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<li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Independent actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surrender_of_the_Kwantung_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surrender_of_the_Kwantung_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Surrender of the Kwantung Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surrender_of_the_Kwantung_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes_and_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes_and_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>War crimes and trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes_and_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_commanders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_commanders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of commanders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_commanders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of commanders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_commanders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kwantung_Army" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kwantung_Army"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Kwantung Army</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kwantung_Army-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commanding_officer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanding_officer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Commanding officer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanding_officer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_of_Staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_of_Staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Chief of Staff</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_Staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>General and cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kwantung Army</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA" title="جيش كوانتونغ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيش كوانتونغ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcitu_de_Kwantung" title="Exércitu de Kwantung – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Exércitu de Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Квантунская армія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Квантунская армія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Квантунска армия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Квантунска армия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arme_Kant%C5%8Dgun" title="Arme Kantōgun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arme Kantōgun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A8rcit_de_Kwantung" title="Exèrcit de Kwantung – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Exèrcit de Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuantungsk%C3%A1_arm%C3%A1da" title="Kuantungská armáda – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kuantungská armáda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guandong-armeen" title="Guandong-armeen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Guandong-armeen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantung-Armee" title="Kwantung-Armee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kwantung-Armee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ej%C3%A9rcito_de_Kwantung" title="Ejército de Kwantung – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ejército de Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کوانتونگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوانتونگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arm%C3%A9e_japonaise_du_Guandong" title="Armée japonaise du Guandong – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Armée japonaise du Guandong" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%80%EB%8F%99%EA%B5%B0" title="관동군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="관동군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentara_Kwantung" title="Tentara Kwantung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tentara Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armata_del_Kwantung" title="Armata del Kwantung – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Armata del Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%90_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92" title="צבא קוואנטונג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צבא קוואנטונג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კვანტუნის არმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კვანტუნის არმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantunas_armija" title="Kvantunas armija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kvantunas armija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantung-hadsereg" title="Kvantung-hadsereg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kvantung-hadsereg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Квантуншка армија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Квантуншка армија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentera_Kwantung" title="Tentera Kwantung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tentera Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Квантуны Арми – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Квантуны Арми" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanto-leger" title="Kanto-leger – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kanto-leger" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E8%BB%8D" title="関東軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="関東軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantungh%C3%A6ren" title="Kwantunghæren – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kwantunghæren" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kvantun_armiyasi" title="Kvantun armiyasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kvantun armiyasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armia_Kwantu%C5%84ska" title="Armia Kwantuńska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Armia Kwantuńska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_de_Guangdong" title="Exército de Guangdong – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exército de Guangdong" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Квантунская армия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Квантунская армия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guandong-armeija" title="Guandong-armeija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Guandong-armeija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwantungarm%C3%A9n" title="Kwantungarmén – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kwantungarmén" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukbo_ng_Kwantung" title="Hukbo ng Kwantung – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hukbo ng Kwantung" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95" title="กองทัพคันโต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กองทัพคันโต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Квантунська армія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квантунська армія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_qu%C3%A2n_Quan_%C4%90%C3%B4ng" title="Đạo quân Quan Đông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đạo quân Quan Đông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%86%9B" title="关东军 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="关东军" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E8%BB%8D" title="關東軍 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="關東軍" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandong_Army&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Guandong Army">Guandong Army</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1919 to 1945</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Kwantung Army</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: <span lang="ja">関東軍</span><br /> <i>Kantō-gun</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG/330px-Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG/500px-Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG/600px-Kwantung_Army_Headquarters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="234" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kwantung Army headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Xinjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">April 1919 – August 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Emperor of Japan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-War_flag_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_%281868%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armies_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army">General Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">300,000 (1940)<br />763,000 (1941)<br />713,000 (1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou District">Ryojun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a> <small>(1906–1932)</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Xinjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> <small>(1932–1945)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Toku<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">德兵團</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Toku heidan</i></span>)</span>, "<a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a>"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanggutun Incident">Huanggutun Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">First Battle of Hopei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping-Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Beiping-Tianjin">Battle of Beiping-Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chahar" title="Operation Chahar">Operation Chahar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Kwantung Army</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">關東軍</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">关东军</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Guāndōngjūn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Kuan<sup>1</sup>-tung<sup>1</sup> Chün<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwāan dūng gwān</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gwaan<sup>1</sup> dung<sup>1</sup> gwan<sup>1</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">관동군<br /></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">關東軍</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Gwandonggun<br />Gantogun</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">Kwandonggun<br />Kant'ogun</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">関東軍</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">かんとうぐん</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">Kantō-gun</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kwantung Army</b> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 関東軍, <i>Kantō-gun</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Armies_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army">general army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> from 1919 to 1945. </p><p>The Kwantung Army was formed in 1906 as a security force for the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway Zone">South Manchurian Railway Zone</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–1905 and expanded into an army group during the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a> to support Japanese interests in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. The Kwantung Army became the most prestigious command in the Imperial Japanese Army, and many of its personnel won promotions to high positions in the Japanese military and civil government, including <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a>. The Kwantung Army was largely responsible for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states#Japan" title="List of World War II puppet states">Japanese puppet-state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a> in Manchuria and functioned as one of the main Japanese fighting forces during the 1937–1945 <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> from 1937. </p><p>In August 1945 <a href="/wiki/Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet">Soviet</a> troops engaged the Kwantung Army during the <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_Strategic_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation">Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation</a>. The Kwantung Army surrendered to the Soviets on 16 August 1945 – the day after the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> – and was subsequently dissolved. </p><p>The Kwantung Army perpetrated several <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">war crimes</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, sponsoring <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>, which both carried out acts of <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a> and performed <a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation" title="Unethical human experimentation">unethical human experimentation</a> on civilians and Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kwantung_Army_Special_Maneuvers2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Kwantung_Army_Special_Maneuvers2.JPG/330px-Kwantung_Army_Special_Maneuvers2.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Kwantung_Army_Special_Maneuvers2.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>Kwantung Army on manoeuvres in 1941.</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kwantung_Army_(1945)2996" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Kwantung_Army_(1945)2996" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Kwantung Army (1945)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Parent unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_First_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese First Area Army">Japanese First Area Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Third_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Third Army">IJA 3rd Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_79th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 79th Division">79th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_112th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 112th Division">112th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_127th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 127th Division">127th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_128th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 128th Division">128th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>132nd Independent Combined Brigade</li> <li>Rajin Fortress Brigade</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Fifth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fifth Army">IJA 5th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_124th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 124th Division">124th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_126th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 126th Division">126th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_135th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 135th Division">135th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>15th Border Patrol Brigade</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_122nd_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 122nd Division">122nd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_134th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 134th Division">134th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_139th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 139th Division">139th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Third_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Third Area Army">Japanese Third Area Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Thirtieth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Thirtieth Army">IJA 30th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_39th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 39th Division">39th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_125th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 125th Division">125th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_138th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 138th Division">138th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_148th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 148th Division">148th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Forty-Fourth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Forty-Fourth Army">IJA 44th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_63rd_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 63rd Division">63rd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_107th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 107th Division">107th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_117th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 117th Division">117th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>9th Independent Armored Brigade</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_108th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 108th Division">108th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_136th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 136th Division">136th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>179th Independent Combined Brigade</li> <li>130th Independent Combined Brigade</li> <li>134th Independent Combined Brigade</li> <li>1st Independent Armored Brigade</li> <li>22nd Independent Anti-Aircraft Brigade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_139th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 139th Division">139th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Seventeenth_Area_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Seventeenth Area Army">Japanese Seventeenth Area Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Fifty_Eighth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fifty Eighth Army">Japanese 58th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_96th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 96th Division">96th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_111th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 111th Division">111th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_121st_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 121st Division">121st Infantry Division</a></li> <li>IJA 108th Independent Mixed Brigade</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_120th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 120th Division">120th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_150th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 150th Division">150th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_160th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 160th Division">160th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_320th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 320th Division">320th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>IJA 127th Independent Mixed Brigade</li> <li>Pusan Fortress</li> <li>Yosu Fortress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Fourth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Fourth Army">Japanese 4th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_119th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 119th Division">119th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_123rd_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 123rd Division">123rd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_149th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 149th Division">149th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>IJA 80th Independent Mixed Brigade</li> <li>IJA 131st Independent Mixed Brigade</li> <li>IJA 135th Independent Mixed Brigade</li> <li>IJA 136th Independent Mixed Brigade</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-Fourth_Army_(Japan)" title="Thirty-Fourth Army (Japan)">Japanese 34th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IJA_59th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 59th Division">59th Infantry Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJA_137th_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="IJA 137th Division">137th Infantry Division</a></li> <li>IJA 133rd Independent Mixed Brigade</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Qing_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing China">Qing China</a> granted the <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a>, a valuable <a href="/wiki/Concession_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Concession territory">concession territory</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a>, to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> after their victory in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>. The term "Kwantung" (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">關東</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">关东</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guāndōng</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kwan<sup>1</sup>-tung<sup>1</sup></span></i>) means "east of <a href="/wiki/Shanhai_Pass" title="Shanhai Pass">Shanhaiguan</a>", a guarded pass west of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, which was rendered in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> as "<i>Kantō</i>". The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> had a particular interest in Kwantung, being one of the few areas in the region with the potential to develop <a href="/wiki/Ice_free_port" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice free port">ice-free ports</a> for its expansion in the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, and Qing authorities withdrew the lease from the Japanese following the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a>, only weeks after it had been granted. Kwantung was leased to Russia in 1898, becoming <a href="/wiki/Russian_Dalian" title="Russian Dalian">Russian Dalian</a> (Дальний) and developing the territory into a thriving trade port. The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> was fought between Russia and Japan from 1904 to 1905 over their rival imperial ambitions in Manchuria and <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>. Japanese victory led to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">Republic of China</a> returning the lease of Russian Dalian (re-establishing the Kwantung Leased Territory) and Japan gaining influence in the areas adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway">South Manchurian Railway</a>. </p><p>The Kwantung Garrison was established in 1906 to defend this territory and originally was composed of an <a href="/wiki/Infantry_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Infantry division">infantry division</a> and a heavy siege artillery battalion, supplemented with six independent garrison battalions as railway guards deployed along the <a href="/wiki/South_Manchurian_Railway_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="South Manchurian Railway Zone">South Manchurian Railway Zone</a>, for a total troop strength of 14,000 men. It was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCshunkou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lüshunkou">Port Arthur</a> (known as <i>Ryojun</i> in Japanese) and was administered as a department by the Kwantung Government-general, and the governor-general served concurrently as its commander. In 1919 the Kwantung Government general was replaced by separate civilian and military administration, the Kwantung Agency for Civilian Operations, and the Kwantung Army command. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the highly politicized <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> of the 1920s and 1930s, the Kwantung Army was a stronghold of the radical "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a>" (<i>Kōdōha</i>), and many of its senior leaders overtly advocated political change in Japan through the violent overthrow of the civilian government to bring about a <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Shōwa Restoration</a>, with a reorganization of society and the economy along <a href="/wiki/Militarism-Socialism_in_Showa_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Militarism-Socialism in Showa Japan">state fascist</a> lines. They also advocated a more aggressive, expansionist foreign policy regarding the Asian mainland. Members or former members of the Kwantung Army were active in numerous coup attempts against the civilian government, culminating with the <a href="/wiki/February_26_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 26 Incident">February 26 Incident</a> of 1936, where the <i>Kōdōha</i> faction was dissolved.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_actions">Independent actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Independent actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the Kwantung Army was nominally subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> and the senior staff at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff">Army General Staff</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, its leadership often acted in direct violation of the orders from mainland Japan without suffering any consequence. Conspirators within the <a href="/wiki/Junior_officer" title="Junior officer">junior officer</a> corps of the Kwantung Army plotted and carried out the <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> of Manchurian warlord <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Huanggutun Incident">Huanggutun Incident</a> of 1928. Afterward, the Kwantung Army leadership engineered the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931, in a massive act of insubordination (<a href="/wiki/Gekokuj%C5%8D" title="Gekokujō"><i>gekokujo</i></a>) against the express orders of the political and military leadership based in Tokyo. </p><p>Presented with the <i><a href="/wiki/Fait_accompli" class="mw-redirect" title="Fait accompli">fait accompli</a></i>, Imperial General Headquarters had little choice but to follow up on the actions of the Kwantung Army with reinforcements in the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a>. The success of the campaign meant that the insubordination of the Kwantung Army was rewarded rather than punished. In 1932, the Kwantung Army was the main force responsible for the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> of Japan located in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a>. The Kwantung Army played a controlling role in the political administration of the new state as well as in its defense. With the Kwantung Army, administering all aspects of the politics and economic development of the new state, this made the Kwantung Army's commanding officer equivalent to a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General">Governor-General</a> with the authority to approve or countermand any command from <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>, the nominal <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Manchukuo" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Manchukuo">Emperor of Manchukuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a testament to the Kwantung Army's control over the government of Manchukuo, the Commander-in-Chief of the Kwantung Army also served as the Japanese Ambassador of Manchukuo.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <p>After the campaign to secure Manchukuo, the Kwantung Army continued to fight in numerous border skirmishes with China as part of its <a href="/wiki/North_China_Buffer_State_Strategy" title="North China Buffer State Strategy">efforts to create a Japanese-dominated buffer zone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Northern China</a>. The Kwantung Army also fought in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nekka" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nekka">Operation Nekka</a> during the preceding phase of the Second Sino-Japanese War, and various <a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">actions in Inner Mongolia</a> to extend Japanese domination over portions of northern China and Inner Mongolia. When full-scale war broke out in the <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a> in July 1937, its forces participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping-Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Beiping-Tianjin">Battle of Beiping-Tianjin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Chahar" title="Operation Chahar">Operation Chahar</a>. Later, Kwantung forces supported the war in China from time to time. </p><p>However, by the late 1930s, the Kwantung Army's vaunted reputation was severely challenged during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a> that Japan had fought against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in northern Manchukuo since 1932. The Japanese force stalemated with the Soviet Union's <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Khasan" title="Battle of Lake Khasan">Battle of Lake Khasan</a> in 1938,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and lost the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhin_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhin Gol">Battle of Nomonhan</a> in 1939, during which time it sustained heavy casualties. After the "Nomonhan incident", the Kwantung Army was purged of its more insubordinate elements, as well as proponents of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hokushin-ron" title="Hokushin-ron">Hokushin-ron</a></i> ("Northward Advance") doctrine who urged that Japan concentrate its expansionist efforts on <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> rather southward towards China and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kwantung Army was heavily augmented over the next few years, up to a strength of 700,000 troops by 1941, and its headquarters was transferred to the new Manchukuo capital of <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Xinjing</a>. The Kwantung Army also oversaw the creation, training, and equipping of an auxiliary force, the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a>. During this time, Prince <a href="/wiki/Tsuneyoshi_Takeda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsuneyoshi Takeda">Tsuneyoshi Takeda</a> worked as a liaison officer between the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Imperial House</a> and the Kwantung Army.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a source of constant unrest during the 1930s, the Kwantung Army remained remarkably obedient during the 1940s. As combat spread south into <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern China</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, Manchukuo was largely a backwater to the conflict. However, as the war situation began to deteriorate for the Imperial Japanese Army on all fronts, the large, well-trained, and well-equipped Kwantung Army could no longer be held in <a href="/wiki/Strategic_reserve" title="Strategic reserve">strategic reserve</a>. Many of its front-line units were systematically stripped of their best units and equipment, which were sent south to fight in the Pacific War against the forces of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Pacific Islands</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. Other units were sent south into China for <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Kwantung Army in Mongolia during the Battle of Khalkhyn Gol, July 1939"><img alt="Kwantung Army in Mongolia during the Battle of Khalkhyn Gol, July 1939" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png/250px-The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png/330px-The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png/500px-The_Kwantung_Army_in_Mongolia_1939.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kwantung Army in Mongolia during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khalkhyn_Gol" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Khalkhyn Gol">Battle of Khalkhyn Gol</a>, July 1939</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokushin-ron-Map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Japanese Hokushin-ron plans for a potential attack on the Soviet Union. Dates indicate the year that Japan gained control of the territory."><img alt="Map of Japanese Hokushin-ron plans for a potential attack on the Soviet Union. Dates indicate the year that Japan gained control of the territory." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hokushin-ron-Map.svg/200px-Hokushin-ron-Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hokushin-ron-Map.svg/300px-Hokushin-ron-Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Hokushin-ron-Map.svg/400px-Hokushin-ron-Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Map of Japanese <i>Hokushin-ron</i> plans for <a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">a potential attack on the Soviet Union</a>. Dates indicate the year that Japan gained control of the territory.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surrender_of_the_Kwantung_Army">Surrender of the Kwantung Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Surrender of the Kwantung Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg/220px-Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg/330px-Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg/440px-Japanese_Soldiers_Returning_from_Siberia_1946.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2646" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>Repatriated Japanese soldiers returning from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> in 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1945, the Kwantung Army consisted of 713,000 personnel, divided into 31 infantry divisions, nine infantry brigades, two tank brigades, and one special purpose brigade. It possessed 1,155 light tanks, 5,360 guns, and 1,800 aircraft. The quality of troops had fallen drastically, as all the best men and materiel were siphoned off for use in other theaters. These forces were replaced by militia, draft levies, reservists, and cannibalized smaller units, all equipped with woefully outdated equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kwantung Army was also equipped with bacteriological weapons, prepared for use against Soviet troops (see <a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a>). The bulk of military equipment (artillery, tanks, aircraft) was developed in the 1930s, and very few of the soldiers had sufficient training or any real experience. </p><p>The Kwantung Army was outclassed and swiftly defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a> which began on 9 August 1945. </p><p>The final commanding officer of the Kwantung Army, General <a href="/wiki/Otoz%C5%8D_Yamada" title="Otozō Yamada">Otozō Yamada</a>, ordered a surrender on August 16, 1945, one day after Emperor Hirohito announced the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a> in a radio announcement. Some Japanese divisions refused to surrender, and combat continued for the next few days. <a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Marshal Hata</a> received the "ultimatum to surrender" from Soviet General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgii_Shelakhov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgii Shelakhov (page does not exist)">Georgii Shelakhov</a><sup id="cite_ref-militera.lib.ru_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militera.lib.ru-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> on August 18, 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-militera.lib.ru_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-militera.lib.ru-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was one of the senior generals who agreed with the decision to surrender, and on August 19, 1945, Hata met with Marshal <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilevsky" title="Aleksandr Vasilevsky">Aleksandr Vasilevsky</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but asked that he be stripped of his rank of Field Marshal in atonement for the Army's failures in the war.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The remnants of the Kwantung Army were either dead or on their way to Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a>. Over 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_POW_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese POW in the Soviet Union">Japanese prisoners of war</a> were sent to work in Soviet <a href="/wiki/Labor_camp" title="Labor camp">labor camps</a> in Siberia, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>. They were largely repatriated, in stages, over the next five years, though some continued to be held well into the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_crimes_and_trials">War crimes and trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: War crimes and trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the surrender of Japan, the Soviet Red Army discovered secret installations for experimenting with and producing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical weapons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a> <a href="/wiki/Weapons_of_mass_destruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a> centered around Secret Army Unit 731 and its subsidiaries.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At these locations, the Kwantung Army was also responsible for some of the most infamous <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a>, including the operation of several human experimentation programs using live Chinese, American, and Russian<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> civilians, and POWs, directed by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Ishii" title="Shirō Ishii">Shirō Ishii</a>. </p><p>Arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Commander_of_the_Allied_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers">American occupation authorities</a>, Ishii and the 20,000 members of Unit 731 received <a href="/wiki/Immunity_from_prosecution" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunity from prosecution">immunity from prosecution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese war crime">war crimes</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_tribunal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo tribunal">Tokyo tribunal</a> of 1948, in exchange for germ warfare data based on <a href="/wiki/Human_experimentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Human experimentation">human experimentation</a>. On May 6, 1947, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> wrote to Washington that "additional data, possibly some statements from Ishii probably can be obtained by informing Japanese involved that information will be retained in intelligence channels and will not be employed as 'War Crimes' evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deal was concluded in 1948.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, twelve members of Unit 731 and some members of the World War II leadership of the Kwantung Army were sentenced as <a href="/wiki/War_criminals" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminals">war criminals</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Khabarovsk_War_Crime_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Khabarovsk War Crime Trials">Khabarovsk War Crime Trials</a>, while others were taken into custody by the United States, and sentenced at the 1948 <a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a> in Tokyo. Among those sentenced to death were former generals <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwane_Matsui" title="Iwane Matsui">Iwane Matsui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenji_Doihara" title="Kenji Doihara">Kenji Doihara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akira_Mut%C5%8D" title="Akira Mutō">Akira Mutō</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_commanders">List of commanders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: List of commanders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kwantung_Army">Kwantung Army</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kwantung Army"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commanding_officer">Commanding officer</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Commanding officer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Name</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Tachibana_K%C5%8Dichir%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachibana Kōichirō">Tachibana Kōichirō</a></td> <td>1919</td> <td>6 January 1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misao_Kawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misao Kawai (page does not exist)">Misao Kawai</a></td> <td>6 January 1921</td> <td>10 May 1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shinobu_Ono_(general)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shinobu Ono (general) (page does not exist)">Shinobu Ono</a></td> <td>10 May 1922</td> <td>10 October 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Shirakawa" title="Yoshinori Shirakawa">Yoshinori Shirakawa</a></td> <td>10 October 1923</td> <td>28 July 1926 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobuyoshi_Mut%C5%8D" title="Nobuyoshi Mutō">Nobuyoshi Mutō</a></td> <td>28 July 1926</td> <td>26 August 1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chotaro_Muraoka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chotaro Muraoka (page does not exist)">Chotaro Muraoka</a></td> <td>26 August 1927</td> <td>1 July 1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eitaro_Hata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eitaro Hata (page does not exist)">Eitaro Hata</a></td> <td>1 July 1929</td> <td>31 May 1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Hishikari" title="Takashi Hishikari">Takashi Hishikari</a></td> <td>3 June 1930</td> <td>1 August 1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Shigeru Honjō</a></td> <td>1 August 1931</td> <td>8 August 1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobuyoshi_Mut%C5%8D" title="Nobuyoshi Mutō">Nobuyoshi Mutō</a></td> <td>8 August 1932</td> <td>27 July 1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Takashi_Hishikari" title="Takashi Hishikari">Takashi Hishikari</a></td> <td>29 July 1933</td> <td>10 December 1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Jir%C5%8D_Minami" title="Jirō Minami">Jirō Minami</a></td> <td>10 December 1934</td> <td>6 March 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Kenkichi_Ueda" title="Kenkichi Ueda">Kenkichi Ueda</a></td> <td>6 March 1936</td> <td>7 September 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu" title="Yoshijirō Umezu">Yoshijirō Umezu</a></td> <td>7 September 1939</td> <td>18 July 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>General <a href="/wiki/Otoz%C5%8D_Yamada" title="Otozō Yamada">Otozō Yamada</a></td> <td>18 July 1944</td> <td>11 August 1945 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chief_of_Staff">Chief of Staff</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chief of Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Name</th> <th>From</th> <th>To </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matasuke_Hamamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matasuke Hamamo (page does not exist)">Matasuke Hamamo</a></td> <td>12 April 1919</td> <td>11 March 1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaya_Fukuhara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaya Fukuhara (page does not exist)">Kaya Fukuhara</a></td> <td>11 March 1921</td> <td>6 August 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Akiharu_Kawada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akiharu Kawada (page does not exist)">Akiharu Kawada</a></td> <td>6 August 1923</td> <td>2 December 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tsune_Saito&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tsune Saito (page does not exist)">Tsune Saito</a></td> <td>2 December 1925</td> <td>10 August 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Major General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koji_Miyake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koji Miyake (page does not exist)">Koji Miyake</a></td> <td>10 August 1928</td> <td>8 August 1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a></td> <td>8 August 1932</td> <td>5 March 1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Toshizo_Nishio" class="mw-redirect" title="Toshizo Nishio">Toshizo Nishio</a></td> <td>5 March 1934</td> <td>23 March 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Major General <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a></td> <td>23 March 1936</td> <td>1 March 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a></td> <td>1 March 1937</td> <td>30 May 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Rensuke_Isogai" title="Rensuke Isogai">Rensuke Isogai</a></td> <td>18 June 1938</td> <td>7 September 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jo_Iimura" title="Jo Iimura">Jo Iimura</a></td> <td>7 September 1939</td> <td>22 October 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Heitar%C5%8D_Kimura" title="Heitarō Kimura">Heitarō Kimura</a></td> <td>22 October 1940</td> <td>10 April 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Teiichi_Yoshimoto" title="Teiichi Yoshimoto">Teiichi Yoshimoto</a></td> <td>10 April 1941</td> <td>1 August 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Yukio_Kasahara" title="Yukio Kasahara">Yukio Kasahara</a></td> <td>1 August 1942</td> <td>7 April 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Lieutenant General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikosaburo_Hata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikosaburo Hata (page does not exist)">Hikosaburo Hata</a></td> <td>7 April 1945</td> <td>11 August 1945 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/120px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Japan" title="Portal:Japan">Japan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armies_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army">Armies of the Imperial Japanese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantokuen" title="Kantokuen">Kantokuen</a> – cancelled Japanese invasion of the Soviet Far East</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshiko_Kawashima" title="Yoshiko Kawashima">Yoshiko Kawashima</a> – Chinese princess turned Japanese spy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Japan" title="Military history of Japan">Military history of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Kwantung_Army_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Kwantung Army of Japan">Organization of the Kwantung Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongma_Fortress" title="Zhongma Fortress">Zhongma Fortress</a> – site of chemical and biological warfare research</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayako Shimamoto, et al. <i>Historical Dictionary of Japanese Foreign Policy</i> (2015) p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harries, <i>Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Young, <i>Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Culver, Margaret S. "Manchuria: Japan's Supply Base." <i>Far Eastern Survey</i>, vol. 14, no. 12, 1945, pp. 160–163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coox, <i>Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yamamuro, <i>Manchuria Under Japanese Domination</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glantz, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-militera.lib.ru-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-militera.lib.ru_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-militera.lib.ru_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/beloborodov/09.html">"ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА --[ Мемуары ]-- Белобородов А.П. Прорыв на Харбин"</a>. <i>militera.lib.ru</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=militera.lib.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A0%D0%90+--%5B+%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%5D--+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%90.%D0%9F.+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fmemo%2Frussian%2Fbeloborodov%2F09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006004010/http://www.gudok.ru/index.php/print/27561">"Гудок.RU - Новости железнодорожного транспорта, машиностроения и логистики"</a>. <i>gudok.ru</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gudok.ru/index.php/print/27561">the original</a> on 2017-10-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gudok.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA.RU+-+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgudok.ru%2Findex.php%2Fprint%2F27561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945: August Storm By David M. Glantz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G8cJUkAHFm0C&dq=general+hata&pg=RA1-PA412">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Budge, Pacific War Online Encyclopedia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430115229/http://www.aiipowmia.com/731/731caveat.html">"Unit 731"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aiipowmia.com/731/731caveat.html">the original</a> on April 30, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unit+731&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiipowmia.com%2F731%2F731caveat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hal Gold, <i>Unit 731 Testimony</i>, 2003, p. 109</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_and_cited_sources">General and cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: General and cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoox1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Coox" title="Alvin Coox">Coox, Alvin</a> (1990). <i>Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1835-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-1835-0"><bdi>0-8047-1835-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomonhan%3A+Japan+Against+Russia%2C+1939&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-8047-1835-0&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoox1977" class="citation book cs1">Coox, Alvin (1977). <i>The Anatomy of a Small War: The Soviet-Japanese Struggle for Changkufeng/Khasan, 1938</i>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8371-9479-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8371-9479-2"><bdi>0-8371-9479-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+a+Small+War%3A+The+Soviet-Japanese+Struggle+for+Changkufeng%2FKhasan%2C+1938&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-8371-9479-2&rft.aulast=Coox&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorn1974" class="citation book cs1">Dorn, Frank (1974). <i>The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-532200-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-532200-1"><bdi>0-02-532200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sino-Japanese+War%2C+1937-41%3A+From+Marco+Polo+Bridge+to+Pearl+Harbor&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-02-532200-1&rft.aulast=Dorn&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Glantz, LTC David M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723082515/http://www.cgsc.edu/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp">"August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"</a>. Leavenworth Papers No. 7, Combat Studies Institute, February 1983, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Leavenworth" title="Fort Leavenworth">Fort Leavenworth</a> <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2003" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (2003). <i>The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, 1945</i>. Cass Series on Soviet (Russian) Military Experience, 7. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7146-5279-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7146-5279-2"><bdi>0-7146-5279-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Strategic+Offensive+in+Manchuria%2C+1945&rft.series=Cass+Series+on+Soviet+%28Russian%29+Military+Experience%2C+7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7146-5279-2&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarries1994" class="citation book cs1">Harries, Meirion (1994). <i>Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army</i>. Random House; Reprint edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-75303-6"><bdi>0-679-75303-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+the+Sun%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Imperial+Japanese+Army&rft.pub=Random+House%3B+Reprint+edition&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-75303-6&rft.aulast=Harries&rft.aufirst=Meirion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJowett1999" class="citation book cs1">Jowett, Bernard (1999). <i>The Japanese Army 1931–45 (Volume 2, 1942–45)</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-354-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-354-3"><bdi>1-84176-354-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Army+1931%E2%80%9345+%28Volume+2%2C+1942%E2%80%9345%29&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-84176-354-3&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMadej1981" class="citation book cs1">Madej, Victor (1981). <i>Japanese Armed Forces Order of Battle, 1937–1945</i>. Game Publishing Company. ASIN: B000L4CYWW.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Armed+Forces+Order+of+Battle%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Game+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Madej&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarston2005" class="citation book cs1">Marston, Daniel (2005). <i>The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-882-0"><bdi>1-84176-882-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pacific+War+Companion%3A+From+Pearl+Harbor+to+Hiroshima&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-882-0&rft.aulast=Marston&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYamamuro2005" class="citation book cs1">Yamamuro, Shinichi (2005). <i>Manchuria Under Japanese Domination</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3912-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3912-1"><bdi>0-8122-3912-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchuria+Under+Japanese+Domination&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8122-3912-1&rft.aulast=Yamamuro&rft.aufirst=Shinichi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Young, C. Walter (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.166840/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The International Legal Status of the Kwantung Leased Territory</i></a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung1999" class="citation book cs1">Young, Louise (1999). <i>Japan's Total Empire: Manchuria and the Culture of Wartime Imperialism</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21934-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21934-1"><bdi>0-520-21934-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Total+Empire%3A+Manchuria+and+the+Culture+of+Wartime+Imperialism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-21934-1&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWendel" class="citation web cs1">Wendel, Marcus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061029191726/https://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=6756">"Japanese Army: Kwantung Army"</a>. Axis History Factbook. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.axishistory.com/index.php?id=6756">the original</a> on 29 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japanese+Army%3A+Kwantung+Army&rft.pub=Axis+History+Factbook&rft.aulast=Wendel&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.axishistory.com%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D6756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKwantung+Army" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/152936930">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0018260&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007376097805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&oldid=1276029616">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kwantung_Army&oldid=1276029616</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kwantung_Army" title="Category:Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Army_groups_of_Japan" title="Category:Army groups of Japan">Army groups of Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Armies_of_Manchukuo" title="Category:Armies of Manchukuo">Armies of Manchukuo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manchuria" title="Category:History of Manchuria">History of Manchuria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Category:Kwantung Leased Territory">Kwantung Leased Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_of_Manchukuo" 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