CINXE.COM
Local Courts - Ballotpedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Local Courts - Ballotpedia</title> <script>document.documentElement.className="client-js";RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"d5af0c978823882e41357cf1","wgCSPNonce":false,"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Local_Courts","wgTitle":"Local Courts","wgCurRevisionId":10191686,"wgRevisionId":10191686,"wgArticleId":868595,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Portals"],"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Local_Courts","wgRelevantArticleId":868595,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgMediaViewerOnClick":false,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault": false};RLSTATE={"site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.page.gallery","ext.BPmap","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.bootstrap.scripts","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.tooltips","ext.SimpleTooltip","mmv.head","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.DoubleDropdown","ext.SingleDropdown","ext.FrontPageRSS","ext.PredictIt","ext.APIWidget","skins.ballotpediabootstrap.scripts"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.implement("user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"});});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=mediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.ballotpediabootstrap.styles&only=styles&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"/> <script async="" src="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/wiki/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=ballotpediabootstrap"/> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.39.6"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1000"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0, user-scalable=no"/> <meta name="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ballotpedia"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Local Courts - Ballotpedia"/> <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/wiki/opensearch_desc.php" title="Ballotpedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="license" href="http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Ballotpedia Atom feed" href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ballotpedia.org/Local_Courts"/> <!-- Begin Extension:CSS --><link rel="stylesheet" href="data:text/css;charset=UTF-8;base64,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"/><!-- End Extension:CSS --> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ballotpedia"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Local Courts"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://ballotpedia.org/Local_Courts"/> <!--[if lt IE 7]><style type="text/css">body{behavior:url("/wiki/skins/ballotpediabootstrap/csshover.min.htc")}</style><![endif]--> <script type="text/javascript"> var bp_env = "LIVE"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> function imgError(image) { if ( image.src.includes("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api/storage/uploads/thumbs/") ) { image.onerror = ""; //var new_src = image.src.replace("https://s3.amazonaws.com/ballotpedia-api/storage/uploads/thumbs/", "https://api.ballotpedia.org/v3/thumbnail/"); //image.src = new_src; } return true; } </script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Libre+Franklin:ital,wght@0,200;0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;0,900;1,200;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800;1,900&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,200;0,400;0,600;0,800;1,200;1,400;1,600;1,800&display=swap" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript">!function(t,o,e){e=t.createElement(o),t=t.getElementsByTagName(o)[0],e.async=1,e.src="https://resonantbrush.com/v2/0/fesblzozuRJjzHOf_VUD5C1xGS4NlcUiO5VCnQgEPI1ISxgUs3JntMnY9dAPUFAYqZJXR0cCujx",t.parentNode.insertBefore(e,t)}(document,"script"),function(t,o){t[o]=t[o]||function(){(t[o].q=t[o].q||[]).push(arguments)}}(document,window,"script","admiral");!function(t,e,n,a){function o(t){try{return t=localStorage.getItem("v4ac1eiZr0"),t&&t.split(",")[4]>0}catch(e){}return!1}function r(){var a=o();if(a){var r=t[e].pubads();typeof r.setTargeting===n&&r.setTargeting("admiral-engaged","true")}}a=t[e]=t[e]||{},a.cmd=a.cmd||[],typeof a.pubads===n?r():typeof a.cmd.unshift===n?a.cmd.unshift(r):a.cmd.push(r)}(window,"googletag","function");</script> <!-- Google Tag Manager --><script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-PRFQ44Z');</script><!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/SB-promo-header.css"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Local_Courts rootpage-Local_Courts skin-ballotpediabootstrap action-view"> <!-- Track Page Categories in GA as events --> <script> document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", async function(event) { let trackingCategories = ['Election policy tracking', 'Redistricting tracking', 'Donor disclosure tracking', 'Current governors', 'Current member, U.S. House', 'Current member, U.S. Senate', 'ESG page views', 'Federalism tracking', 'UI tracking', 'State ballots, 2021', 'State ballots, 2022', 'TASP GA', 'Education policy tracking', 'Criminal justice policy tracking', 'UL profile', 'UL overview', 'Work requirement page views', 'REINS page views', 'DOE page views', 'TSP2023', 'TSP2023school', 'School district election breakoffs']; let lis = document.querySelectorAll("#catlinks li"); let allCategories = ''; for (let i = 0; i < lis.length; i++) { if (trackingCategories.includes(lis[i].textContent)) { allCategories = allCategories + lis[i].textContent + '|'; } } allCategories = allCategories.slice(0, -1); if (allCategories) { ga('send', 'event', 'Page Category View', 'Page Category', allCategories, { nonInteraction: true }); } if ((allCategories && allCategories.includes("Republican Party")) || (allCategories && allCategories.includes("Democratic Party"))) { ga('send', 'event', 'Non-tracking category', 'Page URL', `${allCategories} - ${window.location.pathname}`, { nonInteraction: true }); } }); </script> <div id="modal-email" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Sign up to receive Ballotpedia's daily newsletter</h4> </div> <div id="right-container" style="margin: 4%;"> <form class="form" id="whatcounts-form" name="whatcounts-form-skin" action="javascript:void(0)" onsubmit="submitForm(event)"> <input type="hidden" name="list_ids" id="list_ids" value="18" /> <input type="hidden" name="cmd" value="subscribe" /> <input type="hidden" name="goto" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="errors_to" value="" /> <input type="hidden" id="format_mime" name="format" value="mime" /> <input type="hidden" id="custom_source" name="custom_source" value="site_skin" /> <p class="form-field email pd-text required required-custom"> <label class="field-label" for="email">Email *</label> <input type="text" name="email" id="email" value="" class="text" size="30" maxlength="255"> </p> <p class="form-field first_name pd-text"> <label class="field-label" for="first_name">First Name</label> <input type="text" name="first_name" id="first_name" value="" class="text" size="30" maxlength="40"> </p> <div class="text-center"> <div id="recaptcha-service" class="g-recaptcha" style="display: inline-block" data-callback="recaptchaCallback" data-sitekey="6LdtdxgUAAAAAPd0NqIuHMYS_GQReTlIbayVJ_qn"></div> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?hl=en"></script> <p id="showSkinCaptchaMessage">Please complete the Captcha above</p> </div> <p class="submit"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" style="text-shadow:none !important;background:#334aab !important;color:white !important;"> </p> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Hide 'action' URL from Sign up form until Captcha is solved to prevent bots from scraping and spamming the form parameters. --> <script> window.recaptchaCallback = undefined; var captcha = false; document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function(event) { window.recaptchaCallback = function recaptchaCallback(response) { let formData = new FormData(); formData.append('g-recaptcha-response', response); fetch("https://ballotpedia.org/recaptcha.php", { body: formData, method: "POST" }).then(function(res) { return res.text(); }).then(function(data) { if (data) { captcha = true; } }); } }); function submitForm(e) { if (!captcha) { e.preventDefault(); document.getElementById('showSkinCaptchaMessage').style.display = 'block'; } else { $.post("https://ballotpedia.org/whatcounts_subscribe.php", { email: $('#email').val(), first: $('#first_name').val(), last: $('#last_name').val(), list_ids: $('#list_ids').val() }, function(result) { setTimeout(function() { window.location = 'https://ballotpedia.org/Thank_you'; }, 1000); }); } } </script> <!-- Modal for Candidate Survey --> <!-- Modal for Candidate Survey Testing --> <!-- iframe embed for Photo Submissions --> <div id="modal-facebook" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Ballotpedia on Facebook</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FLocal_Courts"><span class="fa fa-facebook"></span> Share this page</a><br /></p> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-primary" target="_blank" href="https://www.facebook.com/Ballotpedia/"><span class="fa fa-facebook"></span> Follow Ballotpedia</a><br /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="modal-twitter" class="modal fade" role="dialog"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" aria-label="Press escape to close" data-dismiss="modal">×</button> <h4 class="modal-title">Ballotpedia on Twitter</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-info" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/home?status=https%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2FLocal_Courts"><span class="fa fa-twitter"></span> Share this page</a><br /></p> <p><a class="btn-block btn-lg btn-info" target="_blank" href="https://twitter.com/Ballotpedia/"><span class="fa fa-twitter"></span> Follow Ballotpedia</a><br /></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="bp-header" class="affix"> <div id="bp-header-mid"> <div class="container"> <div class="row header-blue-row"> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-btn-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="https://x.com/ballotpedia" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Ballotpedia/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@ballotpedia_org" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-youtube header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ballotpedia/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ballotpedia/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin header-icon-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <!-- <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"></div><script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ad0e65e3952f8b1"></script> --> <a href="https://donate.ballotpedia.org" target="_blank"><button class="header-btn-mobile hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg">Donate</button></a> </div> <!--Row--> <div class="row vcenter main-header-row"> <!-- Hamburger Icon needs to show at 1200px, hide lg --> <div class="col-xs-1 hidden-lg"> <a href="#" id="bp-header-nav-toggle"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger"></span></a> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-lg-12"> <div class="row vcenter"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-lg-3 text-center hidden-xs"> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle hidden-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="#" class="bp-header-email-toggle hidden-xs hidden-sm hidden-md" style="margin-left: 30px" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#modal-email"><button class="header-subscribe-btn">Subscribe</button></a> <a href="https://donate.ballotpedia.org" target="_blank"><button class="header-donate-btn">Donate</button></a> <!-- <div class="addthis_inline_share_toolbox"></div><script type="text/javascript" src="//s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=ra-5ad0e65e3952f8b1"></script> --> </div> <!-- Mobile Header --> <div class="col-xs-2 center-block hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a href="/"><img style="width: 50px; vertical-align: unset" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/images/bp-logo-sm.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"></a> </div> <!-- <div class="col-xs-2 center-block hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg"> <a class="hidden-sm hidden-md hidden-lg" id="bp-header-logo-mobile" href="/"> <img src="https://ballotpedia.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/images/bp-logo-sm.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"> </a> </div> --> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-6 col-md-8 col-lg-6"> <!-- Large Header --> <a class="center-block hidden-xs" id="bp-header-logo-desktop" href="/"> <img src="/wiki/skins/BallotpediaBootstrap/images/bp-logo.svg" alt="Ballotpedia Logo" title="The Encyclopedia of American Politics"> </a> <!-- Search Bar --> <div id="bp-header-search"> <form action="/wiki/index.php" id="searchform"> <div class="form-group"> <button type="submit" class="bp-header-search-go btn-link"><span class="fa fa-search"></span></button> <input id="searchInput" class="search-query" type="search" accesskey="f" title="Special:Search" placeholder="Search the Encyclopedia of American Politics." name="search" value=""> <input class="searchButton btn hidden" type="submit" name="go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if it exists" id="mw-searchButton" value="Go"/> </div> </form></div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-lg-3 text-center hidden-xs"> <a href="https://x.com/ballotpedia" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/Ballotpedia/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-facebook header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@ballotpedia_org" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-youtube header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></i></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/ballotpedia/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-instagram header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/ballotpedia/" target="_blank"><i class="fa-brands fa-linkedin header-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> </div> </div> <!-- TOC Icon needs to show at 1200px, hide lg --> <div class="col-xs-1 hidden-lg toc-mobile"> <a href="#" id="bp-header-toc-toggle"><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-list"></span></a> </div> <!-- End Row --> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-page-base"></div> <div id="mw-head-base"></div> <a id="top"></a> <!-- content --> <div id="contentwrapper" class="user-loggedout not-editable container with-navbar with-navbar-fixed"> <!-- Temporary sitewide banner --> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548351491831-0' style="text-align:center;" class="ad header-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351491831-0'); }); </script> </div> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__390x100 __728x100" id="ballotpedia-org_ATF_leaderboard"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_ATF_leaderboard", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_ATF_leaderboard" }); </script> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-offset-0 col-md-12" role="main"> <div class="mw-body" id="content"> <div id="mw-js-message" style="display:none;" ></div> <!-- sitenotice --> <div id="siteNotice"><div id="localNotice"><div class="sitenotice" lang="en" dir="ltr"><center><big>Everything you need to know about ranked-choice voting in one spot. <a href="/Ranked-choice_voting_(RCV)" title="Ranked-choice voting (RCV)">Click</a> to learn more!</big></center></div></div></div> <!-- /sitenotice --> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading page-header" lang="en"><span dir="auto"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Local Courts</span></span></h1> <!-- bodyContent --> <div id="bodyContent"> <div id="siteSub">From Ballotpedia</div> <div id="contentSub" ></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-navigation">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="bp-layout-two-column"> <div class="nomobile"> <div class="portal-masthead"> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Local_Courts" title="Local Courts"><img alt="LocalCourts-PortalMastheadImage.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/b/b2/LocalCourts-PortalMastheadImage.png" decoding="async" width="837" height="141" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="141" /></a></div> </div></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="bp-content-grid" style="margin:0.5em 0 1.5em 0"><div class="bp-mobile-nav-wrapper" role="button" tabindex="0"><div class="bp-mobile-menu-title">Local Courts Menu</div></div><div aria-label="localcourtsmenu" data-nav-id="localcourtsmenu" class="navigation-menu bp-nav bp-dropdown"><div class="menu"><div class="menu-item" data-submenu="localcourtsmenu-RuOPVk-583"><span class="menu-link" data-expanded="nil" data-type="list" role="button" tabindex="0">Elections</span><div class="bp-mobile-menu"><div class="bp-submenu-spacing"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/Sample_Ballot_Lookup" title="Sample Ballot Lookup">Find your sample ballot</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Elections_by_state_and_year" title="Elections by state and year">By state and year</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2025" title="State judicial elections, 2025">State courts</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2025" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2025">Local courts</a></b></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="menu-item" data-submenu="localcourtsmenu-XSTjBG-583"><span class="menu-link" data-expanded="nil" data-type="list" role="button" tabindex="0">Judicial selection</span><div class="bp-mobile-menu"><div class="bp-submenu-spacing"> <div> <ul><li><b><a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states" title="Judicial selection in the states">By state</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Assisted_appointment_(judicial_selection)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted appointment (judicial selection)">Assisted appointment</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Gubernatorial_appointment_of_judges" title="Gubernatorial appointment of judges">Gubernatorial appointment</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Legislative_election_of_judges" title="Legislative election of judges">Legislative election</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Nonpartisan_election_of_judges" title="Nonpartisan election of judges">Nonpartisan election</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/Partisan_election_of_judges" title="Partisan election of judges">Partisan election</a></b></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="menu-item"><a href="/Courts_and_judges_by_county" title="Courts and judges by county">List of courts</a></div></div></div></div><style> :root { --padding-inline: 16px; --content-max-width: 1200px; /* Global color variables for dropdown menu */ --dropdown-background-color: #595959; --dropdown-text-color: #fff; --dropdown-hover-background-color: #3D3D3D; --dropdown-icon-color: #f0a236; --dropdown-box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); --bp-gold: #f0a236; --bbottom: #4f4646; } /* Basic Reset */ .mw-content-ltr .bp-content-grid ul { margin: 0; } /* Global Content Grid */ .bp-content-grid { display: grid; grid-template-columns: [grid-edge-start] minmax(var(--padding-inline), 1fr) [grid-content-start] min(100% - (var(--padding-inline) * 2), var(--content-max-width)) [grid-content-end] minmax(var(--padding-inline), 1fr) [grid-edge-end]; container-type: inline-size; container-name: bp-grid; position: relative; z-index: 2; } /* == NAV WRAPPER == */ .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper { background-color: var(--dropdown-background-color); display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; padding: 1em; color: #f3f3f3; grid-column: grid-edge-start / grid-edge-end; position: relative; border-radius: 25px; box-shadow: var(--dropdown-box-shadow); cursor: pointer; .bp-mobile-menu-title { padding-left: .3em; font-weight: 600; font-size: 1.7rem; } } .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper.visible { border-radius: 25px 25px 0 0; box-shadow: var(--dropdown-box-shadow); border-bottom: 1px solid var(--bbottom); } .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper:hover { background: var(--dropdown-hover-background-color); } .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper:after { content: '\e113'; position: absolute; right: 2rem; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings'; color: var(--dropdown-icon-color); transition: transform 0.3s; font-size: 1.2rem; } .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper.visible:after { transform: translateY(-50%) rotate(180deg); } /* === Navigation Menu === */ .navigation-menu { display: grid; grid-column: grid-edge-start / grid-edge-end; grid-template-rows: 0fr; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: grid-template-rows 500ms, opacity 0.5s ease-in-out, visibility 200ms ease-in-out, transform 500ms ease-in-out; /* Dropdown menu styles */ color: var(--dropdown-text-color); background-color: var(--dropdown-background-color); box-shadow: var(--dropdown-box-shadow); border-radius: 0 0 25px 25px; /* Overflow settings */ overflow-x: auto; position: relative; white-space: nowrap; /* Menu styling */ .menu { list-style-type: none; display: flex; flex-direction: column; margin: 0; padding: 0; overflow: hidden; /* Menu item */ .menu-item { margin: 0; position: relative; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--bbottom); /* Mobile menu */ .bp-mobile-menu { min-width: 26ch; text-wrap: pretty; width: 100%; color: #333; background: linear-gradient(var(--bp-gold), var(--bp-gold)) top / 100% 6px border-box no-repeat, #fff; border-radius: 0 0 8px 8px; border-top: none; box-shadow: 0 4px 8px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); z-index: 2; display: grid; grid-template-rows: 0fr; opacity: 0; visibility: hidden; transition: grid-template-rows 500ms, opacity 0.5s ease-in-out, visibility 200ms ease-in-out, transform 500ms ease-in-out; /* Hide by default */ .bp-submenu-spacing { overflow: hidden; >div { padding: 1em; } } /* Reset border-radius when not visible */ border-radius: 0; ul { display: flex; flex-direction: column; padding: 0; list-style-type: none; border-radius: 25px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease; } ul li { margin: 0; } ul li a { font-weight: bold; color: #337ab7; text-decoration: none; display: block; padding: 0.75em 1em; border-radius: 25px; transition: background-color 0.3s ease; } ul li a:hover, ul li a:focus { color: #29679c; background-color: #f0f0f0; text-decoration: none; } ul li a:focus { outline: none; } ul li:not(:has(a)) { padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em; background-color: transparent; } } .bp-mobile-menu.visible { grid-template-rows: 1fr; opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } } .menu-item>a { text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; display: inline-block; position: relative; color: var(--dropdown-text-color); padding: 1.4rem 2.5rem; transition: background-color 0.3s; width: 100%; } .menu-item>a:hover, .menu-item>a:focus { background-color: var(--dropdown-hover-background-color); } .menu-item[data-submenu] .menu-link:after { content: '\e113'; position: absolute; right: 2em; top: 50%; transform: translateY(-50%); font-family: 'Glyphicons Halflings'; color: var(--dropdown-icon-color); transition: transform 0.3s; font-size: 1.2rem; } .menu-item[data-submenu] .menu-link[aria-expanded="true"]:after { transform: translateY(-50%) rotate(180deg); } /* Menu link */ .menu-link { text-decoration: none; font-weight: 500; display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; color: var(--dropdown-text-color); padding: 1.4rem 2.25rem 1.4rem 2.5rem; transition: background-color 0.3s; } .menu-link:hover, .menu-link:focus, .menu-item[data-submenu] .menu-link[aria-expanded="true"] { background-color: var(--dropdown-hover-background-color); } } .menu-item:last-child { border-bottom: none; } } .navigation-menu.visible { grid-template-rows: 1fr; opacity: 1; visibility: visible; } /* Cointainer width Overrides */ @container bp-grid (min-width: 800px) { .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper { display: none; } .navigation-menu { grid-template-rows: 1fr; opacity: 1; visibility: visible; overflow: visible; border-radius: 9999px; padding: .3em; border-bottom: 0; justify-content: center; .menu { overflow: visible; flex-wrap: wrap; flex-direction: row; gap: .3em; .menu-item { border-bottom: 0; > a, .menu-link { border-radius: 9999px; } > a { padding: 1.4rem 1rem; } .menu-link { padding: 1.4rem 2.25rem 1.4rem 1rem; } .bp-mobile-menu { position: absolute; border-radius: 12px; } .bp-mobile-menu.visible::before { content: ""; position: absolute; top: -16px; left: 30%; transform: translateX(-50%); border-width: 8px; border-style: solid; border-color: transparent transparent var(--bp-gold) transparent; transition: left 1s cubic-bezier(0.25, 0.8, 0.5, 1); } } .menu-item[data-submenu] .menu-link:after { right: 0.75rem; font-size: 0.9rem; } } } } @container bp-grid (min-width: 1400px) { .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper, .navigation-menu { grid-column: grid-content-start / grid-content-end; } } @keyframes wiggle { 0%, 100% { transform: rotate(0deg) } 25% { transform: rotate(10deg) } 50% { transform: rotate(-10deg) } 75% { transform: rotate(10deg) } } </style><script> document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function () { // Define a flag to ensure the script runs only once if (window.bpDropdownInitialized) { return; // Exit if the script has already been executed } window.bpDropdownInitialized = true; // Set the flag indicating script initialization const updateAttributes = () => { // Restrict the search to elements within the .bp-dropdown div document.querySelectorAll('.bp-dropdown [data-expanded]').forEach(element => { const expandedValue = element.getAttribute('data-expanded'); element.setAttribute('aria-expanded', expandedValue); element.removeAttribute('data-expanded'); }); }; const toggleVisibilityAndAria = (element, isVisible) => { const ariaState = element.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true' ? 'false' : 'true'; element.setAttribute('aria-expanded', isVisible ? 'true' : ariaState); element.classList.toggle('visible', isVisible); }; const closeAllSubmenusExcept = (submenu, menuItems) => { menuItems.forEach(item => { const link = item.querySelector('.menu-link'); const mobileMenu = item.querySelector('.bp-mobile-menu'); if (mobileMenu !== submenu) { if (link) { link.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false'); } if (mobileMenu) { mobileMenu.classList.remove('visible'); mobileMenu.setAttribute('aria-expanded', 'false'); } } }); }; const handleMenuItemClick = (item, menuItems) => { const link = item.querySelector('.menu-link'); const mobileMenu = item.querySelector('.bp-mobile-menu'); const isExpanded = link.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true'; if (isExpanded) { toggleVisibilityAndAria(mobileMenu, false); toggleVisibilityAndAria(link, false); } else { closeAllSubmenusExcept(mobileMenu, menuItems); toggleVisibilityAndAria(mobileMenu, true); toggleVisibilityAndAria(link, true); } }; document.querySelectorAll('.navigation-menu').forEach(navMenu => { const menuItems = navMenu.querySelectorAll('.menu-item'); menuItems.forEach(item => { const linkElement = item.querySelector('.menu-link, a'); // Handle click event for menu-link (not <a> links) item.addEventListener('click', (e) => { if (linkElement) { if (!e.target.matches('a')) { handleMenuItemClick(item, menuItems); } } }); // Handle Enter and Space for accessibility, excluding <a> links item.addEventListener('keydown', e => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { if (!e.target.matches('a')) { e.preventDefault(); // Prevent scrolling when space is pressed handleMenuItemClick(item, menuItems); } } }); }); // Prevent closing when clicking inside the mobile menu navMenu.querySelectorAll('.bp-mobile-menu').forEach(mobileMenu => { mobileMenu.addEventListener('click', e => { e.stopPropagation(); // Prevent the event from bubbling up to the document }); }); document.addEventListener('click', e => { const clickedInsideMenuItem = e.target.closest('.menu-item'); if (clickedInsideMenuItem === null) { const expandedLinks = navMenu.querySelectorAll('.menu-link[aria-expanded="true"]'); if (expandedLinks.length > 0) { closeAllSubmenusExcept(null, menuItems); } } }); }); // New functionality: Toggle visibility and aria-expanded on the entire .bp-mobile-nav-wrapper document.querySelectorAll('.bp-mobile-nav-wrapper').forEach(navWrapper => { // Handle click event navWrapper.addEventListener('click', () => { const navMenu = navWrapper.closest('.bp-content-grid').querySelector('.navigation-menu'); const isExpanded = navMenu.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true'; // Toggle aria-expanded and visibility on the navigation menu toggleVisibilityAndAria(navMenu, !isExpanded); // Toggle aria-expanded on the bp-mobile-nav-wrapper itself toggleVisibilityAndAria(navWrapper, !isExpanded); }); // Handle Enter and Space for accessibility, excluding <a> links navWrapper.addEventListener('keydown', e => { if (e.key === 'Enter' || e.key === ' ') { if (!e.target.matches('a')) { e.preventDefault(); // Prevent scrolling when space is pressed const navMenu = navWrapper.closest('.bp-content-grid').querySelector('.navigation-menu'); const isExpanded = navMenu.getAttribute('aria-expanded') === 'true'; // Toggle aria-expanded and visibility on the navigation menu toggleVisibilityAndAria(navMenu, !isExpanded); // Toggle aria-expanded on the bp-mobile-nav-wrapper itself toggleVisibilityAndAria(navWrapper, !isExpanded); } } }); }); updateAttributes(); }); </script> <div class="bp-layout-column-1"><div class="bp-layout-block"> <ul class="slideshow"> <li> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2023" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2023"><img alt="VOTE Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/59/VOTE_Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg/600px-VOTE_Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="278" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/59/VOTE_Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg/900px-VOTE_Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/5/59/VOTE_Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg/1200px-VOTE_Icon-portal-slide-show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="579" /></a></div> <div class="caption"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Local_court_elections"><a href="/Local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2023" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2023">Local court elections</a></span></h3> <p><a href="/Local_trial_court_judicial_elections,_2023" title="Local trial court judicial elections, 2023">Which of the top 100 cities had trial court elections in 2023?</a></p> </div> </li> <li> <div class="floatleft"><a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states" title="Judicial selection in the states"><img alt="US-map-slideshow.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/f/f9/US-map-slideshow.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="278" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="278" /></a></div> <div class="caption"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Judicial_selection"><a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states" title="Judicial selection in the states">Judicial selection</a></span></h3> <p><a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states" title="Judicial selection in the states">Judicial selection methods by state</a></p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="bp-layout-block"> <h2 style="margin:0; background:#3149ab; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #C0C0C0; text-align:left; color:white; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_courts_on_Ballotpedia"><font face="Helvetica">Other courts on Ballotpedia</font></span></h2> <div style="width:100%;"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"><div style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States"><img alt="Seal of SCOTUS-no white background.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_SCOTUS-no_white_background.png/120px-Seal_of_SCOTUS-no_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_SCOTUS-no_white_background.png/180px-Seal_of_SCOTUS-no_white_background.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d7/Seal_of_SCOTUS-no_white_background.png/240px-Seal_of_SCOTUS-no_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"><div style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" title="United States Court of Appeals"><img alt="1st Circuit seal-no shadow.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/08/1st_Circuit_seal-no_shadow.png/120px-1st_Circuit_seal-no_shadow.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/08/1st_Circuit_seal-no_shadow.png/180px-1st_Circuit_seal-no_shadow.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/0/08/1st_Circuit_seal-no_shadow.png/240px-1st_Circuit_seal-no_shadow.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"><div style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/State_supreme_courts" title="State supreme courts"><img alt="State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a7/State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png/120px-State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a7/State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png/180px-State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/a/a7/State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png/240px-State-Supreme-Courts-Ballotpedia-template.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></div> </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"><div style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><div style="margin:0px auto;"><a href="/List_of_state_intermediate_appellate_courts" title="List of state intermediate appellate courts"><img alt="Intermediate Appellate Courts Seal-template.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/3/3e/Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal-template.png/120px-Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal-template.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/3/3e/Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal-template.png/180px-Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal-template.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/3/3e/Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal-template.png/240px-Intermediate_Appellate_Courts_Seal-template.png 2x" data-file-width="341" data-file-height="341" /></a></div></div> </div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="bp-layout-column-2"><div class="bp-layout-block"> <h2 style="margin:0; background:#3149ab; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #C0C0C0; text-align:left; color: white; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Courts_by_state"><font face="Helvetica">Courts by state</font></span></h2> <div id="bp-map-container" style="width:auto;"><select name="state" style="width:auto; border:1px solid #CCC;" onchange="dest='http://ballotpedia.org/Courts_in_STATE'; if($(this).val()!='') document.location = dest.replace('STATE', $(this).val().replace(' ', '_'));"><option value="">Choose your state...</option><option value="Alabama">Alabama</option><option value="Alaska">Alaska</option><option value="Arizona">Arizona</option><option value="Arkansas">Arkansas</option><option value="California">California</option><option value="Colorado">Colorado</option><option value="Connecticut">Connecticut</option><option value="Delaware">Delaware</option><option value="Florida">Florida</option><option value="Georgia">Georgia</option><option value="Hawaii">Hawaii</option><option value="Idaho">Idaho</option><option value="Illinois">Illinois</option><option value="Indiana">Indiana</option><option value="Iowa">Iowa</option><option value="Kansas">Kansas</option><option value="Kentucky">Kentucky</option><option value="Louisiana">Louisiana</option><option value="Maine">Maine</option><option value="Maryland">Maryland</option><option value="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</option><option value="Michigan">Michigan</option><option value="Minnesota">Minnesota</option><option value="Mississippi">Mississippi</option><option value="Missouri">Missouri</option><option value="Montana">Montana</option><option value="Nebraska">Nebraska</option><option value="Nevada">Nevada</option><option value="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</option><option value="New Jersey">New Jersey</option><option value="New Mexico">New Mexico</option><option value="New York">New York</option><option value="North Carolina">North Carolina</option><option value="North Dakota">North Dakota</option><option value="Ohio">Ohio</option><option value="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</option><option value="Oregon">Oregon</option><option value="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</option><option value="South Carolina">South Carolina</option><option value="South Dakota">South Dakota</option><option value="Tennessee">Tennessee</option><option value="Texas">Texas</option><option value="Utah">Utah</option><option value="Vermont">Vermont</option><option value="Virginia">Virginia</option><option value="Washington">Washington</option><option value="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</option><option value="West Virginia">West Virginia</option><option value="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</option><option value="Wyoming">Wyoming</option></select></div> </div> <div class="bp-layout-block"><h2 style="margin:0; background:#3149ab; font-size:120%; font-weight:bold; border:1px solid #C0C0C0; text-align:left; color:white; padding:0.2em 0.4em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="What_we_cover"><font face="Helvetica">What we cover</font></span></h2> <div style="padding:0.2em 2.4em;"> <p>Ballotpedia covers local trial courts and judges in <a href="/Largest_cities_in_the_United_States_by_population" title="Largest cities in the United States by population">America's 100 largest cities by population</a>. </p><p>This coverage includes the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/Judicial_elections" title="Judicial elections">Judicial elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_appointments_by_governor" title="Judicial appointments by governor">Judicial appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/Judicial_selection_in_the_states" title="Judicial selection in the states">Judicial selection by state</a></li> <li><a href="/Courts_and_judges_by_county" title="Courts and judges by county">Local courts by county</a></li> <li><a href="/Category:Judicial_recalls" title="Category:Judicial recalls">Recalls</a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="bp-layout-clear"></div> </div> <div class="bp-layout-clear"></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Cached time: 20250411120452 Cache expiry: 900 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [] CPU time usage: 0.062 seconds Real time usage: 0.169 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 244/1000000 Post鈥恊xpand include size: 7776/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1436/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 10/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/100 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post鈥恊xpand size: 20043/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.020/7 seconds Lua virtual size: 4886528/52428800 bytes Lua estimated memory usage: 0 bytes --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 139.895 1 -total 55.45% 77.565 1 Template:Local_Courts_Menu 52.22% 73.060 1 Template:BPnav_dropdown_menu 23.61% 33.034 1 Template:Local_Courts_Others 8.96% 12.529 1 Template:Local_courts_portal_slideshow 5.78% 8.091 2 Template:SlideshowSlide 5.69% 7.961 1 Template:Local_Courts_Portal_Masthead 3.24% 4.539 1 Template:BPnav_dropdown_menu/CSSinline 3.18% 4.446 1 Template:BPnav_dropdown_menu/scripts 3.08% 4.314 1 Template:Local_Courts-Welcome --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key live-docker:pcache:idhash:868595-0!canonical and timestamp 20250411120452 and revision id 10191686. --> </div></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Local_Courts&oldid=10191686">https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Local_Courts&oldid=10191686</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks-container" style="display:none"><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/Category:Portals" title="Category:Portals">Portals</a></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> <!-- /bodyContent --> </div> </div> </div> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1548351407491-0'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1548351407491-0'); }); </script> </div> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__240x400 __336x280" id="ballotpedia-org_bottom"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_bottom", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_bottom" }); </script> </div> <div class="visualClear"></div> <div class="row" id="footer-links"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size:16px; color:#666; width: 100%;"> <p>Ballotpedia features 598,807 encyclopedic articles written and curated by our professional staff of editors, writers, and researchers. Click here to <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.happyfox.com/new">contact our editorial staff or report an error</a>. For media inquiries, <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="mailto:media@ballotpedia.org">contact us here</a>. Please <a href="/Support" title="Support">donate here</a> to support our continued expansion. </p> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_about_voting">Information about voting</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Voter_Toolkit" title="Ballotpedia's Voter Toolkit">Your 2025 Election Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/Sample_Ballot_Lookup" title="Sample Ballot Lookup">What's on my ballot?</a></li> <li><a href="/Where_do_I_vote" title="Where do I vote">Where do I vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/Online_voter_registration_in_the_50_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Online voter registration in the 50 states">How do I register to vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/Absentee_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Absentee voting">How do I request a ballot?</a></li> <li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">When do I vote?</a></li> <li><a href="/State_Poll_Opening_and_Closing_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="State Poll Opening and Closing Times">When are polls open?</a></li> <li><a href="/Who_represents_me" title="Who represents me">Who Represents Me?</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2024_Elections">2024 Elections</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">2024 Congressional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures" title="2024 ballot measures">2024 Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2024" title="State executive official elections, 2024">2024 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">2024 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024 State judge elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2024" title="United States municipal elections, 2024">2024 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2024" title="School board elections, 2024">2024 School board elections</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2024_Election_analysis">2024 Election analysis</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">2024 elections analysis hub</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures#Trends_in_2024" title="2024 ballot measures">Ballot measure trends in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">2024 general election voter turnout</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2024: Wave elections">Wave elections in 2024</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="2025_Elections">2025 Elections</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Gubernatorial_elections,_2025" title="Gubernatorial elections, 2025">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2025" title="State executive official elections, 2025">State executives</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2025" title="State legislative elections, 2025">State legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/2025_ballot_measures" title="2025 ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2025" title="State judicial elections, 2025">State judges</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2025" title="United States municipal elections, 2025">Municipal officials</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2025" title="School board elections, 2025">School boards</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Trending">Trending</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">Elections calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2025" title="Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025">Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/Wisconsin_Supreme_Court_elections,_2025" title="Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2025">Wisconsin Supreme Court elections, 2025</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">2024 general election voter turnout</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://news.ballotpedia.org/">Ballotpedia News</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_Policy">Public Policy</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Index" title="Administrative State Index">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_criminal_justice_policy" title="Index of articles about criminal justice policy">Criminal justice policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_education_policy" title="Index of articles about education policy">Education policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)" title="Index of articles about environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_unemployment_insurance" title="Index of articles about unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_work_requirements" title="Index of articles about work requirements">Work requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Policy in the states</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Information_for_candidates">Information for candidates</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Survey" title="Survey">Ballotpedia's Candidate Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_for_major_and_minor_party_candidates" title="Ballot access for major and minor party candidates">How do I run for office?</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Candidate_Connection" title="Ballotpedia's Candidate Connection">How do I update a page?</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results" class="mw-redirect" title="Election results">Election results</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSddoUjxvy5yEyoKoltTe6-B_j668rbBsbcf7UDJI8cOgG2FBA/viewform">Send us candidate contact info</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Get_Engaged">Get Engaged</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/Support" title="Support">Donate to Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/Contact_us" title="Contact us">Contact us</a></li> <li><a href="/Report_an_error" title="Report an error">Report an error</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Events" title="Ballotpedia:Events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia_Email_Updates" title="Ballotpedia Email Updates">Newsletters</a></li> <li><a href="/On_the_Ballot" title="On the Ballot">Ballotpedia Podcast</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Careers</a></li> <li><a href="/Support:Volunteer" title="Support:Volunteer">Volunteer</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Ad_policy" title="Ballotpedia:Ad policy">Ad Policy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.bonfire.com/store/ballotpedia/">Ballotpedia Boutique</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Services">Services</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="/News_and_events" title="News and events">Media inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Buy_Political_Data" title="Ballotpedia:Buy Political Data">Data sales</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Buy_Political_Data" title="Ballotpedia:Buy Political Data">API</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Premium_Research_Services" title="Ballotpedia:Premium Research Services">Premium Research Services</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Additional_analysis">Additional analysis</span></h3> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election legislation tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">State Trifectas</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_triplexes" title="State government triplexes">State Triplexes</a></li> <li><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/Pivot_Counties:_The_counties_that_voted_Obama-Obama-Trump_from_2008-2016" title="Pivot Counties: The counties that voted Obama-Obama-Trump from 2008-2016">Pivot Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia_Courts:_State_Partisanship" title="Ballotpedia Courts: State Partisanship">State Supreme Court Partisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Polling_Indexes" title="Ballotpedia's Polling Indexes">Polling indexes</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="footer-links-block"> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /content --> <!-- sidebar-left --> <div class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-left-wrapper" id="sidebar-left"> <div id="navtitle" class="navtitle"> <h2><span class="glyphicon glyphicon-menu-hamburger"></span> SITE NAVIGATION</h2> </div> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024" title="Election results, 2024">2024 Election results hub</a></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Election_Analysis_Hub,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Election Analysis Hub, 2024">Ballotpedia's 2024 elections analysis</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Pivot_Counties_in_the_2024_presidential_election" title="Election results, 2024: Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election">Pivot Counties in the 2024 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_New_members_elected_to_Congress" title="Election results, 2024: New members elected to Congress">New members elected to Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Comparison_of_state_delegations_to_the_118th_and_119th_Congresses" title="Election results, 2024: Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses">Comparison of state delegations to the 118th and 119th Congresses</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_margin_of_victory_analysis" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional margin of victory analysis">Congressional margin of victory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Congressional_elections_decided_by_10_percentage_points_or_fewer" title="Election results, 2024: Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer">Congressional elections decided by 10 percentage points or fewer</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_veto-proof_majorities" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative veto-proof majorities">State legislative veto-proof majorities</a></li> <li><a href="/Incumbents_defeated_in_state_legislative_elections,_2024" title="Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections, 2024">Incumbents defeated in state legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2024_state_legislative_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2024 state legislative elections">State legislative margin of victory analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_seats_that_changed_party_control" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative seats that changed party control">State legislative seats that changed party control</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_State_legislative_races_decided_by_fewer_than_100_votes" title="Election results, 2024: State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes">State legislative races decided by fewer than 100 votes</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures#Trends_in_2024" title="2024 ballot measures">Ballot measure trends in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Analysis_of_voter_turnout_in_the_2024_general_election" title="Election results, 2024: Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election">Analysis of voter turnout in the 2024 general election</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_results,_2024:_Wave_elections" title="Election results, 2024: Wave elections">Wave elections in 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Elections" title="Elections">2024 Elections</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Presidential_election,_2024" title="Presidential election, 2024">2024 Presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/Presidential_candidates,_2024" title="Presidential candidates, 2024">2024 Presidential candidates</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_Congress_elections,_2024" title="United States Congress elections, 2024">2024 Congressional elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Special_elections_to_the_118th_United_States_Congress_(2023-2024)" title="Special elections to the 118th United States Congress (2023-2024)">Special Congressional elections (2023-2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2024" title="State executive official elections, 2024">2024 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2024" title="State legislative elections, 2024">2024 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_judicial_elections,_2024" title="State judicial elections, 2024">2024 State judge elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2024" title="United States municipal elections, 2024">2024 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2024_ballot_measures" title="2024 ballot measures">2024 Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Elections_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Elections to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 elections to watch in 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_Top_15_Ballot_Measures_and_Trends_to_Watch,_2024" title="Ballotpedia's Top 15 Ballot Measures and Trends to Watch, 2024">Ballotpedia's top 15 ballot measures to watch in 2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Main_page" class="mw-redirect" title="Main page">2025 Elections</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Elections_calendar" title="Elections calendar">Upcoming elections</a></li> <li><a href="/Statewide_primary_elections_calendar" title="Statewide primary elections calendar">2025 Statewide primary dates</a></li> <li><a href="/State_executive_official_elections,_2025" title="State executive official elections, 2025">2025 State executive elections</a></li> <li><a href="/State_legislative_elections,_2025" title="State legislative elections, 2025">2025 State legislative elections</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_municipal_elections,_2025" title="United States municipal elections, 2025">2025 Local elections</a></li> <li><a href="/School_board_elections,_2025" title="School board elections, 2025">2025 School board elections</a></li> <li><a href="/2025_ballot_measures" title="2025 ballot measures">2025 Ballot measures</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Donald_Trump_presidential_transition,_2024-2025" title="Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025">Donald Trump presidential transition, 2024-2025</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet,_2025" title="Donald Trump's Cabinet, 2025">Donald Trump's cabinet nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/Confirmation_process_for_Donald_Trump%27s_Cabinet_nominees,_2025" title="Confirmation process for Donald Trump's Cabinet nominees, 2025">How cabinet nominees are confirmed</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">The Biden administration</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_Cabinet" title="Joe Biden's Cabinet">Cabinet officials</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden%27s_executive_orders_and_actions" title="Joe Biden's executive orders and actions">Executive orders and actions</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_administration#Key_legislation" title="Joe Biden presidential administration">Key legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/Federal_judges_nominated_by_Joe_Biden" title="Federal judges nominated by Joe Biden">Judicial nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden_presidential_transition#White_House_senior_staff" title="Joe Biden presidential transition">White House senior staff</a></li> <li><a href="/Joe_Biden:_Vetoed_legislation" title="Joe Biden: Vetoed legislation">Vetoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Federal_Politics" title="Federal Politics">Government</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Executive_Branch" title="Executive Branch">U.S. President</a></li> <li><a href="/Legislative_Branch" title="Legislative Branch">U.S. Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Measures_overview" title="Ballot Measures overview">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/United_States_federal_courts" title="United States federal courts">Federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/States#State_governments" title="States">State government</a></li> <li><a href="/Municipal_Government" title="Municipal Government">Municipal government</a></li> <li><a href="/School_Boards_and_School_Board_Elections" title="School Boards and School Board Elections">School boards</a></li> <li><a href="/Recall_overview" title="Recall overview">Recalls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Public Policy</a> <ul><li><a href="/Administrative_State_Index" title="Administrative State Index">Administrative state</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_criminal_justice_policy" title="Index of articles about criminal justice policy">Criminal justice policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_education_policy" title="Index of articles about education policy">Education policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_environmental,_social,_and_corporate_governance_(ESG)" title="Index of articles about environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)">Environmental, social, and corporate governance (ESG)</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_federalism" title="Index of articles about federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_unemployment_insurance" title="Index of articles about unemployment insurance">Unemployment insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/Index_of_articles_about_work_requirements" title="Index of articles about work requirements">Work requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_Policy" title="Public Policy">Policy in the states</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">More...</a></span> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Sample_ballot&Source=sidebar">Ballotpedia's Sample Ballot</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%E2%80%99s_Voter_Toolkit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballotpedia鈥檚 Voter Toolkit">Ballotpedia's 2024 Voter Toolkit</a></li> <li><a href="/Survey" title="Survey">Ballotpedia's Candidate Survey</a></li> <li><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/State_government_trifectas" title="State government trifectas">Trifectas</a></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_Access" title="Ballot Access">Running for office</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Election legislation tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/On_the_Ballot" title="On the Ballot">Ballotpedia's weekly podcast</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="self"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About us</a></span> <ul><li><a href="/Ballotpedia:About" title="Ballotpedia:About">About Ballotpedia</a></li> <li><a href="/Support" title="Support">Donate</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia%27s_editorial_independence_policy" title="Ballotpedia's editorial independence policy">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Index_of_Contents" title="Ballotpedia:Index of Contents">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Job_opportunities" title="Ballotpedia:Job opportunities">Job opportunities</a></li> <li><a href="/News_and_events" title="News and events">News and events</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballotpedia:Staff" title="Ballotpedia:Staff">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/Support:Volunteer" title="Support:Volunteer">Volunteer</a></li></ul></li</ul> </div> <!-- /sidebar-left --> <!-- sidebar-right --> <div class="sidebar-wrapper sidebar-right-wrapper" id="sidebar-right"> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__160x600" id="ballotpedia-org_siderail_right"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_siderail_right", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_siderail_right" }); </script> </div> </div> <!-- /sidebar-right --> <!-- footer --> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo" class="footer container footer-sticky" > <ul id="footer-places"><li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="/Ballotpedia:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li><li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/Ballotpedia:About">About Ballotpedia</a></li><li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/Ballotpedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li></ul><ul id="footer-custom"><li class="dropup"><a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Local+Courts" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o">Login</a></li></ul><div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <!-- /footer --> <!-- Facebook Pixel Code --> <script>!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod ? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments) : n.queue.push(arguments)}; if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version="2.0"; n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,"script","https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js" ); fbq("init", "360312574466105"); fbq("track", "PageView"); </script> <noscript><img height="1" width="1" src="https://www.facebook.com/tr?id=360312574466105&ev=PageView&noscript=1"/></noscript> <!-- End Facebook Pixel Code --> <!-- Twitter universal website tag code --> <script> !function(e,t,n,s,u,a){e.twq||(s=e.twq=function(){s.exe?s.exe.apply(s,arguments):s.queue.push(arguments); },s.version='1.1',s.queue=[],u=t.createElement(n),u.async=!0,u.src='//static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js', a=t.getElementsByTagName(n)[0],a.parentNode.insertBefore(u,a))}(window,document,'script'); // Insert Twitter Pixel ID and Standard Event data below twq('init','o2jx2'); twq('track','PageView'); </script> <!-- End Twitter universal website tag code --> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.062","walltime":"0.169","ppvisitednodes":{"value":244,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":7776,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1436,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":10,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":100},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":20043,"limit":5000000},"timingprofile":["100.00% 139.895 1 -total"," 55.45% 77.565 1 Template:Local_Courts_Menu"," 52.22% 73.060 1 Template:BPnav_dropdown_menu"," 23.61% 33.034 1 Template:Local_Courts_Others"," 8.96% 12.529 1 Template:Local_courts_portal_slideshow"," 5.78% 8.091 2 Template:SlideshowSlide"," 5.69% 7.961 1 Template:Local_Courts_Portal_Masthead"," 3.24% 4.539 1 Template:BPnav_dropdown_menu/CSSinline"," 3.18% 4.446 1 Template:BPnav_dropdown_menu/scripts"," 3.08% 4.314 1 Template:Local_Courts-Welcome"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.020","limit":"7"},"limitreport-virtmemusage":{"value":4886528,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-estmemusage":0},"cachereport":{"timestamp":"20250411120452","ttl":900,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <!-- Optimizely --> <!--<script src="https://cdn.optimizely.com/js/5793622713.js"></script>--> <!-- End Optimizely --> <!-- Google Analytics --> <script> (function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){ (i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o), m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m) })(window,document,'script','//www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga'); ga('create', 'UA-7416006-3', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview'); </script> <script src="https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js"></script> <!-- End Google Analytics --> <!-- Google tag (gtag.js) --> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-GC6ZZT3P70"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-GC6ZZT3P70'); </script> <!-- Quantcast Tag --> <script type="text/javascript"> var _qevents = _qevents || []; (function() { var elem = document.createElement('script'); elem.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://secure" : "http://edge") + ".quantserve.com/quant.js"; elem.async = true; elem.type = "text/javascript"; var scpt = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; scpt.parentNode.insertBefore(elem, scpt); })(); _qevents.push({ qacct:"p-Lx8vcgWv5twR2" }); </script> <noscript> <div style="display:none;"> <img src="//pixel.quantserve.com/pixel/p-Lx8vcgWv5twR2.gif" border="0" height="1" width="1" alt="Quantcast"/> </div> </noscript> <!-- End Quantcast tag --> <!-- Start Alexa Certify Javascript --> <script type="text/javascript"> _atrk_opts = { atrk_acct:"3N+Vi1a4ZP00iC", domain:"ballotpedia.org",dynamic: true}; (function() { var as = document.createElement('script'); as.type = 'text/javascript'; as.async = true; as.src = "https://d31qbv1cthcecs.cloudfront.net/atrk.js"; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(as, s); })(); </script> <noscript><img src="https://d5nxst8fruw4z.cloudfront.net/atrk.gif?account=3N+Vi1a4ZP00iC" style="display:none" height="1" width="1" alt="" /></noscript> <!-- End Alexa Certify Javascript --> <script type="text/javascript"> piAId = '482201'; piCId = '4426'; piHostname = 'pi.pardot.com'; (function() { function async_load(){ if ( window.location.href != "https://ballotpedia.org/Main_Page" && window.location.href != "https://ballotpedia.org/Election_results,_2018" ) { var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://pi' : 'http://cdn') + '.pardot.com/pd.js'; var c = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; c.parentNode.insertBefore(s, c); } } if(window.attachEvent) { window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); } else { window.addEventListener('load', async_load, false); } })(); </script> <!-- <script type="text/javascript" src="https://fkrkkmxsqeb5bj9r.s3.amazonaws.com/1375.js"></script> --> <div align="center" data-freestar-ad="__240x400 __970x280" id="ballotpedia-org_dynamic_incontent_IAI"> <script data-cfasync="false" type="text/javascript"> freestar.config.enabled_slots.push({ placementName: "ballotpedia-org_dynamic_incontent_IAI", slotId: "ballotpedia-org_dynamic_incontent_IAI" }); </script> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":400});});</script> </body> </html>