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</div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">San Diego Natural History Museum</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet 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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&params=32_43_55.6_N_117_8_50.29_W_type:landmark_region:US_dim:98">32°43′55.6″N 117°8′50.29″W / 32.732111°N 117.1473028°W / 32.732111; -117.1473028</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">San Diego Natural History Museum</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg/250px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg/375px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg/500px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_exterior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="3133"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png" class="mw-file-description" title="San Diego Natural History Museum is located in San Diego"><img alt="San Diego Natural History Museum is located in San Diego" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png/250px-Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png/375px-Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png/500px-Location_map_Central_San_Diego.png 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="655"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:53.311%;left:60.712%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="San Diego Natural History Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within San Diego</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1874<a href="#cite_note-History-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data locality">1788 El Prado, <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa Park, San Diego, California">Balboa Park</a> San Diego, CA 92101 United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">Natural history museum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public transit access</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Metropolitan_Transit_System" title="San Diego Metropolitan Transit System">SDMTS</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_MTS_bus_system" title="San Diego MTS bus system"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MTS_Bus_icon.svg/16px-MTS_Bus_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MTS_Bus_icon.svg/24px-MTS_Bus_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/MTS_Bus_icon.svg/32px-MTS_Bus_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="504"></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Metropolitan_Transit_System" title="San Diego Metropolitan Transit System">Buses</a>: Local#7, Rapid#215, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Trolley" title="San Diego Trolley"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MTS_Trolley_icon.svg/16px-MTS_Trolley_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MTS_Trolley_icon.svg/24px-MTS_Trolley_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/MTS_Trolley_icon.svg/32px-MTS_Trolley_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="469"></a> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Trolley" title="San Diego Trolley">Trolley</a>: City College Stop, transfer to #7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdnhm.org">www.sdnhm.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The San Diego Natural History Museum is a museum in <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa Park, San Diego, California">Balboa Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego, California">San Diego, California</a>. It was founded in 1874 as the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> Society of Natural History. It is the second oldest scientific institution west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> and the oldest in <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>. The present location of the museum was dedicated on January 14, 1933. A major addition to the museum was dedicated in April 2001, doubling exhibit space. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Exposition_Buildings,_Balboa_Park">1.1 Exposition Buildings, Balboa Park</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#William_Templeton_Johnson_Building,_Balboa_Park">1.2 William Templeton Johnson Building, Balboa Park</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#World_War_II">1.3 World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Postmodern_Expansion,_2001">1.4 Postmodern Expansion, 2001</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Exhibitions_and_programs">2 Exhibitions and programs</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Current_exhibitions">2.1 Current exhibitions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Other_notable_exhibitions">2.2 Other notable exhibitions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Research">3 Research</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Biodiversity_Research_Center_of_the_Californias">3.1 Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Research_Departments">3.2 Research Departments</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Birds_and_Mammals">3.2.1 Birds and Mammals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Botany">3.2.2 Botany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Entomology">3.2.3 Entomology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Herpetology">3.2.4 Herpetology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Marine_Invertebrates">3.2.5 Marine Invertebrates</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Mineralogy">3.2.6 Mineralogy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Paleontology">3.2.7 Paleontology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Research_Library">3.2.8 Research Library</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#San_Diego_Zooarchaeology_Laboratory">3.2.9 San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Publications">3.3 Publications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#References">4 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaur_(1768858002).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg/220px-Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg/220px-Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg/330px-Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg/440px-Allosaur_%281768858002%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a> at the San Diego Natural History Museum</figcaption></figure> The San Diego Natural History Museum grew out of the San Diego Society of Natural History, which was founded on October 9,1874.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mellin-3">[3]</a> The Natural History Society was founded by George W. Barnes, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cleveland" title="Daniel Cleveland">Daniel Cleveland</a>, Charles Coleman, E. W. Hendrick and O. N. Sanford.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> It is the oldest scientific institution in southern California,<a href="#cite_note-Dk-4">[4]</a> and the second oldest west of the Mississippi.<a href="#cite_note-MSA-5">[5]</a> In its initial years, the San Diego Society of Natural History was the region's primary source of scientific culture, serving a small but growing community eager for information about its natural resources. Early society members established a Volunteer County Weather Service in 1875,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> petitioned to create <a href="/wiki/Torrey_Pines_State_Natural_Reserve" title="Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve">Torrey Pines State Natural Reserve</a> in 1885<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anza-Borrego_Desert_State_Park" title="Anza-Borrego Desert State Park">Anza-Borrego Desert State Park</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lindsay-7">[7]</a> and garnered support for the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo_Wildlife_Alliance" title="San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance">Zoological Society of San Diego</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klauber-8">[8]</a> In 1887, the Society was given a lot on Sixth Avenue between B and C streets by <a href="/wiki/Ephraim_Morse" title="Ephraim Morse">E. W. Morse</a>, a former president of the city's short-lived Lyceum of Natural Sciences. The <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Hotel_(San_Diego)" title="Cecil Hotel (San Diego)">Cecil Hotel</a> was eventually built on part of the society's lot, and in June 1912 the Society began to meet there.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> In 1910, the San Diego Society of Natural History hired <a href="/wiki/Kate_Stephens" title="Kate Stephens">Kate Stephens</a>, an authority on terrestrial and marine <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, as curator for its collections.<a href="#cite_note-Katherine-9">[9]</a> These included the personal collection of her husband, mammalogist and <a href="/wiki/Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stephens_(naturalist)" title="Frank Stephens (naturalist)">Frank Stephens</a>, who donated over 2000 bird and mammal specimens to the Society in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-Huey-10">[10]</a> In June 1912, Katherine and Frank Stephens installed the Society's first museum exhibits at the Hotel Cecil, where they could be viewed by the public on selected afternoons.<a href="#cite_note-History-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-SDM-11">[11]</a> The Sixth Avenue property hosted the museum's exhibits for a very short time, roughly 1912–1917. However, it remained the property of the Society until 1987, when it was sold to the Trammel Crow Company. Money raised by the sale became part of the Museum of Natural History's endowment fund.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposition_Buildings,_Balboa_Park">Exposition Buildings, Balboa Park</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exposition Buildings, Balboa Park" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/220px-NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 106px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/220px-NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="106" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/330px-NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/440px-NevadaStateBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Nevada State Building, Balboa Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/220px-Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="523"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/220px-Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/330px-Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/440px-Foreign%26DomesticArtsBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Foreign and Domestic Arts Building, Balboa Park</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/220px-Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 103px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/220px-Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="103" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/330px-Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg/440px-Commerce%26IndustriesBuildingPanamaCaliforniaExpo1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> Commerce & Industries Building, Balboa Park</figcaption></figure> Various supporters of the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93California_Exposition" title="Panama–California Exposition">Panama–California Exposition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Balboa_Park,_San_Diego,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Balboa Park, San Diego, California">Balboa Park</a> expressed interest in repurposing buildings from the Exposition. This was complicated because the actual title to the land in Balboa Park remained with the City of San Diego.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> In June 1916, museum supporter G. S. Thompson proposed that "The one legal ground that a private museum corporation has that will permit it to occupy city-owned buildings in a public park is that the museum authorities maintain exhibits that will be free, i.e., without admission charges, and open at all times to the public."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The museum eventually occupied three different buildings from the Exposition in Balboa Park, none of which was ideally suited to museum use. In 1917, the Society paid $500 to the Panama–California Exposition Corporation for the vacant Nevada State Building. The Society moved its growing collections and library into the building in February 1917, thus creating the San Diego Natural History Museum.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> Frank Stephens served as the first director of the museum from 1917 to 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Shaw-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-14">[14]</a> The Board identified its mission as being "to educate and help people know and love nature".<a href="#cite_note-History-1">[1]</a> Using specimens from the museum's collections, the institution developed educational outreach programs with city and county schools.<a href="#cite_note-History-1">[1]</a> Unfortunately, many of the buildings at the Exposition had been intended as temporary structures. The two-story Nevada building, with its arcades, flanking wings, and Spanish-Renaissance trim, was not built to last. The museum obtained permission from the Park Commission to move to the 1915 Foreign Arts Building, which it remodeled in 1920. When the Foreign Arts Building proved too small, the museum expanded into the 1916 Canadian Building (previously the 1915 Commerce and Industries Building). This new space was opened to the public on December 9, 1922. The museum's intention was to eventually combine the buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="William_Templeton_Johnson_Building,_Balboa_Park">William Templeton Johnson Building, Balboa Park</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: William Templeton Johnson Building, Balboa Park" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From 1922 until his death in 1946, <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Gilbert_Abbott" title="Clinton Gilbert Abbott">Clinton G. Abbott</a> was the museum's director. During Abbott's period as director, the museum was able to build and move into long-term quarters.<a href="#cite_note-OACAbbott-15">[15]</a> Other notable naturalists and curators of this period include <a href="/wiki/Guy_Fleming" title="Guy Fleming">Guy Fleming</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Nichol-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurence_M._Huey" title="Laurence M. Huey">Laurence M. Huey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_M._Klauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence M. Klauber">Laurence M. Klauber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In 1925, a nearby fire raised concerns about the safety of the existing museum buildings. Community leaders recognized the need for a permanent museum of adequate size that would be both fire-proof and earthquake-proof.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Browning_Scripps" title="Ellen Browning Scripps">Ellen Browning Scripps</a> was a major benefactor of the proposed building project.<a href="#cite_note-Engstrand-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scripps-21">[21]</a> In 1932, San Diego's leading architect, <a href="/wiki/William_Templeton_Johnson" title="William Templeton Johnson">William Templeton Johnson</a>, was commissioned by the Society of Natural History to design its new museum building on Balboa Park's East Prado. Johnson had earned his reputation with his design of the Fine Arts Gallery (now <a href="/wiki/The_San_Diego_Museum_of_Art" title="The San Diego Museum of Art">The San Diego Museum of Art</a>) and the downtown San Diego Trust & Savings Bank, among other buildings. The museum building combined Spanish and Moorish touches. Yellow and blue tiles mark a row of arches under a balustrade; surprisingly, given the Spanish influences, the building did not have a tiled roof.<a href="#cite_note-Schaffer-22">[22]</a> The construction of the permanent headquarters was made possible through a grant of $125,000 from <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Browning_Scripps" title="Ellen Browning Scripps">Ellen Browning Scripps</a>, and by public subscription. However, the full amount needed for the building could not be raised in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Depression</a> years. Only the first unit of the building, at the south end of the lot, and one wing extending toward the north, could be built. The north and east exterior facades were left plain as temporary walls slated for future expansion, and remained so for 60 years. The $175,000 Natural History Museum building was formally dedicated on January 14, 1933.<a href="#cite_note-History-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chute-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Society was notified on March 8, 1943, that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> wished to take over the Natural History Museum<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> for hospital use at once, becoming the infectious diseases ward. Some renovation took place in the facility, including the addition of an elevator designed to handle hospital gurneys and a nurses' station between floors. Both features remain in use today. The U.S. Navy takeover of the museum building for the duration of World War II resulted in damage to the collections, exhibits, and the building itself.<a href="#cite_note-Engstrand-20">[20]</a> The main library and its librarian were moved to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_State_College" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego State College">San Diego State College</a>; the rest of the treasured and fragile exhibits were hastily packed, crated and moved into a total of 32 separate places. Exhibits too large to be moved were stuffed into the north wing on the main floor. Director Clinton G. Abbott and a staff of four were allowed only limited access to an area of the basement.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> Once staff were allowed to reoccupy the building, on July 1, 1949, major renovations commenced.<a href="#cite_note-Amero17-2">[2]</a> Forced to look at all collections and exhibits by this rehabilitation process, the board adopted a firm policy to restrict collections to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The museum continued its steady growth with post-war San Diego, despite periods of financial stress. The <a href="/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums" title="American Alliance of Museums">American Alliance of Museums</a> accredited the museum in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Engstrand-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sightseeing-24">[24]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum,_Balboa_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg/280px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg/280px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg/420px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg/560px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_Balboa_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Expanded museum with <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern style</a> facade.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postmodern_Expansion,_2001">Postmodern Expansion, 2001</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Postmodern Expansion, 2001" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg/280px-SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg/280px-SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg/420px-SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg/560px-SanDiegoNaturalHistoryMuseumInteriorMar08.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior atrium, with view down to lobby.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum,_March_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg/220px-Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg/220px-Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg/330px-Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg/440px-Atrium_of_the_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum%2C_March_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>View of the atrium, north side, showing a megalodon shark and entrance to library exhibition.</figcaption></figure> In 1991, Michael Hager took over the position of President and CEO of the San Diego Natural History Museum.<a href="#cite_note-Schimitschek-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report-26">[26]</a> With Robert F. Smith,<a href="#cite_note-Williams-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-SmithPark-28">[28]</a> he led the museum through a strategic planning process that focused the museum's collection strategies on southern and <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, and led to the development of the Biodiversity Research Center of Southern California, a collaborative Environmental Science Education Center for the United States and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and a major capital campaign for the expansion of the museum itself.<a href="#cite_note-Schimitschek-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Report-26">[26]</a> In April 2001, new design and construction more than doubled the size of the 1933 building, from 65,000 square feet (6,000 m2) of usable space to approximately 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2). The entrance received a new <a href="/wiki/Postmodern_architecture" title="Postmodern architecture">Postmodern style</a> facade and glassed <a href="/wiki/Atrium_(architecture)" title="Atrium (architecture)">atrium</a>. The project architects were Richard Bundy and David Thompson Architects Inc.<a href="#cite_note-Source-29">[29]</a> The expansion also provided new space for the museum's research, educational, and administrative activities.<a href="#cite_note-Bender-30">[30]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Gradwohl" title="Judy Gradwohl">Judy Gradwohl</a> succeeded Hager as President and CEO, the first women to hold the position in the museum's 150 year history. <dl><dt>LEED Certification</dt></dl> In December 2009, the San Diego Natural History Museum was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_in_Energy_and_Environmental_Design" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design">Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design−LEED</a> for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance (LEED-EB: O&M) Certification.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It is one of the oldest privately owned institutions to achieve the award.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Exhibitions_and_programs">Exhibitions and programs</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exhibitions and programs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg/220px-Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg/220px-Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg/330px-Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg/440px-Finback_Whale_Skull_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1854.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Finback Whale skull</figcaption></figure> With the addition of the new wing to the museum, areas for permanent exhibitions were created, along with five new exhibition halls. Also added was the state-of-the-art Charmaine and Maurice Kaplan Theater with a 56' screen and a Dolby Digital 3D projector.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The new display installations eliminated the formerly popular Old Mine <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">mineralogy</a> gallery, that had displayed <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral specimens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemstones">gemstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence#Gemology,_mineralogy_and_geology" title="Fluorescence">fluorescent rocks and minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_exhibitions">Current exhibitions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Current exhibitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg/220px-Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg/220px-Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg/330px-Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg/440px-Vulpes_macrotis_San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_DSCF1847.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kit_fox" title="Kit fox">Kit fox</a> habitat in Coast to Cactus installation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg/220px-Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg/220px-Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg/330px-Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg/440px-Romeyn_Beck_Hough_American_Woods_sample_book_DSCF1740.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Romeyn_Beck_Hough" title="Romeyn Beck Hough">Romeyn Beck Hough</a>, books of American Woods from the Extraordinary Ideas installation</figcaption></figure> Fossil Mysteries is a highly interactive exhibition tracing the 75-million-year fossil-rich prehistory of southern California and Baja California, Mexico. With a large display of <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">dioramas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model" title="Model">models</a>, and interactives, the exhibition chronicles evolution, <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>, and Earth processes from the age of the <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The 2015 installation of Coast to Cactus in Southern California highlights the region's biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> The permanent exhibition was honored by the American Alliance of Museums' "Overall Excellence for an Exhibition" recognition in June 2016.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In 2016, the museum renovated space in the Research Library to create the Eleanor and Jerome Navarra Special Collections Gallery, which contains the new permanent exhibition, Extraordinary Ideas From Ordinary People: A History of Citizen Science.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Extraordinary Ideas received Honorable Mention in the 2017 AAM exhibition competition.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> In 2017, the museum drew on the abundance of material in its collections to create the new exhibition, Unshelved – Cool Stuff from Storage.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Specimens curated by the several departments that comprise the Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias (BRCC) contributed. Meticulously preserved and catalogued material from the research collections of Birds and Mammals, <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entomology" title="Entomology">Entomology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herpetology" title="Herpetology">Herpetology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine Invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mineralogy" title="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paleontology" title="Paleontology">Paleontology</a>, and the Research Library provides a "backstage" view into the museum's remarkable holdings.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_notable_exhibitions">Other notable exhibitions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other notable exhibitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2003, the museum presented a major showing of paintings from its collection in the exhibition Plant Portraits: The California Legacy of A.R. Valentien. The exhibition, created in collaboration with the Irvine Museum, displayed 80 of the museum's 1092 watercolors of California plants painted in the early 1900s by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Robert_Valentien" title="Albert Robert Valentien">Albert R. Valentien</a>. Winner of the 2004 Western Museums Association Excellence in Exhibition Award, the Valentien show toured museums in the United States through 2009.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 2007–2008 a collection of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> were on display, ten of them being shown for the first time in public.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The show's attendance was close to 400,000 visitors, a record for any exhibit at the museum.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Research" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The museum serves as the major biodiversity repository in the region, conducting field research across a range of scientific disciplines and providing an important source of flora and fauna distributional data for environmental systems protection, land use planning, environmental surveys, and development mitigation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_Research_Center_of_the_Californias">Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The museum and its research unit, the Biodiversity Research Center of the Californias (BRCC), conduct biological expeditions and field research in Southern California and on the Baja California peninsula, bringing together scientists from various disciplines and fostering collaboration between participating institutions in the United States and Mexico. The expeditions also support the enhancement of the institutions' scientific collections, conservation efforts, management of natural resources, and environmental education. The BRCC was established in 2002 to focus research and collections on regional biology, biodiversity, and geology.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Representative expeditions include the 2013–2016 Sierra Cacachilas biodiversity study (which resulted in the discovery of a new species of spider, <a href="/wiki/Califorctenus_cacachilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Califorctenus cacachilensis">Califorctenus cacachilensis</a>),<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> a status survey of the flora and fauna of <a href="/wiki/Isla_Guadalupe" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Guadalupe">Isla Guadalupe</a> (2000), the Agua Verde and Punta Mechudo (2003) expedition (a binational, multidisciplinary expedition explored the southern end of the Sierra de La Giganta), and the 1997 study of the Sierra San Francisco and the Sierra Guadalupe, located in northern Baja California Sur on the eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Vizca%C3%ADno_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Vizcaíno Desert">Vizcaíno Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The San Jacinto Resurvey, conducted by the museum in cooperation with the Universities of California, Berkeley and Riverside from 2008 to 2010, retraced the 1908 expedition of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Grinnell" title="Joseph Grinnell">Joseph Grinnell</a> and associates to the <a href="/wiki/San_Jacinto_Mountains" title="San Jacinto Mountains">San Jacinto Mountains</a> in Riverside County to make a detailed comparison of how the region's wildlife changed over the century.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Flying Squirrel Study, with support from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, the U.S. Forest Service, James San Jacinto Mountain Reserve, UCNRS, and the Big Bear Zoo, was launched to determine the distribution and habitat use of the San Bernardino Flying Squirrel (<a href="/wiki/Glaucomys_sabrinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaucomys sabrinus">Glaucomys sabrinus</a> californicus) and incorporates the <a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a> platform to allow citizen scientists to upload their observations to databases used by scientists.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_Departments">Research Departments</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research Departments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Current research is conducted by the museum's departments of Birds and Mammals, Botany, Entomology, Herpetology, and Paleontology. In addition, the departments of Marine Invertebrates and Mineralogy house significant collections regularly consulted by scientists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Birds_and_Mammals">Birds and Mammals</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Birds and Mammals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Started with the collection of pioneer mammalogist Frank Stephens, acquired in 1910, the department's taxonomic coverage now includes 90% of the world's bird families and 58% of its mammal families, with the museum's holdings extended by its status as a repository for specimens from the <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_Zoo" title="San Diego Zoo">San Diego Zoo</a>. Field work by the department has resulted in the publication of two major regional distribution and identification guides, The San Diego County Bird Atlas (2004), and The San Diego County Mammal Atlas (2017).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Recent work includes study of environmental pressure on Southern California bird populations.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Botany">Botany</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Botany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Botany Department actively collects in San Diego County and Baja California, and its herbarium houses a research collection of 250,000 specimens of native and naturalized plants of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. The collection consists primarily of vascular plants, with significant holdings of marine algae, mostly of the eastern North Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The collection is particularly rich in specimens of the <a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Recent work includes research on floristic diversity in the southwestern United States and northwestern Baja California.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The Botany Department provides online access to records via two portals, the Flora of Baja California<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and the San Diego County Plant Atlas, with most specimens georeferenced.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In addition, the Botany Department has fully indexed and published online the field books of botanist <a href="/wiki/Reid_Venable_Moran" title="Reid Venable Moran">Reid Moran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Entomology">Entomology</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Entomology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhibition,_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/220px-Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/220px-Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/330px-Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg/440px-Exhibition%2C_March_2018._San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Exterior of theNat, with banner for the exhibition "Unshelved: Cool Stuff from Storage."</figcaption></figure> The collections of the Entomology Department include over 900,000 specimens. The insect collection is especially strong in <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>; smaller but important holdings include <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroptera" title="Neuroptera">Neuroptera</a>. The type collection includes over 200 primary types and 500 paratypes with particular strength in <a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coleoptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Coleoptera">Coleoptera</a>. There are also 15 holotypes of <a href="/wiki/Arachnids" class="mw-redirect" title="Arachnids">Arachnids</a>, mostly tarantulas. The collections are regularly used by the county's departments of Agriculture and Environmental Health, the Medical Examiner's Office, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and private environmental consultants.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Herpetology">Herpetology</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Herpetology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Herpetology Department houses over 76,000 catalogued specimens, including one of the largest rattlesnake collections in the world. Both regional and worldwide species are well represented in the collection, with specimens from throughout the southwest United States, northwest Mexico, and islands globally. The department hosts the Amphibian and Reptile Atlas of Peninsular California documenting biodiversity research using both Museum collection data and field observations from citizen scientists.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In addition, the department makes search of its collection available via online databases.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_Invertebrates">Marine Invertebrates</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marine Invertebrates" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Marine Invertebrates Department holds approximately 5 million specimens concentrated on mollusks and crustaceans of southern California, Baja California, and the eastern Pacific, with 134 primary and 700 secondary type specimens.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mineralogy">Mineralogy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mineralogy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Mineralogy Department maintains 26,000 catalogued specimens of minerals, meteorites, and precious gems, including an extensive collection from southern California and a synoptic collection from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Paleontology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The collections of the Paleontology Department include fossil vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants primarily of Mesozoic- through Cenozoic-age sites in southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico. The PaleoServices unit<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> assists in the collection and curation of paleontological fossils from land designated for development and provides consulting services such as paleontological resource assessment of properties and paleontological mitigation plans. The department maintains an online paleontology database of more than 137,000 species lots representing 1.4 million specimens, primarily from the southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico regions.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Recent work by the department has included radiometric dating of the <a href="/wiki/Cerutti_Mastodon_site" title="Cerutti Mastodon site">Cerutti Mastodon site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Research_Library">Research Library</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Research Library" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg/220px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg/220px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg/330px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg/440px-San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum_Library_Exhibit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Extraordinary Ideas from Ordinary People: A History of Citizen Science. San Diego Natural History Museum Research Library.</figcaption></figure> Library collections include a complete natural history reference library, the rare book collection, the Klauber Herpetology Library, and the map collection. In addition, the Library's art collection includes treasures such as the botanical watercolors of <a href="/wiki/A._R._Valentien" class="mw-redirect" title="A. R. Valentien">A. R. Valentien</a> and wildlife paintings by <a href="/wiki/George_Miksch_Sutton" title="George Miksch Sutton">George Miksch Sutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allan_Brooks" title="Allan Brooks">Allan Brooks</a>. The Library's archives include a large collection of historical photographs and many important field notes collections, such as those of herpetologist <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Klauber" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Klauber">Laurence Klauber</a> (available online at the Internet Archive),<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> mammalogists <a href="/wiki/Frank_Stephens_(naturalist)" title="Frank Stephens (naturalist)">Frank Stephens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Markham_Huey" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Markham Huey">Laurence M. Huey</a> (available at the Internet Archive),<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Russell_Orcutt" title="Charles Russell Orcutt">Charles Russell Orcutt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The library director curates the museum's permanent exhibition Extraordinary Ideas from Ordinary People: A History of Citizen Science, which draws from the rich resources of the library's varied collections.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="San_Diego_Zooarchaeology_Laboratory">San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The San Diego Zooarchaeology Laboratory (SDZL) identifies faunal assemblages from archaeological sites in San Diego County, the western United States, and the ancient Near East, referencing the San Diego Natural History Museum's scientific collections. Founded in 2010, the SDZL collections include over 46,000 bird specimens and 22,650 mammals. With 7,000 complete bird skeletons, and over 1,400 partial skeletons, the collections contain 90% of bird families worldwide, represented by 1,605 species. Over 1,000 complete mammal skeletons and 20,000 skulls are currently housed, and the collections continue to grow. In-house scholars provide expertise in the specialities of paleontology, marine invertebrates, entomology, herpetology, and botany. Providing interpretation and perspective on the use of animals in antiquity, the SDZL collects and documents zooarchaeological information (specimens and literature) for use by the scientific community, fosters cooperative research, and communicates with the public about zooarchaeological research in the region. In addition, the SDZL provides training to students and volunteers in zooarchaeological techniques and methods.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The museum's refereed scientific publications date back to 1905, reflecting the long history of the San Diego Society of Natural History as a leader in research of the geologic past and present biodiversity of western North America and beyond. All of the museum's scientific publications are available online.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The journal Transactions of San Diego Society of Natural History preceded the currently published Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History as the museum's major scientific publication. In-depth volumes of Memoirs have treated topics comprehensively, while shorter works, often written for a more general non-technical audience, have been published as Occasional Papers. In addition, the museum has published the magazines Environment Southwest and Field Notes.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The museum maintains online atlas projects including the binational Amphibian and Reptile Atlas of Peninsular California and the Plant Atlas of San Diego County. Recent publications include the Bird Atlas of San Diego County (2004), the Checklist of the Vascular Plants of San Diego County (2014, 5th ed.), and the Mammal Atlas of San Diego County (2017).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-History-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdnhm.org/about-us/history/">"History"</a>. San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Natural+History+Museum&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdnhm.org%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amero17-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amero17_2-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmero" class="citation web cs1">Amero, Richard W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balboaparkhistory.net/chapter17.pdf">"Chapter 17 History of the San Diego Natural History Museum"</a> (PDF). Balboa Park History. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balboa+Park+History&rft.atitle=Chapter+17+History+of+the+San+Diego+Natural+History+Museum&rft.aulast=Amero&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balboaparkhistory.net%2Fchapter17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mellin-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Mellin_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellin2009" class="citation book cs1">Mellin, Maribeth (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTqgQrQQJTUC&pg=PA162">Insiders' Guide® to San Diego</a>. [S.l.]: Gpp Travel. pp. 162–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762748709" title="Special:BookSources/9780762748709"><bdi>9780762748709</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insiders%27+Guide%C2%AE+to+San+Diego&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=162-163&rft.pub=Gpp+Travel&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780762748709&rft.aulast=Mellin&rft.aufirst=Maribeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTqgQrQQJTUC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dk-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Dk_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3YkDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT264">Dk eyewitness travel guide california</a>. [S.l.]: Dk Publishing. 2014. pp. 262–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1465412126" title="Special:BookSources/978-1465412126"><bdi>978-1465412126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dk+eyewitness+travel+guide+california.&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=Dk+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1465412126&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3YkDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSA-5"><a href="#cite_ref-MSA_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress_House_Committee_on_Education_and_Labor._Select_Subcommittee_on_Education1974" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress House Committee on Education and Labor. Select Subcommittee on Education (1974). Museum Services Act: Hearings Before the Select Subcommittee on Education of the Committee on Education and Labor, House of Representatives, Ninety-third Congress, Second Session on H.R. 332 ... Hearings Held in Los Angeles, Calif., May 17 and 18, 1974; San Francisco, Calif., May 20, 1974; and Boston, Mass., June 14 and 15, 1974. U.S. Government Printing Office. <q>I would like to say that the San Diego Natural History Society, which is the corporate name of the San Diego Natural History Museum, is the oldest scientific institution in the Southwest and the second oldest west of the Mississippi;</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+Services+Act%3A+Hearings+Before+the+Select+Subcommittee+on+Education+of+the+Committee+on+Education+and+Labor%2C+House+of+Representatives%2C+Ninety-third+Congress%2C+Second+Session+on+H.R.+332+...+Hearings+Held+in+Los+Angeles%2C+Calif.%2C+May+17+and+18%2C+1974%3B+San+Francisco%2C+Calif.%2C+May+20%2C+1974%3B+and+Boston%2C+Mass.%2C+June+14+and+15%2C+1974&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1974&rft.au=United+States+Congress+House+Committee+on+Education+and+Labor.+Select+Subcommittee+on+Education&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"San Diego Society of Natural History". Environment Southwest (496–515): 40. 1982.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+Southwest&rft.atitle=San+Diego+Society+of+Natural+History&rft.issue=496%E2%80%93515&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lindsay-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Lindsay_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1973" class="citation journal cs1">Lindsay, Diana (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/1973/october/anza/">"History in the California Desert"</a>. The Journal of San Diego History. 19 (4). Retrieved October 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+San+Diego+History&rft.atitle=History+in+the+California+Desert&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegohistory.org%2Fjournal%2F1973%2Foctober%2Fanza%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klauber-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Klauber_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlauber2005" class="citation journal cs1">Klauber, Laurence M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandiegohistory.org/journal/v51-1/pdf/2005-1.pdf">"Two Days In San Francisco—1906"</a> (PDF). The Journal of San Diego History. 51 (1&2): 3, 15. Retrieved October 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+San+Diego+History&rft.atitle=Two+Days+In+San+Francisco%E2%80%941906&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1%262&rft.pages=3%2C+15&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Klauber&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandiegohistory.org%2Fjournal%2Fv51-1%2Fpdf%2F2005-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Katherine-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Katherine_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdnhm.org/about-us/history/stephens/">"Stephens, Katherine (c. 1853–1954)"</a>. San Diego Natural History Museum. 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XL (3): 101–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1363824">10.2307/1363824</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1363824">1363824</a>. 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Retrieved October 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theNat&rft.atitle=San+Diego+Zooarchaeology+Laboratory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdnhm.org%2Fscience%2Fbirds-and-mammals%2Fresources%2Fsan-diego-zooarchaeologica%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdnhm.org/science/publications">"Publications"</a>. San Diego Natural History Museum. Retrieved March 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Diego+Natural+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdnhm.org%2Fscience%2Fpublications&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdnhm.org/science/publications/">"Publications"</a>. theNat. Retrieved October 9, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theNat&rft.atitle=Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdnhm.org%2Fscience%2Fpublications%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASan+Diego+Natural+History+Museum" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdnhm.org/science/atlas-projects/">"Atlas Projects"</a>. theNat. 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data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&oldid=1260404373">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&oldid=1260404373</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=San_Diego_Natural_History_Museum&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 30 November 2024, at 15:53 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_de_Historia_Natural_de_San_Diego" 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