridyl methylphosphonate">VP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">VR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VS_(nerve_agent)" title="VS (nerve agent)">VS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(nerve_agent)" title="VX (nerve agent)">VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-1763" title="EA-1763">EA-1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_VX" title="Chinese VX">Chinese VX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-sub_x" title="V-sub x">V-sub x (GD-7)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GV agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GV_(nerve_agent)" title="GV (nerve agent)">GV (EA-5365)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Novichok_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Novichok agent">Novichok agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VR_(nerve_agent)" title="VR (nerve agent)">A-208</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-232" title="A-232">A-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-234_(nerve_agent)" title="A-234 (nerve agent)">A-234</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-242" title="A-242">A-242</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-262" title="A-262">A-262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A035" title="C01-A035">C01-A035</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A039" title="C01-A039">C01-A039</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C01-A042" title="C01-A042">C01-A042</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">Carbamates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylcarbamoyl_fluoride" title="Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride">Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3887" title="EA-3887">EA-3887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3887A" class="mw-redirect" title="EA-3887A">EA-3887A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3966" title="EA-3966">EA-3966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3990" title="EA-3990">EA-3990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-4056" title="EA-4056">EA-4056</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1123" title="T-1123">T-1123</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1152" title="T-1152">T-1152</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-1194" title="T-1194">T-1194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium_bromide)" title="Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)">Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-599" title="TL-599">TL-599</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1238" title="TL-1238">TL-1238</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1299" class="mw-redirect" title="TL-1299">TL-1299</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TL-1317" class="mw-redirect" title="TL-1317">TL-1317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miotine" title="Miotine">Miotine (AR-28/T-1843)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3152_CT" title="3152 CT">3152 CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-686-293-01" title="4-686-293-01">4-686-293-01 (Agent 1-10)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_fluorophosphate" title="Diisopropyl fluorophosphate">Diisopropyl fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicyclohexyl_phosphorofluoridate" title="Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate">Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2012" title="EA-2012">EA-2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2054" title="EA-2054">EA-2054</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2098" title="EA-2098">EA-2098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-2613" title="EA-2613">EA-2613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl_cyclohexyl_methylphosphonate" title="2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate">2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopentylene_fluorophosphate" title="Neopentylene fluorophosphate">Neopentylene fluorophosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenophos" title="Selenophos">Selenophos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phospholine">Phospholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-16661" title="R-16661">R-16661</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_3-0422" title="Ro 3-0422">Ro 3-0422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanesulfonyl_fluoride" title="Methanesulfonyl fluoride">Methanesulfonyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimefox" title="Dimefox">Dimefox (TL-792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSPI_(nerve_agent)" title="MSPI (nerve agent)">MSPI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trichloride" title="Arsenic trichloride">AT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">ATO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">AlP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinnear%E2%80%93Perren_reaction" title="Kinnear–Perren reaction">A.P.C. complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosarin" title="Chlorosarin">Chlorosarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorosoman" title="Chlorosoman">Chlorosoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexanol" title="Cyclohexanol">Cyclohexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,8-Dibromooctane" title="1,8-Dibromooctane">1,8-Dibromooctane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol" title="N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol">N,N-Diisopropylaminoethanol</a> (KB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropyl_methylphosphonate" title="Diisopropyl methylphosphonate">EA-1250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisopropylphosphite" title="Diisopropylphosphite">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ZS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylphosphite" title="Diethylphosphite">DEHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_methylphosphonate" title="Dimethyl methylphosphonate">EA-1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamidophosphoric_dichloride" title="Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride">Dimethylamidophosphoric dichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylamidophosphoric_dicyanide" title="Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide">Dimethylamidophosphoric dicyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylphosphite" title="Dimethylphosphite">DMHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylphosphonoselenoic_dichloride" title="Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride">Ethylphosphonoselenoic dichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldoxime" title="Formaldoxime">Formaldoxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Nital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxycoumarin" title="4-Hydroxycoumarin">4-Hydroxycoumarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_alcohol" title="Isopropyl alcohol">Isopropyl alcohol</a> (TB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldichlorophosphine" title="Methyldichlorophosphine">Methyldichlorophosphine</a> (SW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_difluoride" title="Methylphosphonyl difluoride">Methylphosphonyl difluoride (difluoro)</a> (DF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphosphonyl_dichloride" title="Methylphosphonyl dichloride">Methylphosphonyl dichloride (dichloro)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPA_mixture" title="OPA mixture">OPA mixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoryl_chloride" title="Phosphoryl chloride">Phosphoryl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_pentachloride" title="Phosphorus pentachloride">Phosphorus pentachloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a> (TH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacolone" title="Pinacolone">Pinacolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacolyl_alcohol" title="Pinacolyl alcohol">Pinacolyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">Phenacyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QL_(chemical)" title="QL (chemical)">QL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,4,5-Trichlorophenol" title="2,4,5-Trichlorophenol">2,4,5-Trichlorophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol" title="3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol">3,3,5-Trimethylcyclohexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethyl_phosphite" title="Triethyl phosphite">Triethyl phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyl_phosphite" title="Trimethyl phosphite">Trimethyl phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thionyl_chloride" title="Thionyl chloride">TC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiodiglycol" title="Thiodiglycol">TG</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a> (TZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a> (BTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a> (TeNT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine" title="Ryanodine">Ryanodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a> (CTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a> (GTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophenylsilatrane" title="Chlorophenylsilatrane">Chlorophenylsilatrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a> (PTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a> (MTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a> (PbTX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antillatoxin" title="Antillatoxin">Antillatoxin</a> (ATX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethyllead" title="Tetraethyllead">Tetraethyllead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylmercury" title="Dimethylmercury">Dimethylmercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN1_(nitrogen_mustard)" title="HN1 (nitrogen mustard)">HN1 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HN2" class="mw-redirect" title="HN2">HN2 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine">HN3 hydrochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDPN_(chemical)" title="IDPN (chemical)">A-8564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrotoxin" title="Picrotoxin">Picrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfuryl_fluoride" title="Sulfuryl fluoride">Sulfuryl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremorine" title="Tremorine">Tremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxotremorine" title="Oxotremorine">Oxotremorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine" title="Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine">Tetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicyclic_phosphate" title="Bicyclic phosphate">Bicyclic phosphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IPTBO" title="IPTBO">IPTBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPO" title="TBPO">TBPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBPS" title="TBPS">TBPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloflubicyne" title="Cloflubicyne">Cloflubicyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylolpropane_phosphite" title="Trimethylolpropane phosphite">Trimethylolpropane phosphite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_agent" title="Pulmonary agent">Pulmonary/<br />choking agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">Phosgene</a> (CG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluoroisobutene" title="Perfluoroisobutene">Perfluoroisobutene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a> (PS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine" title="Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine">Dimethyl(trifluoromethylthio)arsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosgene" title="Diphosgene">Diphosgene</a> (DP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_decafluoride" title="Disulfur decafluoride">Disulfur decafluoride</a> (Z)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_bromoacetate" title="Ethyl bromoacetate">Ethyl bromoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloromethyl_mercaptan" title="Perchloromethyl mercaptan">Perchloromethyl mercaptan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylcarbylamine_chloride" title="Phenylcarbylamine chloride">Phenylcarbylamine chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetranitromethane" title="Tetranitromethane">Tetranitromethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachlorodinitroethane" title="Tetrachlorodinitroethane">Tetrachlorodinitroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_trifluoride" title="Chlorine trifluoride">Chlorine trifluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchloryl_fluoride" title="Perchloryl fluoride">Perchloryl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_oxide" title="Cadmium oxide">Cadmium oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_chloride" title="Cadmium chloride">Cadmium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">Mercuric chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_dioxide" title="Selenium dioxide">Selenium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenoyl_fluoride" title="Selenoyl fluoride">Selenoyl fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoronitrosomethane" title="Trifluoronitrosomethane">Trifluoronitrosomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloronitrosomethane" title="Trichloronitrosomethane">Trichloronitrosomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">Nitrogen dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">Dinitrogen tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_trichloride" title="Phosphorus trichloride">Phosphorus trichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethenone" title="Ethenone">Ethenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_vinyl_ketone" title="Methyl vinyl ketone">Methyl vinyl ketone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoroacetyl_chloride" title="Trifluoroacetyl chloride">Trifluoroacetyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salcomine" title="Salcomine">Salcomine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluomine" title="Fluomine">Fluomine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">Uranium hexafluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">Diborane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Cross_(chemical_warfare)" title="Green Cross (chemical warfare)">Green Cross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vomiting_agent" title="Vomiting agent">Vomiting agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamsite" title="Adamsite">Adamsite</a> (DM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropicrin" title="Chloropicrin">Chloropicrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litharge" title="Litharge">Litharge</a>-<a href="/wiki/Glycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycerine">glycerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylchlorarsine" title="Diphenylchlorarsine">Diphenylchlorarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenylcyanoarsine" title="Diphenylcyanoarsine">Diphenylcyanoarsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-Dianisidine" title="O-Dianisidine">o-Dianisidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent" title="Incapacitating agent">Incapacitating<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Quinuclidinyl_benzilate" title="3-Quinuclidinyl benzilate">BZ</a> (CS-4030)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyrophenone" title="Butyrophenone">Butyrophenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonitazene" title="Etonitazene">EA-4941</a> (CS-4640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etorphine" title="Etorphine">Etorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benactyzine" title="Benactyzine">EA-2092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditran" title="Ditran">CS-4297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylheptylpyran" title="Dimethylheptylpyran">Dimethylheptylpyran</a> (DMHP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">EA-2148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3167" title="EA-3167">EA-3167</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3443" title="EA-3443">EA-3443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3580" title="EA-3580">EA-3580</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EA-3834" title="EA-3834">EA-3834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolokol-1" title="Kolokol-1">Kolokol-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD-25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAVA_spray" title="PAVA spray">PAVA spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin" title="Psilocybin">Psilocybin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incapacitating_agent#Sleeping_gas" title="Incapacitating agent">Sleeping gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carfentanil" title="Carfentanil">Carfentanil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-3-piperidyl_benzilate" title="N-Methyl-3-piperidyl benzilate">JB-336</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS-27349" title="CS-27349">CS-27349</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-226,086" title="CAR-226,086">CAR-226,086</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-301,060" title="CAR-301,060">CAR-301,060</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,196" title="CAR-302,196">CAR-302,196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,282" title="CAR-302,282">CAR-302,282</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAR-302,668" title="CAR-302,668">CAR-302,668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazocine" title="Pentazocine">Pentazocine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procarbazine" title="Procarbazine">Procarbazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">Lachrymatory<br />agents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylyl_bromide" title="Xylyl bromide">Xylyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper_spray" title="Pepper spray">Pepper spray</a> (OC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(spray)" title="Mace (spray)">Mace (spray)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_chloride" title="Phenacyl chloride">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CR_gas" title="CR gas">CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNS_(chemical_weapon)" title="CNS (chemical weapon)">CNS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_chloride" title="Benzyl chloride">Benzyl chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_bromide" title="Benzyl bromide">Benzyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_iodide" title="Benzyl iodide">Benzyl iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromobenzyl_cyanide" title="Bromobenzyl cyanide">Bromobenzyl cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiophosgene" title="Thiophosgene">Thiophosgene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetone" title="Chloroacetone">Chloroacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoacetone" title="Bromoacetone">Bromoacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromomethyl_ethyl_ketone" title="Bromomethyl ethyl ketone">Bromomethyl ethyl ketone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacyl_bromide" title="Phenacyl bromide">Phenacyl bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroacetophenone_oxime" title="Chloroacetophenone oxime">Chloroacetophenone oxime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_bromoacetate" title="Ethyl bromoacetate">Ethyl bromoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_iodoacetate" title="Ethyl iodoacetate">Ethyl iodoacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodoacetone" title="Iodoacetone">Iodoacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_isothiocyanate" title="Allyl isothiocyanate">Allyl isothiocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethylene_diisocyanate" title="Hexamethylene diisocyanate">Hexamethylene diisocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotonaldehyde" title="Crotonaldehyde">Crotonaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DRC-5593" title="DRC-5593">DRC-5593</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malodorant" title="Malodorant">Malodorant</a> agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thioacetone" title="Thioacetone">Thioacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allicin" title="Allicin">Allicin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skatole" title="Skatole">Skatole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaverine" title="Cadaverine">Cadaverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cornea-clouding agents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewisite" title="Lewisite">Lewisite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosgene_oxime" title="Phosgene oxime">CX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KB-16" title="KB-16">KB-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cyanoacrylate" title="Methyl cyanoacrylate">Methyl cyanoacrylate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylmorpholine" title="N-Methylmorpholine">N-Methylmorpholine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyl_alcohol" title="Allyl alcohol">Allyl alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacodyl_cyanide" title="Cacodyl cyanide">Cacodyl cyanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biological toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopiazonic_acid" title="Cyclopiazonic acid">Cyclopiazonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionicotoxins" title="Histrionicotoxins">Histrionicotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Aflatoxins">Aflatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatoxin-a" title="Anatoxin-a">Anatoxin-a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botulinum toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Enterotoxin type B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanitoxin" title="Guanitoxin">Guanitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitotoxin" title="Maitotoxin">Maitotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeccin" title="Modeccin">Modeccin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palytoxin" title="Palytoxin">Palytoxin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-2_mycotoxin" title="T-2 mycotoxin">T-2 mycotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkensin" title="Volkensin">Volkensin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veratridine" title="Veratridine">Veratridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_fluoroacetate" title="Methyl fluoroacetate">Methyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">Napalm</a> (variants and mixtures)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroethyl_fluoroacetate" title="Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate">Fluoroethyl fluoroacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depleted_uranium" title="Depleted uranium">Depleted uranium</a> <ul><li>post-combustion <a href="/wiki/Uranium_oxide" title="Uranium oxide">uranium oxides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium_compounds" title="Plutonium compounds">its compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_warfare_agents" title="List of chemical warfare agents">List of chemical warfare agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB_military_symbol" title="CB military symbol">CB military symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Toxins_**_cardiotoxin_**_cytotoxin_**_enterotoxin_**_hemotoxin_**_hepatotoxin_**_neurotoxin_**_phototoxin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Toxins" title="Template:Toxins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Toxins" title="Template talk:Toxins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Toxins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Toxins_**_cardiotoxin_**_cytotoxin_**_enterotoxin_**_hemotoxin_**_hepatotoxin_**_neurotoxin_**_phototoxin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">Toxins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxicity" title="Cardiotoxicity">cardiotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemotoxin" title="Hemotoxin">hemotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatotoxin" title="Hepatotoxin">hepatotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototoxin" title="Phototoxin">phototoxin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbial_toxin" title="Microbial toxin">Bacterial<br /> toxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gram_positive" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram<br /> positive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">tetani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanospasmin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetanospasmin">Tetanospasmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetanolysin" title="Tetanolysin">Tetanolysin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">perfringens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens_alpha_toxin" title="Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin">Alpha toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_enterotoxin" title="Clostridium enterotoxin">Enterotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridium difficile (bacteria)">difficile</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_A" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_toxin_B" title="Clostridioides difficile toxin B">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">botulinum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulinum_toxin" title="Botulinum toxin">Botox</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax_toxin" title="Anthrax toxin">Anthrax toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeriolysin_O" title="Listeriolysin O">Listeriolysin O</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">Cocci</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptolysin" title="Streptolysin">Streptolysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukocidin" title="Leukocidin">Leukocidin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panton%E2%80%93Valentine_leukocidin" title="Panton–Valentine leukocidin">Panton–Valentine leukocidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_alpha_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus alpha toxin">Staphylococcus aureus alpha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_beta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin">beta</a>/<a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_delta_toxin" title="Staphylococcus aureus delta toxin">delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exfoliatin" title="Exfoliatin">Exfoliatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome_toxin-1" title="Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1">Toxic shock syndrome toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin_type_B" title="Enterotoxin type B">Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Actinomycetota" title="Actinomycetota">Actinomycetota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cord_factor" title="Cord factor">Cord factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphtheria_toxin" title="Diphtheria toxin">Diphtheria toxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram<br /> negative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiga_toxin" title="Shiga toxin">Shiga toxin</a>/Verotoxin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat-stable_enterotoxin" title="Heat-stable enterotoxin"><i>E. coli</i> heat-stable enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">Cholera toxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Heat-labile_enterotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-labile enterotoxin">Heat-labile enterotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis_toxin" title="Pertussis toxin">Pertussis toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_exotoxin" title="Pseudomonas exotoxin">Pseudomonas exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_adenylate_cyclase" title="Extracellular adenylate cyclase">Extracellular adenylate cyclase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Types" title="Exotoxin">Mechanisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_I:_cell_surface-active" title="Exotoxin">type I</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superantigen" title="Superantigen">Superantigen</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_II:_membrane_damaging" title="Exotoxin">type II</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pore-forming_toxin" title="Pore-forming toxin">Pore-forming toxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin#Type_III:_intracellular" title="Exotoxin">type III</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AB_toxin" title="AB toxin">AB toxin</a>/<a href="/wiki/AB5_toxin" title="AB5 toxin">AB5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">Endotoxin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipid_A" title="Lipid A">Lipid A</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_endotoxins" title="Delta endotoxins"><i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> delta endotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry1Ac" title="Cry1Ac">Cry1Ac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry3Bb1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cry3Bb1">Cry3Bb1</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <i>B. thuringiensis</i> toxins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cry6Aa" title="Cry6Aa">Cry6Aa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cry34Ab1" title="Cry34Ab1">Cry34Ab1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">Virulence<br /> factor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clumping_factor_A" title="Clumping factor A">Clumping factor A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibronectin_binding_protein_A" title="Fibronectin binding protein A">Fibronectin binding protein A</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">Mycotoxins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">Aflatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatoxin" title="Amatoxin">Amatoxin</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amanitin" title="Α-Amanitin">alpha-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Amanitin" title="Β-Amanitin">beta-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%93-Amanitin" title="Γ-Amanitin">gamma-amanitin</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%95-Amanitin" title="Ε-Amanitin">epsilon-amanitin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-Nitropropionic_acid" title="3-Nitropropionic acid">beta-Nitropropionic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrinin" title="Citrinin">Citrinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytochalasin" title="Cytochalasin">Cytochalasin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergotamine" title="Ergotamine">Ergotamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumonisin" title="Fumonisin">Fumonisin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B1" title="Fumonisin B1">Fumonisin B1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B2" title="Fumonisin B2">Fumonisin B2</a>, Fumonisin B3, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin_B4" title="Fumonisin B4">Fumonisin B4</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliotoxin" title="Gliotoxin">Gliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscimol" title="Muscimol">Muscimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orellanine" title="Orellanine">Orellanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin" title="Ochratoxin">Ochratoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patulin" title="Patulin">Patulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalloidin" title="Phalloidin">Phalloidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterigmatocystin" title="Sterigmatocystin">Sterigmatocystin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichothecene" title="Trichothecene">Trichothecene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vomitoxin" title="Vomitoxin">Vomitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeranol" title="Zeranol">Zeranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zearalenone" title="Zearalenone">Zearalenone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">Amygdalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisatin" title="Anisatin">Anisatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarin" title="Antiarin">Antiarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brucine" title="Brucine">Brucine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaconine" title="Chaconine">Chaconine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicutoxin" title="Cicutoxin">Cicutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coniine" title="Coniine">Coniine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphnin" title="Daphnin">Daphnin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinine" title="Delphinine">Delphinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divicine" title="Divicine">Divicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djenkolic_acid" title="Djenkolic acid">Djenkolic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcarinol" title="Falcarinol">Falcarinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossypol" title="Gossypol">Gossypol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenalin" title="Helenalin">Helenalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledol" title="Ledol">Ledol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linamarin" title="Linamarin">Linamarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotaustralin" title="Lotaustralin">Lotaustralin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimosine" title="Mimosine">Mimosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oenanthotoxin" title="Oenanthotoxin">Oenanthotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleandrin" title="Oleandrin">Oleandrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persin" title="Persin">Persin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoanemonin" title="Protoanemonin">Protoanemonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudaconitine" title="Pseudaconitine">Pseudaconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retronecine" title="Retronecine">Retronecine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resiniferatoxin" title="Resiniferatoxin">Resiniferatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyoscine_hydrobromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyoscine hydrobromide">Scopolamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solamargine" title="Solamargine">Solamargine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanidine" title="Solanidine">Solanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanine" title="Solanine">Solanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasodamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solasodamine">Solasodamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasodine" title="Solasodine">Solasodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solasonine" title="Solasonine">Solasonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solauricidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricidine">Solauricidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solauricine" class="mw-redirect" title="Solauricine">Solauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swainsonine" title="Swainsonine">Swainsonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagetitoxin" title="Tagetitoxin">Tagetitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinyatoxin" title="Tinyatoxin">Tinyatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomatine" title="Tomatine">Tomatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ricin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutin_(toxin)" title="Tutin (toxin)">Tutin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">Invertebrate</a> <br />toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Scorpion" title="Scorpion">Scorpion</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androctonus_australis_hector_insect_toxin" title="Androctonus australis hector insect toxin">Androctonus australis hector insect toxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agitoxin" title="Agitoxin">Agitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margatoxin" title="Margatoxin">Margatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slotoxin" title="Slotoxin">Slotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scyllatoxin" title="Scyllatoxin">Scyllatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefutoxin" title="Hefutoxin">Hefutoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lq2" title="Lq2">Lq2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birtoxin" title="Birtoxin">Birtoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestoxin" title="Bestoxin">Bestoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmKAEP" title="BmKAEP">BmKAEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaiodotoxin" title="Phaiodotoxin">Phaiodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperatoxin" title="Imperatoxin">Imperatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandinus_imperator_(Pi3)_toxin" title="Pandinus imperator (Pi3) toxin">Pi3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">Spider</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latrotoxin" title="Latrotoxin">Latrotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Latrotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Latrotoxin">Alpha-latrotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSTX" title="CSTX">CSTX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupiennin" title="Cupiennin">Cupiennins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoneutria_nigriventer_toxin-3" title="Phoneutria nigriventer toxin-3">PhTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromatoxin" title="Stromatoxin">Stromatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanillotoxin" title="Vanillotoxin">Vanillotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwentoxin" title="Huwentoxin">Huwentoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eledoisin" title="Eledoisin">Eledoisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchidal" title="Onchidal">Onchidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrate</a> <br />toxins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allopumiliotoxin_267A" title="Allopumiliotoxin 267A">(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotoxin" title="Bufotoxin">Bufotoxins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arenobufagin" title="Arenobufagin">Arenobufagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotalin" title="Bufotalin">Bufotalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufotenin" title="Bufotenin">Bufotenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinobufagin" title="Cinobufagin">Cinobufagin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinobufagenin" title="Marinobufagenin">Marinobufagin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epibatidine" title="Epibatidine">Epibatidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histrionicotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Histrionicotoxin">Histrionicotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumiliotoxin_251D" title="Pumiliotoxin 251D">Pumiliotoxin 251D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandarin" title="Samandarin">Samandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samandaridine" title="Samandaridine">Samandaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tarichatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptile</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Snake_venom" title="Snake venom">Snake venom</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungarotoxin" title="Bungarotoxin">Bungarotoxin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Bungarotoxin" title="Α-Bungarotoxin">α-Bungarotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92-Bungarotoxin" title="Β-Bungarotoxin">β-Bungarotoxin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calciseptine" title="Calciseptine">Calciseptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taicatoxin" title="Taicatoxin">Taicatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcicludine" title="Calcicludine">Calcicludine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiotoxin_III" title="Cardiotoxin III">Cardiotoxin III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Toxicology" title="Category:Toxicology">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protein:_lectins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lectins" title="Template:Lectins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lectins" title="Template talk:Lectins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lectins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lectins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protein:_lectins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">Protein</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lectin" title="Lectin">lectins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Animal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asialoglycoprotein_receptor" title="Asialoglycoprotein receptor">Asialoglycoprotein receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLRD1" title="KLRD1">KLRD1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectin" title="Collectin">Collectin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mannan-binding_lectin" title="Mannan-binding lectin">Mannan-binding lectin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannose_receptor" title="Mannose receptor">Mannose receptor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteochondroitin_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteochondroitin sulfate">proteochondroitin sulfate</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggrecan" title="Aggrecan">Aggrecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versican" title="Versican">Versican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevican" title="Brevican">Brevican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocan" title="Neurocan">Neurocan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGLEC">SIGLEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sialoadhesin" title="Sialoadhesin">Sialoadhesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD22" title="CD22">CD22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD33" title="CD33">CD33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myelin-associated_glycoprotein" title="Myelin-associated glycoprotein">Myelin-associated glycoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC5" title="SIGLEC5">SIGLEC5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC6" title="SIGLEC6">SIGLEC6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC7" title="SIGLEC7">SIGLEC7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC8" title="SIGLEC8">SIGLEC8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC9" title="SIGLEC9">SIGLEC9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC10" title="SIGLEC10">SIGLEC10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIGLEC12" class="mw-redirect" title="SIGLEC12">SIGLEC12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calnexin" title="Calnexin">Calnexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calreticulin" title="Calreticulin">Calreticulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galectin" title="Galectin">Galectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Acetylglucosamine_receptor" title="N-Acetylglucosamine receptor">N-Acetylglucosamine receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectin" title="Selectin">Selectin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Plant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toxalbumin" title="Toxalbumin">Toxalbumins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrin" title="Abrin">Abrin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ricin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitogen" title="Mitogen">Mitogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concanavalin_A" title="Concanavalin A">Concanavalin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytohaemagglutinin" title="Phytohaemagglutinin">Phytohaemagglutinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokeweed_mitogen" title="Pokeweed mitogen">Pokeweed mitogen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume_lectin" title="Legume lectin">Legume lectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BanLec" title="BanLec">BanLec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Globular_proteins" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e7dcc3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globular_proteins" title="Template:Globular proteins"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globular_proteins" title="Template talk:Globular proteins"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globular_proteins" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globular proteins"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globular_proteins" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globular_protein" title="Globular protein">Globular proteins</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">Serum</a> <a href="/wiki/Globulin" title="Globulin">globulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_globulin" title="Alpha globulin">Alpha globulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Serpin" title="Serpin">serpins</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_globulin#Alpha_1_globulins" title="Alpha globulin">alpha-1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antichymotrypsin" title="Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin">Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_1-antitrypsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha 1-antitrypsin">Alpha 1-antitrypsin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_globulin#Alpha_2_globulins" title="Alpha globulin">alpha-2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_2-antiplasmin" title="Alpha 2-antiplasmin">Alpha 2-antiplasmin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombin" title="Antithrombin">Antithrombin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heparin_cofactor_II" title="Heparin cofactor II">Heparin cofactor II</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier proteins</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>alpha-1 (<a href="/wiki/Transcortin" title="Transcortin">Transcortin</a>)</li> <li>alpha-2 (<a href="/wiki/Ceruloplasmin" title="Ceruloplasmin">Ceruloplasmin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinol_binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinol binding protein">Retinol binding protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold">other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>alpha-1 (<a href="/wiki/Orosomucoid" title="Orosomucoid">Orosomucoid</a>)</li> <li>alpha-2 (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-2-Macroglobulin" title="Alpha-2-Macroglobulin">alpha-2-Macroglobulin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haptoglobin" title="Haptoglobin">Haptoglobin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Beta_globulins" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta globulins">Beta globulins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Carrier_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier protein">carrier proteins</a>:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">Sex hormone-binding globulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transferrin" title="Transferrin">Transferrin</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><span class="nobold">other:</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiostatin" title="Angiostatin">Angiostatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemopexin" title="Hemopexin">Hemopexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-2_microglobulin" title="Beta-2 microglobulin">Beta-2 microglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factor_H" title="Factor H">Factor H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmin" title="Plasmin">Plasminogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properdin" title="Properdin">Properdin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_globulin" title="Gamma globulin">Gamma globulin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">Immunoglobulins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibronectin" title="Fibronectin">Fibronectin</a> (fFN: <a href="/wiki/Fetal_fibronectin" title="Fetal fibronectin">Fetal fibronectin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroglobulin" title="Macroglobulin">Macroglobulin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Microglobulin" title="Microglobulin">Microglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcobalamin" title="Transcobalamin">Transcobalamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edestin" title="Edestin">Edestin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other globulins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta-lactoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactoglobulin">Beta-lactoglobulin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">Lactoferrin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroglobulin" title="Thyroglobulin">Thyroglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-lactalbumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-lactalbumin">Alpha-lactalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11S_globulin_family" title="11S globulin family">11S globulin family</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7S_seed_storage_protein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7S seed storage protein (page does not exist)">7S seed storage protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">Albumins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">Egg white</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conalbumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Conalbumin">Conalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovalbumin" title="Ovalbumin">Ovalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avidin" title="Avidin">Avidin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite"><a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">Serum albumin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">Human serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bovine_serum_albumin" title="Bovine serum albumin">Bovine serum albumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transthyretin" title="Transthyretin">Prealbumin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: AntiqueWhite">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C-reactive_protein" title="C-reactive protein">C-reactive protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactalbumin" title="Lactalbumin">Lactalbumin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-lactalbumin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-lactalbumin">Alpha-lactalbumin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvalbumin" title="Parvalbumin">Parvalbumin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ricin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D-binding_protein" title="Vitamin D-binding protein">Vitamin D-binding protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix_protein_1" title="Extracellular matrix protein 1">Extracellular matrix protein 1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite"><div><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><i>see also</i> <a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_globin_and_globulin_proteins" title="Template:Disorders of globin and globulin proteins">disorders of globin and globulin proteins</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408668#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408668#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1097552/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4751271-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ricin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85113942">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166478431">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb166478431">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007538881005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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