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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the display. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Diorama_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Diorama (disambiguation)">Diorama (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A diorama is a replica of a scene, typically a three-dimensional model either full-sized or miniature. Sometimes it is enclosed in a glass showcase for a museum. Dioramas are often built by hobbyists as part of related hobbies such as <a href="/wiki/Model_military_vehicle" title="Model military vehicle">military vehicle modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model_figure" title="Model figure">miniature figure modeling</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Model_airplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Model airplane">aircraft modeling</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monpa_diorama.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Monpa_diorama.JPG/300px-Monpa_diorama.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Monpa_diorama.JPG/450px-Monpa_diorama.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Monpa_diorama.JPG/600px-Monpa_diorama.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2428"></a><figcaption>Near life-size diorama of the <a href="/wiki/Monpa_people" title="Monpa people">Monpa people</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Museum,_Itanagar" title="Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar">Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amnh_fg03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Amnh_fg03.jpg/300px-Amnh_fg03.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Amnh_fg03.jpg/450px-Amnh_fg03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Amnh_fg03.jpg/600px-Amnh_fg03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/AMNH_Exhibitions_Lab" title="AMNH Exhibitions Lab">Exhibition Lab's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">mountain gorilla</a> diorama at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the United States around 1950 and onward, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a> dioramas in museums became less fashionable, leading to many being removed, dismantled or destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20148-1">[1]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Modern">2 Modern</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Miniature">2.1 Miniature</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Full-size">2.2 Full-size</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Uses">2.3 Uses</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Historic">3 Historic</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Daguerre_and_Bouton">3.1 Daguerre and Bouton</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Gottstein">3.2 Gottstein</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Wong">3.3 Wong</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Documentary">3.3.1 Documentary</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Other">3.4 Other</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Natural_history">4 Natural history</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Construction">4.1 Construction</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Lego">5 Lego</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Playmobil">6 Playmobil</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Artists <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_Bouton" title="Charles Marie Bouton">Charles Marie Bouton</a> coined the name "diorama" for a theatrical system that used variable lighting to give a translucent painting the illusion of depth and movement. It derives from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> δια- (through) + ὅραμα (visible image) = "see-through image."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernsheimGernsheim196818-2">[2]</a> The first use in reference to museum displays is recorded in 1902, although such displays existed before. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Modern">Modern</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg/220px-Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="886"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg/220px-Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg/330px-Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg/440px-Cooling_tower_construction_diorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a> construction diorama</figcaption></figure> The current, popular understanding of the term "diorama" denotes a partially three-dimensional, full-size replica or <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale model</a> of a landscape typically showing historical events, nature scenes or cityscapes, for purposes of education or entertainment. One of the first uses of dioramas in a museum was in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Biological_museum_(Stockholm)" title="Biological museum (Stockholm)">Biological Museum</a> opened in 1893. It had several dioramas, over three floors. They were also implemented by the <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Antipa_National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History">Grigore Antipa National Museum of Natural History</a> from Bucharest Romania and constituted a source of inspiration for many important museums in the world (such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> in New York and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Great_Oceanographic_Museum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Great Oceanographic Museum (page does not exist)">Great Oceanographic Museum</a> in Berlin) [reference below]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miniature">Miniature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Miniature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Miniature dioramas are typically much smaller, and use scale models and landscaping to create historical or fictional scenes. Such a scale model-based diorama is used, for example, in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a> to display <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">railroading</a>. This diorama employs a common <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">model railroading</a> scale of 1:87 (<a href="/wiki/HO_scale" title="HO scale">HO scale</a>). Hobbyist dioramas often use scales such as 1:35 or 1:48. An early, and exceptionally large example was created between 1830 and 1838 by a British Army officer. <a href="/wiki/William_Siborne" title="William Siborne">William Siborne</a>, and represents the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> at about 7.45 pm, on 18 June 1815.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The diorama measures 8.33 by 6 metres (27.3 by 19.7 ft) and used around 70,000 model soldiers in its construction. It is now part of the collection of the <a href="/wiki/National_Army_Museum" title="National Army Museum">National Army Museum</a> in London. <a href="/wiki/Sheperd_Paine" title="Sheperd Paine">Sheperd Paine</a>, a prominent hobbyist, popularized the modern miniature diorama beginning in the 1970s.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full-size">Full-size</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Full-size" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale,_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg/220px-DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2242" data-file-height="1567"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 154px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg/220px-DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="154" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg/330px-DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg/440px-DSC01677_Diorama_isole_Lofoten_-_Museo_di_storia_naturale%2C_Milano_-_Foto_di_G._Dall%27Orto_-_20-12-2006.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A diorama in the Museum of Natural History in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> (Italy)</figcaption></figure> Modern museum dioramas may be seen in most major <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museum" title="Natural history museum">natural-history museums</a>. Typically, these displays use a tilted plane to represent what would otherwise be a level surface, incorporate a painted background of distant objects, and often employ false perspective, carefully modifying the scale of objects placed on the plane to reinforce the <a href="/wiki/Illusion" title="Illusion">illusion</a> through <a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">depth perception</a> in which objects of identical real-world size placed farther from the observer appear smaller than those closer. Often the distant painted background or sky will be painted upon a continuous curved surface so that the viewer is not distracted by corners, seams, or edges. All of these techniques are means of presenting a realistic view of a large scene in a compact space. A photograph or single-eye view of such a diorama can be especially convincing, since in this case there is no distraction by the <a href="/wiki/Binocular_disparity" title="Binocular disparity">binocular perception</a> of depth. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses">Uses</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Uses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg/220px-1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="470"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg/220px-1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg/330px-1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg/440px-1.700_scale_IJN_Hiryu_Battle_of_Midway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 1/700 scale diorama of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_aircraft_carrier_Hiry%C5%AB" title="Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū">Japanese aircraft carrier Hiryū</a> based on the left photo captured during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></figcaption></figure> Miniature dioramas may be used to represent scenes from historic events. A typical example of this type is the dioramas to be seen at <a href="/wiki/Norway%27s_Resistance_Museum" title="Norway's Resistance Museum">Norway's Resistance Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. Landscapes built around model railways can also be considered dioramas, even though they often have to compromise scale accuracy for better operating characteristics. Hobbyists also build dioramas of historical or quasi-historical events using a variety of materials, including <a href="/wiki/Plastic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic model">plastic models</a> of military vehicles, ships or other equipment, along with scale figures and landscaping. In the 19th and beginning 20th century, building dioramas of sailing ships had been a popular handcraft of mariners. Building a diorama instead of a normal model had the advantage that in the diorama, the model was protected inside the framework and could easily be stowed below the bunk or behind the sea chest. Nowadays, such antique sailing ship dioramas are valuable collectors' items. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenealogicalDiorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GenealogicalDiorama.jpg/220px-GenealogicalDiorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GenealogicalDiorama.jpg/220px-GenealogicalDiorama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GenealogicalDiorama.jpg/330px-GenealogicalDiorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/GenealogicalDiorama.jpg/440px-GenealogicalDiorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogical</a> diorama for an elementary school class project; the featured subject is a maternal great-grandfather of the student</figcaption></figure> One of the largest dioramas ever created[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] was a model of the entire State of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> built for the <a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93Pacific_International_Exposition" title="Panama–Pacific International Exposition">Panama–Pacific International Exposition</a> of 1915 and that for a long time was installed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco</a>'s <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Ferry_Building" title="San Francisco Ferry Building">Ferry Building</a>. Dioramas are widely used in the <a href="/wiki/American_educational_system" class="mw-redirect" title="American educational system">American educational system</a>, mostly in elementary and middle schools. They are often made to represent historical events, ecological <a href="/wiki/Biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomes">biomes</a>, cultural scenes, or to visually depict literature. They are usually made from a shoebox and contain a <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a> in the background contrasted with two or three-dimensional models in the foreground. In California elementary schools, a popular assignment has fourth graders making a <a href="/wiki/California_mission_project" title="California mission project">Spanish mission diorama</a> to learn about the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California Spanish missions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Haw Par Villa Ten Courts of Hell" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg/220px-Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5424" data-file-height="3616"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg/220px-Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg" data-alt="Haw Par Villa Ten Courts of Hell" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg/330px-Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg/440px-Chinese_Court_of_Hell.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the Ten Courts of Hell</figcaption></figure>Burmese-Chinese brothers <a href="/wiki/Aw_Boon_Haw" title="Aw Boon Haw">Aw Boon Haw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aw_Boon_Par" title="Aw Boon Par">Aw Boon Par</a>, the developers of <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Balm" title="Tiger Balm">Tiger Balm</a>, opened <a href="/wiki/Haw_Par_Villa" title="Haw Par Villa">Haw Par Villa</a> in 1937 in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, where statues and dioramas were commissioned to teach traditional Chinese values.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> Today, the site contains over 150 giant dioramas depicting scenes from Chinese Literature, folklore, legends, history, philosophy and statuary of key Chinese religions, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. The best-known attraction in Haw Par Villa is the <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Ten Courts of Hell</a>, which features gruesome depictions of <a href="/wiki/Diyu" title="Diyu">Hell</a> in Chinese mythology and <a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">in Buddhism</a>. Other major attractions include dioramas of scenes from <a href="/wiki/Journey_to_the_West" title="Journey to the West">Journey to the West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_the_Gods" title="Investiture of the Gods">Fengshen Bang</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Twenty-four_Filial_Exemplars" title="The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars">The Twenty-four Filial Exemplars</a> and the 12 animals in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>. The park was a major local attraction during the 1970s and 1980s; it is estimated that the park then welcomed at least 1 million annual visitors,<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[7]</a> and is considered as part of Singapore's cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Historic">Historic</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daguerre_and_Bouton">Daguerre and Bouton</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Daguerre and Bouton" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diorama_diagram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diorama_diagram.jpg/200px-Diorama_diagram.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="302" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="3128"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 302px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diorama_diagram.jpg/200px-Diorama_diagram.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="302" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diorama_diagram.jpg/300px-Diorama_diagram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Diorama_diagram.jpg/400px-Diorama_diagram.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ground-plan of the <a href="/wiki/The_Diorama,_Regent%27s_Park" title="The Diorama, Regent's Park">Diorama Building</a>, London 1823, by A. Pugin and J. Morgan (illustration reproduced from Gernsheim 1968, p 21)</figcaption></figure> The Diorama was a popular entertainment that originated in Paris in 1822. An alternative to the also popular "<a href="/wiki/Panorama" title="Panorama">Panorama</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Panoramic_painting" title="Panoramic painting">panoramic painting</a>), the Diorama was a theatrical experience viewed by an audience in a highly specialized theatre. As many as 350 patrons would file in to view a landscape painting that would change its appearance both subtly and dramatically. Most would stand, though limited seating was provided. The show lasted 10 to 15 minutes, after which time the entire audience (on a massive turntable) would rotate to view a second painting. Later models of the Diorama theater even held a third painting. The size of the <a href="/wiki/Proscenium" title="Proscenium">proscenium</a> was 24 feet (7.3 m) wide by 21 feet (6.4 m) high (7.3 meters x 6.4 meters). Each scene was hand-painted on linen, which was made transparent in selected areas. A series of these multi-layered, linen panels were arranged in a deep, truncated tunnel, then illuminated by sunlight re-directed via skylights, screens, shutters, and colored blinds. Depending on the direction and intensity of the skillfully manipulated light, the scene would appear to change. The effect was so subtle and finely rendered that both critics and the public were astounded, believing they were looking at a natural scene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernsheimGernsheim196813%E2%80%9314,_16%E2%80%9318-8">[8]</a> The inventors and proprietors of the Diorama were <a href="/wiki/Charles_Marie_Bouton" title="Charles Marie Bouton">Charles-Marie Bouton</a> (1781– 1853), a Troubador painter who also worked at the Panorama under Pierre Prévost, and <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jacques_Mand%C3%A9_Daguerre" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre">Louis Jacques Mandé Daguerre</a> (1787–1851), formerly a decorator, manufacturer of mirrors, painter of Panoramas, and designer and painter of theatrical stage illusions. Daguerre would later co-invent the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>, the first widely used method of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernsheimGernsheim196813,_46-9">[9]</a> A second <a href="/wiki/The_Diorama,_Regent%27s_Park" title="The Diorama, Regent's Park">diorama in Regent's Park</a> in London was opened by an association of British men (having bought Daguerre's tableaux) in 1823, a year after the debut of Daguerre's Paris original.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The building was designed by <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Charles_Pugin" title="Augustus Charles Pugin">Augustus Charles Pugin</a>. Bouton operated the Regent's Park diorama from 1830 to 1840, when it was taken over by his protégé, the painter <a href="/wiki/Charles-Ca%C3%AFus_Renoux" title="Charles-Caïus Renoux">Charles-Caïus Renoux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The Regent's Park diorama was a popular sensation, and spawned immediate imitations. British artists like <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Stanfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarkson Stanfield">Clarkson Stanfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Roberts_(painter)" title="David Roberts (painter)">David Roberts</a> produced ever-more elaborate (moving) dioramas through the 1830s; sound effects and even living performers were added. Some "typical diorama effects included moonlit nights, winter snow turning into a summer meadow, rainbows after a storm, illuminated fountains," waterfalls, thunder and lightning, and ringing bells.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> A diorama painted by Daguerre is currently housed in the church of the French town <a href="/wiki/Bry-sur-Marne" title="Bry-sur-Marne">Bry-sur-Marne</a>, where he lived and died.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <dl><dt>Daguerre diorama exhibitions (R.D. Wood, 1993)</dt> <dd></dd></dl> Exhibition venues : Paris (Pa.1822-28) : London (Lo.1823-32) : Liverpool (Li.1827-32) : Manchester (Ma.1825-27) : Dublin (Du.1826-28) : Edinburgh (Ed.1828-36) <ul><li>The Valley of Sarnen :: (Pa.1822-23) : (Lo.1823-24) : (Li.1827-28) : (Ma.1825) : (Du.1826-27) : (Ed. 1828-29 & 1831)</li> <li>The Harbour of Brest :: (Pa.1823) : (Lo.1824-25 & 1837) : (Li.1825-26) : (Ma.1826-27) : (Ed. 1834–35)</li> <li>The Holyrood Chapel :: (Pa.1823-24) : (Lo.1825) : (Li.1827-28) : (Ma.1827) : (Du.1828) : (Ed.1829-30)</li> <li>The Roslin Chapel :: (Pa.1824-25) : (Lo.1826-27) : (Li.1828-29) : (Du.1827-28) : (Ed.1835)</li> <li>The Ruins in a Fog :: (Pa.1825-26) : (Lo.1827-28) : (Ed.1832-33)</li> <li>The Village of Unterseen :: (Pa.1826-27) : (Lo.1828-29) : (Li.1832) : (Ed.1833-34 & 1838)</li> <li>The Village of Thiers :: (Pa.1827-28) : (Lo.1829-30) : (Ed. 1838–39)</li> <li>The Mont St. Godard :: (Pa.1828-29) : (Lo.1830-32) : (Ed.1835-36)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gottstein">Gottstein</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gottstein" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Diorama" title="Special:EditPage/Diorama">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (November 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Until 1968, Britain boasted a large collection of dioramas. These collections were originally housed in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> Museum, (formerly the <a href="/wiki/Banqueting_House" title="Banqueting House">Banqueting House</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Whitehall" title="Whitehall">Whitehall</a>. When the museum closed, the various exhibits and their 15 known dioramas were distributed to smaller museums throughout <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and elsewhere, some ending up in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. These dioramas were the brainchild of the wealthy furrier Otto Gottstein (1892–1951) of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, a Jewish immigrant from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler's Germany</a>, who was an avid collector and designer of flat model figures called flats. In 1930, Gottstein's influence is first seen at the Leipzig International Exhibition,<a href="#cite_note-JP5-15">[15]</a> along with the dioramas of Hahnemann of <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Biebel of <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and Muller of <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, all displaying their own figures, and those commissioned from such as Ludwig Frank in large diorama form. In 1933, Gottstein left Germany, and in 1935 founded the British Model Soldier Society. Gottstein persuaded designer and painter friends in both <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> to help in the construction of dioramas depicting notable events in English history. But due to the war, many of the figures arrived in England incomplete. The task of turning Gottstein's ideas into reality fell to his English friends and those friends who had managed to escape from the Continent. Dennis (Denny) C. Stokes, a talented painter and diorama maker in his own right, was responsible for the painting of the backgrounds of all the dioramas, creating a unity seen throughout the whole series. Denny Stokes was given the overall supervision of the fifteen dioramas. <ol><li>The Landing of the Romans under <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> in 55 B.C.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a></li> <li>The Storming of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%9391)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Acre (1189–91)">Acre</a> (figures by Muller)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crecy" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Crecy">Battle of Crecy</a> (figures by Muller)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Field_of_the_Cloth_of_Gold" title="Field of the Cloth of Gold">Field of the Cloth of Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_to_the_Troops_at_Tilbury" title="Speech to the Troops at Tilbury">Queen Elizabeth reviewing her troops at Tilbury</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Battle of Marston Moor</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Battle of Blenheim</a> (painted by Douchkine)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plessey" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Plessey">Battle of Plessey</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Quebec (1759)">Battle of Quebec</a> (engraved by Krunert of Vienna)</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Guard_(France)" title="Old Guard (France)">Old Guard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulundi" title="Battle of Ulundi">Battle of Ulundi</a> (figures by Ochel and Petrocochino/Paul Armont)</li> <li>The Battle of Fleurs</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/D-Day_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day landings">D-Day landings</a></li></ol> Krunert, Schirmer, Frank, Frauendorf, Maier, Franz Rieche, and Oesterrich were also involved in the manufacture and design of figures for the various dioramas. Krunert (a Viennese), like Gottstein an exile in London, was given the job of engraving for The Battle of Quebec. The Death of Wolfe was found to be inaccurate and had to be redesigned. The names of the vast majority of painters employed by Gottstein are mostly unknown, most lived and worked on the continent, among them Gustave Kenmow, Leopold Rieche, L. Dunekate, M. Alexandre, A. Ochel, Honey Ray, and, perhaps Gottstein's top painter, Vladimir Douchkine (a Russian émigré who lived in Paris). Douchkine was responsible for painting two figures of the <a href="/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough">Duke of Marlborough</a> on horseback for 'The Blenheim Diorama', one of which was used, the other, Gottstein being the true collector, was never released. Denny Stokes painted all the backgrounds of all the dioramas, Herbert Norris, the Historical Costume Designer, whom J. F. Lovel-Barnes introduced to Gottstein, was responsible for the costume design of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Britons" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Britons">Ancient Britons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, some of the figures of The Field of the Cloth of Gold and the <a href="/wiki/Elizabethan" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> figures for Queen Elizabeth at Tilbury. J.F. Lovel-Barnes was responsible for The Battle of Blenheim, selecting the figures, and arrangement of the scene. Due to World War II, when flat figures became unavailable, Gottstein completed his ideas by using Greenwood and Ball's 20 mm figures. In time, a fifteenth diorama was added, using these 20 mm figures, this diorama representing the D-Day landings. When all the dioramas were completed, they were displayed along one wall in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_United_Services_Institute" title="Royal United Services Institute">Royal United Services Institute</a> Museum. When the museum was closed the fifteen dioramas were distributed to various museums and institutions. The greatest number are to be found at the <a href="/wiki/Glenbow_Museum" title="Glenbow Museum">Glenbow Museum</a>, (130-9th Avenue, S. E. Calgary, Alberta, Canada): RE: The Landing of the Romans under Julius Caesar in 55 BC, Battle Of Crecy, The Battle of Blenheim, The Old Guard at Waterloo and The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava. The state of these dioramas is one of debate; John Garratt (The World of Model Soldiers) claimed in 1968, that the dioramas "appear to have been partially broken up and individual figures have been sold to collectors". According to the Glenbow Institute (Barry Agnew, curator) "the figures are still in reasonable condition, but the plaster groundwork has suffered considerable deterioration". There are no photographs available of the dioramas. The Battle of Hastings diorama was to be found in the Old Town Museum, <a href="/wiki/Hastings" title="Hastings">Hastings</a>, and is still in reasonable condition. It shows the Norman cavalry charging up <a href="/wiki/Senlac_Hill" title="Senlac Hill">Senlac Hill</a> toward the Saxon lines. The Storming of Acre is in the Museum of Artillery at the Rotunda, <a href="/wiki/Woolwich" title="Woolwich">Woolwich</a>. John Garratt, in Encyclopedia of Model Soldiers, states that The Field of the Cloth of Gold was in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Military_School_of_Music" title="Royal Military School of Music">Royal Military School of Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kneller_Hall" title="Kneller Hall">Kneller Hall</a>; according to the curator, the diorama had not been in his possession since 1980, nor is it listed in their Accession Book, so the whereabouts of this diorama is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Battle of Ulundi is housed in the Staffordshire Regiment Museum at Whittington near Lichfield in Staffordshire, UK <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wong">Wong</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wong" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, California">San Francisco, California</a> artist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wong" title="Frank Wong">Frank Wong</a> (born 22 September 1932) created dioramas that depict the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_San_Francisco" title="Chinatown, San Francisco">San Francisco Chinatown</a> of his youth during the 1930s and 1940s.<a href="#cite_note-sfchron-17">[17]</a> In 2004, Wong donated seven miniatures of scenes of Chinatown, titled "The Chinatown Miniatures Collection", to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Historical_Society_of_America" title="Chinese Historical Society of America">Chinese Historical Society of America</a> (CHSA).<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> The dioramas are on permanent display in CHSA's Main Gallery:<a href="#cite_note-sfchron-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ol><li>"The Moon Festival"</li> <li>"Shoeshine Stand"</li> <li>"Chinese New Year"</li> <li>"Chinese Laundry"</li> <li>"Christmas Scene"</li> <li>"Single Room"</li> <li>"Herb Store"</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Documentary">Documentary</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Documentary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> San Francisco filmmaker James Chan is producing and directing a documentary about Wong and the "changing landscape of Chinatown" in San Francisco.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The documentary is tentatively titled, "Frank Wong's Chinatown".<a href="#cite_note-sfchron-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Midway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Battle_of_Midway.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Midway.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This photorealistic diorama of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a> was created during World War II on the basis of information then available.</figcaption></figure> Painters of the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> era like <a href="/wiki/John_Martin_(painter)" title="John Martin (painter)">John Martin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Danby" title="Francis Danby">Francis Danby</a> were influenced to create large and highly dramatic pictures by the sensational dioramas and panoramas of their day. In one case, the connection between life and diorama art became intensely circular. On 1 February 1829, John Martin's brother Jonathan, known as "Mad Martin," set fire to the roof of <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>. Clarkson Stanfield created a diorama re-enactment of the event, which premiered on 20 April of the same year; it employed a "safe fire" via chemical reaction as a special effect. On 27 May, the "safe" fire proved to be less safe than planned: it set a real fire in the painted cloths of the imitation fire, which burned down the theater and all of its dioramas.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Nonetheless, dioramas remained popular in England, Scotland, and Ireland through most of the 19th century, lasting until 1880. A small scale version of the diorama called the <a href="/wiki/Polyrama_Panoptique" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyrama Panoptique">Polyrama Panoptique</a> could display images in the home and was marketed from the 1820s.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Natural_history">Natural history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Natural history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG/220px-Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG/220px-Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG/330px-Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG/440px-Bear_diorama_-_Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History_-_DSC04666.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The bear diorama at the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Finnish Museum of Natural History">Finnish Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> Natural history dioramas seek to imitate nature and, since their conception in the late 19th century, aim to "nurture a reverence for nature [with its] beauty and grandeur".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> They have also been described as a means to visually preserve nature as different environments change due to human involvement.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> They were extremely popular during the first half of the 20th century, both in the US and UK, later on giving way to television, film, and new perspectives on science.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg/300px-Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="487"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg/300px-Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg/450px-Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg/600px-Martha_Maxwell_Rocky_Mountain_Series_1876_P2007153_lg.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Early natural history diorama at the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition created by Martha Maxwell. Stereograph image produced by Centennial Photographic Company</figcaption></figure> Like historical dioramas, natural history dioramas are a mix of two- and three-dimensional elements. What sets natural history dioramas apart from other categories is the use of taxidermy in addition to the foreground replicas and painted background. The use of taxidermy means that natural history dioramas derive not only from Daguerre's work, but also from that of taxidermists, who were used to preparing specimens for either science or spectacle. It was only with the dioramas' precursors (and, later on, dioramas) that both these objectives merged. Popular diorama precursors were produced by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a>, an artist with an interest in taxidermy, during the early 19th century. To present his specimens, Peale "painted skies and landscapes on the back of cases displaying his taxidermy specimens".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> By the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> held an exhibition featuring taxidermy birds set on models of plants. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_(The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg/330px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg/440px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_November_2023_010_%28The_Muskrat_Habitat_Group%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carl_Akeley" title="Carl Akeley">Carl Akeley</a>'s The Muskrat Habitat Group diorama at the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum" title="Milwaukee Public Museum">Milwaukee Public Museum</a></figcaption></figure> The first habitat diorama created for a museum was constructed by taxidermist <a href="/wiki/Carl_Akeley" title="Carl Akeley">Carl Akeley</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Public_Museum" title="Milwaukee Public Museum">Milwaukee Public Museum</a> in 1889,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> where it is still held. Akeley set taxidermy muskrats in a three-dimensional re-creation of their wetland habitat with a realistic painted background. With the support of curator <a href="/wiki/Frank_M._Chapman" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank M. Chapman">Frank M. Chapman</a>, Akeley designed the popular habitat dioramas featured at the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. Combining art with science, these exhibitions were intended to educate the public about the growing need for <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a>. The modern <a href="/wiki/AMNH_Exhibitions_Lab" title="AMNH Exhibitions Lab">AMNH Exhibitions Lab</a> is charged with the creation of all dioramas and otherwise immersive environments in the museum.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Christopher_Quinn_2006-29">[29]</a> A predecessor of Akeley, naturalist and taxidermist <a href="/wiki/Martha_Maxwell" title="Martha Maxwell">Martha Maxwell</a> created a famous habitat diorama for the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">first World's Fair</a> in 1876. The complex diorama featured taxidermied animals in realistic action poses, running water, and live prairie dogs.<a href="#cite_note-Taxidermy_Art-30">[30]</a> It is speculated that this display was the first of its kind [outside of a museum].<a href="#cite_note-Taxidermy_Art-30">[30]</a> Maxwell's pioneering diorama work is said to have influenced major figures in taxidermy history who entered the field later, such as Akeley and <a href="/wiki/William_Temple_Hornaday" title="William Temple Hornaday">William Temple Hornaday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Taxidermy_Art-30">[30]</a> Soon, the concern for accuracy came. Groups of scientists, taxidermists, and artists would go on expeditions to ensure accurate backgrounds and collect specimens,<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> though some would be donated by game hunters.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Natural history dioramas reached the peak of their grandeur with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History#African_Mammal_Hall" title="American Museum of Natural History">Akeley Hall of African Mammals</a> in 1936,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> which featured large animals, such as elephants, surrounded by even larger scenery.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_Christopher_Quinn_2006-29">[29]</a> Nowadays, various institutions lay different claims to notable dioramas. The Milwaukee Public Museum still displays the world's first diorama, created by Akeley; the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>, in New York, has what might be the world's largest diorama: a life-size replica of a blue whale; the <a href="/wiki/Biological_museum_(Stockholm)" title="Biological museum (Stockholm)">Biological Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> is known for its three dioramas, all created in 1893, and all in original condition; the <a href="/wiki/Powell-Cotton_Museum" title="Powell-Cotton Museum">Powell-Cotton Museum</a>, in Kent, UK, is known for having the world's oldest, unchanged, room-sized diorama, built in 1896. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction">Construction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Construction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Diorama" title="Special:EditPage/Diorama">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Natural history dioramas typically consist of 3 parts: <ol><li>The painted background</li> <li>The foreground</li> <li>Taxidermy specimens<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20142-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kutner_2015-35">[35]</a></li></ol> Preparations for the background begin in the field,<a href="#cite_note-Kutner_2015-35">[35]</a> where an artist takes photographs and sketches references pieces. Once back at the museum, the artist has to depict the scenery with as much realism as possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20142-34">[34]</a> The challenge lies in the fact that the wall used is curved: this allows the background to surround the display without seams joining different panels. At times the wall also curves upward to meet the light above and form a sky. By having a curved wall, whatever the artist paints will be distorted by perspective; it is the artist's job to paint in such a way that minimises this distortion. The foreground is created to mimic the ground, plants and other accessories to scenery. The ground, hills, rocks, and large trees are created with wood, wire mesh, and plaster. Smaller trees are either used in their entirety or replicated using casts. Grasses and shrubs can be preserved in solution or dried to then be added to the diorama. Ground debris, such as <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>, is collected on site and soaked in wallpaper paste for preservation and presentation in the diorama. Water is simulated using glass or plexiglass with ripples carved on the surface. For a diorama to be successful, the foreground and background must merge, so both artists have to work together. Taxidermy specimens are usually the centrepiece of dioramas. Since they must entertain, as well as educate, specimens are set in lifelike poses, so as to convey a narrative of an animal's life. Smaller animals are usually made with rubber moulds and painted. Larger animals are prepared by first making a clay sculpture of the animal. This sculpture is made over the actual, posed skeleton of the animal, with reference to moulds and measurements taken on the field. A papier-mâché mannequin is prepared from the clay sculpture, and the animal's tanned skin is sewn onto the mannequin. Glass eyes substitute the real ones. If an animal is large enough, the scaffolding that holds the specimen needs to be incorporated into the foreground design and construction. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Lego">Lego</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lego" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Lego dioramas are dioramas that are built from <a href="/wiki/Lego" title="Lego">Lego</a> pieces.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> These dioramas range from small vignettes to large, table-sized displays, and are sometimes constructed in a collaboration of two or more people.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Some <abbr title="Adult fans of Legos">AFOL</abbr> engage in the building of Lego dioramas.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Playmobil">Playmobil</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Playmobil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Playmobil dioramas are dioramas that are made of <a href="/wiki/Playmobil" title="Playmobil">Playmobil</a> pieces. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:WPVA-khamsa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/22px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="22" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/32px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/WPVA-khamsa.svg/43px-WPVA-khamsa.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor_Modeling_and_Preservation_Society" title="Armor Modeling and Preservation Society">Armor Modeling and Preservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmorama" title="Cosmorama">Cosmorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclorama" title="Cyclorama">Cyclorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_airport" title="Model airport">Model airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_panorama" title="Moving panorama">Moving panorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myriorama_(cards)" title="Myriorama (cards)">Myriorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_figure" title="Model figure">Model figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tableau_vivant" title="Tableau vivant">Tableau vivant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_soldier" title="Toy soldier">Toy soldier</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20148-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20148_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTunnicliffeScheersoi2014">Tunnicliffe & Scheersoi 2014</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGernsheimGernsheim196818-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGernsheimGernsheim196818_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGernsheimGernsheim1968">Gernsheim & Gernsheim 1968</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?acc=1975-05-56-1">"Model of the field of Waterloo with troops positioned as at 19.45 hours, 18 June 1815"</a>. 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Derek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midley.co.uk/diorama/Diorama_Wood_1_1.htm">"The Diorama in Great Britain by R. D. Wood: Introduction"</a>. www.midley.co.uk. Retrieved 2017-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.midley.co.uk&rft.atitle=The+Diorama+in+Great+Britain+by+R.+D.+Wood%3A+Introduction&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=R.+Derek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midley.co.uk%2Fdiorama%2FDiorama_Wood_1_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaack-Millet2018" class="citation web cs1">Schaack-Millet, Marion (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.versailles.fr/fileadmin/user_upload/Versailles-fr/Culture/Etablissements_culturels/Mus%C3%A9e_Lambinet/objets_du_mois/Un_int%C3%A9rieur-d_%C3%A9glise...BOUTON-RENOUX_LAMBINET.pdf">"L'Objet du mois—Un intérieur d'église et Le cloître de Saint-Sever près de Rouen"</a> (PDF). www.versailles.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.versailles.fr&rft.atitle=L%27Objet+du+mois%E2%80%94Un+int%C3%A9rieur+d%27%C3%A9glise+et+Le+clo%C3%AEtre+de+Saint-Sever+pr%C3%A8s+de+Rouen&rft.date=2018-05&rft.aulast=Schaack-Millet&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.versailles.fr%2Ffileadmin%2Fuser_upload%2FVersailles-fr%2FCulture%2FEtablissements_culturels%2FMus%25C3%25A9e_Lambinet%2Fobjets_du_mois%2FUn_int%25C3%25A9rieur-d_%25C3%25A9glise...BOUTON-RENOUX_LAMBINET.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Lionel Lambourne, Victorian Painting, London, Phaidon Press, 1999; p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bry94.fr/sites/bry/fichier/diaporama_diorama.pdf">All about Daguerre's diorama in Bry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bry94.fr/bry/2308.htm">About the diorama on Bry's official website</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-JP5-15"><a href="#cite_ref-JP5_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2012" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Jon (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/playingatworldhi0000pete/">Playing at the world : a history of simulating wars, people and fantastic adventures, from chess to role-playing games</a>. San Diego: Unreason Press LLC. pp. 270–272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615642048" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615642048"><bdi>978-0615642048</bdi></a>. Retrieved 17 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Playing+at+the+world+%3A+a+history+of+simulating+wars%2C+people+and+fantastic+adventures%2C+from+chess+to+role-playing+games&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pages=270-272&rft.pub=Unreason+Press+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0615642048&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplayingatworldhi0000pete%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Journal of the British Flat Figure Society: Issue One – April 1986. The Gottstein Dioramas - England's Flat Heritage. By Jan Redley. </li> <li id="cite_note-sfchron-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sfchron_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfchron_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sfchron_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuthrie2014" class="citation web cs1">Guthrie, Julian (23 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/art/article/Frank-Wong-recalls-life-in-Chinatown-through-5706947.php">"Frank Wong recalls life in Chinatown through miniature dioramas"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. 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Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Chinatown+in+Miniature%22+Presentation+by+Artist+Frank+Wong&rft.pub=Chinese+Historical+Society+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchsa.org%2Fevent%2Fmarch-second-saturday-at-chsachinatown-in-miniature-presentation-by-artist-frank-wong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140827075628/http://goodmedicinefilms.com/frank-wongs-chinatown/">"Frank Wong's Chinatown"</a>. Good Medicine Picture Company. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goodmedicinefilms.com/frank-wongs-chinatown/">the original</a> on 27 August 2014. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Wong%27s+Chinatown&rft.pub=Good+Medicine+Picture+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoodmedicinefilms.com%2Ffrank-wongs-chinatown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2676308/">"Frank Wong and His Chinatown Miniatures"</a>. IMDB.com. Retrieved 26 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frank+Wong+and+His+Chinatown+Miniatures&rft.pub=IMDB.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2676308%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Lambourne, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10302430&wwwflag=2&imagepos=1">"Image of polyrama panoptique, french, 1820-30. by Science & Society Picture Library"</a>. www.scienceandsociety.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scienceandsociety.co.uk&rft.atitle=Image+of+polyrama+panoptique%2C+french%2C+1820-30.+by+Science+%26+Society+Picture+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scienceandsociety.co.uk%2Fresults.asp%3Fimage%3D10302430%26wwwflag%3D2%26imagepos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006; p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-v1.amnh.org/exhibitions/dioramas/">Diorama Exhibition at the American Natural History Museum</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]. Retrieved 4 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006; p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Carla Yanni, Nature's Museums: Victorian Science and the Architecture of Display, Princeton Architectural Press, New York, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006; p. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006; p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_Christopher_Quinn_2006-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Christopher_Quinn_2006_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_Christopher_Quinn_2006_29-1">b</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Taxidermy_Art-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taxidermy_Art_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taxidermy_Art_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taxidermy_Art_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Marbury2014" class="citation book cs1">Robert Marbury (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoJLBAAAQBAJ">Taxidermy Art</a>. Artisan. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-558-7"><bdi>978-1-57965-558-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taxidermy+Art&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Artisan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-57965-558-7&rft.au=Robert+Marbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoJLBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Elizabeth Hanson, Animal Attractions: Nature on Display in American Zoos, Princeton University Press, Princeton, 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Stephen Christopher Quinn, Windows on Nature: The Great Habitat Dioramas of the American Museum of Natural History, Abrams, New York, 2006, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20142-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20142_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETunnicliffeScheersoi20142_34-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTunnicliffeScheersoi2014">Tunnicliffe & Scheersoi 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kutner_2015-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kutner_2015_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kutner_2015_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutner2015" class="citation web cs1">Kutner, Max (August 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/2015/08/14/museum-dioramas-endangered-american-museums-358943.html">"Museum Dioramas Are as Endangered as the Animals They Contain"</a>. Newsweek. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Museum+Dioramas+Are+as+Endangered+as+the+Animals+They+Contain&rft.date=2015-08-02&rft.aulast=Kutner&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2015%2F08%2F14%2Fmuseum-dioramas-endangered-american-museums-358943.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSJoDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Guinness World Records 2017 Gamer's Edition</a>. Guinness World Records. 2016. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910561-69-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910561-69-0"><bdi>978-1-910561-69-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+World+Records+2017+Gamer%27s+Edition&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Guinness+World+Records&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-910561-69-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSJoDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/HispaBrick023EN">""Fairy Bricks""</a>. HispaBrick Magazine, issue 23. June 10, 2020. p. 8. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HispaBrick+Magazine%2C+issue+23&rft.atitle=%22Fairy+Bricks%22&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2020-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FHispaBrick023EN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurk" class="citation magazine cs1">Turk, Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/behind-the-scenes-at-the-new-lego-house-bjarke-ingels">"The new LEGO House is the ultimate homage to the brick"</a>. WIRED UK. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WIRED+UK&rft.atitle=The+new+LEGO+House+is+the+ultimate+homage+to+the+brick&rft.aulast=Turk&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fbehind-the-scenes-at-the-new-lego-house-bjarke-ingels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antipa.ro/en/categories/27/pages/248">Dioramas Muzeul National de Istorie Naturala Grigore Antipa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161024085759/http://www.antipa.ro/en/categories/27/pages/248">Archived</a> 2016-10-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernsheimGernsheim1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Gernsheim" title="Helmut Gernsheim">Gernsheim, Helmut</a>; Gernsheim, Alison (1968). L.J.M. Daguerre, The History of The Diorama and the Daguerreotype. Dover Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.J.M.+Daguerre%2C+The+History+of+The+Diorama+and+the+Daguerreotype&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Gernsheim&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft.au=Gernsheim%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTunnicliffeScheersoi2014" class="citation book cs1">Tunnicliffe, S.D.; Scheersoi, A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jaK5BQAAQBAJ">Natural History Dioramas: History, Construction and Educational Role</a>. EBL-Schweitzer. Springer Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9496-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-9496-1"><bdi>978-94-017-9496-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 12, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History+Dioramas%3A+History%2C+Construction+and+Educational+Role&rft.series=EBL-Schweitzer&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-94-017-9496-1&rft.aulast=Tunnicliffe&rft.aufirst=S.D.&rft.au=Scheersoi%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjaK5BQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADiorama" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dioramas" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dioramas">Dioramas</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webarchive.org.uk/wayback/archive/20150911221254/http://www.midley.co.uk/diorama/Diorama_Wood_1_1.htm">R. D. Wood's Essays on the early history of photography and the Diorama</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segelschiffmuseum-in-hamburg.de">The world's largest collection of antique sailing ship dioramas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scalecombat.narod.ru/">World War II Dioramas in 1:35 scale</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=mobile" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorama&oldid=1258768987">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diorama&oldid=1258768987</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Diorama&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 14:52 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="الديوراما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الديوراما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Диорама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диорама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior%C3%A1ma" title="Dioráma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dioráma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Διόραμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διόραμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioramo" title="Dioramo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dioramo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7" title="ژرفانما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرفانما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="디오라마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="디오라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Տրամապատկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրամապատկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6" title="त्रिविम प्रदर्श – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="त्रिविम प्रदर्श" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioramo" title="Dioramo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dioramo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="ডিওরামা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ডিওরামা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="דיורמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיורמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Диорама – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диорама" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior%C3%A1ma" title="Dioráma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dioráma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama_(model)" title="Diorama (model) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Diorama (model)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E" title="ジオラマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジオラマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Диорама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диорама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dior%C3%A1ma" title="Dioráma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dioráma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Диорама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Диорама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioraama" title="Dioraama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dioraama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyorama" title="Diyorama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyorama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="ผลงานมิติทัศน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผลงานมิติทัศน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Diorama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Діорама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діорама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="立体透视模型 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="立体透视模型" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 14:52 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> 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