CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology","20150319010535","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1426727135"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Information and communications technology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.25wmf20"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology"/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535cs_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535js_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Information_and_communications_technology","wgTitle":"Information and communications technology","wgCurRevisionId":651723629,"wgRevisionId":651723629,"wgArticleId":1197962,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with citations lacking titles","Pages with citations having bare URLs","Information technology"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Information_and_communications_technology","wgRelevantArticleId":1197962,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr"},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5268834"}); }</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});},{},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});},{},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:94007ea073e20ad4a3cdce36b2f2e369 */ }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); }</script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Information_and_communications_technology skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Information and communications technology</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><p><b>Information and communications technology</b> (<b>ICT</b>) is often used as an extended synonym for <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unified_communications" title="Unified communications">unified communications</a><sup id="cite_ref-ICT-D-00_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICT-D-00-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> and the integration of <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications" class="mw-redirect">telecommunications</a> (<a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">enterprise software</a>, <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a>, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The term <i>ICT</i> is also used to refer to the <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convergence_(telecommunications)" title="Convergence (telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect">convergence</a> of audio-visual and <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_network" title="Telephone network">telephone networks</a> with <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> through a single cabling or link system. There are large economic incentives (huge cost savings due to elimination of the telephone network) to merge the telephone network with the computer network system using a single unified system of cabling, signal distribution and management.</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_of_the_term"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History of the term</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Global_costs_of_IT"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Global costs of IT</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#ICT_Development_Index"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">ICT Development Index</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#The_WSIS_Process_and_ICT_development_goals"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">The WSIS Process and ICT development goals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><a href="#History_of_the_term" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_the_term">History of the term</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the term">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The phrase <i>Information and Communication Technology</i> has been used by academic researchers since the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> and the term <i>ICT</i> became popular after it was used in a report to the UK government by <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Stevenson,_Baron_Stevenson_of_Coddenham" title="Dennis Stevenson, Baron Stevenson of Coddenham">Dennis Stevenson</a> in 1997<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> and in the revised <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Curriculum_(England,_Wales_and_Northern_Ireland)" title="National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)">National Curriculum</a> for England, Wales and Northern Ireland in 2000. But in 2012, the <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> recommended that the term <i>ICT</i> should no longer be used in British schools "as it has attracted too many negative connotations",<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> and with effect from 2014 the National Curriculum was changed to use the word <i><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></i> reflecting the addition of <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">computer programming</a> to the curriculum.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> A leading group of universities consider ICT to be a soft subject and advise students against studying A-level ICT, preferring instead A-level Computer Science.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><a href="#Global_costs_of_IT" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Global_costs_of_IT">Global costs of IT</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Global costs of IT">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The money spent on IT worldwide has been most recently estimated as US $3.5 trillion and is currently growing at 5% per year – doubling every 15 years. The 2014 IT budget of US federal government is nearly $82 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> IT costs, as a percentage of corporate revenue, have grown 50% since 2002, putting a strain on IT budgets. When looking at current companies’ IT budgets, 75% are recurrent costs, used to “keep the lights on” in the IT department, and 25% are cost of new initiatives for technology development.<sup id="cite_ref-omtco1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omtco1-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The average IT budget has the following breakdown:<sup id="cite_ref-omtco1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-omtco1-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>31% personnel costs (internal)</li> <li>29% software costs (external/purchasing category)</li> <li>26% hardware costs (external/purchasing category)</li> <li>14% costs of external service providers (external/services).</li> </ul> <h2><a href="#ICT_Development_Index" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="ICT_Development_Index">ICT Development Index</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ICT Development Index">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_Development_Index" title="ICT Development Index">ICT Development Index</a> compares the level of ICT use and access across the world.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><a href="#The_WSIS_Process_and_ICT_development_goals" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="The_WSIS_Process_and_ICT_development_goals">The WSIS Process and ICT development goals</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The WSIS Process and ICT development goals">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>On 21 December 2001, the <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> approved Resolution 56/183, endorsing the holding of the <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Summit_on_the_Information_Society" title="World Summit on the Information Society">World Summit on the Information Society</a> (WSIS) to discuss the opportunities and challenges facing today's information society.<sup id="cite_ref-Intro1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intro1-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> According to this resolution, the General Assembly related the Summit to the <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">United Nations Millennium Declaration</a>'s goal of implementing ICT to achieve <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goals" title="Millennium Development Goals">Millennium Development Goals</a>. It also emphasized a multi-stakeholder approach to achieve these goals, using all stakeholders including civil society and the private sector, in addition to governments.</p> <h2><a href="#See_also" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/55px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/73px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ICT" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ICT">ICT</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/information_and_communications_technology" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</td> </tr> </table> <div class="noprint portal tright" style="border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em"> <table style="background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;max-width:175px"> <tr style="vertical-align:middle"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg" class="image"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg/28px-Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg.png" width="28" height="28" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg/42px-Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg/56px-Computer-aj_aj_ashton_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320"/></a></td> <td style="padding:0 0.2em;vertical-align:middle;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Information_technology" title="Portal:Information technology">Information technology portal</a></td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_infocommunications" title="Cognitive infocommunications">Cognitive infocommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">DICOM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moinee_Foundation" title="Moinee Foundation">Example of Information and communication technologies for education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_e-Schools_and_Communities_Initiative" title="Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative">Global e-Schools and Communities Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_information_system" title="Hospital information system">Hospital information system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_Development_Index" title="ICT Development Index">ICT Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infocommunications" title="Infocommunications">Infocommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_for_development" title="Information and communication technologies for development">Information and communication technologies for development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_for_environmental_sustainability" title="Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability">Information and communication technologies for environmental sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_information_systems" title="Market information systems">Market information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Web" title="Mobile Web">Mobile Web</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_archiving_and_communication_system" title="Picture archiving and communication system">Picture archiving and communication system</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><a href="#References" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICT-D-00-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICT-D-00_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Murray, James (2011-12-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/modern-network-architecture/cloud-network-architecture-and-ict/">"Cloud network architecture and ICT - Modern Network Architecture"</a>. <i>ITKnowledgeExchange</i>. <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechTarget" title="TechTarget">TechTarget</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.atitle=Cloud+network+architecture+and+ICT+-+Modern+Network+Architecture&rft.aulast=Murray%2C+James&rft.au=Murray%2C+James&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fitknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com%2Fmodern-network-architecture%2Fcloud-network-architecture-and-ict%2F&rft.jtitle=ITKnowledgeExchange&rft.pub=TechTarget&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://foldoc.org/Information+and+Communication+Technology">"Information and Communication Technology from"</a>. <i>FOLDOC</i>. 2008-09-19.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.atitle=Information+and+Communication+Technology+from&rft.btitle=FOLDOC&rft.date=2008-09-19&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffoldoc.org%2FInformation%2Band%2BCommunication%2BTechnology&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Melody et al., <i>Information and Communication Technology: Social Sciences Research and Training: A Report by the ESRC Programme on Information and Communication Technologies</i>, <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0862261791" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-86226-179-1</a>, 1986. Roger Silverstone et al., "Listening to a long conversation: an ethnographic approach to the study of information and communication technologies in the home", <i>Cultural Studies</i>, 5(2), pages 204-227, 1991.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Independent ICT in Schools Commission, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://web.archive.org/web/20070104225121/http://rubble.ultralab.anglia.ac.uk/stevenson/ICT.pdf"><i>Information and Communications Technology in UK Schools: An Independent Inquiry</i></a>, 1997. Impact noted in Jim Kelly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://specials.ft.com/lifeonthenet/FT3NXTH03DC.html">What the Web is Doing for Schools</a>, Financial Times, 2000.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royal Society, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/https://royalsociety.org/~/media/education/computing-in-schools/2012-01-12-computing-in-schools.pdf">Shut down or restart? The way forward for computing in UK schools</a>, 2012, page 18.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-computing-programmes-of-study">"National curriculum in England: computing programmes of study"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.btitle=National+curriculum+in+England%3A+computing+programmes+of+study&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fnational-curriculum-in-england-computing-programmes-of-study&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.russellgroup.org/InformedChoices-latest.pdf">http://www.russellgroup.org/InformedChoices-latest.pdf</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russellgroup.org%2FInformedChoices-latest.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/2014_budget_priorities_20130410.pdf">http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/omb/assets/egov_docs/2014_budget_priorities_20130410.pdf</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-omtco1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-omtco1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-omtco1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://omtco.eu/references/sam/it-costs-the-costs-growth-and-financial-risk-of-software-assets/">"IT Costs – The Costs, Growth And Financial Risk Of Software Assets"</a>. OMT-CO Operations Management Technology Consulting GmbH<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.btitle=IT+Costs+%E2%80%93+The+Costs%2C+Growth+And+Financial+Risk+Of+Software+Assets&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fomtco.eu%2Freferences%2Fsam%2Fit-costs-the-costs-growth-and-financial-risk-of-software-assets%2F&rft.pub=OMT-CO+Operations+Management+Technology+Consulting+GmbH&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.itu.int/net/pressoffice/backgrounders/general/pdf/5.pdf">"Measuring the Information Society"</a>. International Telecommunication Union. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Information+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fnet%2Fpressoffice%2Fbackgrounders%2Fgeneral%2Fpdf%2F5.pdf&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Intro1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Intro1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.itu.int/wsis/basic/about.html">"Basic information : about wsis"</a>. International Telecommunication Union. 17 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.btitle=Basic+information+%3A+about+wsis&rft.date=17+January+2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fwsis%2Fbasic%2Fabout.html&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><a href="#Further_reading" class="mw-headline-anchor" aria-hidden="true" title="Link to this section">§</a><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Caperna A., Integrating ICT into Sustainable Local Policies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.igi-global.com/bookstore/Chapter.aspx?TitleId=43194">ISBN 9781615209293</a></li> <li>Carnoy, Martin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.uoc.edu/inaugural04/eng/carnoy1004.pdf">ICT in Education: Possibilities and Challenges</a>." Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2005.</li> <li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/pub/2009/Good-Practice-in-ICT-for-Education.pdf">Good Practice in Information and Communication Technology for Education</a>." Asian Development Bank, 2009.</li> <li>Grossman, G. and E. Helpman (2005), "Outsourcing in a global economy", Review of Economic Studies 72: 135-159.</li> <li>Mete Feridun and Stelios Karagiannis (2009) Growth Effects of Information and Communication Technologies: Empirical Evidence from the Enlarged EU, Transformations in Business and Economics, 8(2), 86-99.</li> <li>Oliver, Ron. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://elrond.scam.ecu.edu.au/oliver/2002/he21.pdf">The Role of ICT in Higher Education for the 21st Century: ICT as a Change Agent for Education</a>." University, Perth, Western Australia, 2002.</li> <li>Walter Ong, Orality and Literacy: The Technologizing of the Word (London, UK: Routledge, 1988), in particular Chapter 4</li> <li><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/publications/mis2013/MIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf"><i>Measuring the Information Society: The ICT Development Index</i></a>. International Telecommunication Union. 2013. p. 254.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AInformation+and+communications+technology&rft.btitle=Measuring+the+Information+Society%3A+The+ICT+Development+Index&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Fen%2FITU-D%2FStatistics%2FDocuments%2Fpublications%2Fmis2013%2FMIS2013_without_Annex_4.pdf&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Technology" title="Template:Technology"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Technology" title="Template talk:Technology"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Technology&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_technology" title="Outline of technology">Outline of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_applied_science" title="Outline of applied science">Outline of applied science</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Fields</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_engineering" title="Agricultural engineering">Agricultural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chemistry" title="Food chemistry">Food chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_engineering" title="Food engineering">Food engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_microbiology" title="Food microbiology">Food microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_technology" title="Food technology">Food technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_use_restriction_technology" title="Genetic use restriction technology">GURT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICT_in_agriculture" title="ICT in agriculture">ICT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_technology" title="Biomedical technology">Biomedical</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioinformatics" title="Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_engineering" title="Biological engineering">Biological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechatronics" title="Biomechatronics">Biomechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheminformatics" title="Cheminformatics">Cheminformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Healthcare_science" title="Healthcare science" class="mw-redirect">Healthcare science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_research" title="Medical research">Medical research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_technology" title="Medical technology" class="mw-redirect">Medical technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotechnology" title="Neurotechnology">Neurotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive_technology" title="Reproductive technology">Reproductive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_engineering" title="Tissue engineering">Tissue engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Buildings</a> and<br/> <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustical_engineering" title="Acoustical engineering">Acoustical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_technology" title="Domestic technology">Domestic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facade_engineering" title="Facade engineering">Facade engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineering" title="Safety engineering">Safety engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitary_engineering" title="Sanitary engineering">Sanitary engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_software" title="Educational software">Educational software</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_technologies_in_education" title="Digital technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">Digital technologies in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communication_technologies_in_education" title="Information and communication technologies in education" class="mw-redirect">ICT in education</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_technology_on_the_educational_system" title="Impact of technology on the educational system" class="mw-redirect">Impact</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_learning" title="Multimedia learning" class="mw-redirect">Multimedia learning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_campus" title="Virtual campus">Virtual campus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_education" title="Virtual education" class="mw-redirect">Virtual education</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_technology" title="Energy technology">Energy</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering" title="Nuclear engineering">Nuclear engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_technology" title="Nuclear technology">Nuclear technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_energy_technology" title="Soft energy technology">Soft energy technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_technology" title="Clean technology">Clean technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clean_coal_technology" title="Clean coal technology">Clean coal technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_design" title="Ecological design">Ecological design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecotechnology" title="Ecotechnology">Ecotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineering_science" title="Environmental engineering science">Environmental engineering science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green building</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_nanotechnology" title="Green nanotechnology">Green nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_engineering" title="Landscape engineering">Landscape engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_engineering" title="Sustainable engineering">Sustainable engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_technology" title="Industrial technology">Industrial</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation" title="Automation">Automation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_informatics" title="Business informatics">Business informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_management" title="Engineering management">Engineering management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_engineering" title="Enterprise engineering">Enterprise engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_finance" title="Computational finance">Financial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_biotechnology" title="Industrial biotechnology" class="mw-redirect">Industrial biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_engineering" title="Industrial engineering">Industrial engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_engineering" title="Mining engineering">Mining engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_improving_technologies_(historical)" title="Productivity improving technologies (historical)">Productivity improving technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribology" title="Tribology">Tribology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">IT and communications</strong></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_engineering" title="Broadcast engineering">Broadcast engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_technology" title="Financial technology">Financial technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology_engineering" title="Ontology engineering">Ontology engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RF_engineering" title="RF engineering" class="mw-redirect">RF engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_technology" title="Visual technology">Visual technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">Military</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_engineering_maintenance" title="Army engineering maintenance">Army engineering maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_warfare" title="Electronic warfare">Electronic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_communications" title="Military communications">Military communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">Military engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">Automotive engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_architecture" title="Naval architecture">Naval architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology" class="mw-redirect">Space technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_engineering_(transportation)" title="Traffic engineering (transportation)">Traffic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_engineering" title="Transport engineering" class="mw-redirect">Transport engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied sciences</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryogenics" title="Cryogenics">Cryogenics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electro-optics" title="Electro-optics">Electro-optics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_geology" title="Engineering geology">Engineering geology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering_physics" title="Engineering physics">Engineering physics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">Hydraulics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabrication" title="Microfabrication">Microfabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoengineering" title="Nanoengineering">Nanoengineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_engineering_branches" title="List of engineering branches">fields</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_engineering" title="Audio engineering" class="mw-redirect">Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_engineering" title="Biochemical engineering">Biochemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymer_engineering" title="Polymer engineering">Polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_engineering" title="Control engineering">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_engineering" title="Electronic engineering">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_technology" title="Entertainment technology">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechatronics" title="Mechatronics">Mechatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_engineering" title="Protein engineering">Protein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_technology" title="Quantum technology">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Components</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_historic_inventions" title="Timeline of historic inventions">Timeline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">Knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">Skill</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">Craft</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">Tool</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget" title="Gadget">Gadget</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Scales</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femtotechnology" title="Femtotechnology">Femtotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picotechnology" title="Picotechnology">Picotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microtechnology" title="Microtechnology">Microtechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro-engineering" title="Macro-engineering">Macro-engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megascale_engineering" title="Megascale engineering">Megascale engineering</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_technology" title="Ancient technology">Ancient technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_technology" title="Medieval technology">Medieval technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_technology" title="Renaissance technology">Renaissance technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Industrial_Revolution" title="Second Industrial Revolution">Second</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Revolution" title="Digital Revolution">Digital Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theories_of_technology" title="Theories of technology">Theories</a> and<br/> concepts</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critique_of_technology" title="Critique of technology">Critique of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_of_innovations" title="Diffusion of innovations">Diffusion of innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disruptive_innovation" title="Disruptive innovation">Disruptive innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-use_technology" title="Dual-use technology">Dual-use technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeralization" title="Ephemeralization">Ephemeralization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics_of_technology" title="Ethics of technology">Ethics of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">High tech</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hype_cycle" title="Hype cycle">Hype cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-technology" title="Low-technology" class="mw-redirect">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mature_technology" title="Mature technology">Mature technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" title="Philosophy of technology">Philosophy of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_of_Technology" title="Strategy of Technology">Strategy of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicism" title="Technicism">Technicism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocapitalism" title="Technocapitalism">Technocapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocentrism" title="Technocentrism">Technocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technocriticism" title="Technocriticism">Technocriticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoetic" title="Technoetic">Technoetic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoethics" title="Technoethics">Technoethics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technogaianism" title="Technogaianism">Technogaianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_alliance" title="Technological alliance">Technological alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_apartheid" title="Technological apartheid">Technological apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_change" title="Technological change">Technological change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">Technological convergence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_determinism" title="Technological determinism">Technological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_escalation" title="Technological escalation">Technological escalation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_evolution" title="Technological evolution">Technological evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_fix" title="Technological fix">Technological fix</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_innovation_system" title="Technological innovation system">Technological innovation system</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_momentum" title="Technological momentum">Technological momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_nationalism" title="Technological nationalism">Technological nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_paradigm" title="Technological paradigm">Technological paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_rationality" title="Technological rationality">Technological rationality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revival" title="Technological revival">Technological revival</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_revolution" title="Technological revolution">Technological revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_self-efficacy" title="Technological self-efficacy">Technological self-efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" title="Technological singularity">Technological singularity</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_somnambulism" title="Technological somnambulism">Technological somnambulism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_transitions" title="Technological transitions">Technological transitions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_unemployment" title="Technological unemployment">Technological unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_utopianism" title="Technological utopianism">Technological utopianism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_lifecycle" title="Technology lifecycle" class="mw-redirect">Technology lifecycle</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_acceptance_model" title="Technology acceptance model">Technology acceptance model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_adoption_lifecycle" title="Technology adoption lifecycle">Technology adoption lifecycle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technomancy" title="Technomancy">Technomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technorealism" title="Technorealism">Technorealism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoromanticism" title="Technoromanticism">Technoromanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoscience" title="Technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_technologies" title="Emerging technologies">Emerging technologies</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_emerging_technologies" title="List of emerging technologies">List</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictional_technology" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technopaganism" title="Technopaganism">Technopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:High-technology_business_districts" title="Category:High-technology business districts">High-technology business districts</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale" title="Kardashev scale">Kardashev scale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_technologies" title="List of technologies">List of technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_technology" title="Platform technology">Platform technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science,_technology_and_society" title="Science, technology and society">Science, technology and society</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_dynamics" title="Technology dynamics">Technology dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_by_country" title="Category:Science and technology by country">Science and technology by country</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEM_fields" title="STEM fields">STEM fields</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-STEM" title="Pre-STEM">Pre-STEM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields">women</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/STEAM_fields" title="STEAM fields">STEAM fields</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_alignment" title="Technology alignment">Technology alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_assessment" title="Technology assessment">Technology assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_brokering" title="Technology brokering" class="mw-redirect">Technology brokering</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology_companies" title="Category:Technology companies">Technology companies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_demonstration" title="Technology demonstration">Technology demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_education" title="Technology education">Technology education</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technical_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Technical universities and colleges">Technical universities and colleges</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_evangelist" title="Technology evangelist">Technology evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_fusion" title="Technology fusion">Technology fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_governance" title="Technology governance">Technology governance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_integration" title="Technology integration">Technology integration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_journalism" title="Technology journalism">Technology journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_management" title="Technology management">Technology management</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_museum" title="Technology museum">Technology museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_policy" title="Technology policy">Technology policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_shock" title="Technology shock">Technology shock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_strategy" title="Technology strategy">Technology strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology_transfer" title="Technology transfer">Technology transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technoself" title="Technoself">Technoself</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosexual" title="Technosexual">Technosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technosignature" title="Technosignature">Technosignature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technostress" title="Technostress">Technostress</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terotechnology" title="Terotechnology">Terotechnology</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Wikipedia book" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/16px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png" title="Wikipedia book" width="16" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/23px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Symbol_book_class2.svg/31px-Symbol_book_class2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/> <b><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book:Technology" title="Book:Technology">Book</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology" title="Category:Technology">Category</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Technology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Technology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Technology" title="Portal:Technology">Portal</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Wikiquote page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" title="Wikiquote page" width="13" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Technology" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Technology">Wikiquotes</a></b></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&oldid=651723629">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&oldid=651723629</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Information_technology" title="Category:Information technology">Information technology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_citations_lacking_titles" title="Category:Pages with citations lacking titles">Pages with citations lacking titles</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_with_citations_having_bare_URLs" title="Category:Pages with citations having bare URLs">Pages with citations having bare URLs</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Information+and+communications+technology&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Information+and+communications+technology" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li> <li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Information_and_communications_technology" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label"><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology">Read</a></span></li> <li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h" rel="archives">View history</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"><span>More</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikimedia Shop</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Information_and_communications_technology" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&oldid=651723629" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Information_and_communications_technology&id=651723629" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Information+and+communications+technology">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Information+and+communications+technology&oldid=651723629&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="تكنولوجيا المعلومات والاتصالات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnoloch%C3%ADas_d%27a_Informaci%C3%B3n_y_a_Comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnolochías d'a Información y a Comunicación – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A5%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="তথ্য ও যোগাযোগ প্রযুক্তি – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Информационни и комуникационни технологии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologies_de_la_informaci%C3%B3_i_la_comunicaci%C3%B3" title="Tecnologies de la informació i la comunicació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_a_komunika%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_technologie" title="Informační a komunikační technologie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informations-_und_Kommunikationstechnik" title="Informations- und Kommunikationstechnik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Info-_ja_kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia" title="Info- ja kommunikatsioonitehnoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Τεχνολογία πληροφοριών και επικοινωνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnolog%C3%ADas_de_la_informaci%C3%B3n_y_la_comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informazio_eta_komunikazio_teknologiak" title="Informazio eta komunikazio teknologiak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="فناوری اطلاعات و ارتباطات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technologies_de_l%27information_et_de_la_communication" title="Technologies de l'information et de la communication – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="정보통신기술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teknologi_Informasi_Komunikasi" title="Teknologi Informasi Komunikasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologie_dell%27informazione_e_della_comunicazione" title="Tecnologie dell'informazione e della comunicazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A2_%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA" title="טכנולוגיות מידע ותקשורת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жаңы информациялык технологиялар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inform%C3%A1ci%C3%B3-_%C3%A9s_kommunik%C3%A1ci%C3%B3technol%C3%B3gia" title="Információ- és kommunikációtechnológia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%94%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="သတင်းအချက်အလက်နှင့် ဆက်သွယ်ရေး နည်းပညာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecnologias_de_l%27informacion_e_de_la_comunicacion" title="Tecnologias de l'informacion e de la comunicacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80" title="ਸੰਚਾਰ ਤਕਨੀਕੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleinformatyka" title="Teleinformatyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novas_tecnologias_de_informa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_e_comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="තොරතුරු සහ සන්නිවේදන තාක්ෂණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informa%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_a_komunika%C4%8Dn%C3%A9_technol%C3%B3gie" title="Informačné a komunikačné technológie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informacijsko-komunikacijska_tehnologija" title="Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tieto-_ja_viestint%C3%A4teknologia" title="Tieto- ja viestintäteknologia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKT" title="IKT – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80" title="కమ్యూనికేషన్ టెక్నాలజీ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="เทคโนโลยีสารสนเทศและการสื่อสาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bili%C5%9Fim_ve_ileti%C5%9Fim_teknolojileri" title="Bilişim ve iletişim teknolojileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%97" title="Інформаційно-комунікаційні технології – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ngh%E1%BB%87_th%C3%B4ng_tin_v%C3%A0_truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng" title="Công nghệ thông tin và truyền thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%8F%8A%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%A1%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="信息及通信技术 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a action="edit" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5268834#sitelinks-wikipedia" text="Edit links" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 17 March 2015, at 02:07.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_and_communications_technology&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535/http://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150319010535im_/http://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf20/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); }</script> <script>if(window.mw){ mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":363,"wgHostname":"mw1252"}); }</script> </body> </html>