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class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Latex </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Medications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insect_stings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insect_stings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Insect stings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insect_stings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxins_interacting_with_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxins_interacting_with_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Toxins interacting with proteins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxins_interacting_with_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hygiene_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hygiene_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Hygiene hypothesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hygiene_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Stress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_environmental_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_environmental_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Other environmental factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_environmental_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathophysiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathophysiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pathophysiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Pathophysiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Pathophysiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acute_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acute_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Acute response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acute_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late-phase_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late-phase_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Late-phase response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late-phase_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allergic_contact_dermatitis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allergic_contact_dermatitis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Allergic contact dermatitis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allergic_contact_dermatitis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Skin_prick_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_prick_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Skin prick testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_prick_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patch_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patch_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Patch testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patch_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Blood testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Other testing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differential_diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differential_diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Differential diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differential_diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Medication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immunotherapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunotherapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Immunotherapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunotherapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changing_frequency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changing_frequency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Changing frequency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changing_frequency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diagnosis_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_specialty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_specialty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Medical specialty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_specialty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Allergy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 111 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" > 111 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergie" title="Allergie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Allergie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حساسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حساسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerchia" title="Alerchia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Alerchia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գերզգայութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գերզգայութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80" title="এলাৰ্জী – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এলাৰ্জী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerxa" title="Alerxa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alerxa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergiya" title="Allergiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allergiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="آلرژی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلرژی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF)" title="অতিপ্রতিক্রিয়া (অ্যালার্জি) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অতিপ্রতিক্রিয়া (অ্যালার্জি)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riman" title="Riman – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Riman" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллергия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аллергия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алергія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алергія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алергія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алергія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerhiya" title="Alerhiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Alerhiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алергия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алергия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%95%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="མི་འཕྲོད་ཉེས་སྐྱོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མི་འཕྲོད་ཉེས་སྐྱོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergija" title="Alergija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Alergija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7l%C3%A8rgia" title="Al·lèrgia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·lèrgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergie" title="Alergie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alergie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergedd" title="Alergedd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Alergedd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergi" title="Allergi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allergi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergiija" title="Allergiija – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Allergiija" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergie" title="Allergie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allergie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αλλεργία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλλεργία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergia" title="Alergia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alergia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergio" title="Alergio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alergio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergia" title="Alergia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alergia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C" title="آلرژی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلرژی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergie" title="Allergie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allergie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aill%C3%A9irge" title="Ailléirge – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ailléirge" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerxia" title="Alerxia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alerxia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80" title="એલર્જી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એલર્જી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko-men" title="Ko-men – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ko-men" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%A5%B4%EA%B8%B0" title="알레르기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알레르기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Allergy" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ալերգիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալերգիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="एलर्जी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एलर्जी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergija" title="Alergija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alergija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergio" title="Alergio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alergio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_na-ad%E1%BB%8Bgh%E1%BB%8B_anabata_ya" title="Ihe na-adịghị anabata ya – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe na-adịghị anabata ya" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergi" title="Alergi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alergi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofn%C3%A6mi" title="Ofnæmi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ofnæmi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלרגיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלרגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8rgi" title="Alèrgi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Alèrgi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಲರ್ಜಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲರ್ಜಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალერგია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალერგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллергия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аллергия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mzio" title="Mzio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mzio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A8ji" title="Alèji – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Alèji" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerji" title="Alerji – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Alerji" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллергия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аллергия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aler%C4%A3ija" title="Alerģija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Alerģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergija" title="Alergija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alergija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergie" title="Allergie – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Allergie" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алергија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алергија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF" title="അലർജി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അലർജി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ალერგია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალერგია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergi" title="Alergi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alergi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergi" title="Alergi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Alergi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Харшил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Харшил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ဓာတ်မတည့်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတ်မတည့်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergie" title="Allergie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allergie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80" title="एलर्जी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="एलर्जी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%BC" title="アレルギー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アレルギー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergi" title="Allergi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allergi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergi" title="Allergi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Allergi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF" title="ଆଲର୍ଜି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଲର୍ଜି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adanyoo" title="Adanyoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Adanyoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergiya" title="Allergiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Allergiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80" title="ਅਲਰਜੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਲਰਜੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergia" title="Alergia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alergia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergia" title="Alergia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alergia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergiya" title="Allergiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Allergiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergie" title="Alergie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Alergie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллергия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аллергия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergjia" title="Alergjia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Alergjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allirg%C3%ACa" title="Allirgìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Allirgìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="අසාත්මිකතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අසාත්මිකතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allergy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergia" title="Alergia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alergia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergija" title="Alergija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alergija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%86%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="ھەستۆکی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەستۆکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Алергија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алергија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergija" title="Alergija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alergija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alergi" title="Alergi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alergi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergia" title="Allergia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Allergia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allergi" title="Allergi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allergi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerhiya" title="Alerhiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alerhiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88" title="ஒவ்வாமை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒவ்வாமை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urnan" title="Urnan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Urnan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллергия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аллергия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="అలర్జీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అలర్జీ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89" title="ภูมิแพ้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูมิแพ้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллергия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аллергия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%B0%E1%8E%B8_%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%A4%E1%8E%B2" title="ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏓᎴᏤᎲ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏰᎸ ᎤᏓᎴᏤᎲ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alerji" title="Alerji – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alerji" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Алергія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Алергія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%DB%8C" title="الرجی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="الرجی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Immune system response to a substance that most people tolerate well</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the journal, see <a href="/wiki/Allergy_(journal)" title="Allergy (journal)">Allergy (journal)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Allergy</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Hives2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hives2010.JPG/220px-Hives2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hives2010.JPG/330px-Hives2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hives2010.JPG/440px-Hives2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3112" data-file-height="2637" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hives" title="Hives">Hives</a> are a common allergic symptom.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">Red eyes</a>, itchy rash, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">runny nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, swelling, <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a>, and cough</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">allergic asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Types-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">Genetic</a> and environmental factors<a href="#cite_note-Kay2000-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Skin_prick_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin prick test">skin prick test</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood test</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2012pdf-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Differential_diagnosis" title="Differential diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Food_intolerances" class="mw-redirect" title="Food intolerances">Food intolerances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a><a href="#cite_note-Bah2012-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Early exposure to potential allergens<a href="#cite_note-Sic2014-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Avoiding known allergens, medications, <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">allergen immunotherapy</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">Medication</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Steroids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">epinephrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_stabilizer" title="Mast cell stabilizer">mast cell stabilizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antileukotriene" title="Antileukotriene">antileukotrienes</a><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Review09-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Common<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Epi-10">[10]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">hypersensitivity</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a> to typically harmless substances in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Con2007-11">[11]</a> These diseases include <a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">hay fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">food allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">atopic dermatitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">allergic asthma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Types-1">[1]</a> Symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">red eyes</a>, an itchy <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sneeze" title="Sneeze">sneezing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Coughing">coughing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">runny nose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, or swelling.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Sym-12">[12]</a> Note that <a href="/wiki/Food_intolerances" class="mw-redirect" title="Food intolerances">food intolerances</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Food poisoning">food poisoning</a> are separate conditions.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2012pdf-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bah2012-4">[4]</a> Common <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> include <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> and certain foods.<a href="#cite_note-Con2007-11">[11]</a> Metals and other substances may also cause such problems.<a href="#cite_note-Con2007-11">[11]</a> Food, <a href="/wiki/Insect_sting" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect sting">insect stings</a>, and medications are common causes of severe reactions.<a href="#cite_note-Kay2000-2">[2]</a> Their development is due to both genetic and environmental factors.<a href="#cite_note-Kay2000-2">[2]</a> The underlying mechanism involves <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E_antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunoglobulin E antibodies">immunoglobulin E antibodies</a> (IgE), part of the body's immune system, binding to an allergen and then to <a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">a receptor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a> or <a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">basophils</a> where it triggers the release of inflammatory chemicals such as <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Diagnosis is typically based on a person's <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2012pdf-3">[3]</a> Further testing of the <a href="/wiki/Skin_prick_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin prick test">skin</a> or blood may be useful in certain cases.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2012pdf-3">[3]</a> Positive tests, however, may not necessarily mean there is a significant allergy to the substance in question.<a href="#cite_note-Cox2008-14">[14]</a> Early exposure of children to potential allergens may be protective.<a href="#cite_note-Sic2014-5">[5]</a> Treatments for allergies include avoidance of known allergens and the use of medications such as <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">steroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">antihistamines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> In severe reactions, injectable <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> (epinephrine) is recommended.<a href="#cite_note-Review09-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">Allergen immunotherapy</a>, which gradually exposes people to larger and larger amounts of allergen, is useful for some types of allergies such as hay fever and reactions to insect bites.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> Its use in food allergies is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> Allergies are common.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Epi-10">[10]</a> In the developed world, about 20% of people are affected by allergic rhinitis,<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2015-15">[15]</a> about 6% of people have at least one food allergy,<a href="#cite_note-NIH2012pdf-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sic2014-5">[5]</a> and about 20% have or have had atopic dermatitis at some point in time.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Depending on the country, about 1–18% of people have asthma.<a href="#cite_note-GINA2015p2-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-GINA2011p2-18">[18]</a> Anaphylaxis occurs in between 0.05–2% of people.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Rates of many allergic diseases appear to be increasing.<a href="#cite_note-Review09-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The word "allergy" was first used by <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a> in 1906.<a href="#cite_note-Kay2000-2">[2]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="width:50%; float:right; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px"> <tbody><tr> <th>Affected organ</th> <th>Common signs and symptoms </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nose</td> <td>Swelling of the nasal <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rhinitis#Allergic" title="Rhinitis">allergic rhinitis</a>) runny nose, <a href="/wiki/Sneezing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sneezing">sneezing</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paranasal_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranasal sinus">Sinuses</a></td> <td>Allergic <a href="/wiki/Sinusitis" title="Sinusitis">sinusitis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">Eyes</a></td> <td>Redness and <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a> (allergic conjunctivitis, watery) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airway" class="mw-redirect" title="Airway">Airways</a></td> <td>Sneezing, coughing, <a href="/wiki/Bronchoconstriction" title="Bronchoconstriction">bronchoconstriction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheeze" title="Wheeze">wheezing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyspnea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspnea">dyspnea</a>, sometimes outright attacks of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, in severe cases the airway constricts due to swelling known as <a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_edema" class="mw-redirect" title="Laryngeal edema">laryngeal edema</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ears</td> <td>Feeling of fullness, possibly pain, and impaired hearing due to the lack of <a href="/wiki/Eustachian_tube" title="Eustachian tube">eustachian tube</a> drainage. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Skin</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">Rashes</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">hives (urticaria)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Gastrointestinal tract</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">Abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Many allergens such as dust or pollen are airborne particles. In these cases, symptoms arise in areas in contact with air, such as the eyes, nose, and lungs. For instance, allergic rhinitis, also known as hay fever, causes irritation of the nose, sneezing, itching, and redness of the eyes.<a href="#cite_note-Conn's_Current_Therapy_2005-22">[22]</a> Inhaled allergens can also lead to increased production of <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lungs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">shortness of breath</a>, coughing, and wheezing.<a href="#cite_note-holgate98-23">[23]</a> Aside from these ambient allergens, allergic reactions can result from foods, <a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">insect stings</a>, and reactions to medications like <a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">aspirin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>. Symptoms of food allergy include abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Bloating" title="Bloating">bloating</a>, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itchy</a> skin, and <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">hives</a>. Food allergies rarely cause <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory</a> (asthmatic) reactions, or <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rusznak98-24">[24]</a> Insect stings, food, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, and certain medicines may produce a systemic allergic response that is also called anaphylaxis; multiple organ systems can be affected, including the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive system">digestive system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory system</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">circulatory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Insect_sting_anaphylaxis-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penicillin_allergy_skin_testing:_what_do_we_do_now?-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-tang03-27">[27]</a> Depending on the severity, anaphylaxis can include skin reactions, bronchoconstriction, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">swelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">low blood pressure</a>, coma, and death. This type of reaction can be triggered suddenly, or the onset can be delayed. The nature of anaphylaxis is such that the reaction can seem to be subsiding but may recur throughout a period of time.<a href="#cite_note-tang03-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin">Skin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Skin">edit</a>]</div> Substances that come into contact with the skin, such as <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">latex</a>, are also common causes of allergic reactions, known as <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a> or eczema.<a href="#cite_note-Natural_rubber_latex_allergy:_a_problem_of_interdisciplinary_concern_in_medicine-28">[28]</a> Skin allergies frequently cause <a href="/wiki/Rash" title="Rash">rashes</a>, or swelling and inflammation within the skin, in what is known as a "<a href="/wiki/Wheal_response" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheal response">weal</a> and flare" reaction characteristic of hives and <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Urticaria_and_angioedema:_a_practical_approach-29">[29]</a> With insect stings, a large local reaction may occur in the form of an area of skin redness greater than 10 cm in size that can last one to two days.<a href="#cite_note-Lud2015-30">[30]</a> This reaction may also occur after <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cause">edit</a>]</div> Risk factors for allergies can be placed in two broad categories, namely <a href="/wiki/Host_(biology)" title="Host (biology)">host</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environmental</a> factors.<a href="#cite_note-The_genetic_and_environmental_basis_of_atopic_diseases-32">[32]</a> Host factors include <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">heredity</a>, sex, <a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>, and age, with heredity being by far the most significant. However, there has been a recent increase in the incidence of allergic disorders that cannot be explained by genetic factors alone. Four major environmental candidates are alterations in exposure to <a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease">infectious diseases</a> during early childhood, <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">environmental pollution</a>, allergen levels, and <a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">dietary</a> changes.<a href="#cite_note-Janeway-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_mites">Dust mites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dust mites">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dust_mite_allergy" title="Dust mite allergy">Dust mite allergy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/House_dust_mite" title="House dust mite">Dust mite</a> allergy, also known as house dust allergy, is a <a href="/wiki/Sensitization_(immunology)" title="Sensitization (immunology)">sensitization</a> and allergic reaction to the droppings of <a href="/wiki/House_dust_mite" title="House dust mite">house dust mites</a>. The allergy is common<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> and can trigger allergic reactions such as asthma, <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">eczema</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Itch" title="Itch">itching</a>.The mite's gut contains potent digestive enzymes (notably <a href="/wiki/Peptidase_1_(mite)" title="Peptidase 1 (mite)">peptidase 1</a>) that persist in their feces and are major inducers of allergic reactions such as <a href="/wiki/Wheeze" title="Wheeze">wheezing</a>. The mite's exoskeleton can also contribute to allergic reactions. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Scabies" title="Scabies">scabies</a> mites or skin follicle mites, house dust mites do not burrow under the skin and are not parasitic.<a href="#cite_note-unl-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foods">Foods</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Foods">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a></div> A wide variety of foods can cause allergic reactions, but 90% of allergic responses to foods are caused by cow's milk, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, eggs, wheat, peanuts, <a href="/wiki/Tree_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree nuts">tree nuts</a>, fish, and shellfish.<a href="#cite_note-aafa.org-37">[37]</a> Other food allergies, affecting less than 1 person per 10,000 population, may be considered "rare".<a href="#cite_note-Maleki-38">[38]</a> The most common food allergy in the US population is a sensitivity to <a href="/wiki/Crustacea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustacea">crustacea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maleki-38">[38]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Peanut allergies">peanut allergies</a> are notorious for their severity, peanut allergies are not the most common food allergy in adults or children. Severe or life-threatening reactions may be triggered by other allergens and are more common when combined with asthma.<a href="#cite_note-aafa.org-37">[37]</a> Rates of allergies differ between adults and children. Children can sometimes outgrow peanut allergies. <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg allergies">Egg allergies</a> affect one to two percent of children but are outgrown by about two-thirds of children by the age of 5.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The sensitivity is usually to proteins in the <a href="/wiki/Egg_white" title="Egg white">white</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Yolk" title="Yolk">yolk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sicherer_63-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk-protein allergies</a>—distinct from <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a>—are most common in children.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Approximately 60% of milk-protein reactions are <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">immunoglobulin E</a>–mediated, with the remaining usually attributable to <a href="/wiki/Proctocolitis" title="Proctocolitis">inflammation of the colon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Some people are unable to tolerate milk from goats or sheep as well as from cows, and many are also unable to tolerate dairy products such as cheese. Roughly 10% of children with a milk allergy will have a reaction to beef.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Lactose intolerance, a common reaction to milk, is not a form of allergy at all, but due to the absence of an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Digestive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive tract">digestive tract</a>.<a href="#cite_note-m234-44">[44]</a> Those with <a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree nut allergies">tree nut allergies</a> may be allergic to one or to many <a href="/wiki/Tree_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree nuts">tree nuts</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pecan" title="Pecan">pecans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachios" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistachios">pistachios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sicherer_63-40">[40]</a> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seeds">seeds</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Sesame_seeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesame seeds">sesame seeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">poppy seeds</a>, contain oils in which protein is present, which may elicit an allergic reaction.<a href="#cite_note-Sicherer_63-40">[40]</a> Allergens can be transferred from one food to another through <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a>; however, genetic modification can also remove allergens. Little research has been done on the natural variation of allergen concentrations in unmodified crops.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latex">Latex</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Latex">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a> can trigger an IgE-mediated cutaneous, respiratory, and systemic reaction. The prevalence of latex allergy in the general population is believed to be less than one percent. In a hospital study, 1 in 800 surgical patients (0.125 percent) reported latex sensitivity, although the sensitivity among healthcare workers is higher, between seven and ten percent. Researchers attribute this higher level to the exposure of healthcare workers to areas with significant airborne latex allergens, such as operating rooms, intensive-care units, and dental suites. These latex-rich environments may sensitize healthcare workers who regularly inhale allergenic proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Sussman-47">[47]</a> The most prevalent response to latex is an allergic contact dermatitis, a delayed hypersensitive reaction appearing as dry, crusted lesions. This reaction usually lasts 48–96 hours. Sweating or rubbing the area under the glove aggravates the lesions, possibly leading to ulcerations.<a href="#cite_note-Sussman-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic">Anaphylactic</a> reactions occur most often in sensitive patients who have been exposed to a surgeon's latex gloves during abdominal surgery, but other <a href="/wiki/Mucous_membrane" title="Mucous membrane">mucosal</a> exposures, such as dental procedures, can also produce systemic reactions.<a href="#cite_note-Sussman-47">[47]</a> Latex and banana sensitivity may cross-react. Furthermore, those with latex allergy may also have sensitivities to <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, kiwifruit, and chestnut.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> These people often have <a href="/wiki/Perioral" class="mw-redirect" title="Perioral">perioral</a> itching and local <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a>. Only occasionally have these food-induced allergies induced systemic responses. Researchers suspect that the cross-reactivity of latex with banana, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">kiwifruit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">chestnut</a> occurs because latex proteins are structurally <a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">homologous</a> with some other plant proteins.<a href="#cite_note-Sussman-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medications">Medications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Drug_allergy" title="Drug allergy">Drug allergy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_eruption" title="Drug eruption">Drug eruption</a></div> About 10% of people report that they are allergic to <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>; however, of that 10%, 90% turn out not to be.<a href="#cite_note-Al2015-49">[49]</a> Serious allergies only occur in about 0.03%.<a href="#cite_note-Al2015-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insect_stings">Insect stings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Insect stings">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></div> One of the main sources of human allergies is insects. An allergy to insects can be brought on by bites, stings, ingestion, and inhalation.<a href="#cite_note-f951-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxins_interacting_with_proteins">Toxins interacting with proteins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Toxins interacting with proteins">edit</a>]</div> Another non-food protein reaction, <a href="/wiki/Urushiol-induced_contact_dermatitis" title="Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis">urushiol-induced contact dermatitis</a>, originates after contact with <a href="/wiki/Poison_ivy" title="Poison ivy">poison ivy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_pubescens" title="Toxicodendron pubescens">eastern poison oak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxicodendron_diversilobum" title="Toxicodendron diversilobum">western poison oak</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Poison_sumac" class="mw-redirect" title="Poison sumac">poison sumac</a>. <a href="/wiki/Urushiol" title="Urushiol">Urushiol</a>, which is not itself a protein, acts as a <a href="/wiki/Hapten" title="Hapten">hapten</a> and chemically reacts with, binds to, and changes the shape of <a href="/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein" title="Integral membrane protein">integral membrane proteins</a> on exposed skin cells. The immune system does not recognize the affected cells as normal parts of the body, causing a <a href="/wiki/T-cell" class="mw-redirect" title="T-cell">T-cell</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Of these poisonous plants, sumac is the most virulent.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The resulting dermatological response to the reaction between urushiol and membrane proteins includes redness, swelling, <a href="/wiki/Papule" title="Papule">papules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesicle_(dermatology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesicle (dermatology)">vesicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blister" title="Blister">blisters</a>, and streaking.<a href="#cite_note-Dermatlas-54">[54]</a> Estimates vary on the population fraction that will have an immune system response. Approximately 25% of the population will have a strong allergic response to urushiol. In general, approximately 80–90% of adults will develop a rash if they are exposed to 0.0050 mg (7.7×10−5 gr) of purified urushiol, but some people are so sensitive that it takes only a molecular trace on the skin to initiate an allergic reaction.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> Allergic diseases are strongly <a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">familial</a>; <a href="/wiki/Twin#Monozygotic_twins" title="Twin">identical twins</a> are likely to have the same allergic diseases about 70% of the time; the same allergy occurs about 40% of the time in <a href="/wiki/Twin#Dizygotic_twins" title="Twin">non-identical twins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Allergy-56">[56]</a> Allergic parents are more likely to have allergic children<a href="#cite_note-DeSwert-57">[57]</a> and those children's allergies are likely to be more severe than those in children of non-allergic parents. Some allergies, however, are not consistent along <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogies</a>; parents who are allergic to peanuts may have children who are allergic to <a href="/wiki/Ragweed" title="Ragweed">ragweed</a>. The likelihood of developing allergies is <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a> and related to an irregularity in the immune system, but the specific <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergen</a> is not.<a href="#cite_note-DeSwert-57">[57]</a> The risk of allergic <a href="/wiki/Sensitization_(immunology)" title="Sensitization (immunology)">sensitization</a> and the development of allergies varies with age, with young children most at risk.<a href="#cite_note-Croner-58">[58]</a> Several studies have shown that IgE levels are highest in childhood and fall rapidly between the ages of 10 and 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-Croner-58">[58]</a> The peak prevalence of hay fever is highest in children and young adults and the incidence of asthma is highest in children under 10.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnicity</a> may play a role in some allergies; however, racial factors have been difficult to separate from environmental influences and changes due to <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DeSwert-57">[57]</a> It has been suggested that different <a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">genetic loci</a> are responsible for asthma, to be specific, in people of <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">European</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_people" title="Asian people">Asian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> origins.<a href="#cite_note-African_Americans_with_asthma:_genetic_insights-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hygiene_hypothesis">Hygiene hypothesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hygiene hypothesis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">Hygiene hypothesis</a></div> Allergic diseases are caused by inappropriate immunological responses to harmless <a href="/wiki/Antigens" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigens">antigens</a> driven by a <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">TH2</a>-mediated immune response. Many bacteria and viruses elicit a <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">TH1</a>-mediated immune response, which down-regulates TH2 responses. The first proposed mechanism of action of the hygiene hypothesis was that insufficient stimulation of the TH1 arm of the immune system leads to an overactive TH2 arm, which in turn leads to allergic disease.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> In other words, individuals living in too sterile an environment are not exposed to enough pathogens to keep the immune system busy. Since our bodies evolved to deal with a certain level of such pathogens, when they are not exposed to this level, the immune system will attack harmless antigens, and thus normally benign microbial objects—like pollen—will trigger an immune response.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The hygiene hypothesis was developed to explain the observation that <a href="/wiki/Hay_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Hay fever">hay fever</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eczema" class="mw-redirect" title="Eczema">eczema</a>, both allergic diseases, were less common in children from larger families, which were, it is presumed, exposed to more infectious agents through their siblings, than in children from families with only one child.<a href="#cite_note-z256-63">[63]</a> It is used to explain the increase in allergic diseases that have been seen since industrialization, and the higher incidence of allergic diseases in more developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-e520-64">[64]</a> The hygiene hypothesis has now expanded to include exposure to symbiotic bacteria and parasites as important modulators of immune system development, along with infectious agents.<a href="#cite_note-g732-65">[65]</a> Epidemiological data support the hygiene hypothesis. Studies have shown that various immunological and autoimmune diseases are much less common in the developing world than the industrialized world, and that immigrants to the industrialized world from the developing world increasingly develop immunological disorders in relation to the length of time since arrival in the industrialized world.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12910582-66">[66]</a> Longitudinal studies in the third world demonstrate an increase in immunological disorders as a country grows more affluent and, it is presumed, cleaner.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17326711-67">[67]</a> The use of antibiotics in the first year of life has been linked to asthma and other allergic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Does_antibiotic_exposure_during_infancy_lead_to_development_of_asthma?:_a_systematic_review_and_metaanalysis-68">[68]</a> The use of antibacterial cleaning products has also been associated with higher incidence of asthma, as has birth by <a href="/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a> rather than vaginal birth.<a href="#cite_note-A_meta-analysis_of_the_association_between_Caesarean_section_and_childhood_asthma-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_use_of_household_cleaning_sprays_and_adult_asthma:_an_international_longitudinal_study-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stress">edit</a>]</div> Chronic <a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">stress</a> can aggravate allergic conditions. This has been attributed to a T helper 2 (TH2)-predominant response driven by suppression of <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_12" title="Interleukin 12">interleukin 12</a> by both the <a href="/wiki/Autonomic_nervous_system" title="Autonomic nervous system">autonomic nervous system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93adrenal_axis" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis">hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis</a>. Stress management in highly susceptible individuals may improve symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_environmental_factors">Other environmental factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other environmental factors">edit</a>]</div> Allergic diseases are more common in industrialized countries than in countries that are more traditional or agricultural, and there is a higher rate of allergic disease in urban populations versus rural populations, although these differences are becoming less defined.<a href="#cite_note-cooper04-72">[72]</a> Historically, the trees planted in urban areas were predominantly male to prevent litter from seeds and fruits, but the high ratio of male trees causes high pollen counts, a phenomenon that horticulturist Tom Ogren has called "<a href="/wiki/Botanical_sexism" title="Botanical sexism">botanical sexism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Alterations in exposure to <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> is another plausible explanation, at present, for the increase in <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopic allergy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Janeway-33">[33]</a> Endotoxin exposure reduces release of inflammatory <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Tumor_necrosis_factor_alpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumor necrosis factor alpha">TNF-α</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interferon-gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="Interferon-gamma">IFNγ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-10" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-10">interleukin-10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-12" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-12">interleukin-12</a> from white blood cells (<a href="/wiki/Leukocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocytes">leukocytes</a>) that circulate in the blood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12239255-74">[74]</a> Certain microbe-sensing <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Toll-like_receptor" title="Toll-like receptor">Toll-like receptors</a>, found on the surface of cells in the body are also thought to be involved in these processes.<a href="#cite_note-Epidemiological_and_immunological_evidence_for_the_hygiene_hypothesis-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">Parasitic worms</a> and similar parasites are present in untreated drinking water in developing countries, and were present in the water of developed countries until the routine <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a> and purification of drinking water supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Parasitic_food-borne_and_water-borne_zoonoses-76">[76]</a> Recent research has shown that some common parasites, such as intestinal worms (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Hookworm" title="Hookworm">hookworms</a>), secrete chemicals into the gut wall (and, hence, the bloodstream) that <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunosuppressant">suppress</a> the immune system and prevent the body from attacking the parasite.<a href="#cite_note-Worms_and_allergy-77">[77]</a> This gives rise to a new slant on the hygiene hypothesis theory—that <a href="/wiki/Co-evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-evolution">co-evolution</a> of humans and parasites has led to an immune system that functions correctly only in the presence of the parasites. Without them, the immune system becomes unbalanced and oversensitive.<a href="#cite_note-Yazdanbakhsh02-78">[78]</a> In particular, research suggests that allergies may coincide with the delayed establishment of <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a> in <a href="/wiki/Infant" title="Infant">infants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17382394-79">[79]</a> However, the research to support this theory is conflicting, with some studies performed in China and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> showing an increase in allergy in people infected with intestinal worms.<a href="#cite_note-cooper04-72">[72]</a> Clinical trials have been initiated to test the effectiveness of certain worms in treating some allergies.<a href="#cite_note-falcone05-80">[80]</a> It may be that the term 'parasite' could turn out to be inappropriate, and in fact a hitherto unsuspected <a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">symbiosis</a> is at work.<a href="#cite_note-falcone05-80">[80]</a> For more information on this topic, see <a href="/wiki/Helminthic_therapy" title="Helminthic therapy">Helminthic therapy</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiology">Pathophysiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pathophysiology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg/220px-The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg/330px-The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg/440px-The_Allergy_Pathway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1348" /></a><figcaption>A summary diagram that explains how allergy develops</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg/220px-Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg/330px-Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg/440px-Tissues_Affected_In_Allergic_Inflammation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2037" data-file-height="1596" /></a><figcaption>Tissues affected in <a href="/wiki/Allergic_inflammation" title="Allergic inflammation">allergic inflammation</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acute_response">Acute response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acute response">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg/220px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg/330px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg/440px-Allergy_degranulation_processes_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Degranulation process in allergy. Second exposure to allergen. 1 – antigen; 2 – IgE antibody; 3 – FcεRI receptor; 4 – preformed mediators (histamine, proteases, chemokines, heparin); 5 – <a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">granules</a>; 6 – <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cell</a>; 7 – newly formed mediators (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, thromboxanes, <a href="/wiki/Platelet-activating_factor" title="Platelet-activating factor">PAF</a>).</figcaption></figure> In the initial stages of allergy, a type I hypersensitivity reaction against an allergen encountered for the first time and presented by a professional <a href="/wiki/Antigen-presenting_cell" title="Antigen-presenting cell">antigen-presenting cell</a> causes a response in a type of immune cell called a <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">TH2 lymphocyte</a>, a subset of <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a> that produce a <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> called <a href="/wiki/Interleukin-4" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin-4">interleukin-4</a> (IL-4). These TH2 cells interact with other <a href="/wiki/Lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphocytes">lymphocytes</a> called <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a>, whose role is production of antibodies. Coupled with signals provided by IL-4, this interaction stimulates the B cell to begin production of a large amount of a particular type of antibody known as IgE. Secreted IgE circulates in the blood and binds to an IgE-specific receptor (a kind of <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a> called <a href="/wiki/Fc%CE%B5RI" class="mw-redirect" title="FcεRI">FcεRI</a>) on the surface of other kinds of immune cells called <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basophil" title="Basophil">basophils</a>, which are both involved in the acute inflammatory response. The IgE-coated cells, at this stage, are sensitized to the allergen.<a href="#cite_note-Janeway-33">[33]</a> If later exposure to the same allergen occurs, the allergen can bind to the IgE molecules held on the surface of the mast cells or basophils. Cross-linking of the IgE and Fc receptors occurs when more than one IgE-receptor complex interacts with the same allergenic molecule and activates the sensitized cell. Activated mast cells and basophils undergo a process called <a href="/wiki/Degranulation" title="Degranulation">degranulation</a>, during which they release <a href="/wiki/Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and other inflammatory chemical mediators (<a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin" title="Interleukin">interleukins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leukotriene" title="Leukotriene">leukotrienes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandin" title="Prostaglandin">prostaglandins</a>) from their <a href="/wiki/Granule_(cell_biology)" title="Granule (cell biology)">granules</a> into the surrounding tissue causing several systemic effects, such as <a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mucus" title="Mucus">mucous</a> secretion, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerve</a> stimulation, and <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> contraction. This results in <a href="/wiki/Rhinorrhea" title="Rhinorrhea">rhinorrhea</a>, itchiness, dyspnea, and anaphylaxis. Depending on the individual, allergen, and mode of introduction, the symptoms can be system-wide (classical anaphylaxis) or localized to specific body systems. Asthma is localized to the respiratory system and eczema is localized to the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Janeway-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late-phase_response">Late-phase response</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Late-phase response">edit</a>]</div> After the chemical mediators of the acute response subside, late-phase responses can often occur. This is due to the migration of other <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocytes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophils</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> to the initial site. The reaction is usually seen 2–24 hours after the original reaction.<a href="#cite_note-Effector_and_potential_immunoregulatory_roles_of_mast_cells_in_IgE-associated_acquired_immune_responses-81">[81]</a> Cytokines from mast cells may play a role in the persistence of long-term effects. Late-phase responses seen in asthma are slightly different from those seen in other allergic responses, although they are still caused by release of mediators from eosinophils and are still dependent on activity of TH2 cells.<a href="#cite_note-Th2_cytokines_in_the_asthma_late-phase_response-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic_contact_dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Allergic contact dermatitis">edit</a>]</div> Although <a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">allergic contact dermatitis</a> is termed an "allergic" reaction (which usually refers to type I hypersensitivity), its pathophysiology involves a reaction that more correctly corresponds to a <a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">type IV hypersensitivity</a> reaction.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In type IV hypersensitivity, there is activation of certain types of <a href="/wiki/T_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="T cells">T cells</a> (CD8+) that destroy target cells on contact, as well as activated <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> that produce <a href="/wiki/Hydrolytic_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrolytic enzyme">hydrolytic</a> <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-c364-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allergy_testing_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Allergy_testing_machine.jpg/220px-Allergy_testing_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Allergy_testing_machine.jpg/330px-Allergy_testing_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Allergy_testing_machine.jpg/440px-Allergy_testing_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1993" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>An allergy testing machine being operated in a diagnostic immunology lab</figcaption></figure> Effective management of allergic diseases relies on the ability to make an accurate diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Allergy testing can help confirm or rule out allergies.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-87">[87]</a> Correct diagnosis, counseling, and avoidance advice based on valid allergy test results reduce the incidence of symptoms and need for medications, and improve quality of life.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[86]</a> To assess the presence of allergen-specific IgE antibodies, two different methods can be used: a skin prick test, or an allergy <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood test</a>. Both methods are recommended, and they have similar diagnostic value.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Skin prick tests and blood tests are equally cost-effective, and health economic evidence shows that both tests were cost-effective compared with no test.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-86">[86]</a> Early and more accurate diagnoses save cost due to reduced consultations, referrals to secondary care, misdiagnosis, and emergency admissions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Allergy undergoes dynamic changes over time. Regular allergy testing of relevant allergens provides information on if and how patient management can be changed to improve health and quality of life. Annual <a href="/wiki/Allergy_test" title="Allergy test">testing</a> is often the practice for determining whether allergy to milk, egg, soy, and wheat have been outgrown, and the testing interval is extended to 2–3 years for allergy to peanut, tree nuts, fish, and crustacean shellfish.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-87">[87]</a> Results of follow-up testing can guide decision-making regarding whether and when it is safe to introduce or re-introduce allergenic food into the diet.<a href="#cite_note-United_States_2010-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_prick_testing">Skin prick testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Skin prick testing">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allergy_skin_testing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Allergy_skin_testing.JPG/220px-Allergy_skin_testing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Allergy_skin_testing.JPG/330px-Allergy_skin_testing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Allergy_skin_testing.JPG/440px-Allergy_skin_testing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Skin testing on arm</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skintest2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Skintest2.jpg/220px-Skintest2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Skintest2.jpg/330px-Skintest2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Skintest2.jpg/440px-Skintest2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Skin testing on back</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Skin_test" title="Skin test">Skin testing</a> is also known as "puncture testing" and "prick testing" due to the series of tiny punctures or pricks made into the patient's skin. Tiny amounts of suspected allergens and/or their <a href="/wiki/Extracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Extracts">extracts</a> (e.g., pollen, grass, mite proteins, peanut extract) are introduced to sites on the skin marked with pen or dye (the ink/dye should be carefully selected, lest it cause an allergic response itself). A negative and positive control are also included for comparison (eg, negative is saline or glycerin; positive is histamine). A small plastic or metal device is used to puncture or prick the skin. Sometimes, the allergens are injected "intradermally" into the patient's skin, with a needle and syringe. Common areas for testing include the inside forearm and the back. If the patient is allergic to the substance, then a visible inflammatory reaction will usually occur within 30 minutes. This response will range from slight reddening of the skin to a full-blown <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">hive</a> (called "wheal and flare") in more sensitive patients similar to a <a href="/wiki/Mosquito_bite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquito bite">mosquito bite</a>. Interpretation of the results of the skin prick test is normally done by allergists on a scale of severity, with +/− meaning borderline reactivity, and 4+ being a large reaction. Increasingly, allergists are measuring and recording the diameter of the wheal and flare reaction. Interpretation by well-trained allergists is often guided by relevant literature.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16164451-91">[91]</a> In general, a positive response is interpreted when the wheal of an antigen is ≥3mm larger than the wheal of the negative control (eg, saline or glycerin).<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Some patients may believe they have determined their own allergic sensitivity from observation, but a skin test has been shown to be much better than patient observation to detect allergy.<a href="#cite_note-pmid11101180-93">[93]</a> If a serious life-threatening anaphylactic reaction has brought a patient in for evaluation, some allergists will prefer an initial blood test prior to performing the skin prick test. Skin tests may not be an option if the patient has widespread skin disease or has taken <a href="/wiki/Antihistamines" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihistamines">antihistamines</a> in the last several days. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patch_testing">Patch testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Patch testing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">Patch test</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Epikutanni-test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/220px-Epikutanni-test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/330px-Epikutanni-test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Epikutanni-test.jpg/440px-Epikutanni-test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Patch_test" title="Patch test">Patch test</a></figcaption></figure> Patch testing is a method used to determine if a specific substance causes allergic inflammation of the skin. It tests for delayed reactions. It is used to help ascertain the cause of skin contact allergy or <a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact dermatitis</a>. Adhesive patches, usually treated with several common allergic chemicals or skin sensitizers, are applied to the back. The skin is then examined for possible local reactions at least twice, usually at 48 hours after application of the patch, and again two or three days later. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood_testing">Blood testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Blood testing">edit</a>]</div> An allergy <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">blood test</a> is quick and simple and can be ordered by a licensed health care provider (e.g., an allergy specialist) or general practitioner. Unlike skin-prick testing, a blood test can be performed irrespective of age, skin condition, medication, symptom, disease activity, and pregnancy. Adults and children of any age can get an allergy blood test. For babies and very young children, a single needle stick for allergy blood testing is often gentler than several skin pricks. An allergy blood test is available through most <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">laboratories</a>. A sample of the patient's blood is sent to a laboratory for analysis, and the results are sent back a few days later. Multiple allergens can be detected with a single blood sample. Allergy blood tests are very safe since the person is not exposed to any allergens during the testing procedure. The test measures the concentration of specific <a href="/wiki/IgE" class="mw-redirect" title="IgE">IgE antibodies</a> in the blood. <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_analysis_(chemistry)" title="Quantitative analysis (chemistry)">Quantitative</a> IgE test results increase the possibility of ranking how different substances may affect symptoms. A rule of thumb is that the higher the IgE antibody value, the greater the likelihood of symptoms. Allergens found at low levels that today do not result in symptoms cannot help predict future symptom development. The quantitative allergy blood result can help determine what a patient is allergic to, help predict and follow the disease development, estimate the risk of a severe reaction, and explain <a href="/wiki/Cross-reactivity" title="Cross-reactivity">cross-reactivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> A low total IgE level is not adequate to rule out <a href="/wiki/Sensitization_(immunology)" title="Sensitization (immunology)">sensitization</a> to commonly inhaled allergens.<a href="#cite_note-pmid12911420-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistical methods</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/ROC_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="ROC curve">ROC curves</a>, predictive value calculations, and likelihood ratios have been used to examine the relationship of various testing methods to each other. These methods have shown that patients with a high total IgE have a high probability of allergic sensitization, but further investigation with allergy tests for specific IgE antibodies for a carefully chosen of allergens is often warranted. Laboratory methods to measure specific IgE antibodies for allergy testing include <a href="/wiki/Enzyme-linked_immunosorbent_assay" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay">enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay</a> (ELISA, or EIA),<a href="#cite_note-webmd-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/Radioallergosorbent_test" title="Radioallergosorbent test">radioallergosorbent test</a> (RAST),<a href="#cite_note-webmd-97">[97]</a> fluorescent enzyme <a href="/wiki/Immunoassay" title="Immunoassay">immunoassay</a> (FEIA),<a href="#cite_note-KhanUeno-Yamanouchi2012-98">[98]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chemiluminescence_immunoassay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chemiluminescence immunoassay (page does not exist)">chemiluminescence immunoassay</a> (CLIA).<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_testing">Other testing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other testing">edit</a>]</div> Challenge testing: Challenge testing is when tiny amounts of a suspected allergen are introduced to the body orally, through inhalation, or via other routes. Except for testing food and medication allergies, challenges are rarely performed. When this type of testing is chosen, it must be closely supervised by an <a href="/wiki/Allergist" title="Allergist">allergist</a>. Elimination/challenge tests: This testing method is used most often with foods or medicines. A patient with a suspected allergen is instructed to modify his diet to totally avoid that allergen for a set time. If the patient experiences significant improvement, he may then be "challenged" by reintroducing the allergen, to see if symptoms are reproduced. Unreliable tests: There are other types of allergy testing methods that are unreliable, including <a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">applied kinesiology</a> (allergy testing through muscle relaxation), <a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">cytotoxicity</a> testing, urine autoinjection, skin <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">titration</a> (Rinkel method), and provocative and neutralization (subcutaneous) testing or sublingual provocation.<a href="#cite_note-Allergy_Diagnosis-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Differential diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Before a diagnosis of allergic disease can be confirmed, other plausible causes of the presenting symptoms must be considered.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasomotor_rhinitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasomotor rhinitis">Vasomotor rhinitis</a>, for example, is one of many illnesses that share symptoms with allergic rhinitis, underscoring the need for professional differential diagnosis.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16190503-103">[103]</a> Once a diagnosis of <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, rhinitis, anaphylaxis, or other allergic disease has been made, there are several methods for discovering the causative agent of that allergy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Allergy_prevention_in_children" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergy prevention in children">Allergy prevention in children</a></div> Giving peanut products early may decrease the risk of allergies while only <a href="/wiki/Breastfeeding" title="Breastfeeding">breastfeeding</a> during at least the first few months of life may decrease the risk of <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gre2019-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gar2018-105">[105]</a> There is no good evidence that a mother's diet during pregnancy or breastfeeding affects the risk of allergies,<a href="#cite_note-Gre2019-104">[104]</a> nor is there evidence that delayed introduction of certain foods is useful.<a href="#cite_note-Gre2019-104">[104]</a> Early exposure to potential allergens may actually be protective.<a href="#cite_note-Sic2014-5">[5]</a> Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk.<a href="#cite_note-Gar2018-105">[105]</a> Probiotic supplements during pregnancy or infancy may help to prevent atopic dermatitis.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Management">edit</a>]</div> Management of allergies typically involves avoiding the allergy trigger and taking medications to improve the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">Allergen immunotherapy</a> may be useful for some types of allergies.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medication">Medication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Medication">edit</a>]</div> Several medications may be used to block the action of allergic mediators, or to prevent activation of cells and <a href="/wiki/Degranulation" title="Degranulation">degranulation</a> processes. These include <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">glucocorticoids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">epinephrine</a> (adrenaline), <a href="/wiki/Mast_cell_stabilizer" title="Mast cell stabilizer">mast cell stabilizers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antileukotriene_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antileukotriene agent">antileukotriene agents</a> are common treatments of allergic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-MCAS-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Anticholinergics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestants</a>, and other compounds thought to impair <a href="/wiki/Eosinophil" title="Eosinophil">eosinophil</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a> are also commonly used. Although rare, the severity of anaphylaxis often requires <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_(medication)" title="Epinephrine (medication)">epinephrine</a> injection, and where medical care is unavailable, a device known as an <a href="/wiki/Epinephrine_autoinjector" title="Epinephrine autoinjector">epinephrine autoinjector</a> may be used.<a href="#cite_note-tang03-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Immunotherapy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Allergen_immunotherapy" title="Allergen immunotherapy">Allergen immunotherapy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg/220px-Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg/330px-Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg/440px-Anti-Allergy_Immunotherapy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2083" data-file-height="1552" /></a><figcaption>Anti-allergy immunotherapy</figcaption></figure> Allergen <a href="/wiki/Immunotherapy" title="Immunotherapy">immunotherapy</a> is useful for environmental allergies, allergies to insect bites, and asthma.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abra2010-109">[109]</a> Its benefit for food allergies is unclear and thus not recommended.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> Immunotherapy involves exposing people to larger and larger amounts of allergen in an effort to change the immune system's response.<a href="#cite_note-NIH2015Imm-6">[6]</a> Meta-analyses have found that injections of allergens under the skin is effective in the treatment in allergic rhinitis in children<a href="#cite_note-Penagos06-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and in asthma.<a href="#cite_note-Abra2010-109">[109]</a> The benefits may last for years after treatment is stopped.<a href="#cite_note-Canonica09-112">[112]</a> It is generally safe and effective for allergic rhinitis and <a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">conjunctivitis</a>, allergic forms of asthma, and stinging insects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17803880-113">[113]</a> To a lesser extent, the evidence also supports the use of <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_immunotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual immunotherapy">sublingual immunotherapy</a> for rhinitis and asthma.<a href="#cite_note-Canonica09-112">[112]</a> For seasonal allergies the benefit is small.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In this form the allergen is given under the tongue and people often prefer it to injections.<a href="#cite_note-Canonica09-112">[112]</a> Immunotherapy is not recommended as a stand-alone treatment for asthma.<a href="#cite_note-Canonica09-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Alternative medicine">edit</a>]</div> An experimental treatment, <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_potentiated_desensitization" title="Enzyme potentiated desensitization">enzyme potentiated desensitization</a> (EPD), has been tried for decades but is not generally accepted as effective.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15042943-115">[115]</a> EPD uses dilutions of allergen and an enzyme, <a href="/wiki/Beta-glucuronidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-glucuronidase">beta-glucuronidase</a>, to which <a href="/wiki/T-lymphocytes,_regulatory" class="mw-redirect" title="T-lymphocytes, regulatory">T-regulatory lymphocytes</a> are supposed to respond by favoring desensitization, or down-regulation, rather than sensitization. EPD has also been tried for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>, but evidence does not show effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15042943-115">[115]</a> A review found no effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Homeopathic_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeopathic treatment">homeopathic treatments</a> and no difference compared with <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>. The authors concluded that based on rigorous clinical trials of all types of homeopathy for childhood and adolescence ailments, there is no convincing evidence that supports the use of homeopathic treatments.<a href="#cite_note-pmid17285788-116">[116]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a>, U.S., the evidence is relatively strong that <a href="/wiki/Saline_nasal_irrigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Saline nasal irrigation">saline nasal irrigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butterbur" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterbur">butterbur</a> are effective, when compared to other <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> treatments, for which the scientific evidence is weak, negative, or nonexistent, such as honey, acupuncture, omega 3's, probiotics, astragalus, capsaicin, grape seed extract, Pycnogenol, quercetin, spirulina, stinging nettle, tinospora, or guduchi. <a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> The allergic diseases—hay fever and asthma—have increased in the Western world over the past 2–3 decades.<a href="#cite_note-Platts-119">[119]</a> Increases in allergic asthma and other atopic disorders in industrialized nations, it is estimated, began in the 1960s and 1970s, with further increases occurring during the 1980s and 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield-120">[120]</a> although some suggest that a steady rise in sensitization has been occurring since the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-The_allergy_epidemic_extends_beyond_the_past_few_decades-121">[121]</a> The number of new cases per year of atopy in developing countries has, in general, remained much lower.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield-120">[120]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="width:70%; float:center; font-size:90%; margin-left:15px"> <caption>Allergic conditions: Statistics and epidemiology </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Allergy type</th> <th>United States</th> <th>United Kingdom<a href="#cite_note-Chapter_4:_The_Extent_and_Burden_of_Allergy_in_the_United_Kingdom-122">[122]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Allergic rhinitis</td> <td>35.9 million<a href="#cite_note-AAAAI_-_rhinitis,_sinusitis,_hay_fever,_stuffy_nose,_watery_eyes,_sinus_infection-123">[123]</a> (about 11% of the population<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>)</td> <td>3.3 million (about 5.5% of the population<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asthma</td> <td>10 million have allergic asthma (about 3% of the population). The prevalence of asthma increased 75% from 1980 to 1994. Asthma prevalence is 39% higher in African Americans than in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Europeans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AAAAI_-_asthma,_allergy,_allergies,_prevention_of_allergies_and_asthma,_treatment_for_allergies_and_asthma-126">[126]</a></td> <td>5.7 million (about 9.4%). In six- and seven-year-olds asthma increased from 18.4% to 20.9% over five years, during the same time the rate decreased from 31% to 24.7% in 13- to 14-year-olds. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Atopic eczema</td> <td>About 9% of the population. Between 1960 and 1990, prevalence has increased from 3% to 10% in children.<a href="#cite_note-AAAAI_-_skin_condition,_itchy_skin,_bumps,_red_irritated_skin,_allergic_reaction,_treating_skin_condition-127">[127]</a></td> <td>5.8 million (about 1% severe). </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anaphylaxis</td> <td>At least 40 deaths per year due to insect venom. About 400 deaths due to penicillin anaphylaxis. About 220 cases of anaphylaxis and 3 deaths per year are due to latex allergy.<a href="#cite_note-AAAAI_-_anaphylaxis,_cause_of_anaphylaxis,_prevention,_allergist,_anaphylaxis_statistics-128">[128]</a> An estimated 150 people die annually from anaphylaxis due to food allergy.<a href="#cite_note-Food-129">[129]</a></td> <td>Between 1999 and 2006, 48 deaths occurred in people ranging from five months to 85 years old. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Insect venom</td> <td>Around 15% of adults have mild, localized allergic reactions. Systemic reactions occur in 3% of adults and less than 1% of children.<a href="#cite_note-AAAAI_-_stinging_insect,_allergic_reaction_to_bug_bite,_treatment_for_insect_bite-130">[130]</a></td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Drug allergies</td> <td>Anaphylactic reactions to penicillin cause 400 deaths per year.</td> <td>Unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Food allergies</td> <td>7.6% of children and 10.8% of adults.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Peanut and/or tree nut (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>) allergy affects about three million Americans, or 1.1% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Food-129">[129]</a></td> <td>5–7% of infants and 1–2% of adults. A 117.3% increase in peanut allergies was observed from 2001 to 2005, an estimated 25,700 people in England are affected. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Multiple allergies (Asthma, eczema and allergic rhinitis together)</td> <td>Unknown</td> <td>2.3 million (about 3.7%), prevalence has increased by 48.9% between 2001 and 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Incidence_and_prevalence_of_multiple_allergic_disorders_recorded_in_a_national_primary_care_database-132">[132]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Changing_frequency">Changing frequency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Changing frequency">edit</a>]</div> Although genetic factors govern susceptibility to atopic disease, increases in <a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a> have occurred within too short a period to be explained by a genetic change in the population, thus pointing to environmental or lifestyle changes.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomfield-120">[120]</a> Several hypotheses have been identified to explain this increased rate. Increased exposure to perennial allergens may be due to housing changes and increased time spent indoors, and a decreased activation of a common immune control mechanism may be caused by changes in cleanliness<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> or hygiene, and exacerbated by dietary changes, obesity, and decline in physical exercise.<a href="#cite_note-Platts-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hygiene_hypothesis" title="Hygiene hypothesis">hygiene hypothesis</a> maintains<a href="#cite_note-Hay_fever,_hygiene,_and_household_size-134">[134]</a> that high living standards and hygienic conditions exposes children to fewer infections. It is thought that reduced bacterial and viral infections early in life direct the maturing immune system away from <a href="/wiki/T_helper_cell" title="T helper cell">TH</a>1 type responses, leading to unrestrained TH2 responses that allow for an increase in allergy.<a href="#cite_note-Yazdanbakhsh02-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Renz-135">[135]</a> Changes in rates and types of infection alone, however, have been unable to explain the observed increase in allergic disease, and recent evidence has focused attention on the importance of the <a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut flora">gastrointestinal microbial environment</a>. Evidence has shown that exposure to food and <a href="/wiki/Fecal-oral_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal-oral route">fecal-oral</a> pathogens, such as <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A" title="Hepatitis A">hepatitis A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> (which also tend to be more prevalent in developing countries), can reduce the overall risk of atopy by more than 60%,<a href="#cite_note-Exposure_to_foodborne_and_orofecal_microbes_versus_airborne_viruses_in_relation_to_atopy_and_allergic_asthma:_epidemiological_study-136">[136]</a> and an increased rate of parasitic infections has been associated with a decreased prevalence of asthma.<a href="#cite_note-Parasites_and_asthma--predictive_or_protective?-137">[137]</a> It is speculated that these infections exert their effect by critically altering TH1/TH2 regulation.<a href="#cite_note-Sheikh-138">[138]</a> Important elements of newer hygiene hypotheses also include exposure to <a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">endotoxins</a>, exposure to pets and growing up on a farm.<a href="#cite_note-Sheikh-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> Some symptoms attributable to allergic diseases are mentioned in ancient sources.<a href="#cite_note-aai-139">[139]</a> Particularly, three members of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a> (<a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Britannicus" title="Britannicus">Britannicus</a>) are suspected to have a family history of atopy.<a href="#cite_note-aai-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> The concept of "allergy" was originally introduced in 1906 by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna, Austria">Viennese</a> <a href="/wiki/Pediatrician" class="mw-redirect" title="Pediatrician">pediatrician</a> <a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a>, after he noticed that patients who had received injections of horse serum or smallpox vaccine usually had quicker, more severe reactions to second injections.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Pirquet called this phenomenon "allergy" from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> words <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄλλος">ἄλλος</a> allos meaning "other" and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%94%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἔργον">ἔργον</a> ergon meaning "work".<a href="#cite_note-Allergie-142">[142]</a> All forms of hypersensitivity used to be classified as allergies, and all were thought to be caused by an improper activation of the immune system. Later, it became clear that several different disease mechanisms were implicated, with a common link to a disordered activation of the immune system. In 1963, a new classification scheme was designed by <a href="/wiki/Philip_George_Houthem_Gell" title="Philip George Houthem Gell">Philip Gell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robin_Coombs" title="Robin Coombs">Robin Coombs</a> that described four types of <a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivities" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersensitivities">hypersensitivity reactions</a>, known as Type I to Type IV hypersensitivity.<a href="#cite_note-GellCoombs-143">[143]</a> With this new classification, the word allergy, sometimes clarified as a true allergy, was restricted to type I hypersensitivities (also called immediate hypersensitivity), which are characterized as rapidly developing reactions involving IgE antibodies.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> A major breakthrough in understanding the mechanisms of allergy was the discovery of the antibody class labeled <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">immunoglobulin E</a> (IgE). IgE was simultaneously discovered in 1966–67 by two independent groups:<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kimishige_Ishizaka" title="Kimishige Ishizaka">Ishizaka</a>'s team at the Children's Asthma Research Institute and Hospital in Denver, USA,<a href="#cite_note-Ishizaka_K-146">[146]</a> and by Gunnar Johansson and Hans Bennich in Uppsala, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Their joint paper was published in April 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Joint_paper_1969-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diagnosis_2">Diagnosis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> Radiometric assays include the <a href="/wiki/Radioallergosorbent_test" title="Radioallergosorbent test">radioallergosorbent test</a> (RAST test) method, which uses IgE-binding (anti-IgE) antibodies labeled with <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotope">radioactive isotopes</a> for quantifying the levels of IgE antibody in the blood.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7630219-149">[149]</a> The RAST methodology was invented and marketed in 1974 by Pharmacia Diagnostics AB, Uppsala, Sweden, and the acronym RAST is actually a brand name. In 1989, Pharmacia Diagnostics AB replaced it with a superior test named the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, which uses the newer fluorescence-labeled technology.<a href="#cite_note-n663-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Allergy,_Asthma_and_Immunology" title="American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology">American College of Allergy Asthma and Immunology</a> (ACAAI) and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Allergy,_Asthma,_and_Immunology" title="American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology">American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology</a> (AAAAI) issued the Joint Task Force Report "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing" in 2008, and is firm in its statement that the term RAST is now obsolete: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The term RAST became a colloquialism for all varieties of (in vitro allergy) tests. This is unfortunate because it is well recognized that there are well-performing tests and some that do not perform so well, yet they are all called RASTs, making it difficult to distinguish which is which. For these reasons, it is now recommended that use of RAST as a generic descriptor of these tests be abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Cox2008-14">[14]</a></blockquote> The updated version, the ImmunoCAP Specific IgE blood test, is the only specific IgE assay to receive <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> approval to quantitatively report to its detection limit of 0.1kU/L.<a href="#cite_note-n663-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_specialty">Medical specialty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Medical specialty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Allergist/Immunologist</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Physician</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Medicine</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Specialty</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunology</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> (M.D.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Osteopathic medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic medicine</a> (D.O.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (M.B.B.S.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> (MBChB)</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Hospitals, Clinics</td></tr></tbody></table> The medical speciality that studies, diagnoses and treats diseases caused by allergies is called allergology.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> An allergist is a physician specially trained to manage and treat allergies, asthma, and the other allergic diseases. In the United States physicians holding certification by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Board_of_Allergy_and_Immunology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Board of Allergy and Immunology (page does not exist)">American Board of Allergy and Immunology</a> (ABAI) have successfully completed an accredited educational program and evaluation process, including a proctored examination to demonstrate knowledge, skills, and experience in patient care in allergy and immunology.<a href="#cite_note-ABAI:_American_Board_of_Allergy_and_Immunology-152">[152]</a> Becoming an allergist/immunologist requires completion of at least nine years of training. After completing medical school and graduating with a medical degree, a physician will undergo three years of training in <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a> (to become an internist) or <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a> (to become a pediatrician). Once physicians have finished training in one of these specialties, they must pass the exam of either the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Pediatrics" title="American Board of Pediatrics">American Board of Pediatrics</a> (ABP), the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Pediatrics" title="American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics">American Osteopathic Board of Pediatrics</a> (AOBP), the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Internal_Medicine" title="American Board of Internal Medicine">American Board of Internal Medicine</a> (ABIM), or the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Board_of_Internal_Medicine" title="American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine">American Osteopathic Board of Internal Medicine</a> (AOBIM). Internists or pediatricians wishing to focus on the sub-specialty of allergy-immunology then complete at least an additional two years of study, called a fellowship, in an allergy/immunology training program. Allergist/immunologists listed as ABAI-certified have successfully passed the certifying examination of the ABAI following their fellowship.<a href="#cite_note-AAAAI_-_What_is_an_Allergist?-153">[153]</a> In the United Kingdom, allergy is a subspecialty of <a href="/wiki/General_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="General medicine">general medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatrics</a>. After obtaining postgraduate exams (<a href="/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of the Royal College of Physicians">MRCP</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Paediatrics_and_Child_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Membership of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (page does not exist)">MRCPCH</a>), a doctor works for several years as a <a href="/wiki/Specialist_registrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialist registrar">specialist registrar</a> before qualifying for the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a> specialist register. Allergy services may also be delivered by <a href="/wiki/Immunologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunologist">immunologists</a>. A 2003 <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> report presented a case for improvement of what were felt to be inadequate allergy services in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a> convened a subcommittee. It concluded likewise in 2007 that allergy services were insufficient to deal with what the Lords referred to as an "allergy epidemic" and its social cost; it made several recommendations.<a href="#cite_note-Allergy_-_HL_166-I,_6th_Report_of_Session_2006-07_-_Volume_1:_Report-155">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Low-allergen foods are being developed, as are improvements in skin prick test predictions; evaluation of the atopy patch test, wasp sting outcomes predictions, a rapidly disintegrating epinephrine tablet, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL-5</a> for eosinophilic diseases.<a href="#cite_note-Advances_in_allergic_skin_disease,_anaphylaxis,_and_hypersensitivity_reactions_to_foods,_drugs,_and_insects-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_shiner" title="Allergic shiner">Allergic shiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GWAS_in_allergy" title="GWAS in allergy">GWAS in allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_intolerance" title="Histamine intolerance">Histamine intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_allergens" title="List of allergens">List of allergens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_allergy_syndrome" title="Oral allergy syndrome">Oral allergy syndrome</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 36 (4): 402–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2006.02463.x">10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02463.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448690">1448690</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16630145">16630145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Allergy&rft.atitle=Too+clean%2C+or+not+too+clean%3A+the+hygiene+hypothesis+and+home+hygiene&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=402-25&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1448690%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16630145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2006.02463.x&rft.aulast=Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=SF&rft.au=Stanwell-Smith%2C+R&rft.au=Crevel%2C+RW&rft.au=Pickup%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1448690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_allergy_epidemic_extends_beyond_the_past_few_decades-121"><a href="#cite_ref-The_allergy_epidemic_extends_beyond_the_past_few_decades_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsolauriHuurreSalminenImpivaara2004" class="citation journal cs1">Isolauri E, Huurre A, Salminen S, Impivaara O (July 2004). "The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades". Clinical and Experimental Allergy. 34 (7): 1007–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2004.01999.x">10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.01999.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15248842">15248842</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33703088">33703088</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+and+Experimental+Allergy&rft.atitle=The+allergy+epidemic+extends+beyond+the+past+few+decades&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1007-10&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33703088%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15248842&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2222.2004.01999.x&rft.aulast=Isolauri&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Huurre%2C+A&rft.au=Salminen%2C+S&rft.au=Impivaara%2C+O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chapter_4:_The_Extent_and_Burden_of_Allergy_in_the_United_Kingdom-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Chapter_4:_The_Extent_and_Burden_of_Allergy_in_the_United_Kingdom_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldsctech/166/16607.htm">"Chapter 4: The Extent and Burden of Allergy in the United Kingdom"</a>. House of Lords – Science and Technology – Sixth Report. 24 July 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014180530/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldsctech/166/16607.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=House+of+Lords+%E2%80%93+Science+and+Technology+%E2%80%93+Sixth+Report&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+The+Extent+and+Burden+of+Allergy+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2007-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200607%2Fldselect%2Fldsctech%2F166%2F16607.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAAI_-_rhinitis,_sinusitis,_hay_fever,_stuffy_nose,_watery_eyes,_sinus_infection-123"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAAI_-_rhinitis,_sinusitis,_hay_fever,_stuffy_nose,_watery_eyes,_sinus_infection_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174853/http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/rhinitissinusitis.asp?item=1a">"AAAAI – rhinitis, sinusitis, hay fever, stuffy nose, watery eyes, sinus infection"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/rhinitissinusitis.asp?item=1a">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+rhinitis%2C+sinusitis%2C+hay+fever%2C+stuffy+nose%2C+watery+eyes%2C+sinus+infection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fpatients%2Fgallery%2Frhinitissinusitis.asp%3Fitem%3D1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> Based on an estimated population of 303 million in 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516231727/http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html">"U.S. POPClock Projection"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/popclockus.html">the original</a> on 16 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=U.S.+POPClock+Projection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fpopclockus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Based on an estimated population of 60.6 million <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20021202165044/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/CCI/nugget.asp?ID=6">"UK population grows to 60.6 million"</a>. National Statistics. UK Web Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=6">the original</a> on 2 December 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Statistics&rft.atitle=UK+population+grows+to+60.6+million&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.uk%2Fcci%2Fnugget.asp%3Fid%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAAI_-_asthma,_allergy,_allergies,_prevention_of_allergies_and_asthma,_treatment_for_allergies_and_asthma-126"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAAI_-_asthma,_allergy,_allergies,_prevention_of_allergies_and_asthma,_treatment_for_allergies_and_asthma_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718174927/http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/prevention.asp?item=1a">"AAAAI – asthma, allergy, allergies, prevention of allergies and asthma, treatment for allergies and asthma"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/prevention.asp?item=1a">the original</a> on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+asthma%2C+allergy%2C+allergies%2C+prevention+of+allergies+and+asthma%2C+treatment+for+allergies+and+asthma&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fpatients%2Fgallery%2Fprevention.asp%3Fitem%3D1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAAI_-_skin_condition,_itchy_skin,_bumps,_red_irritated_skin,_allergic_reaction,_treating_skin_condition-127"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAAI_-_skin_condition,_itchy_skin,_bumps,_red_irritated_skin,_allergic_reaction,_treating_skin_condition_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130154439/http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/skinallergies.asp?item=1a">"AAAAI – skin condition, itchy skin, bumps, red irritated skin, allergic reaction, treating skin condition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/skinallergies.asp?item=1a">the original</a> on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+skin+condition%2C+itchy+skin%2C+bumps%2C+red+irritated+skin%2C+allergic+reaction%2C+treating+skin+condition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fpatients%2Fgallery%2Fskinallergies.asp%3Fitem%3D1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAAI_-_anaphylaxis,_cause_of_anaphylaxis,_prevention,_allergist,_anaphylaxis_statistics-128"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAAI_-_anaphylaxis,_cause_of_anaphylaxis,_prevention,_allergist,_anaphylaxis_statistics_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130155003/http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/anaphylaxis.asp?item=1a">"AAAAI – anaphylaxis, cause of anaphylaxis, prevention, allergist, anaphylaxis statistics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/anaphylaxis.asp?item=1a">the original</a> on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+anaphylaxis%2C+cause+of+anaphylaxis%2C+prevention%2C+allergist%2C+anaphylaxis+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fpatients%2Fgallery%2Fanaphylaxis.asp%3Fitem%3D1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Food-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Food_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Food_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330184705/http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/foodallergy.asp?item=1a">"AAAAI – food allergy, food reactions, anaphylaxis, food allergy prevention"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/foodallergy.asp?item=1a">the original</a> on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+food+allergy%2C+food+reactions%2C+anaphylaxis%2C+food+allergy+prevention&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fpatients%2Fgallery%2Ffoodallergy.asp%3Fitem%3D1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAAAI_-_stinging_insect,_allergic_reaction_to_bug_bite,_treatment_for_insect_bite-130"><a href="#cite_ref-AAAAI_-_stinging_insect,_allergic_reaction_to_bug_bite,_treatment_for_insect_bite_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100330184710/http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/insect.asp?item=1a">"AAAAI – stinging insect, allergic reaction to bug bite, treatment for insect bite"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aaaai.org/patients/gallery/insect.asp?item=1a">the original</a> on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+stinging+insect%2C+allergic+reaction+to+bug+bite%2C+treatment+for+insect+bite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fpatients%2Fgallery%2Finsect.asp%3Fitem%3D1a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aafa.org/allergy-facts/">"Allergy Facts | AAFA.org"</a>. www.aafa.org. 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Journal of Immunology. 97 (1): 75–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.97.1.75">10.4049/jimmunol.97.1.75</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4162440">4162440</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255620017">255620017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Immunology&rft.atitle=Physico-chemical+properties+of+human+reaginic+antibody.+IV.+Presence+of+a+unique+immunoglobulin+as+a+carrier+of+reaginic+activity&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=75-85&rft.date=1966-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255620017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4162440&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4049%2Fjimmunol.97.1.75&rft.aulast=Ishizaka&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Ishizaka%2C+T&rft.au=Hornbrook%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4049%252Fjimmunol.97.1.75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Johansson SG, Bennich H. Immunological studies of an atypical (myeloma) immunoglobulin" Immunology 1967; 13:381–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-Joint_paper_1969-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Joint_paper_1969_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshizakaIshizakaJohanssonBennich1969" class="citation journal cs1">Ishizaka T, Ishizaka K, Johansson SG, Bennich H (April 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.102.4.884">"Histamine release from human leukocytes by anti-gamma E antibodies"</a>. Journal of Immunology. 102 (4): 884–892. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4049%2Fjimmunol.102.4.884">10.4049/jimmunol.102.4.884</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4181251">4181251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:255338552">255338552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Immunology&rft.atitle=Histamine+release+from+human+leukocytes+by+anti-gamma+E+antibodies&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=884-892&rft.date=1969-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A255338552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4181251&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4049%2Fjimmunol.102.4.884&rft.aulast=Ishizaka&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Ishizaka%2C+K&rft.au=Johansson%2C+SG&rft.au=Bennich%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4049%252Fjimmunol.102.4.884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7630219-149"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7630219_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTenKleinFrigas1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ten RM, Klein JS, Frigas E (August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)64353-X/abstract">"Allergy skin testing"</a>. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 70 (8): 783–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4065%2F70.8.783">10.4065/70.8.783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7630219">7630219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Allergy+skin+testing&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=783-84&rft.date=1995-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4065%2F70.8.783&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7630219&rft.aulast=Ten&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Klein%2C+JS&rft.au=Frigas%2C+E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinicproceedings.org%2Farticle%2FS0025-6196%2811%2964353-X%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n663-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n663_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n663_150-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMccarty2018" class="citation book cs1">Mccarty, C. 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Retrieved 29 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immunology%3A+Essential+and+Fundamental&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=EDTECH&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-83947-284-8&rft.aulast=Mccarty&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUePEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bellvitgehospital.cat/en/services/allergology">"Allergology"</a>. bellvitgehospital.cat. 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Retrieved 5 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAAAI+%E2%80%93+What+is+an+Allergist%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aaaai.org%2Fmedia%2Fresources%2Fallergist.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128175524/http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/contents/81e384d6-0328-4653-9cc2-2aa7baa3c56a.pdf">Allergy: the unmet need</a> (PDF). London: Royal College of Physicians. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86016-183-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86016-183-4"><bdi>978-1-86016-183-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcplondon.ac.uk/pubs/contents/81e384d6-0328-4653-9cc2-2aa7baa3c56a.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 November 2007. <q>(1.03 MB)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allergy%3A+the+unmet+need&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+College+of+Physicians&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86016-183-4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rcplondon.ac.uk%2Fpubs%2Fcontents%2F81e384d6-0328-4653-9cc2-2aa7baa3c56a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allergy_-_HL_166-I,_6th_Report_of_Session_2006-07_-_Volume_1:_Report-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Allergy_-_HL_166-I,_6th_Report_of_Session_2006-07_-_Volume_1:_Report_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse_of_Lords_–_Science_and_Technology_Committee2007" class="citation book cs1">House of Lords – Science and Technology Committee (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldsctech/166/16602.htm">Allergy – HL 166-I, 6th Report of Session 2006–07 – Volume 1: Report</a>. London: TSO (The Stationery Office). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-401149-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-401149-2"><bdi>978-0-10-401149-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170329050159/https://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200607/ldselect/ldsctech/166/16602.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allergy+%E2%80%93+HL+166-I%2C+6th+Report+of+Session+2006%E2%80%9307+%E2%80%93+Volume+1%3A+Report&rft.place=London&rft.pub=TSO+%28The+Stationery+Office%29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-10-401149-2&rft.au=House+of+Lords+%E2%80%93+Science+and+Technology+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fld200607%2Fldselect%2Fldsctech%2F166%2F16602.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Advances_in_allergic_skin_disease,_anaphylaxis,_and_hypersensitivity_reactions_to_foods,_drugs,_and_insects-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Advances_in_allergic_skin_disease,_anaphylaxis,_and_hypersensitivity_reactions_to_foods,_drugs,_and_insects_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSichererLeung2007" class="citation journal cs1">Sicherer SH, Leung DY (June 2007). "Advances in allergic skin disease, anaphylaxis, and hypersensitivity reactions to foods, drugs, and insects". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 119 (6): 1462–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2007.02.013">10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17412401">17412401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Allergy+and+Clinical+Immunology&rft.atitle=Advances+in+allergic+skin+disease%2C+anaphylaxis%2C+and+hypersensitivity+reactions+to+foods%2C+drugs%2C+and+insects&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1462-69&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jaci.2007.02.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17412401&rft.aulast=Sicherer&rft.aufirst=SH&rft.au=Leung%2C+DY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Allergy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/220px--What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="727" data-mwtitle="What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/41/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm/What_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhat_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AWhat_happens_when_you_are_allergic.webm&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Analytical chemist Georgina Ross (<a href="/wiki/Wageningen_University_%26_Research" title="Wageningen University & Research">Wageningen University & Research</a>) about allergies </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allergies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allergies">Allergies</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Allergy#Q42982" class="extiw" title="voy:Allergy">Allergy</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/allergy.html">"Allergy"</a>. MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Allergy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedlineplus.gov%2Fallergy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllergy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42982" class="extiw" title="d:Q42982">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/T78.4">T78.4</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=995.3">995.3</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006967">D006967</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb33481.htm">33481</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000812.htm">000812</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/1101-overview">med/1101</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Allergic_conditions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_system" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by system"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_system" title="Template talk:Hypersensitivity disease by system"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_system" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity disease by system"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Allergic_conditions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allergic conditions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">Respiratory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a> (hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">Asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_pneumonia" title="Eosinophilic pneumonia">Eosinophilic pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_granulomatosis_with_polyangiitis" title="Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis">Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_animal_allergy" title="Laboratory animal allergy">Laboratory animal allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Integumentary_system" title="Integumentary system">Skin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">Urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_vasculitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersensitivity vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Blood and immune system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">Digestive system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_gastroenteritis" title="Eosinophilic gastroenteritis">Eosinophilic gastroenteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_allergy" title="Corn allergy">corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">eggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_allergy" title="Fish allergy">fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_allergy" title="Fruit allergy">fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_allergy" title="Garlic allergy">garlic</a></li> <li>meat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_allergy" title="Poultry allergy">poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-gal_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-gal allergy">red meat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">peanuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_allergy" title="Rice allergy">rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame_allergy" title="Sesame allergy">sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellfish_allergy" title="Shellfish allergy">shellfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">tree nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">wheat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">Nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_meningitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic meningitis">Eosinophilic meningitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">Genitourinary system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstitial_nephritis" title="Interstitial nephritis">Acute interstitial nephritis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_allergy" title="Drug allergy">Drug allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">Allergic conjunctivitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_mite_allergy" title="Dust mite allergy">Dust mite allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Template talk:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences_of_external_causes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Consequences of external causes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Consequences_of_external_causes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Consequences of <a href="/wiki/External_cause" title="External cause">external causes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Temperature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elevated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">Hyperthermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_syncope" title="Heat syncope">Heat syncope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reduced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">Hypothermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_foot_syndromes" title="Immersion foot syndromes">Immersion foot syndromes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_foot" title="Trench foot">Trench foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical immersion foot">Tropical immersion foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_water_immersion_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Warm water immersion foot">Warm water immersion foot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-freezing_cold_injury" title="Non-freezing cold injury">Non-freezing cold injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilblains" title="Chilblains">Chilblains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frostbite" title="Frostbite">Frostbite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_burn" title="Aerosol burn">Aerosol burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_intolerance" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold intolerance">Cold intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrocyanosis" title="Acrocyanosis">Acrocyanosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythrocyanosis_crurum" title="Erythrocyanosis crurum">Erythrocyanosis crurum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radiation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_radiation_keratosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic radiation keratosis">Chronic radiation keratosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic,_polymorphic,_and_pruritic_eruption_associated_with_radiotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy">Eosinophilic, polymorphic, and pruritic eruption associated with radiotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_acne" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation acne">Radiation acne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_burn" title="Radiation burn">Radiation burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_cancer" title="Radiation-induced cancer">Radiation-induced cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_erythema_multiforme" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced erythema multiforme">Radiation-induced erythema multiforme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_hypertrophic_scar" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar">Radiation-induced hypertrophic scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_keloid" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced keloid">Radiation-induced keloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_morphea" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation-induced morphea">Radiation-induced morphea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation poisoning">Radiation poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_recall_reaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation recall reaction">Radiation recall reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburn" title="Sunburn">Sunburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oxygen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">Hypoxia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">Asphyxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_toxicity" title="Oxygen toxicity">Oxygen toxicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pressure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barotrauma" title="Barotrauma">Barotrauma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arterial_gas_embolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arterial gas embolism">Arterial gas embolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerosinusitis" title="Aerosinusitis">Aerosinusitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_ear_barotrauma" title="Middle ear barotrauma">Middle ear barotrauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumothorax" title="Pneumothorax">Pneumothorax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_sickness" title="Decompression sickness">Decompression sickness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_ear_decompression_sickness" title="Inner ear decompression sickness">Inner ear decompression sickness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_high_altitude_on_humans" title="Effects of high altitude on humans">High altitude</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">Altitude sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_mountain_sickness" title="Chronic mountain sickness">Chronic mountain sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_zone" title="Death zone">Death zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_pulmonary_edema" title="High-altitude pulmonary edema">High-altitude pulmonary edema</a> (HAPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-altitude_cerebral_edema" title="High-altitude cerebral edema">High-altitude cerebral edema</a> (HACE)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">Starvation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maltreatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_abuse" title="Physical abuse">Physical abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">Sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_abuse" title="Psychological abuse">Psychological abuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Travel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">Motion sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasickness" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasickness">Seasickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airsickness" title="Airsickness">Airsickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_adaptation_syndrome" title="Space adaptation syndrome">Space adaptation syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adverse effect</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">Angioedema</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">Adverse drug reaction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_injury" title="Electrical injury">Electrical injury</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lightning_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightning injuries">Lightning injuries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drowning" title="Drowning">Drowning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ungrouped skin conditions resulting from physical factors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermatosis_neglecta" title="Dermatosis neglecta">Dermatosis neglecta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_mark" title="Pinch mark">Pinch mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoverrucous_papules_and_nodules" title="Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules">Pseudoverrucous papules and nodules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerosing_lymphangitis" title="Sclerosing lymphangitis">Sclerosing lymphangitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_anhidrotic_asthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical anhidrotic asthenia">Tropical anhidrotic asthenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UV-sensitive_syndrome" title="UV-sensitive syndrome">UV-sensitive syndrome</a></li> <li>environmental skin conditions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_burn" title="Electrical burn">Electrical burn</a></li></ul></li> <li>frictional/traumatic/sports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_heel_and_palm" title="Black heel and palm">Black heel and palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_perniosis" title="Equestrian perniosis">Equestrian perniosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_of_the_nipple" title="Fissure of the nipple">Fissure of the nipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulling_boat_hands" title="Pulling boat hands">Pulling boat hands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runner%27s_rump" title="Runner's rump">Runner's rump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surfer%27s_knots" title="Surfer's knots">Surfer's knots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_toe" class="mw-redirect" title="Tennis toe">Tennis toe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibration_white_finger" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibration white finger">Vibration white finger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering_nodule_of_ear" title="Weathering nodule of ear">Weathering nodule of ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrestler%27s_ear" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrestler's ear">Wrestler's ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_cut" title="Coral cut">Coral cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painful_fat_herniation" class="mw-redirect" title="Painful fat herniation">Painful fat herniation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_dermatosis" title="Uranium dermatosis">Uranium dermatosis</a></li> <li>iv use <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pop_scar" title="Skin pop scar">Skin pop scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_track" title="Skin track">Skin track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap mark">Slap mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoacanthosis_nigricans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoacanthosis nigricans">Pseudoacanthosis nigricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotic_dermopathy" title="Narcotic dermopathy">Narcotic dermopathy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Glossary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Template talk:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity_disease_by_cause" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hypersensitivity disease by cause"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hypersensitivity_and_autoimmune_diseases" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity" title="Hypersensitivity">Hypersensitivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">autoimmune diseases</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_I_hypersensitivity" title="Type I hypersensitivity">Type I</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">allergy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Atopy" title="Atopy">atopy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">IgE</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_asthma" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic asthma">Allergic asthma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic urticaria">Allergic urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_rhinitis" title="Allergic rhinitis">Allergic rhinitis</a> (Hay fever)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">Anaphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atopic_dermatitis" title="Atopic dermatitis">Atopic dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_allergy" title="Food allergy">Food allergy</a> <ul><li>common allergies include: <a href="/wiki/Egg_allergy" title="Egg allergy">Egg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_allergy" title="Milk allergy">Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peanut_allergy" title="Peanut allergy">Peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_allergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafood allergy">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_allergy" title="Soy allergy">Soy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_nut_allergy" title="Tree nut allergy">Tree nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_allergy" title="Wheat allergy">Wheat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side_effects_of_penicillin" title="Side effects of penicillin">Penicillin allergy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_urticaria" title="Autoimmune urticaria">Autoimmune urticaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic esophagitis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_II_hypersensitivity" title="Type II hypersensitivity">Type II</a>/<a href="/wiki/Antibody-dependent_cellular_cytotoxicity" title="Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity">ADCC</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_G" title="Immunoglobulin G">IgG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_M" title="Immunoglobulin M">IgM</a></li></ul></li></ul></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic_disease_of_the_newborn" title="Hemolytic disease of the newborn">Hemolytic disease of the newborn</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cytotoxicity" title="Cytotoxicity">Cytotoxic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hemolytic_anemia" title="Autoimmune hemolytic anemia">Autoimmune hemolytic anemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullous_pemphigoid" title="Bullous pemphigoid">Bullous pemphigoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodpasture_syndrome" title="Goodpasture syndrome">Goodpasture syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immune_thrombocytopenic_purpura" title="Immune thrombocytopenic purpura">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemphigus_vulgaris" title="Pemphigus vulgaris">Pemphigus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity#Type_V" title="Hypersensitivity">Type V</a>"/<a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graves%27_disease" title="Graves' disease">Graves' disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myasthenia_gravis" title="Myasthenia gravis">Myasthenia gravis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pernicious_anemia" title="Pernicious anemia">Pernicious anemia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_III_hypersensitivity" title="Type III hypersensitivity">Type III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Immune_complex" title="Immune complex">Immune complex</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthus_reaction" title="Arthus reaction">Arthus reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%27s_lung" title="Farmer's lung">Farmer's lung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henoch%E2%80%93Sch%C3%B6nlein_purpura" title="Henoch–Schönlein purpura">Henoch–Schönlein purpura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_small-vessel_vasculitis" title="Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis">Hypersensitivity vasculitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_proliferative_glomerulonephritis" title="Acute proliferative glomerulonephritis">Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serum_sickness" title="Serum sickness">Serum sickness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatoid_arthritis" title="Rheumatoid arthritis">Rheumatoid arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subacute_bacterial_endocarditis" title="Subacute bacterial endocarditis">Subacute bacterial endocarditis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Type_IV_hypersensitivity" title="Type IV hypersensitivity">Type IV</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated</a> (<a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_contact_dermatitis" title="Allergic contact dermatitis">Allergic contact dermatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">Mantoux test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_cell_arteritis" title="Giant cell arteritis">Giant cell arteritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashimoto%27s_thyroiditis" title="Hashimoto's thyroiditis">Hashimoto's thyroiditis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sclerosis" title="Multiple sclerosis">Multiple sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postorgasmic_illness_syndrome" title="Postorgasmic illness syndrome">Postorgasmic illness syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_1_diabetes" title="Type 1 diabetes">Type 1 diabetes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">GVHD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion-associated_graft-versus-host_disease" title="Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease">Transfusion-associated graft-versus-host disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unknown/ multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypersensitivity_pneumonitis" title="Hypersensitivity pneumonitis">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergic_bronchopulmonary_aspergillosis" title="Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis">Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex_allergy" title="Latex allergy">Latex allergy</a> (I+IV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">Transplant rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autoimmune</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison%27s_disease" title="Addison's disease">Autoimmune adrenalitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome">Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_1" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1">APS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_polyendocrine_syndrome_type_2" title="Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2">APS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6gren_syndrome" title="Sjögren syndrome">Sjögren syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disease" title="Autoimmune disease">Systemic autoimmune disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li>ENT</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/21px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/42px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/8px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/16px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42982#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42982#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42982#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4001257-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85003662">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119308689">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119308689">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560318">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118341&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524903">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000180797&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000181384&local_base=nsk10">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293920805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027218864">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43757">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=43756">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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5.82% 93.777 1 Template:Harvnb"," 5.30% 85.345 2 Template:Infobox"," 5.22% 84.054 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 4.98% 80.171 1 Template:Infobox_medical_condition_(new)"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.010","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10566369,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbramsonPuyWeiner2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAddo-YoboWoodcockAlloteyBaffoe-Bonnie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlderman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAltunçPittlerErnst2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnandanNurmatovvan_SchayckSheikh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArmstrong_W.P.Epstein_W.L.1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahna2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnesGrantHanselGao2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloomfieldStanwell-SmithCrevelPickup2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBonis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBope,_Edward_T.Rakel,_Robert_E.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyceAssa\u0026#039;adBurksJones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraun-FahrländerRiedlerHerzEder2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrehlerKütting2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalderonAlvesJacobsonHurwitz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanonicaBousquetCasaleLockey2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarvalhoBastosAraújo2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleveland_Clinic_medical_professional2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoxWilliamsSichererOppenheimer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroner1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDablo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaveXiangRehmMarshall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Swert1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDi_BonaPlaiaLeto-BaroneLa_Piana2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmanuelssonSpangfort2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalconePritchard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_de_CorresMoneoMuñozBernaola1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinnWalsh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFolkertsWalzlOpenshaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrieri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFukutomiKawakami2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalli2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia-LarsenIerodiakonouJarroldCunha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarnRenz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGellCoombs1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibsonHenryShahPowell2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez-EstradaRadojicic2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrammatikos2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreerSichererBurks2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimbaldestonMetzYuTsai2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHogan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolgate1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoltSly2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouXuWang2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_of_Lords_–_Science_and_Technology_Committee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshizakaIshizakaHornbrook1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIshizakaIshizakaJohanssonBennich1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsolauriHuurreSalminenImpivaara2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJanewayTraversWalportShlomchik2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJarvisBurney1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJärvinenBeyerVilaBardina2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeler1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerkhofDuboisPostmaSchouten2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanUeno-YamanouchiSerushagoBowen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKürşat_EpöztürkŞefik_Görkey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_C._Grammer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiAndristBamletWolter2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudmanBoyle2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacphersonGottsteinGeerts2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalekiBurksHelm2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarraLyndCoombesRichardson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínGallinoGagliardiOrtiz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMastersBarrett-Connor1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatricardiRosminiRiondinoFortini2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayDolen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcConnell2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMccarty2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOgren2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsbornSinn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPandaAriyarathnaAmnuaycheewaTetteh2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelucchiChatenoudTuratiGaleone2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenagosCompalatiTarantiniBaena-Cagnani2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkinStrachan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatts-MillsErwinHeymannWoodfolk2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPongdee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPortnoy_JM2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankLi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRenzBlümerVirnaSel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRing_J.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRusznakDavies1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaferMateoParlierRotschafer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheikhStrachan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSichererLeung2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSichererSampson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimons2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpsonNewtonHippisley-CoxSheikh2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlavinReisman1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanworth1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStiemsmaReynoldsTurveyFinlay2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrachan1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSussmanBeezhold1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzebeni2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenKleinFrigas1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerr2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThavagnanamFlemingBromleyShields2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomsen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerstegeMehlRolinck-WerninghausStaden2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Pirquet1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVon_Pirquet_C1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheatleyTogias2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheelerWheeler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYazdanbakhshKremsnervan_Ree2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYungingerAhlstedtEgglestonHomburger2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZockPlanaJarvisAntó2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Allergic conditions\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 39,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Consequences of external causes\"] = 1,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 1,\n [\"DermAtlas\"] = 1,\n [\"EMedicine\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Hypersensitivity and autoimmune diseases\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD10\"] = 1,\n [\"ICD9\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Occupation\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox medical condition (new)\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 7,\n [\"Medical resources\"] = 1,\n [\"Medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"WhoNamedIt\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","25.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","200","19.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","15.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","7.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.8"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","3.8"],["argument_wrapper \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:803\u003E","40","3.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","20","1.9"],["cssText 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