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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparaison_entre_le_ja%C3%AFnisme_et_le_bouddhisme" title="Comparaison entre le jaïnisme et le bouddhisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Comparaison entre le jaïnisme et le bouddhisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="बौद्ध धर्म एवं जैन धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बौद्ध धर्म एवं जैन धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_buddhizmus_%C3%A9s_a_dzsainizmus" title="A buddhizmus és a dzsainizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A buddhizmus és a dzsainizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="ศาสนาพุทธกับศาสนาเชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาพุทธกับศาสนาเชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2990352#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Great_Buddha_Statue%2C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg/440px-Great_Buddha_Statue%2C_Bodh_Gaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a>: founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahavir.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mahāvīra: 24th Tirthankar of Jainism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/220px-Mahavir.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/330px-Mahavir.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mahavir.jpg/440px-Mahavir.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1264" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81v%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Jainism" title="Category:Jainism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/110px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/165px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg/220px-Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1124" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jains" title="List of Jains">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jainism" title="Timeline of Jainism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_cosmology" title="Jain cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Jainism)" title="Dharma (Jainism)">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">Tattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunasthana" title="Gunasthana">Gunasthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Jainism)" title="Saṃsāra (Jainism)">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Ethics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Ethics_of_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethics of Jainism">Ethics of Jainism</a> <dl><dd><b>Mahavratas (major vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa_in_Jainism" title="Ahimsa in Jainism">Ahiṃsā (non-violence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya#Jainism" title="Satya">Satya (truth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteya#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteya">Asteya (non-stealing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya#In_Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacarya (chastity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha (non-possession)</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b>Anuvratas (further vows)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81m%C4%81yika" title="Sāmāyika">Sāmāyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sallekhana" title="Sallekhana">Sallekhana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Jain prayers</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktamara_Stotra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaktamara Stotra">Bhaktamara Stotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micchami_Dukkadam" title="Micchami Dukkadam">Micchami Dukkadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navkar_Mantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Navkar Mantra">Navkar Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namokar_Mantra" title="Namokar Mantra">Ṇamōkāra mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jai_Jinendra" title="Jai Jinendra">Jai Jinendra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major figures</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">The 24 Tirthankaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabhanatha" title="Rishabhanatha">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Pārśva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Arihant</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganadhara" title="Ganadhara">Ganadhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundakunda" title="Kundakunda">Kundakunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasena" title="Siddhasena">Siddhasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Jain_monk)" title="Samantabhadra (Jain monk)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haribhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Haribhadra">Haribhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yashovijaya" title="Yashovijaya">Yashovijaya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Major sects</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Jain_schools_and_branches" title="Jain schools and branches">Schools and Branches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Jain_literature" title="Jain literature">Jain literature</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Samayas%C4%81ra" title="Samayasāra">Samayasāra (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pravachanasara" title="Pravachanasara">Pravachanasara (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Agama (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvartha_Sutra" title="Tattvartha Sutra">Tattvartha Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dravyasamgraha" title="Dravyasamgraha">Dravyasamgraha (Digambara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_S%C5%ABtra" title="Kalpa Sūtra">Kalpa Sūtra (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana (Śvetāmbara)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C%C4%ABvaka_Cint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" title="Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi">Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silappatikaram" class="mw-redirect" title="Silappatikaram">Silappatikaram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valayapathi" title="Valayapathi">Valayapathi</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Festivals</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavir_Janma_Kalyanak" title="Mahavir Janma Kalyanak">Mahavir Janma Kalyanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paryushana" title="Paryushana">Paryushana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvatsari" title="Samvatsari">Samvatsari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Pilgrimages</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Jainism)" title="Tirtha (Jainism)">Tirth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Abu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitana_temples" title="Palitana temples">Palitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar_Jain_temples" title="Girnar Jain temples">Girnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikharji" title="Shikharji">Shikharji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shravanabelagola" title="Shravanabelagola">Shravanabelagola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #F5DEB3;padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0px ; border: 2px solid #F5DEB3"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekendriya" title="Ekendriya">Ekendriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_flag" title="Jain flag">Jain flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_symbols" title="Jain symbols">Jain symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasparopagraho_Jivanam" title="Parasparopagraho Jivanam">Parasparopagraho Jivanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jainism-related_articles" title="Index of Jainism-related articles">Topics list</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em;border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism" title="Category:Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFD068"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/90px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg/135px-Dharma_Wheel_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Concepts</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharma wheel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Five Aggregates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">Impermanence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukkha">Suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Not-self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Paths_to_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Paths to liberation">Buddhist Paths to liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Perfections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophical reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotional practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Wisdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Sublime abidings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Aids to Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Lay life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_chant" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist chant">Buddhist chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" 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title="Buddhahood">Buddha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFD068;padding-bottom:0;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Traditions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border: 2px solid #FDE7B9"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahāyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a 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<p><b>Buddhism and Jainism</b> are two <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a> that developed in <a href="/wiki/Magadha_(Mahajanapada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magadha (Mahajanapada)">Magadha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>) and continue to thrive in the modern age. <a href="/wiki/Gautam_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Buddha">Gautam Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a> are generally accepted as contemporaries.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-keown127_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keown127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> share many features, terminology and ethical principles, but emphasize them differently.<sup id="cite_ref-keown127_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keown127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a> <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetic</a> traditions that believe it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle of rebirths and deaths (<a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a>) through spiritual and ethical disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953266_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953266-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They differ in some core doctrines such as those on <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a> versus <i><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></i>, and self versus non-self (<i><a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">atta, anatta</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-keown127_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keown127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jainism is an ancient religion whose own historiography centres on its 24 guides or <a href="/wiki/Tirthankaras" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirthankaras">Tirthankaras</a>. Of the 24, the last two tirthankaras – are generally accepted as historical persons, with the 23rd Tirthankara pre-dating the Buddha and the Mahavira by probably some 250 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200230–33_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230–33-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhists believe <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the historical buddha, rediscovered the long forgotten <a href="/wiki/Dharma#Buddhism" title="Dharma">dharma</a> around the 5th century BCE, and began to teach it again. In Buddhism there were <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_named_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the named Buddhas">previous buddhas</a>, too, 24 in total as described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Buddhavamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhavamsa">Buddhavamsa</a></i>, the 14th book of the <i><a href="/wiki/Khuddaka_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Khuddaka Nikāya">Khuddaka Nikāya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner1975_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner1975-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vicittasarabivamsa1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vicittasarabivamsa1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Law1938_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law1938-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Takin1969_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takin1969-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhists also believe that Gautama Buddha had many previous rebirths as described in the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_Tales" class="mw-redirect" title="Jataka Tales">Jataka Tales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jataka_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jataka-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Buddhist scriptures record that during Prince Siddhartha's ascetic life (before attaining enlightenment) he undertook many fasts, penances and austerities, the descriptions of which are elsewhere found only in the Jain tradition<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In the <i><a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">Majjhima Nikaya</a></i>, the Buddha shares his experience:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus far, Sāriputta, did I go in my penance? I went without clothes. I licked the food from my hands. I took no food that was brought or meant especially for me. I accepted no invitation to a meal.</p></blockquote> <p>The Jain text of <a href="/wiki/Kalpasutra_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalpasutra (Jainism)">Kalpasutra</a> confirms Mahavira's asceticism, whose life is a source of guidance on many of the ascetic practices in Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such asceticism has been a hallmark of <a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">mendicant</a> life in Jainism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200058_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200058-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddha tried it, but abandoned what he called the "extreme ascetic methods", teaching the Middle Way instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000204_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000204-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone,_Kushana_artefacts,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain Ayagapatta, Kushana, Mathura"><img alt="Jain Ayagapatta, Kushana, Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone%2C_Kushana_artefacts%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_03.jpg/113px-Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone%2C_Kushana_artefacts%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone%2C_Kushana_artefacts%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_03.jpg/169px-Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone%2C_Kushana_artefacts%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone%2C_Kushana_artefacts%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_03.jpg/226px-Jain_Votive_Plaque_made_in_spotted_red_sandstone%2C_Kushana_artefacts%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="3299" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jain <a href="/wiki/Jain_art#Ayagapata" title="Jain art">Ayagapatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushana">Kushana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha, Kushana, Mathura"><img alt="Buddha, Kushana, Mathura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG/80px-Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG/119px-Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG/159px-Inscribed_Seated_Buddha_Image_in_Abhaya_Mudra_-_Kushan_Period_-_Katra_Keshav_Dev_-_ACCN_A-1_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-24_5972.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2825" data-file-height="4254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha, <a href="/wiki/Kushana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushana">Kushana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BhadraKali_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sahastrakoot (1008) Jinalaya, Bhadrakali in Itury"><img alt="Sahastrakoot (1008) Jinalaya, Bhadrakali in Itury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BhadraKali_Temple.jpg/60px-BhadraKali_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BhadraKali_Temple.jpg/90px-BhadraKali_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/BhadraKali_Temple.jpg/120px-BhadraKali_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sahastrakoot (1008) Jinalaya, Bhadrakali in Itury</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Multiple depictions of Buddha on a wall at Ajanta Caves"><img alt="Multiple depictions of Buddha on a wall at Ajanta Caves" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg/90px-Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg/135px-Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg/180px-Multiple_depictions_of_Buddha_on_a_wall_at_Ajanta_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Multiple depictions of Buddha on a wall at Ajanta Caves</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism_in_Buddhist_texts">Jainism in Buddhist texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Jainism in Buddhist texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pāli_Canon"><span id="P.C4.81li_Canon"></span>Pāli Canon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pāli Canon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pāli Canon</a> does not record that Mahavira and Gautama Buddha ever met, though instances of Mahavira's disciples questioning Gautama Buddha are to be found in various sutras. For instance, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nik%C4%81ya" title="Majjhima Nikāya">Majjhima Nikāya</a></i> (MN 56), <a href="/wiki/Upali" class="mw-redirect" title="Upali">Upāli</a> —one of Gautama Buddha's foremost disciples— is said to have been a disciple of the Mahavira who became a disciple of the Buddha after losing a debate with him.<sup id="cite_ref-Majjhimanikāya_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Majjhimanikāya-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhists have always maintained that by the time the Buddha and Mahavira were alive, Jainism was already an entrenched faith and culture in the region. According to the Pāli Canon, Gautama was aware of Mahavira's existence as well as the communities of <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">Jain monastics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> texts refer to the Mahavira as <i>Nigaṇṭha Jñātaputta</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200121_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigaṇṭha means "without knot, tie, or string" and Jñātaputta (son of <i>Natas</i>), referred to his clan of origin <i>Jñāta</i> or <i>Naya</i> (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953223_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953223-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The five vows (non-violence, <a href="/wiki/Truth" title="Truth">truth</a>, non-attachment, non-thieving, <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chastity" title="Chastity">chastity</a>) propounded by the 23rd Jain <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81r%C5%9Bva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pārśva">Pārśva</a> (877–777 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200121_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200121-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> may have been the template for the <a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts">Five Precepts</a> of Buddhism. Additionally, the Buddhist <i><a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Aṅguttaranikāya</a></i> scripture quotes the independent philosopher <a href="/wiki/Purana_Kassapa" title="Purana Kassapa">Purana Kassapa</a>, a sixth-century BCE founder of a now-extinct order, as listing the "Nirgranthas" as one of the six major classifications of humanity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Divyavadana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient text <i><a href="/wiki/Divyavadana" title="Divyavadana">Divyavadana</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Ashokavadana" title="Ashokavadana">Ashokavadana</a></i> is one of its sections) mention that in one instance, a non-Buddhist in <a href="/wiki/Pundravardhana" title="Pundravardhana">Pundravardhana</a> drew a picture showing the Buddha bowing at the feet of <a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a>. On complaint from a Buddhist devotee, <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maurya_Empire" title="Maurya Empire">Maurya Emperor</a>, issued an order to arrest him, and subsequently, another order to kill all the <a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvikas</a> in Pundravardhana. Around 18,000 Ājīvikas were executed as a result of this order.<sup id="cite_ref-John1989_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1989-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometime later, another ascetic in <a href="/wiki/Pataliputra" title="Pataliputra">Pataliputra</a> drew a similar picture. Ashoka burnt him and his entire family alive in their house.<sup id="cite_ref-Beni2010_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beni2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also announced an award of one <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">dinara</a> (silver coin) to anyone who brought him the head of a Jain. According to <i>Ashokavadana</i>, as a result of this order, his own brother, <a href="/wiki/Vitashoka" title="Vitashoka">Vitashoka</a>, was mistaken for a heretic and killed by a cowherd. Their ministers advised that "this is an example of the suffering that is being inflicted even on those who are free from desire" and that he "should guarantee the security of all beings". After this, Ashoka stopped giving orders for executions.<sup id="cite_ref-John1989_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John1989-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/K._T._S._Sarao" title="K. T. S. Sarao">K. T. S. Sarao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Benimadhab Barua</a>, stories of persecutions of rival sects by Ashoka appear to be a clear fabrication arising out of sectarian propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-Beni2010_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beni2010-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhist_texts_in_Jain_libraries">Buddhist texts in Jain libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Buddhist texts in Jain libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Padmanabh Jaini, Vasudhara Dharani, a Buddhist work was among the Jainas of Gujarat in 1960s, and a manuscript was copied in 1638 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dharani was recited by non-Jain Brahmin priests in private Jain homes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shared_terminology">Shared terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shared terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha with Mucalinda Naga, Sri Lanka"><img alt="Buddha with Mucalinda Naga, Sri Lanka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg/90px-Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg/135px-Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg/180px-Sri_Lanka_Photo028.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3133" data-file-height="4177" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha with <a href="/wiki/Mucalinda" title="Mucalinda">Mucalinda</a> Naga, Sri Lanka</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India,_madhya_pradesh,_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta,_600-700.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Parshvanatha with Dharanendra"><img alt="Parshvanatha with Dharanendra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG/68px-India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG/101px-India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG/135px-India%2C_madhya_pradesh%2C_jina_parshvanatha_dalla_temp%C3%A8esta%2C_600-700.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2444" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Parshvanatha</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dharanendra" title="Dharanendra">Dharanendra</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>The shared terms include <a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">Shramana</a> (monk), <a href="/wiki/Shravaka" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravaka">Shravaka</a> (Householder in Jainism, Buddha's disciple in Buddhism), <a href="/wiki/Arihant_(Jainism)" title="Arihant (Jainism)">Jina</a> (Tirthankara in Jainism, Buddha in Buddhism), <a href="/wiki/Chaitya" title="Chaitya">Chaitya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pudgala" title="Pudgala">Pudgala</a> (Matter in Jainism, soul in Buddhism) etc. Early Jainism used stupas, although the practice mostly (but not completely) was abandoned later.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similarities">Similarities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Similarities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kankali_Tila_(Samvat_95).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jain Stupa, Kankali Tila"><img alt="Jain Stupa, Kankali Tila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kankali_Tila_%28Samvat_95%29.jpg/120px-Kankali_Tila_%28Samvat_95%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kankali_Tila_%28Samvat_95%29.jpg/180px-Kankali_Tila_%28Samvat_95%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kankali_Tila_%28Samvat_95%29.jpg/240px-Kankali_Tila_%28Samvat_95%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1447" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Jain_stupa" title="Jain stupa">Jain Stupa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankali_Tila" title="Kankali Tila">Kankali Tila</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sanchi_8-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddhist stupa worship, Sanchi"><img alt="Buddhist stupa worship, Sanchi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sanchi_8-13.jpg/120px-Sanchi_8-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sanchi_8-13.jpg/180px-Sanchi_8-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Sanchi_8-13.jpg/240px-Sanchi_8-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddhist stupa worship, <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahaveer - Nagamalai Puthukottai, Tamil Nadu, ardha-padmasana"><img alt="Mahaveer - Nagamalai Puthukottai, Tamil Nadu, ardha-padmasana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg/90px-Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg/135px-Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg/180px-Bagawan_Mahaveerar_-_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mahaveer - Nagamalai Puthukottai, Tamil Nadu, ardha-padmasana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_(Dhammajak_Mutra).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha in Sarnath Museum in padmasana"><img alt="Buddha in Sarnath Museum in padmasana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/94px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/140px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg/187px-Buddha_in_Sarnath_Museum_%28Dhammajak_Mutra%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1521" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha in <a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a> Museum in <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">padmasana</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_premier_Tirthankara_(Sravanabelgola,_Inde)_(14181847087).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tirthankara Sravanabelgola, Kayotsarga sana"><img alt="Tirthankara Sravanabelgola, Kayotsarga sana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_premier_Tirthankara_%28Sravanabelgola%2C_Inde%29_%2814181847087%29.jpg/79px-Le_premier_Tirthankara_%28Sravanabelgola%2C_Inde%29_%2814181847087%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_premier_Tirthankara_%28Sravanabelgola%2C_Inde%29_%2814181847087%29.jpg/119px-Le_premier_Tirthankara_%28Sravanabelgola%2C_Inde%29_%2814181847087%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Le_premier_Tirthankara_%28Sravanabelgola%2C_Inde%29_%2814181847087%29.jpg/159px-Le_premier_Tirthankara_%28Sravanabelgola%2C_Inde%29_%2814181847087%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="779" data-file-height="1177" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tirthankara Sravanabelgola, Kayotsarga sana</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Buddha - Kushan Period, standing"><img alt="Buddha - Kushan Period, standing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG/67px-Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG" decoding="async" width="67" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG/100px-Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG/134px-Buddha_-_Kushan_Period_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_76-26_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5552.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="4179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Buddha - Kushan Period, standing</div> </li> </ul> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, the way of liberation is the ford (tirtha), and Tirthankaras "those making the ford" (from <i><a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a></i> to <i>moksha</i>) are supreme teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953474_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953474-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same concept is found in Buddhism, which says that through enlightenment (bodhi) an individual crosses the river of <i>samsara</i> to attain liberation. Both religions deny the existence of a creator god.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001139_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001139-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism and Jainism evince a shared belief in the existence of geographical regions beyond the parameters of <i><a href="/wiki/Bharatavarsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatavarsha">Bharatavarsha</a></i>, access to which could not be gained by ordinary human beings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2006396_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2006396-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Karakandu, a <a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pratyekabuddha">Pratyekabuddha</a> in both Jainism and Buddhism, is a rare personality that is shared between Jainism and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jain text Isibhasiyam mentions Vajjiyaputra, Mahakashyap and Sariputra among the rishis.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jain_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain community">Jain community</a> (or Jain <i><a href="/wiki/Sangha_(Jainism)" title="Sangha (Jainism)">sangha</a></i>) consists of <a href="/wiki/Jain_monasticism" title="Jain monasticism">monastics</a>, <i>muni</i>s (male ascetics) and <i>aryika</i>s (female ascetics) and householders, <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka#Jainism" title="Śrāvaka">śhrāvaks</a></i> (laymen) and <i>śrāvakīs</i> (laywomen). Buddhism has a similar organization: the community consists of renunciate <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">bhikkhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhikkhuni">bhikkhunis</a> and male and female laypersons, or <i>śrāvakas</i> and <i>śrāvikas</i>, who take limited vows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Jain and Buddhist iconography can be similar. In north India, the sitting Jain and Buddhist images are in <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">padmasana</a>, whereas in South India both Jain and Buddhist images are in <a href="/wiki/Lotus_position#Variations" title="Lotus position">ardha-padmasana</a> (also termed virasana in Sri Lanka). However the Jain images are always samadhi mudra, whereas the Buddha images can also be in bhumi-sparsha, dharam-chakra-pravartana and other <a href="/wiki/Mudra#Common_Buddhist_mudrās" title="Mudra">mudras</a>. The standing Jain images are always in khadgasana or kayotsarga asana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences">Differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AJiang_Cha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theravada Buddhist monk, Thailand"><img alt="Theravada Buddhist monk, Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AJiang_Cha.jpg/89px-AJiang_Cha.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AJiang_Cha.jpg/134px-AJiang_Cha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/AJiang_Cha.jpg/178px-AJiang_Cha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada</a> Buddhist monk, Thailand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Digambara Jain monk, India"><img alt="Digambara Jain monk, India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg/81px-Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg/122px-Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg/163px-Muni_Vidyananda_ji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> Jain monk, India</div> </li> </ul> <p>Jainism has refined the non-violence (Ahimsa) doctrine to an extraordinary degree where it is an integral part of the Jain culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002176–177_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002176–177-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408–409_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408–409-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain vegetarianism</a>, for example, is driven by the principle of not harming any animals and both lay and mendicants are predominantly vegetarian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave1980260_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave1980260-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Buddhism, <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> monks in China, Japan (see <a href="/wiki/Shojin-ryori" class="mw-redirect" title="Shojin-ryori">Shojin-ryori</a>), Korea and Vietnam are vegetarian; however, vegetarianism is not required for lay Buddhists. In <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> monastic tradition, a monk should eat whatever is placed in his bowl when receiving food.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although both Buddhists and Jain had orders of nuns, Buddhist Pali texts record the Buddha saying that a woman has the ability to obtain <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a> Jains, women are capable of spiritual progress but must be reborn as a man in order to attain final spiritual liberation, this being due to the fact that Jain nuns cannot be nude and so still have some attachments. The religious texts of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara" class="mw-redirect" title="Śvētāmbara">Śvētāmbaras</a> mention that liberation is attainable by both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jains believe in the existence of an eternal <a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jiva (soul)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001140_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001140-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Buddhism denies the concept of self (<a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jiva</a>) or soul (<a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">atman</a>), proposing the concept of no-self (<a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">anatta</a>) instead.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Anekantavada</i> doctrine is another key difference between Jainism and Buddhism. The Buddha taught the Middle Way, rejecting extremes of the answer "it is" or "it is not" to metaphysical questions. The Mahavira, in contrast, accepted both "it is" and "it is not", with "perhaps" qualification and with reconciliation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jainism discourages monks and nuns from staying in one place for long, except for 4 months in the rainy season (<a href="/wiki/Chaturmas#Jainism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaturmas">chaturmas</a>). Thus, most Jain monks and nuns keep wandering, staying in a place for only a few days. Some <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist monks also observe <a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">vassa</a> rules, but often they stay in one monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-keown127_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keown127-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of Buddhism-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jainism" title="History of Jainism">History of Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dundas, Paul (2003). Jainism and Buddhism, in Buswell, Robert E. ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism, New York: Macmillan Reference Lib. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028657187" title="Special:BookSources/0028657187">0028657187</a>; p. 383</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-keown127-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-keown127_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keown127_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keown127_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-keown127_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDamien_KeownCharles_S._Prebish2013" class="citation book cs1">Damien Keown; Charles S. Prebish (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFpcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127"><i>Encyclopedia of Buddhism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 127–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-98588-1"><bdi>978-1-136-98588-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=127-130&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-98588-1&rft.au=Damien+Keown&rft.au=Charles+S.+Prebish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFpcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953266-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953266_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[a] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristmas_Humphreys2012" class="citation book cs1">Christmas Humphreys (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC"><i>Exploring Buddhism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-22877-3"><bdi>978-1-136-22877-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=V3rYtmCZEIEC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Buddhism&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-22877-3&rft.au=Christmas+Humphreys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV3rYtmCZEIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span><br />[b] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51"><i>Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 47, 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85241-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111055822/https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA51">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=47%2C+51&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "...anatta is the doctrine of non-self, and is an extreme empiricist doctrine that holds that the notion of an unchanging permanent self is a fiction and has no reality. According to Buddhist doctrine, the individual person consists of <a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">five skandhas</a> or heaps—the body, feelings, perceptions, impulses and consciousness. The belief in a self or soul, over these five skandhas, is illusory and the cause of suffering."<br />[c] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Gombrich2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Gombrich (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ"><i>Theravada Buddhism</i></a>. Routledge. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-90352-8"><bdi>978-1-134-90352-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703145618/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theravada+Buddhism&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-90352-8&rft.au=Richard+Gombrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZyJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "...Buddha's teaching that beings have no soul, no abiding essence. This 'no-soul doctrine' (anatta-vada) he expounded in his second sermon."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas200230–33-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas200230–33_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 30–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horner1975-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horner1975_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaline_Blew_Horner" title="Isaline Blew Horner">Horner, IB</a>, ed. (1975). <i>The minor anthologies of the Pali canon. Volume III: Buddhavaṁsa (Chronicle of Buddhas) and Cariyāpiṭaka (Basket of Conduct)</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Pali_Text_Society" title="Pali Text Society">Pali Text Society</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86013-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-86013-072-X"><bdi>0-86013-072-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+minor+anthologies+of+the+Pali+canon.+Volume+III%3A+Buddhava%E1%B9%81sa+%28Chronicle+of+Buddhas%29+and+Cariy%C4%81pi%E1%B9%ADaka+%28Basket+of+Conduct%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pali+Text+Society&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-86013-072-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vicittasarabivamsa1992-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vicittasarabivamsa1992_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVicittasarabivamsa1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Sayadaw" title="Mingun Sayadaw">Vicittasarabivamsa, U</a> (1992). "Chapter IX: The chronicle of twenty-four Buddhas". In Ko Lay, U; Tin Lwin, U (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhammatalks.net/Books14/Mingun_Sayadaw-The_Great_Chronicle_of_Buddhas_Vol-1_Part-2.pdf"><i>The great chronicle of Buddhas, Volume One, Part Two</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (1st ed.). Yangon, Myanmar: Ti=Ni Publishing Center. pp. 130–321. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327004537/http://dhammatalks.net/Books14/Mingun_Sayadaw-The_Great_Chronicle_of_Buddhas_Vol-1_Part-2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 27 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX%3A+The+chronicle+of+twenty-four+Buddhas&rft.btitle=The+great+chronicle+of+Buddhas%2C+Volume+One%2C+Part+Two&rft.place=Yangon%2C+Myanmar&rft.pages=130-321&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Ti%3DNi+Publishing+Center&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Vicittasarabivamsa&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhammatalks.net%2FBooks14%2FMingun_Sayadaw-The_Great_Chronicle_of_Buddhas_Vol-1_Part-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law1938-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Law1938_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaw1938" class="citation book cs1">Law, Bimala Churn, ed. (1938). "The lineage of the Buddhas". <i>The Minor Anthologies of the Pali Canon: Buddhavaṃsa, the lineage of the Buddhas, and Cariyā-Piṭaka or the collection of ways of conduct</i> (1st ed.). London: Milford.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+lineage+of+the+Buddhas&rft.btitle=The+Minor+Anthologies+of+the+Pali+Canon%3A+Buddhava%E1%B9%83sa%2C+the+lineage+of+the+Buddhas%2C+and+Cariy%C4%81-Pi%E1%B9%ADaka+or+the+collection+of+ways+of+conduct&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Milford&rft.date=1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Takin1969-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Takin1969_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakin1969" class="citation book cs1">Takin, MV, ed. (1969). "The lineage of the Buddhas". <i>The Genealogy of the Buddhas</i> (1st ed.). Bombay: Bombay University Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+lineage+of+the+Buddhas&rft.btitle=The+Genealogy+of+the+Buddhas&rft.place=Bombay&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Bombay+University+Publications&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jataka-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jataka_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Jataka">Jataka</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150508041258/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301580/Jataka">Archived</a> 8 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopœdia Britannica.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruthi2004" class="citation book cs1">Pruthi, R.K. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J07QJQPYz8kC"><i>Buddhism and Indian Civilization</i></a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-71418664" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-71418664"><bdi>978-81-71418664</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism+and+Indian+Civilization&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-71418664&rft.aulast=Pruthi&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ07QJQPYz8kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Jacobi" title="Hermann Jacobi">Jacobi, Hermann</a> (1884). <a href="/wiki/Max_M%C3%BCller" title="Max Müller">F. Max Müller</a> (ed.). <i>The Kalpa Sūtra</i> (Translated from Prakrit). <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Books_of_the_East" title="Sacred Books of the East">Sacred Books of the East vol.22, Part 1</a>. Oxford: The Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1538-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1538-X"><bdi>0-7007-1538-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kalpa+S%C5%ABtra&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Sacred+Books+of+the+East+vol.22%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=The+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1884&rft.isbn=0-7007-1538-X&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Note: ISBN refers to the UK:Routledge (2001) reprint of original text published in 1884</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200058-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainUpadhye200058_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJainUpadhye2000">Jain & Upadhye 2000</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins2000204-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins2000204_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins2000">Collins 2000</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majjhimanikāya-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Majjhimanikāya_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://suttacentral.net/en/mn56">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Majjhimanikāya – Upāli Sutta" (MN 56)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191410/https://suttacentral.net/en/mn56">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Majjhimanik%C4%81ya+%E2%80%93+Up%C4%81li+Sutta%22+%28MN+56%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsuttacentral.net%2Fen%2Fmn56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave200121-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200121_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave200121_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953223-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953223_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-John1989-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John1989_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-John1989_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Strong1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_S._Strong" title="John S. Strong">John S. Strong</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232"><i>The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 232–233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0616-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0616-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kp9uaQTQ8h8C&pg=PA232">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+King+A%C5%9Boka%3A+A+Study+and+Translation+of+the+A%C5%9Bok%C4%81vad%C4%81na&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0616-0&rft.au=John+S.+Strong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKp9uaQTQ8h8C%26pg%3DPA232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beni2010-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beni2010_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beni2010_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenimadhab_Barua2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benimadhab_Barua" title="Benimadhab Barua">Benimadhab Barua</a> (5 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich"><i>The Ajivikas</i></a>. General Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajivikas00barurich/page/68">68</a>–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-152-74433-2"><bdi>978-1-152-74433-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ajivikas&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=General+Books&rft.date=2010-05-05&rft.isbn=978-1-152-74433-2&rft.au=Benimadhab+Barua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajivikas00barurich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_L._Danver2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_L._Danver" title="Steven L. Danver">Steven L. Danver</a>, ed. (22 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99"><i>Popular Controversies in World History: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions: Investigating History's Intriguing Questions</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-078-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-078-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135616/https://books.google.com/books?id=slVobUjdzGMC&pg=RA1-PA99">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Controversies+in+World+History%3A+Investigating+History%27s+Intriguing+Questions%3A+Investigating+History%27s+Intriguing+Questions&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-078-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DslVobUjdzGMC%26pg%3DRA1-PA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Phuoc2010" class="citation book cs1">Le Phuoc (March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32"><i>Buddhist Architecture</i></a>. Grafikol. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9844043-0-8"><bdi>978-0-9844043-0-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703135618/https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA32">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Architecture&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Grafikol&rft.date=2010-03&rft.isbn=978-0-9844043-0-8&rft.au=Le+Phuoc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9jb364g4BvoC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vasudhara dharani A Buddhist work in use among the Jainas of Gujarat, Padmanabh S Jaini, Mahavir Jain_Vidyalay Suvarna_Mahotsav Granth Part 1, 2002, p. 30-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism, Johannes Bronkhorst, Brill, 2011, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953474-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZimmer1953474_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZimmer1953">Zimmer 1953</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001139-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001139_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2006396-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle2006396_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlivelle2006">Olivelle 2006</a>, p. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[Ascetic Figures Before and in Early Buddhism: The Emergence of Gautama as the Buddha, Issue 30 of Religion and reason, ISSN 0080-0848, Martin G. Wiltshire, Walter de Gruyter, 1990p. 112]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195213/http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=841&cat=42">"RISHI BHASHIT AND PRINCIPLES OF JAINISM By Dr. Sagar Mal Jain"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jainsamaj.org/rpg_site/literature2.php?id=841&cat=42">the original</a> on 8 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RISHI+BHASHIT+AND+PRINCIPLES+OF+JAINISM+By+Dr.+Sagar+Mal+Jain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jainsamaj.org%2Frpg_site%2Fliterature2.php%3Fid%3D841%26cat%3D42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDundas2002176–177-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDundas2002176–177_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDundas2002">Dundas 2002</a>, pp. 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408–409-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinternitz1993408–409_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinternitz1993">Winternitz 1993</a>, pp. 408–409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave1980260-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave1980260_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave1980">Sangave 1980</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaini1991" class="citation book cs1">Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/xtf/view?docId=ft138nb0wk&brand=eschol"><i>Gender and salvation : Jaina debates on the spiritual liberation of women</i></a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520068209" title="Special:BookSources/9780520068209"><bdi>9780520068209</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703145619/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft138nb0wk&brand=eschol">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+salvation+%3A+Jaina+debates+on+the+spiritual+liberation+of+women&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780520068209&rft.aulast=Jaini&rft.aufirst=Padmanabh+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.cdlib.org%2Fxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft138nb0wk%26brand%3Deschol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESangave2001140-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESangave2001140_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSangave2001">Sangave 2001</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120801585" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120801585">978-8120801585</a>, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b>[a]</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Anatta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122042635/https://www.britannica.com/topic/anatta">Archived</a> 22 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), <b>Quote:</b> "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman (“the self”).";<br /><b>[b]</b> Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2217-5">978-0-7914-2217-5</a>, page 64; <b>Quote:</b> "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";<br /><b>[c]</b> Katie Javanaud (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Is The Buddhist ‘No-Self’ Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913132314/https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana">Archived</a> 13 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Philosophy Now;<br /><b>[d]</b> David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 23, Issue 1, pages 65–74;<br /><b>[e]</b> KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120806191" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120806191">978-8120806191</a>, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards;<br /><b>[f]</b> Bruno Nagel (2000), Roy Perrett (editor), Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112">978-0815336112</a>, page 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatilal1998128–135_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatilal1998">Matilal 1998</a>, pp. 128–135.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins2000" class="citation cs2">Collins, Randall (2000), <i>The sociology of philosophies: a global theory of intellectual change</i>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674001879" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674001879"><bdi>978-0674001879</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+sociology+of+philosophies%3A+a+global+theory+of+intellectual+change&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0674001879&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDundas2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dundas" title="Paul Dundas">Dundas, Paul</a> (2002) [1992], <i>The Jains</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26605-X"><bdi>0-415-26605-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jains&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-26605-X&rft.aulast=Dundas&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJainUpadhye2000" class="citation cs2">Jain, Hiralal; <a href="/wiki/A.N._Upadhye" class="mw-redirect" title="A.N. Upadhye">Upadhye, Adinath Neminath</a> (2000), <i>Mahavira his Times and his Philosophy of Life</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jnanpith" title="Bharatiya Jnanpith">Bharatiya Jnanpith</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahavira+his+Times+and+his+Philosophy+of+Life&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Hiralal&rft.au=Upadhye%2C+Adinath+Neminath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatilal1998" class="citation cs2">Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1998), Ganeri, Jonardon; Tiwari, Heeraman (eds.), <i>The Character of Logic in India</i>, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3739-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3739-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-3739-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Character+of+Logic+in+India&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3739-1&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal+Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Olivelle" title="Patrick Olivelle">Olivelle, Patrick</a>, ed. (2006), <i>Between the Empires : Society in India 300 BCE to 400 CE</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530532-6"><bdi>978-0-19-530532-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+the+Empires+%3A+Society+in+India+300+BCE+to+400+CE&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530532-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave1980" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Vilas_Adinath_Sangave" title="Vilas Adinath Sangave">Sangave, Vilas Adinath</a> (1980), <i>Jaina Community: A Social Survey</i> (2nd ed.), <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>: <a href="/wiki/Popular_Prakashan" title="Popular Prakashan">Popular Prakashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-317-12346-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-317-12346-3"><bdi>978-0-317-12346-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jaina+Community%3A+A+Social+Survey&rft.place=Bombay&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-317-12346-3&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSangave2001" class="citation cs2">Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), <i>Aspects of Jaina ReligionJ</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jnanpith" title="Bharatiya Jnanpith">Bharatiya Jnanpith</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0720-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-263-0720-3"><bdi>978-81-263-0720-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Jaina+ReligionJ&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Jnanpith&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-263-0720-3&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinternitz1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Moriz_Winternitz" title="Moriz Winternitz">Winternitz, Moriz</a> (1993), <i>History of Indian Literature: Buddhist & Jain Literature</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0265-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0265-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Indian+Literature%3A+Buddhist+%26+Jain+Literature&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0265-0&rft.aulast=Winternitz&rft.aufirst=Moriz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmer1953" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Zimmer" title="Heinrich Zimmer">Zimmer, Heinrich</a> (1953), Joseph Campbell (ed.), <i>Philosophies of India</i>, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0739-6"><bdi>978-81-208-0739-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophies+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul+Ltd&rft.date=1953&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0739-6&rft.aulast=Zimmer&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_and_Jainism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Matilal, Bimal Krishna (1990), <i>Logic, Language and Reality: Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Issues</i>, Motilal Banarsidass, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0717-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0717-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logic%2C+Language+and+Reality%3A+Indian+Philosophy+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0717-4&rft.aulast=Matilal&rft.aufirst=Bimal+Krishna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QzEQJHWUwXQC&pg=PA105"><i>Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture</i></a>, Popular Prakashan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-839-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-839-2"><bdi>978-81-7154-839-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facets+of+Jainology%3A+Selected+Research+Papers+on+Jain+Society%2C+Religion%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-839-2&rft.aulast=Sangave&rft.aufirst=Vilas+Adinath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQzEQJHWUwXQC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABuddhism+and+Jainism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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